Ti liu:

TNG QUAN V DAQ (DATA

ACQUISITION AND
CONTROL)
Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

Chng 1
TNG QUAN V DAQ (DATA ACQUISITION AND
CONTROL)
1. nh ngha v khi nim
Thu thp d liu (data acquisition) l qu trnh chuyn tn hiu vt l t th gii
thc thnh tn hiu in o lng v chuyn sang tn hiu s cho qu trnh x l,
phn tch v lu tr bng my tnh.
Trong hu ht cc ng dng, h thu thp d liu (Data Acquisition (DAQ)
System) c thit k khng nhng ch thu thp d liu m cn c chc nng iu
khin. V vy khi ni h DAQ thng hm c chc nng iu khin (Data
Acquisition and Control)

Hnh 1.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h DAQ

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

1.1. B chuyn i (transducer) v cm bin (sensor)

B chuyn i v cm bin thc hin thay i cc tn hiu vt l thnh tn hiu
in phn cng c th x l.
B chuyn i c th chuyn hu ht cc i lng cn o sang tn hiu in
nh: cp nhit in, nhit k in tr (RTD Resistive Temperature Detector), nhit
tr,

1.2. Dy ni v cp truyn thng

Dy ni: lin kt ng ra ca chuyn i/cm bin n phn cng khi x l tn
hiu hoc t khi x l tn hiu n PC nu khi x l tn hiu cch xa PC.
Trng hp phn cng khi x l tn hiu cch xa PC v chun truyn tn hiu
l RS-232 hoc RS-485 : cp truyn thng
y thng l thnh phn cng knh nht ca h thng v d chu tc ng ca
nhiu bn ngoi, c bit trong mi trng cng nghip khc nghit. V vy cn quan
tm c bit n vn chng nhiu cho dy ni v cp truyn thng gim thiu
nh hng ca nhiu.

1.3. X l tn hiu (Data conditioning)

Tn hiu in u ra ca cm bin cn c chuyn sang dng thch hp, tng
thch vi phn cng khi thu thp d liu, c bit l b chuyn i A/D.
Cc nhim v ca thnh phn ny c th l:
- Lc: thng l b lc thng thp loi cc thnh phn tn s nhiu.
- Khuch i: dng tng phn gii cho h thng.
- Tuyn tnh ha: dng hiu chnh cho cc b chuyn i phi tuyn nh
cp nhit in.
- Cch ly: dng cch ly vi my tnh nhm bo v my tnh trc cc
thnh phn in p cao.
- Kch thch: dng cho cc b chuyn i cn dng hay p kch thch ngoi
nh cm bin in tr, nhit tr,

1.4. Phn cng thu thp d liu

Thc hin cc chc nng sau:
- Chuyn tn hiu dng tng t sang dng s hin th, lu tr v phn tch
- c vo tn hiu s cha ng thng tin v qu trnh ca mt h thng.
- Chuyn tn hiu s t PC sang tn hiu iu khin iu khin mt h
thng hay qu trnh.
- Xut ra tn hiu iu khin dng s.
Phn cng thu thp d liu tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau t nhiu
nh sn xut, c th l: card giao tip m rng (plug-in expansion bus boards),
intelligent stand-alone loggers and controllers (loi ny c th c nh cu hnh,
quan st v iu khin t my tnh qua RS-232 hoc c th hot ng c lp), hoc

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

cc thit bi c lp t xa c th iu khin v nh cu hnh t my tnh qua chun

giao tip IEEE-488.

1.5. Phn mm thu thp d liu

C 3 la chn:
- c v xut d liu trc tip dng tc ng ln cc thanh ghi ca phn cng
thu thp d liu
- Dng driver i km vi phn cng cung cp bi nh sn xut pht trin
phn mm
- Dng gi phn mm ng dng cung cp km vi phn cng thu thp d liu
thc hin tt c cc nhim v yu cu cho mt ng dng c th

1.6. My ch
Dng thc thi cc chng trnh phn mm v lu tr d liu, c nh hng rt
ln n tc ca h thng.

2. Cu hnh h DAQ
Vic la chn cu hnh cho h DAQ ph thuc vo:
- Mi trng lm vic (phng th nghim, thu thp d liu trong cng khu vc
sn xut hay t xa),
- S lng cm bin v c cu chp hnh yu cu, v tr ca chng vi my
ch, hnh thc x l tn hiu yu cu, khc nghit ca mi trng lm
vic l cc yu t quan trng.
Cc cu hnh thng dng ca h DAQ:
- Vo/ra ti ch (tp trung) vi PC
- Vo/ra phn tn
- Cc b thu thp d liu v iu khin c lp hoc phn tn
- Cc thit b theo chun IEEE-488

2.1. Vo / ra tp trung (Plug-in I/O)

- Cc mch vo/ra tp trung c cm trc tip vo my tnh qua cc bus m
rng
- c im: nh gn, tc thu thp d liu v iu khin nhanh nht, chi ph
thp v vy thng c dng.
- c s dng trong cc ng dng m my ch gn cm bin v c cu
chp hnh.

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

Hnh 1.2 Mt s v d ca Plug-in I/O board

2.2. Vo / ra phn tn (Distributed I/O)

Trong mi trng sn xut cng nghip, cm bin v c cu chp hnh thng
xa my ch, trong mi trng khc nghit v bao ph trong mt din tch rng,
cch xa my ch hng trm mt. Do , kh c th nhn c tn hiu nh t cc cm
bin nh cp nhit, cm bin in tr (strain gauge) qua ng truyn di ng thi
dy ni t cm bin v my ch di v tn km.
Gii php:
- Module x l tn hiu c t gn mi cm bin tng ng cng nh mi
cm bin cn c mt module x l tn hiu: vo/ra phn tn.
- Gii php ny c th tn km nu c nhiu cm bin nhng cht lng tn
hiu v chnh xc cao.
- Dng thng gp ca vo/ra phn tn l b pht s. B pht s ny thc
hin tt c cc chc nng x l tn hiu cn thit, c b vi iu khin v
chuyn i tng t - s (ADC) chuyn tn hiu cn o sang dng s. Tn
hiu dng s ny c truyn v my ch bng chun RS-232 hoc RS-485.
- RS-232: khong cch truyn gn.
- RS-485: (multi-drop): gim s lng cp truyn, c th kt ni n 32
modules, khong cch truyn c th ln n 10km nu dng multi-drop
network. (RS-232: ti a 15m).

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

- Cn b chuyn i t RS-232 sang RS-485 do hu ht cc my ch khng

h tr chun RS-485.

Hnh 1.3 Vo / ra phn b - module pht s

2.3. B thu thp d liu c lp hay phn tn

u im: ging u im ca I/O phn tn vi cc b x l tn hiu thng minh,
ng thi kh nng t quyt nh t xa lm tng tin cy ca h thng, c th iu
khin v nh cu hnh t my tnh dng giao tip ni tip hoc card PCMCIA
(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) v c th hot ng c
lp m khng cn my ch (y l mc tiu chnh). V vy rt hu ch khi phi t cc
b thu thp d liu xa hoc trong mi trng khc nghit hoc cc ng dng khng
cho php s kt ni lin tc ti my tnh (v d: iu khin nhit trong cc xe ti
ng lnh).

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

Hnh 1.4 - S dng card PCMCIA nhp d liu t b iu khin / ng nhp

c lp

Hnh 1.5 - S b thu thp d liu c lp qua giao tip ni tip RS-232

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

Hnh 1.6 - Kt ni b thu thp d liu c lp qua mng in thoi hay radio

Hnh 1.7 - H thu thp d liu phn tn

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 1

2.4. Cc thit b lp trnh c IEEE-488

- Chun truyn thng ny cn c gi l GPIB (General Purpose Interface
Bus), c thnh lp nm 1965 bi Hewlett-Packard kt ni v iu
khin cc thit b o th lp trnh c ca hng. Chun ny nhanh chng
c th gii chp nhn v tr thnh chun IEEE-488 nh tc , tnh linh
hot v hu ch trong vic kt ni cc thit b trong phng th nghim.
- GPIB l chun giao tip truyn thng song song tc cao cho php kt ni
ng thi 15 thit b trn bus truyn d liu song song. Thng yu cu c
b iu khin GPIB nh a ch cho tng thit b v khi to cc thit b
s truyn thng vi nhau.
- Tc truyn thng ti a, chiu di cp truyn ti a, khong cch ti a
gia cc thit b ph thuc vo tc v kh nng x l ca b iu khin
GPIB v loi cp truyn.
- Ph hp cho cc phng th nghim nghin cu hoc o th trong cng
nghip
- C hng ngn sn phm trn th trng h tr chun giao tip ny

Hnh 1.8 - Cu trc h GPIB thng dng

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

Chng 2
X L TN HIU NG VO CHO H DAQ
(SIGNAL CONDITIONING)
1. Gii thiu
Tn hiu in ng ra ca b chuyn i / cm bin cn c bin i cho ph
hp vi ng vo ca phn cng DAQ. Ngoi ra, mt s b chuyn i / cm bin cn
ngun kch thch hoc cu Wheaston v tuyn tnh ha tn hiu o c chnh xc.
Hu ht cc h DAQ u bao gm khu x l tn hiu di mt hnh thc no
.
Cc hnh thc c bn m khu x l tn hiu c th thc hin l:
- Khuch i
- Cch ly
- Lc
- Kch thch
- Tuyn tnh ha
Khu x l tn hiu ca h DAQ phi thc hin nhim v no v cch thc thc
hin l g ph thuc vo s lng v loi ca b chuyn i / cm bin, yu cu v
ngun kch thch v ni t cho cm bin, ng thi khng km phn quan trng l
khong cch t cm bin ti my ch trung tm.

2. Cc kiu x l tn hiu
2.1. Khuch i
L nhim v chnh yu ca khu x l tn hiu nhm:
- Tng phn gii cho php o (nhim v chnh)
- Tng t s tn hiu/nhiu (SNR)
Tng phn gii:
V d: Xt tn hiu ng ra cm bin 0-10mV nu a trc tip vo ADC 12bit
vi full-scale 10V
ADC 12 bit c tt c 212 = 4096 mc in p khc nhau.
in p ng vo ADC t 0V 12V phn gii 10V/4096 = 2,44 mV
Ng ra cm bin t 0 10 mV ch phn bit 5 mc in p: 0V; 2,44 mV;
4,88 mV; 7,32 mV v 9,76 mV.
Nu thc hin khuch i tn hiu ti ng ra cm bin 10 ln: in p a vo
ADC s nm trong khong 0 100 mV phn bit c 41 mc in p khc nhau.
Tng SNR:
Tn hiu nh ng ra ca cm bin cch xa phn cng DAQ nu c truyn
trong mi trng nhiu s b nh hng ln ca nhiu. Nu tn hiu nh (b nhiu) ny
c khuch i ti phn cng DAQ sau khi c truyn qua mi trng nhiu th

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

nhiu trong tn hiu ny cng c khuch i nh tn hiu cn o. Nu nhiu so snh

c vi tn hiu cn o (SNR thp) s dn n sai s ln cho php o v php o l
v ngha.
Tng SNR bng cch khuch i tn hiu nh u ra cm bin trc khi
truyn.
V d: Cp nhit loi J c nhy 50uV/0C. Nu tn hiu u ra cp nhit c
truyn trong mi trng c nhiu ln vi khong cch 10m, nhiu t ln tn hiu ca
cp nhit c th ln n 200uV dn n sai s n 4oC. Nu khuch i tn hiu ti u
ra cp nhit ln 500 ln th nhy lc ny l 25mV/0C, sai s o nhiu lc ny (hng
uV) l rt nh.

2.2. Cch ly
Cch ly dng Opto : thng dng cho tn hiu s

Cch ly bng phng php t trng/in trng: dng cho tn hiu tng
t, thc hin bng cch iu ch tn hiu in p thnh tn s, sau truyn tn
hiu tn s v bin i tn s thnh in p u ra
Cch ly bng bin p:

Cch ly gip bo v thit b phn cng DAQ, PC cng nh ngi vn hnh khi
in p cao trong qu trnh qu , st hay tnh in cng nh hng hc ca cc thit
b cao p. Cc b bo v qu p c t u vo ca khu x l tn hiu bo v
khu ny. Cch ly cn nhm m bo vng ni t khng nh hng n tn hiu o.

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

2.3. Mch lc
Mch lc thc hin nhim v loi b nhiu ra khi tn hiu cn o trc khi tn
hiu ny c khuch i v a vo ADC. Qu trnh lc c th thc hin bng phn
cng hoc phn mm.
Lc bng phn mm: c tn hiu o nhiu ln hn cn thit v ly trung bnh.
Phng php ny loi b c nhiu tun hon hon ton nu cc mu c trung
bnh ha trong mt chu k ca nhiu.
Lc bng phn cng: cc mch lc tng t l r nht, bao gm cc mch lc
th ng (dng cc phn t th ng nh RLC) v tch cc (dng khuch i thut
ton OpAmp)
Cc thng s thng dng ca mch lc:
- Tn s ct
- Roll-off: dc ca ng cong bin theo tn s (biu Bode) ti tn
s ct.
- H s phm cht: quyt nh li ca mch lc ti tn s cng hng v
roll-off

2.4. Tuyn tnh ha

Thng thng, quan h gia ng ra ca cm bin v tn hiu u vo cn o l
phi tuyn. Phn mm ca h DAQ thng thc hin chc nng tuyn tnh ha. Tuy
nhin, nu mi quan h phi tuyn l d on c v c tnh lp li th c th tuyn
tnh ha bng phn cng.

3. Phn loi khu x l tn hiu

3.1. Cc mch x l tn hiu cm vo PC
- Mch x l tn hiu nm trn phn cng DAQ cm vo my ch nh hnh.
- Mi mch x l tn hiu cho mt loi cm bin
- S dng cho ng dng nh vi s lng cm bin t v nm gn my ch

3.2. Cc b pht 2 dy ni trc tip

B pht 2 dy l module x l tn hiu 2 ca: nhn tn hiu cn x l u vo
v xut tn hiu x l u ra. Mi module cn mt loi cm bin. Cc b pht ny
khng phi l thit b thng minh v khng c ADC trn mch.

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

Tn hiu c x l c truyn v phn cng h DAQ ti my ch bng 2

dy, tn hiu truyn c th l in p hoc mch vng dng in (4-20 mA).
Tn hiu truyn in p ( 10V hoc 0-10V) tng thch vi hu ht vi u
vo cc mch DAQ cho php giao tip d dng vi cc board DAQ hin i.
Tuy nhin hn ch ca tn hiu ny l st p trn dy truyn khong cch xa
nn ch dng phng php truyn in p khi ng truyn ngn.
Tn hiu dng in c kh nng min nhim vi nhiu cao v c th truyn vi
khong cch hng trm m (ln n 1000m). B thu chuyn dng sang p a
vo ADC. B thu thng l mt in tr khong 500 / 10V (dng 20 mA).
Mi cp cp truyn cho mt cm bin ring l nhiu cp kt ni n my ch.
Ngun cung cp (15-40V) cn cng sut cung cp dng cho cc modules
theo yu cu.
S khi ca mt b pht 2 dy trc tip nh hnh

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

3.3. Vo/ra phn tn - b pht s

Mch x l tn hiu vo/ra phn tn s dng b pht s

Mch x l tn hiu vo/ra phn tn s dng b pht s ring bit

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

4. Nhiu v nh hng ca nhiu

4.1. Khi nim
Nhiu: tn hiu in khng mong mun trong mch.
Khng th trit nhiu hon ton m ch c th gim bin nhiu cho n khi
bin ca n khng gy nh hng ln tn hiu o

4.2. Ngun nhiu v phn loi nhiu

C 3 thnh phn tham gia qu trnh sinh nhiu:

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

Cc hnh thc gy nhiu thng gp trong h DAQ

- Ghp ni h cm (inductive coupling)
- Ghp ni in dung (capacitive coupling)
- Ghp ni in tr (conductive coupling)
Ghp ni in tr:

Ghp ni in dung:

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

Ghp ni h cm:

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

4.3. Chng nhiu

Dng cp c v bc v ni t v bc : gim nhiu do tng h in dung gy
ra.
Vn = j RS C2S VNS

Ni t v cp:

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 2

Dng cp c v bc v xon i
Dng cp xon i
Dng cp ng trc

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Ti liu DAQ Chng 3

Chng 3
GIAO TIP GIA H DAQ VI MY TNH
1. Chuyn i AD (Analog to Digital)
1.1. Nguyn l
Chuyn i AD l qua trnh chuyn t tn hiu tng t t cc ngun bn ngoi
thnh dng tn hiu s my tnh c th x l c.
Qu trnh chuyn i AD bao gm:
- Ly mu tn hiu (Sampling).
- Lng t ha (Quantizing).
- M ha (Coding).

1.1.1. Ly mu
L qu trnh thay tn hiu tng t bng bin ca n nhng thi im cch
u nhau, gi l chu k ly mu. Cc gi tr ny s c chuyn thnh s nh phn
c th x l c. Vn y l phi ly mu nh th no c th khi phc li tn
hiu gc. Tn hiu ly mu ca tn hiu gc s(t) biu din l s(nT) vi T l chu k ly
mu.
s(nT) = s(t)u(t) (3.1)
trong u(t) l chui xung Dirac

u(t) = (t nT)
n
(3.2)

Ph ca tn hiu ly mu l tch chp ca S(f) v U(f), do :

1 n
Ss(f) = S(f)*U(f) =
T n
S(f )
T
(3.3)
s

f
t 0

f
t
0 1/T
Hnh 3.1 Tn hiu ly mu v ph

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