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Unit M4.5
Solutions For Various Beams
Readings:
CDL 7.6, 8.1-8.5
Section Properties
--> For solid, symmetric (in y and z) sections, this integral can be
done relatively easily.
See handout M-9 for some common section properties
--> Note that for rings (including thick rings), can use superposition
Example: Rectangular ring
Figure M4.5-1 Geometry of rectangular box/ring
x3
h1 h2 x2
b2
b1
Iring = I1 I2 moment of inertia removed
from overall rectangle
b1h13 b2 h23
Iring =
12 12
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 4
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
--> For a more general section with bending about one axis (Simple
Beam Theory), can relax condition of symmetry about y-axis.
Must have:
- reference axes at centroid
- symmetry in z
Figure M4.5-2 Geometry of general cross-section with symmetry in z
z'
y'
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 5
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
So relocate axes:
y = centroid
1. Find centroid
2. Divide cross-section into convenient sub-sections
3. Find I of each sub-section about centroid (Iyy)
4. Add up contributions of all sub-sections (integrating piecewise)
h
z b
zc
y
bh3
Io =
12
A = bh
bh 3
I yy = + bhzc2
12
- Find centroid
--> Make table
Section A zc A zc Azc2 Io
1
2
3
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 9
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
2
Itotal = I o + Azc
# of # of
sections sections
flange web
Q ( z2 ) = Q1 + Q2
since:
z top z top z1
z2
f ( z) dz =
z1
f (z ) dz +
z2
f ( z) dz
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 12
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
z=a
h2 y
t2 2
3
Q ( a) = Q1 + Q2 (a )
h 2 /2+ t1 h 2 /2
= zb1 dz + zt2 dz etc.
h2 /2 a
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 13
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
L
1. Draw Free Body Diagram
z
qo
HA
~
x
~ VA ~V
B
L
2. Get Reactions:
Normal procedure:
F H = 0 + HA = 0
F V = 0 + 0 VA + VB qo L = 0
L
M A = 0 + VB L q xdx
o o = 0
qo L qo L qo L qo L
VB = VB =gives.
VA = VA =
2 2 2 2
So: z
qo
x
~ qoL/2 ~ q L/2
o
L
S = q(x)dx S(x) = qo x + C
use Boundary Conditions:
qo L qo L
@ x = 0, S = C =
2 2
L
S( x ) = qo x
2
then:
L
M = S( x )dx M( x ) = qo x dx
2
x2 Lx
= qo + C1
2 2
use Boundary Conditions:
@ x = 0, M = 0 C1 = 0
qo x
M( x ) = ( L x)
2
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 17
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Sketch these:
S(x)
Shear Force qoL/2
Diagram L/2 L
x
- qoL/2
M(x)
Moment
Diagram qoL2/8
x
L/2 L
Note: Can check at any point by taking a cut
and using equilibrium
xx
- M/ I
- h/2
M ( x )z
xx =
I
if I does not vary with x, then it occurs at maximum value of
M(x).
dM ( x )
--> find via = 0
dx
determine x-location, then plug back in [also check
Boundary Conditions if no internal min/max]
xx(x) looks the same as M(x) (for constant cross-section)
h
y
b
h/ 2
Q = zbdz
z
h/ 2
bz bh2 bz 2 b h 2 2
= = = z
2 z 8 2 2 4
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 21
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
Q(z)
- h/2
So we have the same for xz:
Figure M4.5-12 Variation of shear stress in the thickness direction for
rectangular cross-section
z
h/2
xz
- h/2
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 22
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
xz
Keeps beam together,
otherwise slippage
xz (like deck of cards)
Paul A. Lagace 2008
Unit M4-5 p. 23
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
--> shear stresses are very important for sandwiches, thin webs, etc.
(bonded structure)
qo x
M( x ) = ( x L)
2
dw( x ) 1 qo x
= ( x L) dx
dx EI 2
qo x 3 Lx 2
= + C1
2 3 2
So:
1 q x3 Lx2
w( x ) = o
+ C1 dx
EI 2 3
2
qo x4 Lx 3
w( x ) = + C1 x + C2
2EI 12 6
Need two boundary Conditions
@ x = 0, w = 0 C2 = 0
@ x = L, w = 0
L4 L4 L3
latter 0 = + C1 L C1 =
12 6 12
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 25
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
qo
Thus: w( x ) =
24EI
[ x 4 2Lx 3 + L3 x ]
dw( x )
--> Find maximum by determining point where: = 0
dx
here:
dw( x )
= 0 4x 3 6Lx 2 + L3 = 0
dx L
find maximum at x = (plug back into equation)
2
Makes sense due to symmetry
This has been the case when the loading was continuous and thus all
variables were continuous functions of x. But what if we have
Discontinuous Loading
As we saw in Unit M4.3, the initial procedure (to get reactions and S and M)
is the same except we need to do for each different section of loading.
Can include point loads as well.
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 26
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
q = mg
L
Region 1 : 0 < x < (L f)
Region 2 : (L f) < x < L
From before get M1 (x), S1(x), M2(x), S2(x)
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 27
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
w1 ( L f ) = w2 ( L f )
dw1 dw2
(L f ) = (L f)
dx dx
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 28
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
General Cross-Sections
There are two ways that cross-sections can vary: in x and in z.
--> we have looked at the effect of variation in z on the section
properties. With regard to the overall solution:
- S, M, xx, and w are not affected except by the overall value
of I
- xz depends on Q and b: = SQ
xz
Ib
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 29
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
--> Consider the I-beam and the junction between the flange
and web (z = h2/2)
z
t1
b1
1
z=a
h2 y
t2 2
So shape of xz becomes:
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 30
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009
xz
- h2/2
- (t1 + h2/2) discontinuity here
--> use same equations, but keep I(x) and Q(x) inside any
integral
Note: can even have discontinuities in the
cross-section
1
for example: 2
FINAL NOTE: Can pile on all complications we have talked about and
still use Simple Beam Theory. Key is to check assumptions
and limitations and see if results are good enough.
(i.e. consistency)
Next: Consider a long, slender structural member under yet
another type of loading.
Paul A. Lagace 2008 Unit M4-5 p. 33
MIT - 16.003/16.004 Spring, 2009