Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Key Messages
PVpowerplantisacosteffectiveenergyresource
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
WelldesignedGridFriendlyPVplantactivelystabilizes
gridandenhancesitsreliability
PVvariabilitycanbemanagedwithexistinggrid
infrastructurethroughforecasting,generatorplanning
(UnitCommitment)andsitediversitywithminimum
impact
2
VariableGenerationIntegrationTopics
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Msec toMinutes HourstoDays Years
3
Impact of Cloud Passage on Plant Output
TotalPower
AverageIrradiance
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Asplantsbecomelargerhighfrequencyvariabilityreduces. 4
Generation Profile High Variability Example
Directnormal 1200 1
irradiancemay Diffuse
Horizontal 0.9
droptozeroduring Irradiance
1000
cloudpassage,at Direct 0.8
Normal
whichtimediffuse Irradiance
0.7
component 800 Power
Irradiance(W/m)
Generation
contributesallPOA
Generation(PU)
0.6
irradiance
600 0.5
Generation 0.4
irradianceoverlap 400
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
isnotperfect 0.3
becauseirradiance 0.2
200
arepointinspace
0.1
measurementsand
generationis 0 0
spatiallyaveraged 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
Time 5
EffectofPlantSize
5minutes
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
6
OneMinuteRampsfor5and80MWPlants
80MW
Plant
5MW
Source: Empirical
Plant Assessment of
Short-term Variability
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
from Utility Scale
Solar-PV Plants
Rob van Haarena,,
Mahesh Morjariab and
Vasilis Fthenakisa
7
Aggregation Effect Between Plants Reduces Variability
Effects of Spatial Diversity
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Multipleplantsspaceoutarelessvariable
Effectsofcloudshadowsareisolatedtosinglearrayfields
Powerdeviationsarelesssevere
8
Aggregation Effect Between Plants Reduces Variability
SingleLocation
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
20BundledLocations
Spatialdiversityofsolarplantsreducesaggregatedvariability
minimizinggridimpactasthenumberofsolarplantsincrease
Source:Hoffetal.2008
Source:ImplicationsofWideAreaGeographicDiversityforShortTermVariabilityofSolarPower;AndrewMillsandRyanWiser, LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,September2010 9
Aggregation Effect Between Plants Reduces Variability
SingleProjectvs.8BundledProjectsAugust28,2010
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
10
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Grid Operators Deal with Variability Every Day
Whenconsumersusemoreelectricity, Whencloudscomebetweenthesun& a PV
gridoperatorsaccommodate plant,gridoperatorssimilarlyaccommodate
changingpowerdemand changingpowergeneration
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
12
DailyLoadForecastingandGeneratorDispatch
EconomicDispatch
Day Ahead
Forecast useloadforecastto
Load
commitunits(hoursto
dayahead)
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
0 6 12 18 24
Time of Day
13
GridOperatorsDealwithVariability&Uncertainty
Useloadforecastand
Day Ahead uncertaintyinloadand
Forecast Actual
Load Load generationthroughregulation
anddispatchoperation
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
0 6 12 18 24
Time of Day
14
LoadFollowingandRegulationReserves
LoadFollowing:
Adjustsetpoint
(10mintohours)
Regulation:
Automatically
adjustsgenerator
output(secs to
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
minutes)
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Source:CAISO
http://www.caiso.com/Pages/default.aspx
16
Variable Generation Integration
Factorthatinfluencereliableintegrationinclude:
Penetrationlevelwithrespecttototalload
Characteristicsofthevariablegeneration
Sizeofbalancingarea California20% Renewables and Growing to 33%
Regulation 25000
Dispatchable Renewables
Qualityofforecasting 20000 Wind
Solar
15000
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
10000
5000
0
2006(~10%) 2012(20%) 2020E(33%)
17
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
Key Message
FirstSolaroffersthemostadvancedgridintegration
andplantcontrolsysteminthePVindustrysolar.
FirstSolarplantscancontributetothereliabilityand
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
efficiencyofgridoperationbyofferingthefollowing
capabilities:
Voltage,VARcontrol
Powerfactorregulation
Faultridethrough
Realpowercontrol,ramping,andcurtailment
Frequencydroopresponse
19
FirstSolarGridIntegrationandPlantControlSystem
PVModule
Arrays Photovoltaic Combining
PowerConversionStation(PCS) Switchgear(PVCS) Substation
PowerGrid
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Combiner
Boxes Inverters
Transformer
PowerFactorControl
VoltageControl
PlantSCADAsystem
SatelliteImagery RealtimeControllers ActivePowerControl
RampRateControl
Faultridethrough
ShortTerm
Forecasting Frequencydroopresponse
20
FirstSolarGridIntegrationandPlantControlSystem
PVModule
Arrays Photovoltaic Combining
Switchgear(PVCS) Substation
Combiner PowerGrid
Boxes Single4MWInverter
GE
Inverters
Transformer
PowerFactorControl
VoltageControl
PlantSCADAsystem
SatelliteImagery RealtimeControllers ActivePowerControl
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
RampRateControl
Faultridethrough
ShortTerm
Forecasting Frequencydroopresponse
21
FirstSolarPlantControlSystemArchitecture
Monitor conditions at the POI and compare PCSPLC
them with the Set Points
e e-
Send commands to inverters to PCSPLC -
make output adjustments and achieve
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
POI requirements e--
Grid
e-
Point
ofInter
connection
(POI) ControlSignal e-
PCSPLC
Voltage
MW
MVAR
PCSPLC
ClosedLoop~100msCycles
ElectricityFlow
e-
e- 22
VoltageRegulation
Deviationdetection
POI
andsetpoint restorevoltage(in~3seconds)
poweroutput
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
23
Without a Plant Control System
acentralcontrolsystem,allinvertersareunnecessarilylimitedallthetime
300
300
250
250 PlantOutput
PlantOutput
Limit
Limit
Inverter
Inverter 200
200
Curtailed
Curtailed
150
150
Locally
Locally
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
100
100
50
50
00
13:00
13:00 13:15
13:15 13:30
13:30 13:45
13:45 14:00
14:00
24
Benefit of Plant Level Control System
acentralcontrolsystem,invertersareindividuallycontrolledwhenneededtomeettheplantlimit
300
250 PlantOutput
Limit
Inverter 200
Curtailed
150
Locally
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.
100
50
0
13:00 13:15 13:30 13:45 14:00
25
Frequency Droop Control
Abilitytoreduceactivepowerincase
gridisoverloaded(i.e.,high
frequency)
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Whengridneedsmoregeneration
(i.e.,lowfrequency)renewableplant
cannotincreaseactivepower
unlessplantisalreadycurtailed
thenitcanincreasepower
DecreaseActivePowerIn
CaseofHighFrequency
PlantControlsSupportFrequencyDroop 26
Power Plant Fault Ride-Through Capabilities
PVPlantsaredesignedtosupportboth
voltageandfrequencyridethrough
capabilityleveragingutilityscale
invertersandbestpractices
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
NERCsPRC024Time
DurationCurve
27
Reactive Compensation
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Reactive Compensation
.93PF Reactive .97PF
Losses
Interconnection
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
Requirements
+/.95PF
InverterswithWide + + = Characteristics
STATCOM
RangeReactive
PowerCompensation
CapacitorBanks 29
Reactive Compensation
12+12=24MVARCapBanksOnline
CapBanksOffline
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
30
Reactive Compensation
V_POI=1.00p.u.
OverallInverterReactiveCapabilityvs.POIRequirement
150.00 RequiredQperLGIA QatPOI QatPOIwithCapBank
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
100.00
50.00
Q(MVAR)
0.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00 31
P(%)
Dynamic Power Factor Regulation
PowerFactor
SetPoint
10
Changedfrom 1.000 Excellent
0.98to1.0 MeasuredPowerFactor
MeasuredPowerFactor ReactivePower
0
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
TotalReactivePower
TotalReactivePower 0.995
DynamicControl
10 Commanded
PowerFactor
MVARs
PowerFactor
20 0.990
30
0.985
40 TotalReactivePower
MeasuredPowerFactor
50 0.980
4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
TimeinSeconds
Inverters Reaches90%
ChangeVAr SteadyStateValue
Output in~3.2seconds 33
Ramp Rate Controls
PlantStop Stopping&StartingOneBlock(30MW)
Command
90 90
Invertersare
85 turnedoffin 85
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
sequence;
Rampratesare
CommandedMW
80 80
controlled
Power(MW)
75 75
Invertersare
70 70
startedin
sequence
65 65
60 60
55 55
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time(Minutes)
ExcellentControl
PlantStart overActivePower
Command
34
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Agua Caliente 290MW (AC)
California
Hoodoo Wash
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
Arizona Substation
Power (PU)
0.9
Power(PU)andReactivePower(PU)
Voltage(PU)andPowerFactor
105%
0.6
Voltage(PU) PowerFactor
0.3 100%
0.0
ReactivePower(PU)
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
95%
0.3
0.6 90%
4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00
TimeofDay 37
Agua Caliente Voltage Support Event on March 21, 2014
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
38
Agua Caliente Voltage Support Event on March 21, 2014
1.2 110%
500kVPaloVerde
Hassayampaline Power (PU)
takenoutofservice
0.9
Power(PU)andReactivePower(PU)
105%
0.6
Voltage(PU)
100%
Voltage(PU)
Night
0.3
Shutdown
Copyright2013,FirstSolar,Inc.
95%
0.0
ThePVplantisaskedto
ReactivePower(PU)
supportvoltagebyAPS
Operators.
0.3 90%
4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00
TimeofDay 39
QUESTIONS?
Copyright2014,FirstSolar,Inc.|FirstSolarConfidential&Proprietary
40