Corrosion Resistant Steel

(Stainless Steel)
Prof.Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno

Kuliah Baja Paduan & Paduan Super

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

University of Indonesia
Semester Ganjil 2013/2014
 Penggunaan Stainless Steel
University of Stainless steels applications
Indonesia
Flue Gas Desulphurisation (duplex), desalination plants ( duplex), chemical carriers
(316 LN and duplex), chemical industry (all grades), pulp and paper industry
(austenitic and duplex), off-shore (super duplex), architecture (304 L), bridges
(304 L and duplex), offshoreand oil+gas applications, etc.

Stainless steels can be suitable for many different environments : extra low
temperature (down to 0 K) and highly corrosive media (phosphoric acid, sea water,
high chloride concentration, etc)
They are maintenance cost killers in many industries.

Available grades

Ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex,superduplex, heat resisting grades.

Key points

A very large program : in dimension, thickness, width, unit weight, grade and
service.

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University of
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University of
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Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

University of
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 Stainless Crude Steel Production
University of
Indonesia

China 2011-2016kenaikan kebutuhan Ni sekitar 50% (CRU Australia)

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 Penggunaan Nikel
University of
Indonesia

Nickel is widely used in over 300,000 products

for consumer, industrial, military, transport, aerospace,
marine and architectural applications.
The biggest use is to produce stainless and heat-resisting
steels.
used for pots and pans, kitchen sinks, buildings, food
processing equipment, medical equipment and chemical
plants.
65% of the nickel which is produced is used to manufacture
stainless steels.
20% is used in other steel and non-ferrous alloys
often for highly specialized industrial, aerospace and
military applications.
9% is used in plating and
6% in other uses, including coins, electronics, and in
batteries for portable equipment and hybrid cars.
(source: Nickel Institute)
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University of
Stainless Steel, Why Stainless?
Indonesia

Stainless steels = Cr containing

Corrosion Rate (mm/year)

steel alloys
Cr content is min. 10.5% and 0.2
max 30%
Cr makes the steel 'stainless' =
improved corrosion resistance,
due to a chromium oxide film
0.1
that is formed on the steel
surface
This extremely thin layer is
also self-repairing in the
presence of oxygen 0
and damage by abrasion, 0 5 10
cutting or machining is % Chromium
quickly repaired
C : < 0.03 % - 1,2%

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Chromium Oxide Film
Indonesia

Fig. 1 - In any normal oxidising environment a protective coating

of passive chromium rich oxide film is automatically formed on
stainless steel.
Fig. 2 - When scratched, damaged or machined this protective film
is denuded exposing the steel to the atmosphere.
Fig. 3 - The protective coating is quickly restored through the rapid
self-repairing quality of the chromium rich film.

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University of
Pasivitas Pada Stainless Steels
Indonesia

Pasivitas dikarenakan Pada Duplex SS Cr 22-27%

oleh adanya lapisan
Ketahanan korosi
oksida yang bersifat self-
tergantung pada
repairing dengan
kestabilan lapisan oksida
karakteristik :
Untuk lingkungan yang
Kompak, lapisan
berbeda dioptimalkan oleh
kontinyu memerlukan ~
alloying dengan unsur lain
11wt% Cr.
Pasivitas meningkat Contoh; Ni, Mo, N,
dengan meningkatnya Cu
Cr hingga ~17wt%
Umumnya stainless
steels mengandung
17-18wt% Cr
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Produk Stainless Steel
Indonesia

Wrought Product
Long Product: Pipa,
Batangan, Profil
Flat Product:
Lembaran, sheet, Pelat
Casting Product
Impeller, Flange, Valve

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Pengelompokan Stainless Steels
Indonesia

Berdasarkan mikrostruktur Stainless steels (SS)

dapat dikelompokkan atas:
Feritik SS
Austenitik SS
Duplex (Feritik-Austenitik) SS
Martensitik SS
Precipitation Hardening (PH) SS
Mikrostruktur stainless steels (sangat tergantung dari
komposisi) dapat diprediksi menggunakan diagram
Schaeffler-Delong

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 Schaefler Diagram
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Indonesia

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Classification of Stainless Steel
Indonesia

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 Diagram Schaeffler-Delong
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Indonesia
904
Austenitik
Martensitik-Austenitik
Nickel Equivalent

316
304 Feritik-Austenitik
2507
2304 2205
410
Martensitik
430 Feritik

Chromium Equivalent

Chromium Equivalent = %Cr + 1.5%Si + %Mo

Nickel Equivalent = %Ni + 30(%C + %N) + 0.5(%Mn + %Cu + %Co)
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Classification of Stainless Steel
Indonesia

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 Strength and Ductility of
University of
Indonesia
Stainless Steel

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Toughness of Stainless Steel
Indonesia

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Indonesia

Family
of SS

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Effect of Alloying Elements
Indonesia

Unsur paduan berkontribusi terhadap

pembentukan fasa ferrite-austenite
Ferrite stabilizer (misal: Cr, Mo, W, V)
Austenite stabilizer (misal: C, Cu, Ni, Mn, N)
pembentukan fasa kedua (precipitate) yang melibatkan
unsur Cr, Mo, W, Cu, N
Sigma phase
Chi phase

Sangat penting untuk mengetahui pengaruh elemen

paduan terhadap complex metallurgical system

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Effect of Alloying on SS Properties
Indonesia

Property C Cr Ni S Mn Si P Cu Mo Se Ti or Nb

Corrosion Resistance - X - - - - -

Mechanical Properties - - -

High Temperature Resistance - X - - - - -

Machinability X X - - - - - -

Weldability X X - X - X - -

Cold Workability X X X - - - - - -

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Effect of Carbon
Indonesia

Iron + carbon =
increasing the hardness and strength of iron.
In austenitic and ferritic stainless steels
a high carbon content is undesirable,
especially for welding carbide precipitation -
brittle

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Effect of Chromium
Indonesia

Chrom :
To increase resistance to oxidation.
This resistance increases as more chromium is added.
Duplex Stainless Steel
Cr = ferrite former and sigma phase (carbide former)
Cr > 22%
increase in pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
Cr < 27 % in order to
retain ductility, toughness and corrosion resistance

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 Effect of Chromium on oxidation
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Indonesia
resistance

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Effect of Nickel
Indonesia

Ni = austenite former (austenite promoting element)

To balance the microstructure to ferrite/ austenite
ratio
Affects the corrosion and mechanical properties
Excessive Ni:
increase in austenite content
Promoting a greater conc. of ferrite stabilizer element
(Cr, Mo) in the remaining ferrite (not change to the
precipitation of sigma phase)

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Effect of Mo and N
Indonesia

Molybdenum (Mo):
Strong ferrite former, similar effect as Cr does on
properties
when added to austenitic stainless steels
improves resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
especially in Cl and S containing environments

Nitrogen (N):
N = austenite forming element
increasing the austenite stability
Yield strength is greatly improved without sensitization
(e.g. carbon)

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Effect of Mn and Cu
Indonesia

Manganese (Mn):
to improve hot working properties
and increase strength, toughness and hardenability.
Mn = austenite forming element
used as a substitute for nickel in Austenitic SS
e.g. AISI 202 as a substitute for AISI 304

Copper (Cu):
Cu = normally present as a residual element
in a few alloys to
produce precipitation hardening properties
or to enhance corrosion resistance

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Effect of W
Indonesia

W = minor elements
improving corrosion resistance
The addition of W causes
easy to form inter metallic phase compare with W-free
duplex SS
W=
like Cr and Mo promotes sigma phase formation
promote of Chi phase

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Properties of Stainless Steel
Indonesia

Alloy Group Magnetic Work Hardening Corrosion Hardenable

Response1 Rate Resistance2

Austenitic Generally No Very High High By Cold Work

Duplex Yes Medium Very High No
Ferritic Yes Medium Medium No
Martensitic Yes Medium Medium Quench & Temper

Precipitation
Yes Medium Medium Age Harden
Hardening

High Temperature Low Temperature

Alloy Group Ductility Weldability
Resistance Resistance3

Austenitic Very High Very High Very High Very High

Duplex Medium Low Medium High
Ferritic Medium High Low Low
Martensitic Low Low Low Low
Precipitation
Medium Low Low High
Hardening

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Mekanisme Penggetasan
(Brittleness) pada Stainless
Steel

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department

University of Indonesia
Semester Ganjil 2013/2014
 Mekanisme Penggetasan pada
University of
Indonesia
Stainless Steel
Stainless Steel peka terhadap
Embrittlement (Kehilangan ductility/
toughness)
Penyebab:
Sensitasi
475C Embrittlement (350C -
550C).
Sigma Phasa ( phase)

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 Sensitasi pada Stainless Steel
University of
Indonesia

Austenitic SS peka terhadap intergranular

corrosion jk berada pada temp 480815OC
Umumnya akibat:
Welding
Service condition
Terjadi karena terbentuk endapan M23C6
(Cr3Fe)23C6 pada batas butir
Pencegahan:
Kurangi Kadar C (0.015 0.02%), substitusi
dengan N
Tambahkan Nb/ Ti

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 475C Embrittlement
University of
Indonesia
Paduan dengan Cr tinggi, cenderung untuk Brittle,
terutama jika ditahan atau pendinginan lambat pada
400 550OC
475C Embrittlement menyebabkan:
UTS, Hardness naik
Ductility turun
Ketangguhan turun
Corrosion resistance turun
Penyebab 475C Embrittlement:
Terbentuk second phase (carbides, nitrides,
oxides, phosphides)
Pembentukan Fe3Cr, FeCr, FeCr3, mirip sigma
phase hanya saja pada temp rendah
Kecenderungan Brittle jika:
Kandungan Cr tinggi
Kandungan Carbide former tinggi (Mo, V, Ti, Nb)
Pengerjaan pada temp 475 OC

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 Sigma Phasa () Embrittlement
University of
Indonesia

Pembentukan FeCr Intermetallic yang

keras, brittle (68 HRC)
Terbentuk jika temperatur proses sekitar
565 980 OC dan berlangsung lama, hal ini
dapat menyebabkan fracture
Semua elemen paduan penstabil ferrite
dapat men promote pembentukan sigma
phase
Cr yang tinggi mem promote sigma
phase
C yang tinggi pembentukan sigma phase
dikurangi sebab terbentuk Cr-Carbide

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