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Phase Behavior
Introduction to Phase Behavior
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 1
Phase Behavior: Learning Objectives
Describe a reservoir fluid in terms of its character and compositional
aspects.
Construct the phase diagrams (p-T diagrams) for the various reservoir
fluids.
Describe/define the formation volume factor, fluid viscosity,
compressibility for various reservoir fluids.
Construct plots of various fluid properties for dry gases and black oil
reservoir fluids.
Construct phase diagrams (p-T diagrams) for pure, binary, ternary, and
natural gas mixtures.
Construct the general phase diagrams (p-T diagram) for a sample
hydrocarbon fluid, indicating all points of interest on the diagram.
Describe the composition of common reservoir fluids.
Describe the "material balance equations" for "black oil," "solution gas
drive," and "dry gas" fluid cases.
Describe/construct/use z-factor, gas compressibility, and gas viscosity
plots and correlations (dry gases).
Describe/use "black oil" correlations for the oil formation volume
factor, solution gas-oil-ratio, oil compressibility, and oil viscosity.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 2
Phase Behavior: Introduction to Reservoir Fluids
Classification of Reservoir Fluids:
Dry Gas
Wet Gas
Gas Condensate
Volatile Oil
Black Oil
Definitions:
Formation Volume Factor
Fluid Viscosity
Rock and Fluid Compressibility
Law (or Principle) of Corresponding States
Examples:
Various "Black Oil" Fluid Properties
z vs. ppr and pr (dry gas case)
g vs. T (and p) (dry gas case)
gz vs. p (dry gas case)
gcg vs. p (dry gas case)
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 3
Phase Behavior: Classification of Reservoir Fluids
From: Schlumberger: Fundamentals of Formation Testing
(March 2006).
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 5
Phase Behavior: Fluid Types and Petroleum Products
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 6
Phase Behavior: PT Diagrams Single Component System
From: Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Bursik (1957).
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 14
Phase Behavior: Definition of Formation Vol. Factor (Bo,g,w)
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 15
Phase Behavior: Fluid Viscosity (o,g,w)
Typical values:
Oil: 0.2 to 30 cp
Gas: 0.01 to 0.05 cp
Water: 0.5 to 1.05 cp
d. z-factor for n-Butane. e. z-factor for Methane-Ethane (160 Deg F). f. z-factor for Methane-Propane (160 Deg F).
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 19
Phase Behavior: z vs. ppr (Law of Corresponding States)
A., Elenblass, J. R., & Weinaug, C. G.: Handbook of Natural Gas
From: Katz, D. L., Cornell, R., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F. H., Vary, J.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 22
Phase Behavior: gz vs. p (dry gas case)
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 25
Natural Gas Engineering
Phase Behavior
Applications of Reservoir Fluid Data
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 26
PVT Applications:
Typical Applications:
Reservoir Engineering
Production Engineering
Data/Schematics:
Typical compositions
P-T schematic diagram for the application of a black oil
reservoir model
P-T schematic diagram for the application of a compositional
reservoir model
Material Balance:
Black oil material balance
Dry gas material balance
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 27
PVT Applications: Starter Discussion Phase Diagrams
Schematic P-T diagram Vapor-liquid Interface Fluid density
for a pure fluid. for a pure fluid. for pure fluids.
A., Elenblass, J. R., & Weinaug, C. G.: Handbook of Natural Gas
From: Katz, D. L., Cornell, R., Kobayashi, R., Poettmann, F. H., Vary, J.
Pressure, psia
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 28
PVT Applications: Reservoir Fluids Phase Diagrams
From: Pirson, S. J.: Elements of Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, (1950).
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 29
PVT Applications: Reservoir Fluids
Reservoir Engineering:
Volumetric Calculations Production Engineering:
Material Balance (black oils/dry Surface Equipment Design
gases) Wellbore Fluid Mechanics
Compositional Material Balance Production Test Analysis
Pressure Transient Analysis
(volatile oils/gas condensates)
Well Completion
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Pressure-temperature
phase
diagram of a reservoir fluid.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 30
PVT Applications: Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids
Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67
C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77
C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95
C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73
C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88
C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12
C7+ 42.15 11.91 3.80 0.42
MWC7+ 225 181 112 157
GOR (scf/STB) 625 2000 18,200 105,000
Gravity (oAPI) 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7
Liquid Color Green/Black Orange Straw White
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 31
PVT Applications: PT Diagram (Black Oil)
Pressure-Temperature diagram of a
typical reservoir fluid and areas of
application for a "black oil" model.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 32
PVT Applications: PT Diagram (VO/GC)
Pressure-Temperature diagram of a
typical reservoir fluid and areas of
application for a "compositional"
model.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 33
Natural Gas Engineering
Phase Behavior
Properties of Reservoir Fluids
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 34
PVT Properties: Orientation
Reservoir Gases:
Physical properties.
Correlation of pseudocritical temperature and pressure with gas gravity.
Correction of pseudocritical temperature and pressure for contaminants.
z-factor chart and Dranchuk-Abou Kassem equation of state (EOS).
Gas formation volume factor (relates surface and reservoir volumes).
Gas compressibility (reduced compressibility and DAK-EOS).
Gas viscosity (simple nomographs, Carr et al method, Lee et al method).
Reservoir Oils:
Oil formation volume factor (relates surface and reservoir volumes).
Gas-oil-ratio (GOR) and bubblepoint pressure relations (reversible).
Oil compressibility relations.
Oil viscosity relations.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 35
PVT Properties: Correlations
Properties of Natural Gases:
Sutton calculation for pseudoreduced temperature and pressure.
Wichert and Aziz corrections (carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or hydrogen sulfide (H2S)).
z-factor (Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS).
Gas compressibility (Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS).
Gas viscosity (Lee, Gonzales, and Eakin correlation).
Properties of Reservoir Oils:
Oil formation volume factor (Standing correlation).
Solution gas-oil ratio (Standing correlation).
Oil compressibility (Villena-Lanzi and Vasquez-Beggs correlations).
Oil viscosity (Egbogah-Beggs-Robinson and Vasquez-Beggs correlations).
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 36
PVT Properties: Physical Properties of Gases
Standing Correlation
From: Wichert, E. and Aziz, K.: Compressibility Factor for Sour Natural
Gases, Cdn. J. Chem. Eng. (1972) 49, 269-75.
Slide 38
PVT Properties: z vs. ppr/Tpr and pr (dry gas case)
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 39
PVT Properties: Gas Compressibility (dry gas case) [Mattar]
From: Mattar. L., Brar, G.S., and Aziz. K.: "Compressibility of Natural
Gases," J. Cdn. Per. Tech. (0ct.-Dec. 1975) 77-80.
cr cg ppc
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 40
PVT Properties: Gas Compressibility (gas case) [DAK-EOS]
Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem EOS for the z-factor:
A A A A A A 2A A 5
z 1 A 2 3 4 5 r A 7 8 r 7 8 r
1 T T 3 T 4 T 5 6 T T 2 T T 2
r r
r r r r r r
2 0.27 p
2 r 2 r
A10 (1 A11 r ) 3
exp( A11 r ) where
r zT
Tr r
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 41
PVT Properties: Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg)
Definition:
T psc z
Bg
z T p
sc sc
5.02
zT RB
p Mscf
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 42
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases) [older methods]
Residual density concept for Nomograph for low pressure
From: Jossi, J.A., Stiel, L.I., and Thodos G.: "The Viscosity of Pure Substances in the
Dense Gaseous and Liquid Phases," AIChE Journal (Mar. 1962) 8, No.1; 59-62.
From: GPSA (2004), Engineering Data Book, 12th ed., Gas Processors Suppliers
Association, 6526 East 60th St., Tulsa, OK 74145.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 43
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases)
From: Carr, N.L. Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B.: "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases
Under Pressure," Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 264-272.
[Carr, et al-1]
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 44
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases) [Carr, et al-2]
Chart for estimating pseudo-critical T and p from gas gravity (Step 2).
Chart for estimating g/g,1atm using TR (and pR)
[alternate (Step 3)].
From: Carr, N.L. Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B.: "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases
Under Pressure," Trans., AIME (1954) 201, 264-272.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 45
PVT Properties: Gas Viscosity (dry gases) [Lee, et al]
Definition of Correlation: Variables:
Gas density (g/cc).
g (1104 ) K exp[ XY ] Temperature (Deg R).
Natural Gases," JPT (Aug. 1966) 997-1000; Trans., AIME, 237.
From: Lee, A.L., Gonzalez. M.H., and Eakin, B.E.: "The Viscosity of
K
9.379 0.01607M w T 1.5
209.2 19.26Mw T
Y 2.447 0.2224 X
pMw
3
1.493510
zT
Discussion: Lee, Gonzalez, Eakin Gas Viscosity Correlation
Should be valid for natural gases (used extensively).
Developed for relatively low pressures (p < 8000 psia).
Developed for relatively low temperature (T < 340 Deg F).
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 46
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor [Standing-1]
Correlation:
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Discussion:
Very old correlation (1947).
Still in use (many other correlations, but this one works).
Standing was either brilliant or lucky, or both.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 47
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor [Standing-2]
Correlation Plot:
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 48
PVT Properties: Oil Formation Volume Factor [Standing-3]
Nomograph: (graphical solution of the correlation equations)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 49
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint [Standing-1]
Correlation: (same relation, solved in reverse)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 50
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint [Standing-2]
Correlation Plot: (Correlation is often "reversed" to solve for GOR)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 51
PVT Properties: Solution GOR/Bubblepoint [Standing-3]
Nomograph: (graphical solution of the correlation equations)
From: Standing, M.B.: "A Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlation for
Mixtures of California Oil and Gases," Drill. & Prod. Prac., API
(1947) 275-87.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 52
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (definition)
Definition:
1 dBo Bg dRso
co
Bo dp Bo dp
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 53
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (p < pb) [Villena-Lanzi]
Correlation:
Compressibility of Black Oil at Pressures Below the Bubble Point," M.S.
From: Villena-Lanzi, A.J.: "A Correlation for the Coefficient of Isothermal
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 54
PVT Properties: Oil Compressibility (p > pb) [Vasquez/Beggs]
Correlation:
From: Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations for Fluid Physical Property
Prediction," JPT (June 1980) 968-970.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 55
From: Egbogah, E.O.: "An Improved Temperature-Viscosity Correlation For Crude
Oil Systems," paper 83-34-32 presented at the 1983 Annual Technical
Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, Banff, Alberta, May 10-13, 1983.
Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R.: "Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil
Systems," JPT (Sept. 1975) 1140-41.
Correlation:
"Live Oil"
"Dead Oil"
Slide 56
PVT Properties: Oil Viscosity (p > pb) [Vasquez/Beggs]
Correlation:
From: Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations for Fluid Physical
Property Prediction," JPT (June 1980) 968-970.
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 57
Natural Gas Engineering
Phase Behavior
(End of Lecture)
Natural Gas Engineering | 26 May - 30 May 2014 (U. Kavala/GREECE) Tom BLASINGAME | t-blasingame@tamu.edu | Texas A&M U. Slide 58