WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT | J4EC1105A2

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO TITLE PAGE
1.0 Introduction 2
2.0 Method and materials 3
3.0 Results and discussion 6
4.0 Conclusion 10
5.0 Appendix 11

INTRODUCTION

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Rivers contribute significantly to the growth of a countrys economy.

The benefits of rivers are not limited to the supply of water; they also
serve other purposes such as recreation and sport, fishing, navigation,
irrigation, generation of hydropower, transportation, waste disposal, and
even sand mining. As such, riverside development inevitably impacts river
water quality.

River problems are normally related to water quality, flash floods,

water shortage, sedimentation, and squatters. The main sources of
organic water pollution are domestic and industrial sewage and effluent
from palm oil mills, rubber factories, and animal husbandry. Mining
operations, housing and road development, along with logging and forest
clearing, are the major sources of highly concentrated suspended
sediment in downstream river stretches. In urban and industrial areas,
organic water pollution often results in environmental problems and
adversely affects aquatic life as well. In addition to this, pollution loading
from non-point sources, such as fertilizers from farming areas among
others is usually difficult to estimate because it is a function of rainfall /
storm water runoff. Nevertheless, it cannot be ignored due to the impact
on environmental values and the intrinsic value of receiving waters.

The quality status of river water is evaluated by a water quality index

(WQI), a single dimensional number distilled mathematically from large
amounts of water quality data. The WQI has a value between 0 and 100,
with a higher index value representing better water quality . For this
reason, we attempt in this study to turn complex water quality data into
information that is understandable and useable by the public. The quality
of river water can be evaluated either with individual parameters or a few,
select, important parameters. Numerous countries utilize the WQI method
to assess overall river status . The WQI normally consists of six
parameters: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen(DO),
suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammoniacal

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nitrogen (AN), and pH. The results are expected to provide insight into the
quality of the water and consequently enable managers to form
appropriate action plans.

METHOD AND MATERIALS

IPD lake is located in Bandar Seri Alam. Bandar Seri Alam is a township
in Mukim Plentong, Johor Bahru District, Johor, Malaysia. It is an initiative
by Seri Alam Properties Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of United Malayan Land
Bhd. The township covers approximately 15 square kilometers and houses
an ecology educational facilities from school age to campuses of some of
the world's leading universities. City of Knowledge aims to be the center
of educational excellence in the eastern part of Iskandar Malaysia. The
township which spans over 3,762 acres (15 km2) falls under the
municipality of Majlis Perbandaran Tengah Johor Bahru (MPJBT).

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BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) is defined as the amount of oxygen

required by aerobic microorganisms to dissolve organic matter in a sample
of water. It is one of the most essential and widely used parameters for
measuring pollutants and biodegradable organic compounds in water. The
BOD is also indicative of the total DO (defined below) concentration
necessary for the oxidation and degradation of some organic matter. DO is
defined as the amount of oxygen dissolved in a water body and measures
the health of the water and its ability to support a balanced aquatic
ecosystem. The DO appears as microscopic bubbles of gaseous oxygen
which are mixed in water and available to aquatic organisms or
respiration. Total suspended solids (TSS) are the solid matter suspended in
water, comprising of organic and inorganic materials, such as plankton,
silt, and industrial waste. The COD is the amount of specified oxidant that
reacts with a sample of water under controlled conditions and is
expressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. COD is viewed as a useful
measure of water quality because its application determines the amount
of organic pollutants present in surface water or wastewater. AN is a
measure of the amount of ammonia or toxic pollutants which are usually
found in waste products and landfill leachate, such as liquid manure,
sewage, and other liquid organic waste products. The pH of surface water
is specified for the protection of fish life and the control of undesirable
chemical reactions. The pH of any water body surface is defined as a
measure of hydrogen ion concentration. In other words, pH is a measure
of the alkalinity or acidity of water soluble substances

The water sample was take at IPD Lake, Bandar Seri Alam. Pasir Gudang,
Johor. The purpose was to determine the Water Quality Index for water
sample. After the taking of water sample at chosen placed, several test
must conducted to get the value of the parameter needed to calculate the
Water Quality Index (WQI).

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The parameter needed is Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical

Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Ammonical Nitrogen (AN),
pH and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Then the suitable experiment must
conducted to get those parameter.

After the results of the parameter needed is obtain. Calculate the Water
Quality Index and determine the class of the water sample. To determine
the class of the water sample must follow the standard of National Water
Quality Standard for Malaysia.

WQI = 0.22SIDO + 0.19SIBOD + 0.16SICOD + 0.15SIAN + 0.16SISS +

0.12SIpH

where:

WQI = water quality index,

SIDO = sub-index of DO,
SIBOD = sub-index of BOD,
SICOD = sub-index of COD,
SIAN = sub-index of AN,
SISS = sub-index of TSS,
SIpH = sub-index of pH.

In this study, sub-indexes of water quality parameters were calculated for

each water sample from the use of the following best-fit equations. Best-
fit equations

Subindex DO (SIDO) x8 SIDO = 0

(% saturated) x 92 SIDO = 100
8< < 92 SIDO = -0.395 + 0.032 - 0.00023
Subindex BOD (SIBOD) 5 SIBOD = 100.4 4.23
(mg/L) >5 SIBOD = 108e-0.055 0.1
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Subindex COD (SICOD) 20 SICOD = -1.33x + 99.1

(mg/L) > 20 SICOD = 103e-0.0157 0.04

Subindex AN (SIAN) 0.3 SIAN = 100.5 105

(mg/L) 0.3 < < 4 SIAN = 94e-0.573 5 -2
4 SIAN = 0

Subindex TSS (SITSS) 100 SITSS = 97.5e-0.00676 + 0.05

(mg/L) 100 < < 1000 SITSS = 71e-0.0016 0.015
1000 SITSS = 0

Subindex pH (SIpH) < 5.5 SIpH = 17.2 -17.2 + 5.022

5..5 < 7 SIpH = -242 + 95.5 6.672
7 < 8.75 SIpH = -181 + 82.4 6.052
8.75 SIpH = 536 77 + 2.762

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The parameters that have been selected for measurement are

representative of some of the best indicators of water quality. All
parameters of the samples have been successfully tested. Theoretically,
samples not suitable taken when raining, but only at least 72 hours after
the rain had stopped, so that the river had returned to its usual flow
conditions. Rain events contribute substantially to bacterial loading and
nutrient contamination by surface runoff contributions.

a) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

COD test predicts oxygen requirement during the decomposition of
organic matter and the oxidation of inorganic chemicals. Normally,
the value of COD is higher than that of the BOD. Theoretically, if
COD concentration is higher, then the water considered polluted. In
our case, our COD value is 153.33 mg/l which is higher than the
BOD value which is only 50.8 mg/l. By comparing to NWQS for
Malaysia, our lake water sample was classified as Class V. COD
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concentration values may contribute by weather condition,

accessibility, runoff factors and safety factor during sampling time.
Pollution at IPD Lake can be contributed by non-point source and
point source. Non- point source pollution refers to diffuse
contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source.
Non- point source pollution is often accumulative effect of -small
amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area.

TABLE 1 : CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) EXPERIMENTAL

RESULT

READING COD value (mg/l)

1 160
2 150
3 150
Average 153.33

b) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD is the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to stabilize
organic matter under aerobic conditions. The BOD test involves the
determination of oxygen uptake by bacteria under standard
conditions which is five days incubation at 20 C. The concentration
of BOD in water sample can determine the degree of pollution
caused by microorganisms through biodegradation. BOD value of
IPD lake is 50.8 mg/l .By referring to the DOE Water Quality
Classification Based On Water Quality Index, the range of our BOD
value is considered as polluted. By comparing to the NWQS, our
water sample is classified in Class V. The high concentration of BOD
implies that biodegradation process caused by microorganisms was
occurred in lake water may contribute by nearest activities such as
restaurants, residential, commercial building and others related
activities. Prevention is an especially important strategy for
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controlling the pollutant. Prevention step and education program

should be implemented to citizen. Business activities which
contribute pollutants to the river should work with those businesses
to control the release of those pollutants. Proper waste management
should be applied. The value of BOD in this experiment is 51.33
mg/l.

c) Ammonical Nitrogen (AN)

NH3-N indicates nutrient status, organic enrichment and health of
water body. It commonly forms as organic, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite
and gaseous nitrogen. If higher value of NH3-N recorded, then the
river water considered as polluted. The value obtained based on the
experiment that has been held for NH3-N is 0.26 mg/l which has
been classified in Class II based on DOE Water Quality Index
Classification which can be identified as not very polluted. This is
due to not many activities that can contribute by activities due to
function as a recreational park.
TABLE 2 : AMMONICAL NITROGEN (AN) EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

READING AN value (mg/l)

1 0.25
2 0.26
3 0.26
Average 0.26

d) Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

Suspended solid (SS) in water consist of inorganic and organic
particles. Inorganic particles such as clay, silt and other soil
constituent and organic material such as plant fibres and biological
solids like algae, bacteria, plankton are found in water. Higher
inorganic and organic particles in river contribute higher of TSS in
river as well can effect turbidity in river water. Increasing the TSS
value then increased the river to pollute. The result obtained for the
TSS concentration in the lake is 0.01 mg/l. By referring to the DOE
Water Quality Index Classification, our water sample can be group in

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Class I. According to the parameter limits of NWQS for Malaysia, IPD

lake is categorized as Class I. Meanwhile based on the table of DOE
Water Quality Classification Based On Water Quality Index, the water
sample has been categorized as polluted. The result of TSS loading
in lake water varies depended on the level of runoff on the sampling
day. Increasing the runoff level which is the rainfall rate, will
decrease the TSS result in river water due dilution of river water. In
addition, as these particles could be organic in content, they also
require oxygen demand. The total suspended in this experiment for
IPD lake is 0.01 g.

e) Dissolve Oxygen (DO)

DO is an essential parameter for the survival of all aquatic
organisms. Oxygen is the most well established indicator of water
quality. DO test present the amount of oxygen is available in river
water. Hence, low DO, high BOD and COD rapidly decrease the
oxygen content of the river making it difficult for the fish and other
valuable aquatic fauna to survive. Oxygen concentrations vary with
the volume and velocity of water flowing in a stream. The colder the
water, the more oxygen it can hold. As can be seen in the data
stated above, our DO value is 9.92 mg/l. This is due to the reason
that the concentration of DO is affected by factors such as flow of
the river, present of sources of organic pollution, temperature of the
water and assimilative capacity of the river. The DO value of a water
body directly reflects the growth situation for aquatic organisms and
pollution conditions. Depletions in dissolved oxygen can cause major
shifts in the kinds of aquatic organisms found in water bodies and
directly affect the river water quality. By referring to the DOE Water
Quality Index Classification this data can be grouped in Class I.
Based on this class of water quality, the water sample is identifying
as polluted range according to classification of river water, NWQS
for Malaysia and DOE Water Quality Index Classification.

TABLE 3 : DISSOLVE OXYGEN (DO) EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

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DO0 DO5
READING DO0 READING DO5
1 9.760 1 9.150
2 10.020 2 9.194
3 9.980 3 9.180
Average 9.92 Average 9.158

f) pH

pH indicates contamination and acidification. Low pH allows toxic

elements and compounds to become mobile. The lower the pH, the
higher the hydrogen ion (H+) activity and the more acidic is the
water. The neutral pH is considered as 7.0. Theoretically, unpolluted
streams normally show a near neutral or slightly alkaline pH. As can
be seen in the data recorded above, the pH value of our lake water
sample is 4.43. In general, the pH values recorded are almost at the
neutral level, indicating that the wastes discharge did not affect the
pH water. This pH value does not fall within the acceptable limit of 6
to 8. It is classified into Class III based on NWQS for Malaysia and
DOE Water Quality Index Classification.

TABLE 4 : pH EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

READING pH value (mg/l)

1 4.44
2 4.42
3 4.43
Average 4.43

g) Water Quality Index (WQI)

Based on the result finding, WQI calculation was carried out to
determine the IPD lake WQI. The calculations show that the WQI
obtained is 32.61. According to DOE Water Quality Index
Classification, the sample has been classified in class IV and it is
categorized as polluted where it class of classification in range of 0

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to 59 based on DOE Water Quality Classification Based On Water

Quality Index. Table in appendix shows the summary for all
laboratory test, WQI class and activities related with stations
involved. Citizens should adopt a higher sense of responsibility to
ensure that water resources being protected. Environmental
education plays an important role in educating the people. From the
environmental education, population will learn to understand the
concept of conservation and be able to apply simple conservation
measures in their live. The parts of station area received wastewater
from some densely populated areas and nearby activities and
therefore it is important that the regulatory authorities should
implement and enforce an appropriate strategy to monitor, regulate,
and protect this area of the river. This water in this class IV it can
use for irrigation only. IPD Lake is not suitable for water supply,
fishery, recreational use body contact and drinking water.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, it can be clearly concluded that it is important to
understand the relationship between water quality and quantity and their
effect. Water quality monitoring is importance due to threat such activities
are harmful to aquatic organisms and public health. From the result
finding show, the objective one there is determination of WQI parameter
value for Tasik IPD Bandar Seri Alam have been achieved. Basically,
decreasing the WQI value, show a higher level of water pollution in river.

It found that the WQI for this river is 32.61. According to DOE Water
Quality Index Classification, it has been classified in class IV. From the
finding, objective that refers to classify and characterize River base on
WQI calculation method is achieved. In order to obtain better research
outcome in future, further work can be done. Apart from that, distances

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for sampling from discharge point, accessibility of sampling point and

monitoring duration should be took into consideration as to determine
accurate water quality index.

APPENDIX
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN)

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolve Oxygen (DO)

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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

pH

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Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

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National Water Quality Standards For Malaysia

PARAMETER UNIT
I IIA
Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l 0.1 0.3
Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 1 3
Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 10 25
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 7 5-7
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6-9

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Colour TCU 15 150

Electrical Conductivity* S/cm 1000 1000
Floatables - N N
Odour - N N
Salinity % 0.5 1
Taste - N N
Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 500 1000
Total Suspended Solid mg/l 25 50
Temperature C - Normal + 2 C
Turbidity NTU 5 50
Faecal Coliform** count/100 ml 10 100

Total Coliform count/100 ml 100 5000

Notes
* = At hardness 50 mg/l CaCO3
# = Maximum (unbracketed) and 24-hour average (bracketed) concentrations
N = Free from visible film sheen, discolouration and deposits

DOE Water Quality Index Classification

PARAMETER UNIT
I II
Ammoniacal Nitrogen mg/l < 0.1 0.1 - 0.3
Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l <1 1-3
Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l < 10 10 - 25
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l >7 5-7
pH - >7 6-7
Total Suspenbed Solid mg/l < 25 25 - 50
Water Quality Index (WQI) - < 92.7 76.5 - 92.7

Water Classes And Uses

CLASS
Class I Conservation of natural environment.
Water Supply I - Practically no treatment ne
Fishery I - Very sensitive aquatic species.
Class IIA Water Supply II - Conventional treatment.

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Fishery II - Sensitive aquatic species.

Class IIB Recreational use body contact.
Class III Water Supply III - Extensive treatment requ
Fishery III - Common,of economic value and
Class IV Irrigation
Class V None of the above.

DOE Water Quality Classification Based On Water Quality Index

SUB INDEX &
WATER QUALITY INDEX CLEAN
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) 91 - 100
Ammoniacal Nitrogen(NH3-N) 92 - 100
Suspended Solids(SS) 76 - 100
Water Quality Index(WQI) 81 - 100

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