07-03-2017

OVERVIEW

EE 303 Power Systems

.
Substation Overview

Dr Narsa Reddy Tummuru

School of Computing and Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi

EE303 Power Systems 3/7/2017 1

ELEMENTS OF SUBSTATION POWER TRANSFORMER

Stepping activity of
voltages is done at sub
stations using transformers .

It may be step down or

step up based on
requirement.

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines'

side 7. Current transformer Rating of transformers is
1. Primary power lines 8. Lightning arrester
2. Ground wire
in VA.
9. Main transformer
3. Overhead lines 10. Control building
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage11. Security fence
5. Disconnect switch 12. Secondary power lines
6. Circuit breaker

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Standard Transformer Accessories

Buchholz Relay:
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on
In the event of fault in an oil filled transformer gas is generated,
Faraday's principal of mutual induction,.
due to which buchholz relay gives warning of developing fault.

Bushing:
Insulators and Bushings are built with the best quality Porcelain
shells manufactured by wet process.

Cooling:
ONAN .. Oil Natural Air Natural
ONAF .. Oil Natural Air Forced
OFWF .. Oil Forced Water Forced
ODWF .. Oil directed Water Forced.

By Forced Cooling, the Transformer capacity can be increased by more than

50%

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Silica Gel Breather:

Prevents Moisture Ingress.
Connected to Conservator Tank INSTRUMENT
Silica Gel is Blue when Dry; Pink when moist
Oil Seal provides a Trap for Moisture before passing thro Silica Gel TRANSFORMERS
Conservator Tank:
Role:
It is an Expansion Vessel To provide accurate inputs to protection, control
It maintains oil in the Transformer above a Minimum Level and metering systems including revenue
It can give an alarm if the oil level falls below the limit
metering.
This usually has oil level indicators
Main Conservator Tank can have a Bellow
It has an oil filling provision
It has an oil drain valve Main tasks:
Provision is there for connecting a Breather

Oil Temperature Indicator: To transfer current or voltage from a usually high

Oil temperature indicator provides local temperature of top oil. value to value easy to handle for relays and
instruments.
Winding temperature Indicator:
The windings temperature indicator indicates Hot spot temperature of To insulate the metering circuits from higher
the winding. This is a Thermal Image type indicator. voltages.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
The potential transformer is connected
in parallel with the circuit.
It is used to measure the voltages.
The primary windings of the potential
transformer are directly connected to
It insulate measurement the power circuit whose voltage is to be
,protection and control circuitry measured.
from the high voltages present on
the circuits being measured or The secondary terminals of the
controlled. potential transformer are connected to
the measuring instrument like the
voltmeter, wattmeter, etc.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF PTs
It is used to measure the
The potential transformer is mainly classified into two currents.
types

The primary winding in current

conventional wound types (electromagnetic
types) is incorporated in the line and
caries the current flowing in the
network. Magnitude of secondary
capacitor voltage potential transformers. current is dependent on ratio of
transformer.

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER Types of current Transformer

Wound Transformer
The primary winding is a single turn
winding and carries the full load current. Bar-type Current Transformer
The secondary winding of the transformers
has a large number of turns.
Toroidal Current Transformer

The ratio of the primary current and the

secondary current is known as a current
transformer ratio of the circuit.

The current ratio of the transformer is

usually high.

The secondary current ratings are of the

order of 5A, 1A and 0.1A. The current
primary ratings vary from 10A to 3000A or
more.

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
PRINCPLE OF OPERATION
Functions
Under normal operation, the lightning
arrester is off the line i.e., it conducts r no
current to earth or the gap is non-
1.Open circuit during the normal conducting.
operation .
On the occurrence of over voltage, the air
insulation across the gap breaks down and
an arc is formed, providing a low resistance
2.Limit the transient voltage to a safe path for the surge to the ground.
level.
The length of the gap is so set that
normal line voltage is not enough to cause
an arc across the gap but a dangerously
3. Bring the system back to its normal high voltage will break down the air
operation mode. insulation and form an arc.

The property of the non-linear resistance

is that its resistance decreases as the
voltage (or current) increases and vice-
versa.

TYPES OF LIGHTNING TYPES OF LIGHTNING

ARRESTERS ARRESTERS
1. Rod arrester

2. Horn gap arrester

3. Multi gap arrester

4. Expulsion type lightning

arrester

5. Valve type lightning arrester

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CIRCUIT BREAKER OPERATING PRINCIPLE

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current.

Whenever fault occurs in the circuit

breaker, relay connected to the current
transformer CT actuates and closes its
contacts.

Current flows from the battery in the trip

circuit

As soon as the trip coil of the circuit

breaker gets energized the circuit breaker
operating mechanism is actuated and it
operates for the opening mechanism.

Vacuum circuit breakers outer view Thus relay forms a vital part of a circuit
SF6 live tank circuit breakers breaker

RELAYS
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Type Medium Range Operation
Relay
Low voltage Up to
1. Air break C.B. Air at atmospheric pressure Responds to vector difference between two
l000 V 1. Differential relay
or more similar electrical quantities.
2. Tank type oil circuit breaker Dielectric oil Up to 33 kV
Operates when the impedance between relay
36 kV, 1500 MVA 2. Impedance relay point and fault point is below a specified
3. Minimum oil circuit breaker Dielectric oil
132 kV, 3000 MVA value.

Responds to increase in current. The relay

Compressed air (pressure 20 132 kV, 220 kV
4. Air blast C.B. 3. Over current relay operates when the current exceeds a present
to 30 atmospheres) 400 kV, 760 kV
level

132 k V, 220 kV A quick operating relay (less than 0.2-second

5. SF6 C.B. SF6 gas 4. Instantaneous relay
400 kV, 760 kV. operating times).
6. Vacuum C.B. Vacuum 11 kV. 33 kV
A relay without moving parts. In this the
High voltage direct current 5. Static relay measurement is performed by a stationary
7. Vacuum or SF6 500 kV DC.
C.B. circuit.

ISOLATOR ISOLATOR
Isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical
circuit is completely de-energized for service or Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of
maintenance. the electrical power.

Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to
isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be
opened while current is flowing in the line.

Isolators are generally used on both ends of the breaker in order that repair
or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.

The isolators can be categorized as

1. Bus side isolator the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator the isolator is directly connected with transfer
bus.

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WAVE TRAPS CAPACITOR BANK

In order to communicate, high-

frequency line traps are used as they
allow substations to communicate with
each other through the power lines at
the same time as they
transmit electrical power.

In order to separate power from

messages being sent, different
frequencies are used

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
The Basis of Nature of Duties CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
1. Step-up or Primary Substations(near generating stations) The Basis of Operating Voltage

2. Primary Grid Substations(at load centers where step down to primary 1. High Voltage Substations (11 KV - 66 KV)
distribution voltage) 2. Extra High Voltage Substations(132 kV- 400 KV)
3. Step-down or Distribution Substations(This substation feeds the
consumers ) 3. Ultra High Voltage(above 400 KV)

The basis of service render The Basis of Design

1. Transformer substations(installed for transforming the power from 1. Indoor Type Substations
one voltage level to another level)
2. Outdoor Substations
2. Switching Substations(provides switching operation of power line
without transforming the voltage) 3. Pole Mounted Substations
3. Converting Substations(eg.AC-DC) 4. Foundation Mounted Substations

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
LAYOUT POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATION
Pole mounted substation are erected for
mounting distribution transformers of
capacity up to 250 KVA. Such substations
are cheapest, simple and smallest of
substations. All the equipment is of
outdoor type and mounted on the
supporting structure of high tension
distribution line

Generally transformers of capacity up to

125 KVA are mounted on double pole
structure and for transformers of capacity
above 125 KVA but not exceeding 250 KVA
4-pole structure with suitable platform is
used.

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TRANSMISSON SUBSTAION
FOUNDATION MOUNTED LAYOUT

TRANSMISSON SUBSTAION
LAYOUT

CONTROL ROOM

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CONTROL ROOM SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF

132/33 KV SUBSTATION
The control and relay panel is of cubical construction suitable for floor mounting.
All protective, indicating and control elements are mounted on the front panel for
ease of operation and control.

The control and relay panel accepts CT, PT aux 230 AC and 220V/10V DC
connections at respective designated terminal points.

220V/10V DC supply is used for control supply of all internal relays and timers and
also for energizing closing and tripping coils of the breakers.

230V AC station auxiliary supply is used for internal illumination lamp of the panel
and the space heater.

Protective HRC fuse are provided with in the panel for P.T secondary.

Aux AC and battery supplies.