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Cairo, Egypt, December 7, 2014

Key Messages

PVpowerplantisacosteffectiveenergyresource

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
WelldesignedGridFriendlyPVplantactivelystabilizes
gridandenhancesitsreliability

PVvariabilitycanbemanagedwithexistinggrid
infrastructurethroughforecasting,generatorplanning
(UnitCommitment)andsitediversitywithminimum
impact

2
VariableGenerationIntegrationTopics

GridStabilityand LoadBalancing PowerSystems


Reliability PlanningandDesign

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Msec toMinutes HourstoDays Years

3
Impact of Cloud Passage on Plant Output

TotalPower
AverageIrradiance

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Asplantsbecomelargerhighfrequencyvariabilityreduces. 4
Generation Profile High Variability Example
Directnormal 1200 1
irradiancemay Diffuse
Horizontal 0.9
droptozeroduring Irradiance
1000
cloudpassage,at Direct 0.8
Normal
whichtimediffuse Irradiance
0.7
component 800 Power
Irradiance(W/m)

Generation
contributesallPOA

Generation(PU)
0.6
irradiance
600 0.5

Generation 0.4
irradianceoverlap 400

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
isnotperfect 0.3

becauseirradiance 0.2
200
arepointinspace
0.1
measurementsand
generationis 0 0
spatiallyaveraged 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
Time 5
EffectofPlantSize

5minutes

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
6
OneMinuteRampsfor5and80MWPlants

80MW
Plant

5MW
Source: Empirical
Plant Assessment of
Short-term Variability

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
from Utility Scale
Solar-PV Plants
Rob van Haarena,,
Mahesh Morjariab and
Vasilis Fthenakisa

7
Aggregation Effect Between Plants Reduces Variability
Effects of Spatial Diversity

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Multipleplantsspaceoutarelessvariable
Effectsofcloudshadowsareisolatedtosinglearrayfields
Powerdeviationsarelesssevere

8
Aggregation Effect Between Plants Reduces Variability
SingleLocation

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
20BundledLocations

Spatialdiversityofsolarplantsreducesaggregatedvariability
minimizinggridimpactasthenumberofsolarplantsincrease
Source:Hoffetal.2008
Source:ImplicationsofWideAreaGeographicDiversityforShortTermVariabilityofSolarPower;AndrewMillsandRyanWiser, LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,September2010 9
Aggregation Effect Between Plants Reduces Variability

SingleProjectvs.8BundledProjectsAugust28,2010

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
10
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Grid Operators Deal with Variability Every Day
Whenconsumersusemoreelectricity, Whencloudscomebetweenthesun& a PV
gridoperatorsaccommodate plant,gridoperatorssimilarlyaccommodate
changingpowerdemand changingpowergeneration

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
12
DailyLoadForecastingandGeneratorDispatch

EconomicDispatch
Day Ahead
Forecast useloadforecastto
Load
commitunits(hoursto
dayahead)

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
0 6 12 18 24
Time of Day

13
GridOperatorsDealwithVariability&Uncertainty
Useloadforecastand
Day Ahead uncertaintyinloadand
Forecast Actual
Load Load generationthroughregulation
anddispatchoperation

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
0 6 12 18 24
Time of Day

14
LoadFollowingandRegulationReserves

LoadFollowing:
Adjustsetpoint
(10mintohours)
Regulation:
Automatically
adjustsgenerator
output(secs to

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
minutes)

Regulation = Actual Load Real-time Forecast Load


Load Following = Real-time Forecast Load Hourly Schedule
15
TypicalDayatCAISO October10,2012

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Source:CAISO
http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx
16
Variable Generation Integration

Factorthatinfluencereliableintegrationinclude:
Penetrationlevelwithrespecttototalload
Characteristicsofthevariablegeneration
Sizeofbalancingarea California20% Renewables and Growing to 33%
Regulation 25000
Dispatchable Renewables
Qualityofforecasting 20000 Wind
Solar
15000

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
10000

5000

0
2006(~10%) 2012(20%) 2020E(33%)
17
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Key Message
FirstSolaroffersthemostadvancedgridintegration
andplantcontrolsysteminthePVindustrysolar.
FirstSolarplantscancontributetothereliabilityand

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
efficiencyofgridoperationbyofferingthefollowing
capabilities:
Voltage,VARcontrol
Powerfactorregulation
Faultridethrough
Realpowercontrol,ramping,andcurtailment
Frequencydroopresponse

19
FirstSolarGridIntegrationandPlantControlSystem
PVModule
Arrays Photovoltaic Combining
PowerConversionStation(PCS) Switchgear(PVCS) Substation
PowerGrid

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Combiner
Boxes Inverters
Transformer

PowerFactorControl
VoltageControl
PlantSCADAsystem
SatelliteImagery RealtimeControllers ActivePowerControl
RampRateControl
Faultridethrough
ShortTerm
Forecasting Frequencydroopresponse

20
FirstSolarGridIntegrationandPlantControlSystem
PVModule
Arrays Photovoltaic Combining
Switchgear(PVCS) Substation
Combiner PowerGrid
Boxes Single4MWInverter

GE
Inverters
Transformer

PowerFactorControl
VoltageControl
PlantSCADAsystem
SatelliteImagery RealtimeControllers ActivePowerControl

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
RampRateControl
Faultridethrough
ShortTerm
Forecasting Frequencydroopresponse

21
FirstSolarPlantControlSystemArchitecture
Monitor conditions at the POI and compare PCSPLC
them with the Set Points
e e-
Send commands to inverters to PCSPLC -
make output adjustments and achieve

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
POI requirements e--


Grid

e-
Point
ofInter
connection
(POI) ControlSignal e-
PCSPLC
Voltage
MW
MVAR
PCSPLC
ClosedLoop~100msCycles

ElectricityFlow
e-
e- 22
VoltageRegulation

Deviationdetection
POI
andsetpoint restorevoltage(in~3seconds)
poweroutput

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
23
Without a Plant Control System
acentralcontrolsystem,allinvertersareunnecessarilylimitedallthetime

300
300

250
250 PlantOutput
PlantOutput
Limit
Limit
Inverter
Inverter 200
200
Curtailed
Curtailed
150
150
Locally
Locally

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
100
100

50
50

00
13:00
13:00 13:15
13:15 13:30
13:30 13:45
13:45 14:00
14:00

24
Benefit of Plant Level Control System
acentralcontrolsystem,invertersareindividuallycontrolledwhenneededtomeettheplantlimit

300

250 PlantOutput
Limit
Inverter 200
Curtailed
150
Locally

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
100

50

0
13:00 13:15 13:30 13:45 14:00

25
Frequency Droop Control

Abilitytoreduceactivepowerincase
gridisoverloaded(i.e.,high
frequency)

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Whengridneedsmoregeneration
(i.e.,lowfrequency)renewableplant
cannotincreaseactivepower
unlessplantisalreadycurtailed
thenitcanincreasepower

DecreaseActivePowerIn
CaseofHighFrequency

PlantControlsSupportFrequencyDroop 26
Power Plant Fault Ride-Through Capabilities
PVPlantsaredesignedtosupportboth
voltageandfrequencyridethrough
capabilityleveragingutilityscale
invertersandbestpractices

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
NERCsPRC024Time
DurationCurve

27
Reactive Compensation
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Reactive Compensation
.93PF Reactive .97PF
Losses

Interconnection

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Requirements
+/.95PF

InverterswithWide + + = Characteristics
STATCOM
RangeReactive
PowerCompensation
CapacitorBanks 29
Reactive Compensation

12+12=24MVARCapBanksOnline
CapBanksOffline

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
30
Reactive Compensation
V_POI=1.00p.u.
OverallInverterReactiveCapabilityvs.POIRequirement
150.00 RequiredQperLGIA QatPOI QatPOIwithCapBank

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
100.00

50.00
Q(MVAR)


0.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

50.00

100.00 

150.00

200.00 31
P(%)
Dynamic Power Factor Regulation
PowerFactor
SetPoint
10
Changedfrom 1.000 Excellent
0.98to1.0 MeasuredPowerFactor
MeasuredPowerFactor ReactivePower
0

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
TotalReactivePower
TotalReactivePower 0.995
DynamicControl
10 Commanded

PowerFactor
MVARs

PowerFactor
20 0.990

30
0.985
40 TotalReactivePower
MeasuredPowerFactor
50 0.980
4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
TimeinSeconds
Inverters Reaches90%
ChangeVAr SteadyStateValue
Output in~3.2seconds 33
Ramp Rate Controls
PlantStop Stopping&StartingOneBlock(30MW)
Command
90 90
Invertersare
85 turnedoffin 85

Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
sequence;
Rampratesare
CommandedMW

80 80
controlled

Power(MW)
75 75

Invertersare
70 70
startedin
sequence
65 65

60 60

55 55
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time(Minutes)
ExcellentControl
PlantStart overActivePower
Command
34
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Agua Caliente 290MW (AC)

Palo Verde Nuclear


Generating Station
Hassayampa
Agua Caliente Substation

California

Hoodoo Wash

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Arizona Substation

North Gila 500kV Palo Verde-Hassayampa


Substation Transmission Line
36
Agua Caliente - Typical Plant Operating Day (March 19, 2014)
1.2 110%

Power (PU)
0.9
Power(PU)andReactivePower(PU)

Voltage(PU)andPowerFactor
105%

0.6

Voltage(PU) PowerFactor
0.3 100%

0.0
ReactivePower(PU)

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
95%

0.3

0.6 90%
4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00
TimeofDay 37
Agua Caliente Voltage Support Event on March 21, 2014

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
38
Agua Caliente Voltage Support Event on March 21, 2014
1.2 110%
500kVPaloVerde
Hassayampaline Power (PU)
takenoutofservice
0.9
Power(PU)andReactivePower(PU)

105%

0.6

Voltage(PU)
100%
Voltage(PU)
Night
0.3
Shutdown

Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
95%
0.0
ThePVplantisaskedto
ReactivePower(PU)
supportvoltagebyAPS
Operators.
0.3 90%
4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00
TimeofDay 39
QUESTIONS?

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40

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