The Extent of Effectiveness of Treatment Programs Implemented in Provincial

Jail, Tagbobolo, City Of Mati

A Thesis
Presented to the INSTITUTEOF BUSINESSAND AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS
DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CITY OF MATI

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirement for the
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

John Louie L. Relatado

Norly A. Macadagat
Khent Renar A. Reginio

March 2016
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis hereto attached entitled EXTENT OF EFFECTIVENESS OF

TREATMENT PROGRAMS IMPLEMENTEDIN PROVINCIAL JAIL,
TAGBOBOLO, CITY OF MATI prepared and submitted by: JOHN LOUIE L.
RELATADO, NORLY A. MACADAGAT, and KHENT RENAR A. REGINIO, is
hereby recommended of approval and acceptance.

Endorsed by:

MISS. NOELA MARIE VALERA

Thesis Adviser

Date

Approved by the panel

DR. ARVIN A. ANDACAO, Ed. D.

Chairperson

Date

JERALYN H. SACRO, MS, Crim JANESSA PILAR CATAM-ISAN, MBA

Member Member

Date Date

Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of

Science in Criminology.

JERALYN H. SACRO, MS, Crim

Research Coordinator

Date

RIZALDY M. MAYPA, MPSDM ROY M. PADILLA, DVM

IBPA Dean Director for Instruction

Date Date
 iii

ACKNOWLEDMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the

following person who supported them throughout the realization of this paper.

To the Almighty God, for the source of strength and wisdom, for the

internal love and guidance, for the light when it seems to be dark, for the showered

blessing and grace, you are really a provider, redeemer, and giver when we were

weak. Thank you, with you finishing this work was made possible.

To our loving Parents, for the insight, encouragement, care, financial

support, sacrifices, and for the untiring love a million thanks to you. You are always

our inspiration. All our success and achievements will be offered to you. God

knows how thankful and proud we are to have parents like you.

To all my Friends, thank you for the support and imperishable love and for

always being there through thick and thin. Thanks a lot and more power.

To Sir Miguel, Jessel Adodang, Josephine Toyongan, Ate Leah,

Jayson and Junrey thank you so much for your time for the laughters, cheers

and moral support.

To all our Relatives thank you very much for the support and for the

inspiring thoughts. You are a great blessing.

To our adviser, Ms. Noela Marie L. Valera, thank you for all the efforts,

advices and support for your patience in checking and editing the paper, for the

shared knowledge, ideas and expertise in making this study. Thanks a lot!
 iv

To our panel members, Dr. Arvin A. Andacao, Prof. Janessa Pilar

Catam-isan, and Prof. Jeralyn H. Sacro, for the additional information and

suggestion shared necessary for the improvement and betterment of this study.

To Mr. Masinading as our thesis statistician thanks for the pieces of

advice, support, and for the patience in checking and editing the paper, for the

shared knowledge, ideas and expertise in making this study.

To our Especial Someone who supports us to become inspired in finishing

this study. Thank you for the motivations and for your words of wisdom.

To all our Batch Mate, for the cheers, joy, laughter and bonding youve

shared with us. A bundle of thanks to you guys!

The Researchers
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

Title i

Approval Sheet ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Appendices ix

Abstract x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypothesis 4

Review of Related Literature 4

Theoretical Framework 13

Conceptual Framework 14

Significance of the Study 15

Scope and Limitation 16

Operational Definition of Terms 16

CHAPTER 2 METHOD

Research Design 17

Research Subjects 17

Research Instruments 18
 vi

Data Gathering Procedure 21

Statistical Treatment of Data 22

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Distribution of the Respondents when Grouped according to their

Socio-Demographic Profile 24

The Personal Demographic Profile of the Respondents 24

The Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Programs

Implemented in Provincial Jail in terms of

Recreational Activities 26

Livelihood Program 28

Reformation Program 30

The Most Effective among the Three Treatment Programs:

Recreational Activities, Livelihood Program,

or Reformation Program? 33

The Significant Difference on the Extent of Treatment Program

of Inmates in Provincial Jail Analyzed according

to Age and Gender 33

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 35

Conclusions 36

Recommendations 36

References 37

Appendices 41

Curriculum Vitae 61
 vii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 The Mean of the Age of the Respondents 24

2 Distribution of Respondents in terms of Gender 25

3 Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Program

Implemented in Provincial Jail in terms of
Recreatonal Activities 27

4 Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Program

Implemented in Provincial Jail in terms of
Livelihood Program 29

5 Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Program

Implemented in Provincial Jail in terms of
Reformation Program 31

6 Summary of the Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment

Programs Implemented in Provincial Jail 32

7 Relationship on the extent of Treatment Program

of Inmates in Provincial Jail in terms of
Personal Demographic Profile 34
 viii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework Showing the Variables

of the Study 14
 ix

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A Description of Numerical Figure 41

B Letter of Request for Researcher Adviser 42

C Letter Request of Validation of Questionnaire 43

D Validation Sheet for Research Questionnaire 46

E Summary Ratings of the Expert Validator 49

F Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study 50

G Questionnaire 51

H Letter to the Statistician 56

I Letter of Application for Final Defense 57

 x

ABSTRACT

John Louie L. Relatado, Norly A. Macadagat, and Khent Renar Reginio. EXTENT
OF EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT PROGRAMS IMPLEMENTEDIN IN
PROVINCIAL JAIL, TAGBOBOLO, CITY OF MATI. (Undergraduate Thesis).
Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology. March 2016.

Adviser: Noela Marie Valera

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the treatment

programs of the inmates in Provincial Jail at Tagbobolo, City of Mati. The
qualitative descriptive method of research was utilized, and the validated
researcher-made questionnaire was used in gathering the data in a survey. There
were 11 respondents who were identified using the convenience sampling
technique. Generally the inmates were middle-aged adults and there were more
males than females. The overall extent of effectiveness of the treatment programs
which include recreational activities, livelihood program, and reformation program
in the provincial jail was very high and were effective as strongly agreed by the
respondents. Reformation program was the most effective among the three
treatment programs which was very high with perfect mean value. Further, the
relationship on the extent of treatment programs in terms of gender and age in the
personal demographic profile of the respondents was strongly positive and the
coefficient was significantly different. Moreover, stronger data and conclusions can
be derived if larger group of inmates will be included in the survey as respondents.
For further treatment of this study, it was recommended that the jail administration
has to establish an intervention plan for researchers to be with the inmates with
safety and security assurance. Finally, replication of the study by other researchers
was encouraged to establish the external validity of the findings of the study.
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Background of the study

In recent years, jailers around the world have spent significant means in

the development and delivery of offender rehabilitation programs. These initiatives

have occurred in the context of a remarkable evidence base, attesting to the notion

that such efforts are likely to have a greater impact on recidivism than incarceration

alone and perhaps now, more than any time in the last 30 years, there is

widespread optimism that such initiatives will help to reduce reoffending and

improve community safety (Heseltine, Day & Sarre, 2011).

Floridas Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability

(OPPAGA) reported that completing some educational and other rehabilitative

programs translates into post-release success and may produce cost savings. In

addition, rehabilitative programs reduce inmate idleness and promote institutional

security (2007).

In Thailand, institutional treatment is carried out in prisons and different

types of correctional institutions. Non-institutional treatment is carried out through

parole, sentence remission, pardon and penal settlement. Some measures might

be similar to the correctional systems of other countries, others may be different

(Boriboonthana, 2002).

The Philippine prison system adopted two approaches for treatment of

offenders. These are the institutional-based treatment program and the

community-based treatment programs. These programs aimed towards the

improvement of offenders attitude and philosophy of life. Reformation and

 2

rehabilitation of inmates as well as preparation for the reintegration in community

are the ultimate goals of the program (Manwong, 2006 as cited by Escabel et.al,

2015).

In Batangas City Jail, Therapeutic Community Modality is being

implemented and includes all the programs being exercised inside the jail such as

education, sport, religion and livelihood skill training. They give medical services

to monitor the inmates health condition especially those who have health

problems. (Escabel et.al, 2015).

In Panabo City Jail, the Bureau of Corrections (2012) presented that the

administrators aim to assist in decreasing levels of stress and violence within the

prison, sports and recreation activities are available to inmates. The activities are

designed to promote healthy lifestyles in an effort to decrease medical costs. To

encourage positive social skills, the prisons provide team sports while exercise

programs offer a means for the inmates to develop positive self-image (BuCor,

2012).

By the light of the aforementioned worldwide scenarios, treatment

programs in jails exist to address the needs of the inmates. Henceforth, this paper

hopes to provide an opportunity to find out the effectiveness of the existing

treatment program of inmates in the Provincial Jail located at Tagbobolo, City of

Mati to bring about a research which would be beneficial to the provincial

correctional system as well as other systems to further address the situation of the

inmates towards improving the implemented treatment programs in the said

provincial jail.
 3

Statement of the Problem

The study is generally conducted in order to determine the effectiveness of

the treatment program given to the inmates of Provincial Jail, Tagbobolo, City of

Mati.

More specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age; and

1.2 Gender?

2. What is the extent of effectiveness of treatment programs implemented in

Provincial Jail, Tagbobolo, City of Mati in terms of:

1.1 Recreational Activities;

1.2 Livelihood Program; and

1.3 Reformation Program?

3. What is the most effective among the three treatment programs:

Recreational Activities, Livelihood Program, or Reformation Program?

4. Is there any significant difference on the extent of treatment program of

inmates in Provincial Jail at Tagbobolo, City of Mati when analyzed

according to their demographic profile:

2.1 Age and;

2.2 Gender?
 4

Hypothesis

The researchers hypothesize that there is no significant difference on the

extent Treatment Programs of Inmates in Provincial Jail at Tagbobolo, City of Mati

when the respondents are grouped according to age and gender. This hypothesis

is tested at 0.05 level of significance.

Review of Related Literature

This section contains the related literatures and related studies taken from

different sources that will help provide more information about the subject. This

review is divided into three parts which coincide to the indicators and variables of

this study. These are the recreational activities, livelihood program, and

reformation program which are being implemented in jails for the primary benefits

of the inmates. The focus of this review is on the effectiveness of the said programs

as taken into account by various sources worldwide.

Recreational Activities. According to Polson (2015) most people think

about prison recreation, they think of sports. They try to increase involvement and

participation by more inmates. Some prisons provide a wide range of activities and

facilities, while very limited programs are operated at other facilities.

Furthermore, the provision of sport and recreation programs to inmates

within the prison system provides a unique context to investigate the role of sport

in enacting social change. This has been the result of a study conducted in prisons

across Australia. Inmates completed qualitative interviews in order to investigate

program outcomes, design, and delivery (Gallant, Sherry & Nicholson, 2014).
 5

In addition jail recreation is generally considered to be an important factor

in reducing inmate boredom and idleness/restlessness and thus contributes to

general prison security. In one U.S. state, about ninety percent (90%) of

correctional officers believed that recreational activities like weightlifting,

basketball, field activities were vital for security purposes (Florida Corrections

Commission 1999 Annual Report, 2000).

Ironically, U.S. legislators have proceeded with support for the no frills

prison movement in the absence of consulting with the National Correctional

Recreation Association (NCRA), corrections administrators/ experts, the research,

and without regard for the positive influences and contributions that correctional

recreation can have on inmate well-being and institutional security. The NCRA

strongly opposes legislation that cuts correctional recreation programs when such

a measure is not supported by accepted standards of correctional practice.

Support of correctional recreation by the broader body of the parks and recreation

professional field has been limited (Pawelko & Anderson, 2005).

In contrast, Ambrose & Rosky (2013) pointed out that as a result of

changing political climate and public sentiment, some correctional institutions

across the country have reduced or eliminated altogether the availability of

exercise equipment and the like from their facilities, in order to make prison life so

minimal that criminals think twice about committing crimes. They further stressed

that this as an example that in efforts to make jail less comfortable for inmates,

Sheriff Judd of Polk County, Florida, has successfully ordered the removal of all

basketball equipment from the jails under his authority (Myers Palm, 2010).

Florida law requires correctional institutions provide exercise opportunities.

This political and public shift toward more conservative ideals and policies began
 6

in the late 1980s and early to mid- 1990s. The get tough on crime sentiment arose

and policies directly addressing correctional facilities and the inmates housed

within came under political and public scrutiny, with the notion of retributive justice

and punishment prevailing during this time. According to this philosophy, the

conditions that inmates experience must be so harsh in order to deter prisoners

from wanting to return (Williams, Walker, & Strean, 2005).

Alternatively, aside from pressure to appease the public, there are a

number of claims and concerns that warrant the removal of exercise equipment

from correctional facilities. There has been some indication, through self-report

from incarcerated offenders that the leisure activities that are most often employed

tend to be passive, such as watching television, as opposed to active, which would

include the use of exercise equipment (Frey & Delaney, 1996).

The above finding indicates that it is more important to provide inmates with

passive leisure activity materials, such as televisions, playing cards, and board

games. It does not make sense at an administrative level to spend a significant

amount of money on expensive exercise equipment if only a small number of

inmates in the facility will make use of it. Another compelling argument for

removing exercise equipment from jails and prisons is the evolution of certain

community-specific strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

staph infections. Inmate populations are one such community of individuals that

have seen an increase in MRSA cases. The most common forms of MRSA

transmission is skin-to-skin contact and the sharing of items, both of which are apt

to occur with the use of exercise equipment (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2011).

In Europe, nevertheless, the project 'Prisoners on the move. Move into

sport, move through sport!' is situated within the prison sector. Prisoners are
 7

temporarily excluded from society because of their sentence. Yet, every prisoner

preserves the right to education, culture, healthcare, well-being, work and sport.

The prison sector itself has insufficient expertise to develop a qualitative and

accessible sports offer in each prison. This is a cross-sectoral responsibility

starting from a strong cooperation between the prison and sports sector. This

project was one out of five pilot projects aiming at exploring the opportunities and

possibilities sport can offer to promote and enhance inclusion and social cohesion.

(Gehre & Vonck, 2012).

In addition, Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) of the Philippines, states that in

Muntinlupa City the inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in daily calisthenics and

sports competitions promote camaraderie among inmates, good sportsmanship

and team-building (BuCor, 2012).

Livelihood Program. Martin & Kaledas (2010) stressed out that keeping

inmates productively occupied through inmate programming provides a powerful

incentive for inmates to maintain positive behavior. Programs offer something

constructive for inmates to do or learn, meaning there is less time for negative

behaviors to become management problems for staff. Programs contribute to

making staff work environments safer, with reduced threats of violence and

hostility. They offer opportunities for self-improvement, possibly helping inmates

function more productively in their communities upon release.

Effective jail program planning integrates an assessment of jail and inmate

needs with evidence-based programs. These programs fall into three distinct

categories: activity-focused, reformative, and reintegration. Activity-focused

programs further the primary goals of keeping inmates busy while they are in

custody. Reformative programs provide inmates with knowledge and skills to

 8

address personal needs. Reintegration programs prepare inmates for their return

to the community as productive citizens (Martin & Kaledas, 2010).

People do not often associate being productive with serving a jail sentence.

Yet many jail officials recognize that keeping inmates productively occupied is a

means to managing inmates behavior while they are in jail. Idleness and boredom

in jail can lead to a wide range of negative behaviors. Jail staff can manage these

behaviors better or avoid them entirely if they can reduce inmate idleness by

introducing productive activities in the jail (Martin & Kaledas, 2010).

The concept of sustainable livelihoods has been utilized extensively by the

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the international

community as a basis for their work in the field of alternative development. To date,

the major objective of interventions in this area has been to provide alternative

sustainable livelihoods to farming families in order to prevent them from being

dependent on illicit crop cultivation. The principal desired outcome of this approach

is the cessation of illicit drug crop cultivation through the creation of alternative

income (UNODC, 2011).

Rasooldeen (2015) in Saudi Arabia stresses that the implementation of a

comprehensive program to train prisoners on specialized skills according to their

aptitudes to fit into the local job market will encourage the skilled prisoners who

are released from their sentences by purchasing their handicrafts to enable them

to earn their livelihood. At the end of their term, prisoners are given an allowance

to take away and invest in various projects that they choose.

In the Philippines there has been a policy guidelines for Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology (BJMP) that prescribes the standards and procedures
 9

in the selection, disbursement of funds, monitoring, and evaluation of livelihood

projects by applying the doctrines of transparency and accountability and the

principles of internal auditing and management. Moreover the objectives of these

guidelines include: to provide guidelines in the selection of livelihood projects for

funding, disbursement of funds, accounting of funds, disposal of funds gained,

evaluation and review of livelihood projects in BJMP jails; to institute internal

safeguards and procedures to standardize, institutionalize and strengthen existing

internal control in the handling of funds intended for livelihood projects to preclude

misuse of funds; to promote profitability and sustainability of livelihood projects for

inmates; to set parameters in the evaluation and review of financial accountability;

and to provide ready reference for any inquiry by concerned national and local

agencies pertaining to livelihood projects of the Bureau. (BJMP, 2011).

Further, Arcangel (2012) states that detainees who comprise the Makati

City Jail Integrated Green Producers Cooperative (MIGCO) are helping the

environment in their own creative way by turning disposable bedroom slippers into

fashionable and reusable items. MIGCO claims to be Asia's first green cooperative

for inmates.

Furthermore, BuCor (2012) points out that in Davao city the Bureau offers

a variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to industrial. The purpose of

the inmate work program is to keep the inmates busy, and to provide them money

for their personal expenses and their families as well as help them acquire

livelihood skills, in order that they may become productive citizens once they are

released and assimilated back into the mainstream of society. Different prison and

penal farms provide institutional work programs for inmates. At the Davao Penal

Colony, inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum Development Company

 10

(TADECO) which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau. Under the

present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial production by providing

farming implements, tractors, fertilizers and other inputs in order to sustain this

area of rehabilitation for inmates.

Reformation Program. One of the principle objectives of the United

Nations in the area of prison reform is to contribute to the successful reintegration

of prisoners into society following their release. Social reintegration initiatives

should start as early as possible within the criminal justice process in order to have

maximum effect. This means that diversion from the criminal justice process

(especially of vulnerable groups) to appropriate treatment programs, non-custodial

sanctions, instead of isolation from society and purposeful activities and programs

in prisons, can all be considered as elements of a comprehensive social

reintegration policy. Interventions to support former prisoners following release

from prison, continuum of care in the community for those in need, will all be more

effective if the period in prison is used to prepare a prisoner for re-entry to society.

This policy requires close coordination between criminal justice institutions and

social protection and health services in the community and probation services

where they exist. The United Nations on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) can offer key

support and advice in this area, including supporting the development of social

reintegration programs in prisons and in assisting with the planning and

implementation of continuum of care and support in the community (United Nations

on Drugs and Crime, 2011).

Throughout the US, reformation programs for criminals have become a

highly debated topic throughout the U.S. With the majority of criminals being repeat
 11

offenders, the correctional institution has made rehabilitation and reformation a top

priority (Miceli, 2009).

In connection, Hawley, J., Murphy I., & Otero, M. (2013) pointed out that as

a priority area, in line with the overall strategic framework for European cooperation

in education and training, Member States are invited to focus on "addressing the

learning needs of people in specific situations of exclusion from learning, such as

those in prisons, and providing them with adequate guidance support to ensure

that equal opportunities for access to quality education are provided and to reduce

the number of low-skilled adults by offering tailored learning opportunities to

individual learners.

Additionally, offender rehabilitation programs in Australia are clearly

established, with each jurisdiction offering a range of offence-focused programs.

While the level of program intensity varies from program to program, jurisdiction to

jurisdiction, there is a trend for most jurisdictions to offer programs to meet of a

range of criminogenic needs and these programs are targeted to offenders of

differing levels of risk. Departments share ideals in offender rehabilitation, as

evidenced by the overwhelming use of the what works literature to inform

program development, organizational structure and program implementation

(Howells, Heseltine, Sarre, Davey & Day, 2004).

Meanwhile, the Philippine government, despite many difficulties, has taken

and continues to take concrete steps towards the improvement of its prison/jail

conditions and the treatment of offenders. But the government cannot do this

alone. It needs the cooperation and active involvement of all the sectors in our

society media, academe, business, etc. Prison reforms can only be achieved

through the active involvement of all the members of society. Each one has a
 12

responsibility in making these reforms possible. Decent and humane prison

conditions can be realized, and prisoners can be successfully rehabilitated if every

sector of society will work together (Alvor, 2004).

This is supported by the study of Escabel, E., et.al. (2015) that states that

in the Philippines Education and Skills Training Rehabilitation can be facilitated by

improving an inmates academic and job skills. Records show that many prisoners

are poorly educated. In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are

incorporated into job assignments and serve as on-the-job training. The goal is to

provide inmates with skills that will improve their eligibility for jobs upon release.

In the study of Bausa (2004) the services as rendered for rehabilitation by

the administration were: conducting religious counseling and guidance;

establishing livelihood program and activities; and providing health services to the

inmates. Health services and livelihood projects were the only vital needs of

inmates to make them productive while incarcerated.

The above literature review presents the related data of some researchers

and advocates that have taken into consideration the treatment programs of

inmates to support the aim of bringing about the issues and concerns in jails. It can

be gleaned from the data that around the world, there has been a common aim of

the jail administrator and that is to provide treatment programs that would enable

the inmates to have an avenue to promote healthy lifestyle and educational

development. This aim can further help the inmates in preparing them to be worthy

useful citizens of the community upon probation or release from prison.

 13

Theoretical Framework

The theory adapted for this study is derived from the Systems theory input-

output model developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in 1956. The theory, according

to Koontz and Weihrich, (1988) postulates that an organized enterprise does not

exist in a vacuum; it is dependent on its environment in which it is established.

They add that the inputs from the environment are received by the organization,

which then transforms them into outputs. As adapted in this study, the treatment

programs are considered to be the inputs that affect to the effectiveness of their

implementation as the outputs. Thus the inputs, the processors and the generators

should function well in order to achieve the desired outcome. Saleemi (1997) in

agreement with Robbins (1980) argued that all systems must work in harmony in

order to achieve the overall goals. According to Oso and Onen (2005), the

interrelationships among parts of a system have to be understood by all parties

involved.

The Conceptual Framework

This section proposes a conceptual framework within which the

concept of the effectiveness of the treatment program of inmates in provincial jail

at Tagbobolo, City of Mati is being treated in this work. The selection of the model

is based on the belief that, the quality of input invariably affects quality of output In

the context of this research, the input is represented by the treatment programs

and the output is its effectiveness based on the generated responses.

 14

Independent Variable Dependent

Variable

Treatment Program:

Recreational
Activities
Effectiveness of the
Livelihood Program Treatment Program of
Inmates

Reformation
Pprogram

Age

Gender

Moderator Variable

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework Showing the Variables of the Study

 15

The above figure shows the relationship between the input of the

independent variables which is the treatment program which collectively covers

the recreational activities, livelihood program, and reformation program resulting

to the output of the dependent variable which is the effectiveness of these

treatment program as perceived by the inmates governed by their socio

demographic profile: the gender and age as moderator variables.

Significance of the Study

The researchers entail the significant of the study to the following:

Community. This study is important because it gives a lot of awareness to

the community about the treatment being implemented inside the penal institution.

Inmates. The study is important because it can give a detailed or more

information about those treatments that the inmates may avail.

Provincial Jail Administrators. The information gathered will be a good

basis in order to improve and to reorganize their treatment programs that will be

given to the inmates inside the institution.

Researchers. This will be a venue for reference. The findings of this study

can be used in literature review particularly in dealing with the effectiveness of the

treatment programs to the inmates implemented in jails.

 16

Scope and Limitation

This study is focused on finding out the effectiveness of the treatment

programs of the inmates in provincial jail. It specifically caters only three treatment

programs which include Recreational Activities, Livelihood Program, and

Reformation Program implemented in the Provincial Jail located at Tagbobolo, City

of Mati which is the locale of the study. Moreover, the respondents are deliberately

chosen and are limited to the trustees to ensure safety and security on the part of

the researchers. Hence, only 11 inmates are identified to be the respondents. The

study is expected to be done within the School Year 2015-2016.

Operational Definition of terms

The followings are the terms used in this research operationally Treatment

Program.

Inmates. Refers to a prisoner or one sentenced by a court to serve a

maximum term of imprisonment. Contextually in this research, this term

interchangeably means jailers, offenders, prisoners, and this further refers to the

respondents of this research.

Treatment Program. By the context of this study, it refers to the

institutional programs implemented to rehabilitate and treat the inmates in the

provincial jail located at Tagbobolo, City of Mati.

Provincial Jail. Refers to the institution that houses the inmates in

Tagbobolo, City of Mati.

 Chapter 2

METHOD

Presented in this chapter are the methods used in the study consisting of

research design, research subject, research instrument, data gathering procedure

and statistical treatment of the data.

Research Design

A descriptive research methodology will be used in this study. A survey is

used to administer to a selected sample from a specific population identified by the

researcher. Sample surveys are an important tool for collecting and analyzing

information from selected individuals. They are widely accepted as a key tool for

conducting and applying basic social science research methodology (Rossi,

Wright, & Anderson, 1983).

For these reasons, the researchers choose a descriptive research

methodology and designed a questionnaire survey instrument to determine the

respondents socio demographic profile and their responses on the effectiveness

of the treatment program of inmates in the Provincial Jail, Tagbobolo, City of Mati.

Research Subjects

The study utilizes the convenience sampling in determining the

respondents of the study. This method is defined as a group of individuals believed

to be representative of the population from which it is selected, but chosen

 18

because it is close at hand rather than being randomly selected (Elmusharaf,

2012).

Consequently, the sample in this study are the identified respondents of

the inmates of Provincial Jail in Tagbobolo, City of Mati. A total of 11 respondents

are identified for this specific study. They are composed of 9 males and 2 females.

They are considered as trustees in the said locale of this study. Furthermore, the

research subjects are readily available and conveniently accessible throughout the

span of the research. They are deliberately chosen to ensure safety and protection

in the wellbeing of the researchers. The jail administration has noted the imminent

jeopardy if greater number of inmates shall be included in the conduct of the

survey.

Research Instruments

To acquire the required data to supply appropriate answer to the aforesaid

problem covering the study, researcher-made questionnaires will be used. This

research instrument is the Treatment Program of Inmates in Provincial Jail at

Tagbobolo, City of Mati that deals with the indicators Recreational Activities,

Livelihood Program and Reformation Program. There are five (5) predictor

statements per indicator in the constructed questionnaire to be used in getting the

necessary data from the respondent. To facilitate comprehension to take place

among the respondents, the statements are translated into vernacular. This will

further aid to generate more reliable responses from the respondents.

The responses of the respondents in all statement indicators of the

questionnaires shall use the following scale, descriptive equivalent, and

interpretation below.
 19

Scale in the Descriptive Interpretation

Questionnaire Equivalent

The effectiveness of the treatment program

5 Strongly Agree indicator and the predictor statement is strongly

agreed by the inmates of the provincial jail of

Tagbobolo, City of Mati.

The effectiveness of the treatment program variable

and the predictor statement is generally agreed by

4 Generally Agree
the inmates of the provincial jail of Tagbobolo, City

of Mati.

The effectiveness of the treatment program variable

Neutral and the predictor statement is neutrally accepted by

3
(Acceptable) the inmates of the provincial jail of Tagbobolo, City

of Mati.

The effectiveness of the treatment program variable

Generally and the predictor statement is generally disagreed

2
Disagree by the inmates of the provincial jail of Tagbobolo,

City of Mati.

The effectiveness of the treatment program variable

and the predictor statement is strongly disagreed by

1 Strongly Disagree
the inmates of the provincial jail of Tagbobolo, City

of Mati.
 20

In order to arrive at a logical interpretation of the study, the researchers will

use a hypothetical mean range. The parameter for Treatment Program of the Jail

with its descriptive equivalent is set as follows:

Range of Descriptive Interpretation

Means Equivalent
This indicates that the effectiveness of the

treatment program and the predictor statement is

4.50-5.00 Very High
agreed by the inmates about 9 10 out of 10

occasions.

This indicates that the effectiveness of the

treatment program and the predictor statement is

3.50-4.49 High
agreed by the inmates about 7 8 out of 10

occasions.

This indicates that the effectiveness of the

treatment program and the predictor statement is

2.50-3.49 Moderate
agreed by the inmates about 5 6 out of 10

occasions.

This indicates that the effectiveness of the

treatment program and the predictor statement is

1.50-2.49 Low
agreed by the inmates about 3 - 4 out of 10

occasions.

This indicates that the effectiveness of the

treatment program and the predictor statement is

1.00-1.49 Very Low
agreed by the inmates about 0 - 2 out of 10

occasions.
 21

In this study, the researchermade questionnaires will be subjected to

content validation to three experts. Suggestions from those experts will be

incorporated in the final draft. Upon achieving the level of validity, a try out will be

conducted in Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology. A sample

respondents will be made to answer the researcher made questionnaires. All

responses shall be tallied and subjected to computation using cronbachs alpha to

gauge the reliability of the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

According to Suskie (1996), a perfectly reliable questionnaire elicits

consistent responses. Reliability and validity are enhanced when the researcher

takes certain precautionary steps. Considering these principles, the researchers

will have the research instrument be checked and reviewed by experts for reliability

and validity. In due course, the researchers will employ the following procedures

in gathering the data.

1. Requesting Permission to Conduct. The researchers will seek

permission to conduct the study by sending letters to the concerned administrative

personnel of the provincial jail.

2. Administration & Distribution of the Questionnaire. Upon approval

and eventually reproduction of the research instruments, the researchers will

personally meet the identified inmates-respondents and administer the survey.

3. Retrieval of Questionnaire. In retrieving the accomplished

questionnaire, the researchers ensure that all required data fields are answered.
 22

Guided by a statistician, frequency tables and descriptive statistics are constructed

to display results.

4. Analysis and Interpretation. Results will be analyzed and interpreted

with respect to each of the research questions of the study to serve its purpose.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will use descriptive or summary statistics: they will

describe or summarize the data so that the reader can construct a mental picture

of the data, the respondents, and the variables they relate to. Simple tables,

frequency and percentages are adopted in the presentation and analysis of the

data generated. These statistical tools are used because they are suitable means

of breaking down and analyzing the generated data.

More specifically, following statistical tools will be employed.

Percentage. To describe the profile of the respondents, the percentage will be

computed. The measure of dominant quantity will be utilized to determine the most

probable scenario.

Formula:

P = F/N x 100

where:

P = Percentage (%)

F = Frequency

N = Total Number of Population

Mean. This will be utilized in presenting the age of the respondents. The process

of finding the Weighted Mean, which is referred to as the central tendency will be

used. The formula is given below:

 23

WM

X = ----------

where:

X = weighted mean

w = weighted factor

= summation

N = total number of respondents

x = score

Mean Count. This will be used to determine the extent of treatment

programs of inmates implemented in Provincial Jail.

Pearsons r. This will be utilized to measure the association between the

two variables of the personal profile of the respondents of the study in finding out

the relationship on the extent of treatment programs in terms of their gender and

age.
 Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the findings acquired from the survey instrument

utilized in the study. The results are presented in accordance to the objectives of

this study as enumerated in the statement of the problem in Chapter 1. To simplify

the discussion, the researchers provide tables that summarize the collective

reactions of the respondents.

Distribution of the Respondents when grouped according to their socio-

Demographic Profile

The Personal Demographic Profile of the Respondents Represent

in terms of Age

Presented in Table 1 is the mean of the age of the respondents. As shown

in the table, it has a mean of 36.64 which indicates that generally the respondents

are middle-aged adults.

Table 1.

Mean of the age of the respondents

Mean

36.64
Age
 25

The Personal Demographic Profile of the Respondents Represent

in terms of Gender

The percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of gender is

presented in Table 2. As depicted in the table, the male respondents dominate with

73% over the 27% for females. Research has proved that based on statistics,

there are more male inmates than females. According to Steffensmeier & Allan

(2003) gender is the single best predictor of criminal behavior: men commit more

crime, and women commit less. This distinction holds throughout history, for all

societies, for all groups, and for nearly every crime category.

Table 2.

Distribution of Respondents in terms of Gender

Gender Percentage

Male 73%

Female 27%

Total 100%
 26

The Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Programs Implemented in

Provincial Jail in Terms of Recreational Activities, Livelihood Program,
Reformation Program

Recreational Activities

The extend of effectiveness of treatment programs implemented in

provincial jail in terms of recreational activities is shown in Table 3. It can be seen

in the data that only the improvement of health and fitness fall short of a perfect

score but still with a very high mean of 4.91. This implies that the respondents

regarded the recreational activities as treatment program to be very effective.

 27

Table 3.

Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Program Implemented in Provincial Jail in

terms of Recreatonal Activities

Recreational Activities Mean Value Descriptive Equivalent

1. Improve the socialization skills 5.00 5 Very High

2. Improve health and fitness level 4.91 5 Very High

3. Keep inmates occupied and

reduce idleness 5.00 5 Very High

4. Educate inmates to various

games and sports rules and 5.00 5 Very High
strategies

5. Are effective as treatment

program for the inmates 5.00 5 Very High

Overall 4.98 5 Very High

 28

Livelihood Program

The extend of effectiveness of treatment programs implemented in

provincial jail in terms of livelihood program is shown in Table 4. It indicates that

the responses generated an overall mean of 4.89 which consequently suggests a

very high effectiveness of the livelihood program. Although two attributes regarding

acquiring new knowledge and skills on livelihood and preparing the inmates to

have livelihood projects upon release from prison have gone into 4.73 mean aside

from all others which are perfect, nevertheless the findings indicate a very high

descriptive equivalent.
 29

Table 4.

Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Program Implemented in Provincial Jail in

terms of Livelihood Program

Livelihood Program Mean Value Descriptive Equivalent

1. Helps in acquiring new
knowledge and skills in 4.73 5 Very High
livelihood

2. Prepares the inmates to have

livelihood project upon release 4.73 5 Very High
from prison

3. Diverts attention from negative

thoughts and actions 5.00 5 Very High

4. Educates inmates to various

livelihood programs useful to 5.00 5 Very High
the community

5. Is generally effective as a
treatment program for the 5.00 5 Very High
inmates

Overall 4.89 5 Very High

 30

Reformation Program

The extend of effectiveness of treatment programs implemented in

provincial jail in terms of reformation program is shown in Table 5. As depicted in

the table, the result is overwhelmingly very high since all the attributes were stongly

agreed by the respondents. This further implies that the reformation program as a

treatment program of inmates in provincial jail is very effective.

 31

Table 5.

Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Program Implemented in Provincial Jail in

terms of Reformation Program

Reformation Program Mean Value Descriptive Equivalent

1. Helps inmates to renew

themselves and gain positive 5.00 5 Very High
outlook in life

2. Gives an opportunity to acquire

lifelong learning and skills 5.00 5 Very High

3. Provides an avenue in
promoting harmonious
relationship with other inmates 5.00 5 Very High
and with the prison officers

4. Prepares inmates in becoming

useful citizen of the community 5.00 5 Very High
upon release from prison

5. Is generally effective as a
treatment program for the 5.00 5 Very High
inmates

Overall 5.00 5 Very High

The summary of findings of the extent of effectiveness of treatment

programs implemented in Provincial Jail is shown in Table 6. The overall mean of

4.96 indicates that the extent of effectiveness is very high. It further implies that

the effectiveness of the treatment program and the predictor statements are

strongly agreed by the inmates about 9 10 out of 10 occasions.

 32

Table 6.

Summary of the Extend of Effectiveness of Treatment Programs Implemented in

Provincial Jail

Treatment Programs Extend of Effectiveness

Recreational Activities 4.98

Livelihood Program 4.89

Reformation Program 5.00

Overall 4.96
 33

The Most Effective among the Three Treatment Programs:

Recreational Activities, Livelihood Program, or Reformation Program?

The most effective among the three treatments is Reformation Program.

Having the extent of a very high mean value of 5.00 which denotes that the

effectiveness of the treatment program indicator and the predictor statement is

strongly agreed by the inmates of the provincial jail of Tagbobolo, City of Mati.

The Significant Difference on the Extend of Treatment Program of Inmates

in Provincial Jail Analyzed according to Age and Gender

The relationship on the extent of treatment program of inmates in Provincial

Jail in terms of gender and age in their personal Demographic profile is shown in

Table 6. Given the result of p-value at 0.049007, the researchers could conduce

that the treatment program had a significant difference by male and female

detainees, while the other p-value which is 0.405074 means that there is no

significant differences of treatment of program given into detainees by their age.

Since its value is greater than the value of alpha 0.05.

 34

Table 6.

Relationship on the Extend of Treatment Program of Inmates in Provincial Jail

in terms of Personal Demographic Profile

Personal Profile Treatment Program

Pearson r p-value

0.604145 0.049007
Gender

0.279569 0.405074
Age
 Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section presents the summary, conclusions drawn from the

implications of the data, and recommendations advanced to by the researchers.

Summary

This study was primarily conducted to determine the effectiveness of the

treatment programs of the inmates in Provincial Jail at Tagbobolo, City of Mati.

The qualitative descriptive method of research was utilized and the researcher-

made questionnaire was used in gathering the data in a survey. There were 11

respondents who were identified using the convenience sampling technique.

The following are the major findings of the study:

1. The demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age and gender

are found to be: generally the inmates were middle-aged adults and

there were more males than females.

2. The overall extent of effectiveness of the treatment programs which

include recreational activities, livelihood program, and reformation

program in the provincial jail was very high as strongly agreed by the

respondents.

3. The most effective among the three treatment programs was found to

be the Reformation Program which was very high with perfect mean

value.

4. The relationship on the extent of treatment programs of inmates in

Provincial Jail in terms of gender and age in their personal profile was

strongly positive and the coefficient was significantly different.

 36

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The inmates of Provincial Jail are generally middle-aged adults and

there are more males than females.

2. The treatment programs of the inmates in Provincial Jail are very

effective.

3. The most effective among the three treatment programs in Provincial

Jail is the Reformation Program.

4. The relationship in the effectiveness of the treatment programs of the

inmates in the Provincial Jail when analyzed by their personal profile

can be deduced that the age and gender are related.

Recommendations

The study have some aspects in the research study that will improve the

research and yield more accurate and strong data and conclusions. Hence, the

following recommendations are drawn:

1. Stronger data and conclusions can be derived if larger group of inmates

will be included in the survey as respondents.

2. For further treatment of this study, it is essential for the jail administration

to establish an intervention plan for researchers to be given opportunities to come

in contact with the inmates with safety and security assurance.

3. Replication of the study by other researchers is encouraged. It could be

done in other places, another time and another set of respondents to establish the

external validity of the findings of the study.

 37

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 41

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Description of Numerical Figure

 42

APPENDIX B

Letter of Request for Researcher Adviser

 43

APPENDIX C

Letter Request of Validation of Questionnaire

44
45
 46

APPENDIX D

Validation Sheet for Research Questionnaire

47
48
 49

APPENDIX E

Summary Ratings of the Expert Validator

 50

APPENDIX F

Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study

 51

APPENDIX G

Questionnaire
52
53
54
55
 56

APPENDIX H

Letter to the Statistician

 57

APPENDIX I

Letter of Application for Final Defense

58
59
60
 61

CURRICULUM VITAE
62
63