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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The regular consumption of a polyphenol-rich
apple does not influence endothelial function:
a randomised double-blind trial in
hypercholesterolemic adults
S Auclair1,2, G Chironi3 D Milenkovic1,2, PCH Hollman4 CMGC Renard5 J-L Megnien3 J Gariepy3
J-L Paul6, A Simon3 and A Scalbert1,2
1
Universite dAuvergne, Unite de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont Universite, Clermont-Ferrand, France; 2INRA, UMR 1019, UNH,
Clermont-Ferrand, France; 3AP-HP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Center of Cardiovascular Preventive Medicine, Rene
Descartes University, Paris, France; 4RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The
Netherlands; 5UR117, Recherches Cidricoles et Biotransformation des Fruits et Legumes, INRA, Le Rheu, France and 6AP-HP, Hopital
European Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Paris, France
Background/objectives: Epidemiological studies suggest that apple consumption is associated with a reduction in
cardiovascular disease risk. Apple polyphenols may contribute to explain these effects. Endothelial dysfunction has been
associated with early stage of atherosclerosis and polyphenols from various dietary sources have been shown to reverse it. The
aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the consumption of a polyphenol-rich apple on endothelial function.
Subjects/methods: In all, 30 hypercholesterolemic volunteers were included in a double-blind, randomized crossover trial.
They successively consumed 40 g of two lyophilized apples, polyphenol-rich and polyphenol-poor, providing respectively
1.43 and 0.21 g polyphenols per day during two 4-week periods separated by a 4-week washout period.
Results: Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was assessed at the beginning and at the end of each intervention
period. FMD did not differ between the polyphenol-rich and the polyphenol-poor apples, neither did the other cardiovascular
disease risk factors (plasma lipids, homocysteine, antioxidant capacity).
Conclusions: These data suggest that over a 4-week period, the consumption of a polyphenol-rich apple does not improve
vascular function in hypercholesterolemic patients.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, 11581165; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.135; published online 4 August 2010
Procyanidins 78 521
Biochemical parameters
Hydroxycinnamic acids Consumption of the two apple cultivars during 4 weeks had
Caffeoylquinic 10 121 no significant effect on all measured biochemical parameters
p-coumaroylquinic 1 5 such as lipids, glucose, antioxidant vitamin status or plasma
Flavan-3-ol monomers antioxidant capacity (Table 2). However, an increase in
Epicatechin 8 52 vitamin C concentration in plasma from 58 mM at baseline to
Catechin Traces 3 65 mM was observed after 1 month of apple consumption,
whatever the nature of the apple consumed.
Dihydrochalcones
Phloridzin 4.4 5.6
Phloretin xyloglucoside 2.9 6.8
Discussion
Flavonols
Hyperoside 0.6 1.9
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the
Avicularin ND 1.9
Reynoutrin 0.1 0.9 consumption of two apple varieties differing in their
Quercitrin 0.1 0.6 polyphenol content on endothelial function and associated
Isoquercitrin ND 0.6 cardiovascular parameters. Volunteers were asked to con-
Quercetin 0.2 ND
sume 40 g of lyophilized apples per day corresponding to the
Rutin Traces ND
consumption of about two apples per day. The patients
Nitrogen 39 40 ingested 214 mg polyphenols per day with the Golden
Delicious (LP) apple and 1.43 g polyphenols per day with
Starch 19 600
the Marie Menard (HP) apple, hence a difference in
Sugars polyphenol intake of 1.21 g per day for the two apples.
Glucose 1737 1660 Compliance was assessed by measuring levels of apple
Fructose 7797c 7520d phloretin in urine. A good compliance was observed as
Sucrose 3821 3740e
shown by the increase in phloretin excretion at the end of
Malic acid 386 220 each intervention period.
The study was carried out in hypercholesterolemic patients
Abbreviations: HP, high polyphenol; LP, low polyphenol; ND, not detected. known to have an impaired endothelial function (Maas et al.,
a
LP and HP bags contain respectively 19.3 and 20.0 g of freeze-dried powders.
b 2008). A baseline value of 56% for FMD was measured in
Balanced by the addition of 2000 mg apple fibers per bag.
c
Balanced by the addition of 2200 mg fructose. our subjects (Table 2). This value is similar to that measured
d
Balanced by the addition of 1100 mg fructose. by other groups, and significantly lower than the B10%
e
Balanced by the addition of 2200 mg sucrose. value commonly observed in normocholesterolemic subjects.
Figure 2 Effect of a 1-month intervention with LP and HP apple varieties on flow-mediated vasodilation. Symbols represent individual subjects.
Symbols on the left and right of each figure and brackets are meanss.d.
FMD (% diameter increase, compared with basal diameter) 6.13.9 4.53.0 5.74.2 3.93.2
Glyceryl trinitrate (% diameter increase, compared with basal diameter) 15.64.7 16.74.3 16.15.9 16.26.1
NOx (nM) 72.723.4 88.751.6 81.527.1 77.831.1
Abbreviations: APOA1, apolipoprotein A1; APOB, apolipoprotein B; CRP, C-reactive protein; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; FRAP, ferric-reducing ability of plasma;
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HP, high polyphenol; LP, low polyphenol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity.
Data are meanss.d.
*
Po0.05; wPo0.01 and zPo0.001, as compared with baseline.
Cutoff values for FMD or cholesterolemia at baseline, to in FMD with flavanol-rich foods or beverages could be
observe effects on fasting FMD, were determined in two meta- explained by either proanthocyanidins or the catechins,
analyses. Cutoff value for FMD was found to be o7% for which are systematically associated in these foods. Also, two
intervention studies with arginine (Bai et al., 2009). Cutoff for FMD studies have been carried out with pure flavanols. An
cholesterolemia was found to be 4228 mg/dl (Li et al., 2010), a acute intake of either pure epicatechin (1 or 2 mg/kg body
value compatible with the mild hypercholesterolemia of the weight in one dose) or epigallocatechin gallate (one dose
present patients (6.4 mmol/l or 247 mg/dl; Table 2). of 300 mg) were shown to increase FMD within the 2 hours
FMD measured at the end of each intervention period did following ingestion in young healthy adults (Schroeter et al.,
not differ between the HP and LP apples neither did any of 2006; Widlansky et al., 2007). However, in a similar study with
the other cardiovascular disease risk factors estimated epigallocatechin gallate, the chronic administration of the
(Table 2). The power of the study would have been sufficient same dose (300 mg/day) during 2 weeks failed to influence
to detect a FMD difference of 2.3% units (for a power of 0.8 vascular reactivity (Widlansky et al., 2007). In the present
and a P-value of 0.05), a value higher than the largest (non- study, the intake of flavanol monomers was 17 mg/day for the
significant) difference between the groups (1.8 % for the LP apple and 111 mg/day for HP apple. This level of intake
difference between baseline and HP apple). In agreement might have induced a positive effect on FMD, as observed in
with these data, NO did not change between treatments. A the Schroeter study (Schroeter et al., 2006). The lack of effect
total of 15 trials, in which the effects of flavanoids or might therefore be explained by the too rapid elimination of
flavonoid-rich foods and beverages on FMD were examined, flavanol monomers, as suggested in the epigallocatechin
were recently analyzed in a meta-analysis (Hooper et al., gallate study. Similarly to this study, FMD measurements
2008). Different results were observed depending, in parti- were made in the morning about 10 hours after consumption
cular, on the structure of the flavonoids. Only chocolate and of the last apple bag. Catechin monomers, if responsible for
tea, both rich in flavanols, were shown to increase FMD in these effects, would not be present anymore owing to their
chronic studies lasting for more than 2 weeks. However, rapid elimination (half-life of 23 h; Manach et al., 2005b).
chronic studies on red wine or grape, also rich in flavanols, However, this interpretation does not fit with the results of
did not show any improvement in FMD. Improvement another chronic study on tea (Duffy et al., 2001). The regular