ASSESSMENT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM ANIMAL

SOURCE FOOD AND THEIR EFFECT ON CONSUMER HEALTH

PREFACE

Background

Food is the main source of energy for humans. One of food sources is animal source
foods. In Indonesia animal source foods already widely used in line with population growth
and become increased. This will affect the need for food, where demand for foods of animal
origin may be used as a variety of food. By the population growth which in line with the
times, animal source food products with high nutritional value and is also safe for
consumption are needed. The addition of quality of animal source food products can be done
by the use of biotechnology. Biotechnology covers the entire utilization of organism for
human benefit. Currently the definition of biotechnology relating to genetically modified
organisms and their recombination.
Genetic modification is a biotechnology technique that is done by the transfer of genes
from one living thing to another living creature (also known as GMOs). The aim is to
produce plants / animals / micro-organisms that have certain properties that bring a bigger
profit for humans. Gene is a biological unit that determines the properties of living things that
can be derived (BPOM 2010). While those that have been modified called a Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO) or transgenic organisms.
The use of GMO-based food material is expected to be a solution to improve the quality
of animal source products, but it is also can cause allergies, carcinogenic, antibiotic
resistance, and gene transfer into the environment. The public awareness on food that is safe,
healthy, whole, and halal increased along with awareness for obtaining food quality and also
the impact that can be caused by these foods. Public ignorance about the impact of GMO
food products cause excessive concern to this. Research on GMO products especially animal
source food products is needed.
In Indonesia GMO food products widely consumed is plant source foods. The danger to
the consumer also being studied by POM Indonesia. There is a kind of genetically modified
broiler chickens that have economic characteristics, characterized by rapid growth as a meat
producer. Relatively shorter harvest period of broiler make it become one of the commodities
that are favored by farmers. But in its development is necessary to review whether the meat
produced is safe for consumption and does not cause a prolonged impact for consumers.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Genetically Modified Organisms

(GMOs) can be defined as organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in
a way that does not occur naturally. The technology is often called "modern biotechnology"
or "gene technology", sometimes Also "recombinant DNA technology" or "genetic
engineering". It allows selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into
another, also between non-related species12. Based on WHO, GMO is an organism whose
DNA has been altered unnaturally through a technology so that the genes can be transferred
from one organism to another and also between organisms of different species. Based on the
definitions above, it can be concluded that the GMO or in Indonesian called with genetically
modified products are organisms whose DNA has been altered by using a technology called
modern biotechnology to produce an organism or a different product with a natural product
which has several advantages because the selection of good qualities in the process of
production.
Genetic modification is a biotechnology technique that is done by the transfer of genes
from one living thing to another living creature (also known as GMOs). The aim is to
produce plants / animals / micro-organisms that have certain properties that bring a bigger
profit for humans. Gene is a biological unit that determines the properties of living things that
can be derived (BPOM 2010).

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) according to the FAO / WHO

Safety assessment of foods derived from GMOs animals being the subject of discussion
in FAO / WHO. In 2003 FAO / WHO has conducted food safety assessment of foods derived
from GM animals; and in 2007 FAO / WHO, which got specific technical questions hired by
the Codex Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Foods Derived from Biotechnology.
Consultation in 2003 concluded that the food safety assessment of foods derived from GMOs
animals most can be done along the lines that have been established for food from GM crops,
using a comparative approach to safety assessment. One major difference between plants and
animals is that animals that have a history of safe use as a food source generally do not
contain genes encoding a toxic protein (or produce toxic end product). This is different from
plants that can be 'healthy' but still produce compounds (eg, natural toxins, anti-nutrients) that
are harmful to human health. In assessing the safety of foods derived from animal GMO must
take into account: (i) the nature of the DNA construct and its expression product, if any; (ii)
GM animal health status; and (iii) the composition of the food derived from animals,
including essential nutrients (FASN 2007).

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) according to BPOM RI

Regulation of the POM RI Number: HK.00.05.23.3541 Year 2008 on Guidelines for

Food Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Products. Assessment of genetically
modified material need to follow the procedures, standards or guidelines and standard
protocols. With the standardized assessment guidelines, the assessment results will be more
accurate and trustworthy. Food security assessment prescribed in the Code of Food Safety
Assessment of Genetically Modified Products carried out on genetically modified food
products covering aspects:
A. Genetic Information, include:
1. General Description of Food PRG
2. Description of Host and use as Food
3. Description of the Donor Organism
4. A description of Genetically Modified
5. Characterization of Genetically Modified
B. The Food Safety Information, including:
 1. Substantial Equivalence
2. Changes in Nutritional Value
3. Allergenicity
4. Toxicity
5. Other considerations, such as:
a. Potential accumulation of substances significant to human health
b. Antibiotic resistance marker genes

Genetically Modified Animal Source Foods

One example of animal source food derived from genetically modification is GM

salmon. AquaBounty started developing transgenic salmon that grows rapidly in the early
1990s and managed in 1995. The authorization procedure for placing this salmon in the US
market has been running for more than fifteen years and still no end date in sight. The
AquAdvantage salmon contain a growth hormone from the Pacific Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and gene promoter of Zoarces americanus. The addition of
these genes make GM salmon reaches the end of the weight in 18 months, whereas in
conventional salmon could reach 3 years, mean 10% to 30% less feed is needed than
conventional salmon (CGM 2011).
In Indonesia kind of chicken which is result of genetic modification is used as the main
source of animal protein. Broiler chickens have economic characteristics, characterized by
rapid growth as a meat producer. Relatively shorter harvest period make broiler become one
of the commodities that are favored by farmers. But in its development in Indonesia has not
reviewed whether the meat that is produced does not have a negative impact and does not
cause a prolonged illness for consumers.

DISCUSSION

Assessment of the GMO food products

In Indonesia, the safety of GMO food products has also being assessed. But a wide
range of GMO food products examined only limited of plant source food products. That plant
source food products known as genetically modified food (PRG) may have a risk to human
health. The possibility of risk needs to be minimized through the precautionary approach
(precautionary approach). Concerns over genetically modified food products covers various
aspects, especially the tendency of causing an allergic reaction (allergenicity), gene transfer,
and outcrossing. In principle, food that causes allergy is not desirable unless it is proved that
the proteins are not allergenic. Transfer of genes from genetically modified food products into
the cells of the body or to bacteria in the digestive tract caused concern if the genetic material
transferred can harm human health (BPOM RI 2010).
Ratings of GMO Animal Source Food Ingredients on Veteriner Public Health Aspect

Food security
One of the animal source foods that are commonly performed genetic modification are
salmon. The number of fish available in the world is declining, while the number of people is
increasing rapidly. These factors make the farm produce salmon in large numbers, and expect
the growth of salmon can be done quickly so the production increases. Conventional salmon
fish farming still not adequate enough to fulfill the needs of human consumption, so that the
genetic modification is done to accelerate the growth of salmon. That expected the production
of genetically modification salmon can help the fulfillment of animal source food. In
Indonesia there is a kind of broiler genetically modification chickens that have economic
characteristics, characterized by rapid growth as a meat producer. Relatively shorter harvest
period make broiler become one of the commodities that are favored by livestock. In
Indonesia, broiler production aim to increase food fulfillment because beef protein source can
only be obtained by middle to high economic level people.

Animal Welfare
Animal welfare aspects that known is free from hunger and thirst, free of threats, free of
pain and disease, freedom to express natural habits, and free of pressure and feeling stressed.
Judging from the animal welfare aspects, it can be said that the treatment of genetic
modification to animal source food, such as GM salmon, violated the animal welfare aspect.
Salmon cant swim freely in their natural habitat due to intensive breeding. The impact of
intensive aquaculture may also cause the spread of disease in salmon and increase salmon
mortality. Besides that, as a perspective seen the negative side that the salmon has to suffer
and get an age reduction due to shorter harvest period. If viewed from the same perspective,
the state of welfare of broiler chickens in Indonesia as well as GM salmon which aspects of
animal welfare have not been fulfilled either.

Human Health
Salmon contains high omega-3 fatty acids so it is a kind of healthy food. Also in terms
of the economic aspects it can attract consumers because the price of salmon is relatively
inexpensive. The FDA has examined whether consumption of GM salmon directly effect and
have an effect on human health, either directly or indirectly. FDA has examined various
aspects including the biological characteristics, structure, allergenicity, and toxicity of GM
salmon compared with the same species conventional salmon. But the investigation is not
explained specifically. The result is GM salmon has a different composition which has a
triploid cells, and contains an extra gene. But FDA determined that GM salmon is safe for
consumption. It also means that people who are allergic to conventional salmon will also be
allergic to GM salmon.

CONCLUSION

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) or in Indonesian called genetically

modification products are organisms whose DNA has been altered by using a modern
bioengineering technology to produce an organism or a different product from the natural
product that has several advantages because the selection of a good nature in its manufacture.
In its application, GMO animal source food products has its advantages and disadvantages.
GMO animal source food products has the advantage of improving the quality of genetically
so that the production time becomes shorter with a more optimal results and impact, both
economically and health. However GMO animal source food products also has deficiencies
which is still an issue in the public against the harmful effects caused. Investigated and
reviewed the potential economic effects and safety of consumers including allergic reactions,
antinutrisi response, and toxicity caused are needed.

INI BELUM HAHAHHA CAPE AH NGANTUK WKWKKWW

Potential Effects of Animal Origin Food Consumption GMO (Genetically Modified
Organism) on Consumer Health

Genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified animals were first

reported in 1985 (Bai et al. 2015). Since that time the technique has been applied to the
transgenic animals with varying degrees of success. Genetic engineering in animals have
goals include increasing production, as a research model, creating individuals that are
resistant to disease, and the development of drug production. Some products from animals
genetically engineered among chickens believed to be resistant to bird flu (Lyall et al. 2011),
the manufacture of drugs from the milk of ruminants and rabbits (CGM 2011), as well as the
cattle that are resistant to prion (Richt et al. 2007) ,
Genetic engineering in animals production with the aim of increasing production raises
some concerns regarding security aspects. Consumption of genetically modified animals
including chickens gmo feared to affect the health of consumers either directly or indirectly.
Several observations indicate that the acceptance or rejection of consumers against
genetically modified products. Acceptance and rejection of genetically engineered animals by
consumers depends on the perception of risk factors and advantages of the genetically
engineered products. Among the potential effects of the consumption of genetically modified
animals include:

response Allergies
Some people have an allergic response to food protein. Protein in food products can
cause an acute inflammatory response in the mouth, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. The
reaction may take place mild to severe anaphylactic responses. Potential allergic response
than feared genetically modified products derived from the introduction of new gene then
encodes the protein product (Levi et al. 2014). Exposure to proteins via the oral route in
general have a lower risk. Material proteins derived from non-genetically modified products
and genetic engineering would be equally degraded into amino acids and absorbed to your
bloodstream. So far there has been no concrete evidence regarding the allergic response due
to the consumption of genetically engineered animal. However, on testing in vitro using
purified protein with the desired gene encoding, as well as in vivo testing to assess tolerance
using animal models indicate there is potential for allergic to proteins genetically modified
(Ahuja et al. 2010).

Effects Anti Nutrition

Some cases show that the introduced new gene encodes a protein that inhibits the
absorption or utilization of nutrients terntentu. Examples of compounds found in soybeans
genetically engineered causes a decrease in the enzymatic activity of trypsin, thereby
disrupting protein digestion and absorption of essential amino acids (Levi et al. 2014). Each
type of food has its own peculiarities on the value of nutrients, anti-nutrients, and a number of
specific toxins. It can also occur in animals genetically modified. Therefore, the analysis
takes in animals genetically modified and non-genetically modified to determine the impact
of the introduction of new genes to the nutritional composition.

toxicity
The genetically modified animals feared could potentially cause acute toxic effects on
the health of the consumer. There has been no concrete evidence regarding the acute toxic
effects of genetically engineered animals on public health. Toxicology studies of genetically
modified sheep meat showed no significant difference with non-genetically modified (Bai et
al. 2015). It can be a picture of the potential toxicity of genetically modified chicken for the
health of consumers. However, the potential effect on long-term consumption remains.
Potential negative effects depending on the amount of exposure (eg, the amount of
consumption figures), frequency of exposure, and the amount absorbed by the body before
degradation occurs.