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action going on at a
certain time in past
actions taking place at
A: He was speaking.
the same time when, while, as
Past Progressive N: He was not speaking.
action in the past that long as
Q: Was he speaking?
is interrupted by
another action
putting emphasis on
all day, for 4
A: He has been speaking. the course or duration
Present Perfect years, since 1993,
N: He has not been speaking. finished action that
Progressive how long?, the
Q: Has he been speaking? influenced the present
whole week
action taking place
before a certain time already, just,
A: He had spoken. in the past never, not yet,
Past Perfect Simple N: He had not spoken. putting emphasis only once, until that
Q: Had he spoken? on the fact (not the day
duration)