Section- A

1. The refractive index of glass for red light is less than that for violet light. It follows that
the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism will decrease, if the incident violet light
is replaced by red light.
2. Planks quantums theory
3.

4. Let i denote the x-direction, j the y-direction and k the z-direction. If for a wave traveling in the
x-direction then Electric field move in X- axis E = E j, then magnetic field move in Z- axis B =
B k and j x k = i. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves

5. Nichrome, a non-magnetic alloy that is commonly made up of 80% nickel and 20%
chromium, has a resistivity ranging from 1.10 106 m to 1.50 106 m (0.00000110 m
to 0.00000150 m) and a very high boiling point (~1400 C). With such a low resistivity and
high boiling point, this makes Nichrome a very good conductor of electricity and ideal material
for making wires and other insulation devices.
Nichrome is commonly wound up into coils and used in heating elements (devices that
convert heat into electricity through Joule heating) such as hair dryers, toasters and ovens.
However, Nichrome wires are not used as much as copper wires (resistivity = 1.7 108 m)
due to the high cost of chromium.

Section- B
6. The materials suitable for making electromagnets should have-high retentivity and low
coercivity

The retentivity of a material is its capacity to remain magnetized after the external magnetizing
field has ceased to exist. A material with high retentivity (i.e. iron) will keep some magnetic
properties, it will become a permanent magnet, whereas a material with low or no retentivity will
not keep the magnetic propertiesit will lose its magnetization. Coercivity of a ferromagnetic
material is the intensity of the applied magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of that
material to zero after the magnetization of the sample has been driven to saturation. Coercivity is
usually measured in oersted or ampere/meter units and is denoted H C.When the coercive field of a
ferromagnet is large, the material is said to be a hard or permanent magnet. Permanent magnets
find application in electric motors, magnetic recording media (e.g. hard drives, floppy disks, or
magnetic tape) and magnetic separation. A ferromagnet with a low coercive field is said to
be soft and may be used in microwave devices, magnetic shielding, transformers or recording
heads

For permanent magnets remanence that how much magnetic field remains when you
remove the driving magnetic force (usually an electromagnet). The coercivity tells
you how much (reverse) magnetic field would have to be applied to demagnetize the
material. So the former says "how strong can be magnet become", and the latter says
"what will stop it being a magnet". A third consideration with some permanent
magnet applications is their mass.

7.
7. Optional

8. In steady state capacitor acts as an open circuit.

As we know the capacitive reactance is, Xc=1 (2fC).
So we can say at steady state, frequency, f=0.
So, Xc=infinitely large.
As the capacitive reactance is infinite I.e the opposition offered by the capacitor is
infinitely large, so it acts as an circuit and hence no current can pass through it in
steady state. The capacitor is uncharged. This means that there is no charge on either
plate of the capacitor. Now, lets apply a DC voltage to this capacitor. The top plate of
the capacitor is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the bottom plate
is connected to the negative terminal. Positive charge starts to accumulate on the top
plate of the capacitor and negative charge begins to accumulate on the bottom plate.
Once the top and bottom plates are fully charged, the movement of charges stops. So,
we see that when an uncharged capacitor is connected to a DC source, current flows
for a very short duration, until the capacitor is fully charged, and then flow of current
ceases.
 9.E=-13.6/n^2
When n=2 we will get E=-3.4
When n=3 we will get E=-1.51
Hence it changes from n=2 to n=3
Hence Balmer series to Paschen series

10.
We know that force acting on any charge of magnitude q moving with
velocity v inside the magnetic field B is given byF=q(v X B)
and this is the magnetic force on charge q due to its motion inside magnetic field.If
both electric field E and magnetic field B are present i.e., when a charged particle
moves through a reagion of space where both electric field and magnetic field are
present both field exert a force on the particle and the total force on the particle is
equal to the vector sum of the electric field and magnetic field force.
F=qE+q(v X B)

11.

Frequency of light does not depend on the property of the medium in which it is
travelling. Hence, the frequency of the refracted ray in water will be equal to
the frequency of the incident or reflected light in air.
So Refracted frequency, = 5.09 1014 Hz
Speed of light in water is related to the refractive index of water as:
v=c/
v = 3 x 108 / 1.33 = 2.26 x 108 m/s

Wavelength of light in water is given by the relation,

=v/v
v = 2.26 x 108 / 5 .09 x 1014 = 444.007 x 10-9 m
= 444.01 nm
Hence, the speed, frequency, and wavelength of refracted light are 2.26
108 m/s, 444.01nm, and 5.09 1014 Hz respectively.

b)
12.

OR

Self-induction:-Inductors do this by generating a self-induced emf within itself as a result of their

changing magnetic field. In an electrical circuit, when the emf is induced in the same circuit in which the
current is changing this effect is called Self-induction, (L) but it is sometimes commonly called back-emf
as its polarity is in the opposite direction to the applied voltage.

Energy Stored in an Inductor

Suppose that an inductor of inductance is connected to a variable DC voltage supply. The supply is
adjusted so as to increase the current flowing through the inductor from zero to some final value . As
the current through the inductor is ramped up, an emf is generated, which acts to
oppose the increase in the current. Clearly, work must be done against this emf by the voltage source in
order to establish the current in the inductor. The work done by the voltage source during a time
interval is

Here, is the instantaneous rate at which the voltage source performs work. To find the
total work done in establishing the final current in the inductor, we must integrate the above
expression. Thus,

giving

13. Meter bridge

Meter bridge is based on the principle of wheatstone bridge and it is used to find
the resistance of an unknown conductor or to compare two unknown
resistance
Figure below shows a schematic diagram of a meter bridge

In above figure AC is a 1m long wire made of maganin or constanan having

uniform area of cross-section
This wire is stretched along a scale one a wooden base
Ends A and C of the wire are screwed to two L shaped copper strips as shown in
figure
 A resistance box R and an unknown resistance S are connected as shown in
figure
One terminal of galvanometer is connected to point D and another terminal is
joined to a jockey that can be slided on a bridge wire
when we adjust the suitable resistance of value R in the resistance box and slide
this jockey along the wire then a balance point is obtained sat at point B
Since the circuit now is the same as that of wheatstone bridge ,so from the
condition of balanced wheatstone bridge we have
P/Q=R/S
Here resistance P equals
P=l1/A
And Q=l2/A
where is the resistivity of the material of the wire and A is the area of cross-
section of wire
Now P/Q=(l1/A)(A/l2)=l1/l2

14.

The current gain for the common emitter amplifier circuit is denoted by the Greek symbol . This is the
ratio of collector current to base current. This may be thought of as the ratio of output current to input
current. To gain an accurate figure of the gain for a signal, the current gain for small input changes in
current is often used. Using this the current gain, , and the changes in input and output current are
related in the following way:
15.

16.
Block Diagram of Communication System
Fig.1 shows the block diagram of a general communication system, in which the different functional elements
are represented by blocks.

Fig 1

The essential components of a communication system are information source, input transducer, transmitter,

(i) Transmitter

The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different aspects.

For example in radio broadcasting the electrical signal obtained from sound signal, is processed to
restrict its range of audio frequencies (upto 5 kHz in amplitude modulation radio broadcast) and is
often amplified.
In wire telephony, no real processing is needed. However, in long-distance radio communication,
signal amplification is necessary before modulation.

Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the message signal is superimposed
upon the high-frequency carrier signal.

In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal processing such as restriction of range of audio
frequencies, amplification and modulation of are achieved.

(ii)The Channel: - The term channel means the medium through which the message travels from the transmitter
to the receiver. In other words, we can say that the function of the channel is to provide a physical connection
between the transmitter and the receiver

(iii) Receiver

The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical form from the distorted received
signal. This reproduction of the original signal is accomplished by a process known as the demodulation or
detection. Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation carried out in transmitter.

17.(a)

(b) Objective:-L1 (since larger Aperture)

Eyepiece:-we will select L2 since Aperture is small in both L2 and L3 but focal length of L2 is

Small compare to L3 hence we select L3 over L2

C)
The resolving power of a compound microscope can be defined as the ability of the microscope to form
separate images of two objects placed very close to each other.

The minimum separation between two objects that are to be resolved by a microscope is given as
Now, the resolving power of microscope is the reciprocal of the minimum distance.

Therefore, we have

a) When refractive index of medium increases.

As the R.P is directly proportional to the refractive index (n), it increases when n increases.

18)
a) Collector plate Potential (Anode Potential)
b) Retarding Potential
c)

d)
19.

Two Identical capacitor C1 and C2 get fully charged with voltage E initially.
So the charge on both capacitor become
q=CE
On introduction of dielectric medium of K
C1 (new capacitance became) = KC
Charge q1 (after adding dielectric medium) = C1V1
V1=V/K

Hence Energy stored =1/2CV^2

New Energy stored =1/2C1/V1^2 = (1/2)(KC)(V/K)^2
Hence Ratio=before/after= 1/K
20. A)

Modulating an AM signal can be achieved in a number of ways. Essentially the simplest is to

pass the RF carrier and the modulating signal into a mixer. The resulting output will be the
required amplitude modulated signal.
b)

Bandwidth =660-640 =20

Bandwidth= 2Fm
20=2Fm
Hence Fm=10

Now for lower since Fc-Fm=640, hence Fc=650

21.
a) Increase the value of R hence current across S hence Voltage across S will Decreases .
b)

22.a)
It state that

b)
24.
a) Capacitor
b)

d)

OR

a)
b)

E=BLV=0.3*10^-4*5*10=1.5*10^6 V/m
25.
a)
b)

OR

A)
B)
26)
a)