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Contents
Foreword 2
Preliminary work 2
Reminders 3
Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra
Refresher before embarking upon this calculus revision course.
If you cannot sort out your difficulties, do not worry about this. Your
university will make provision to help you with your problems. This may
take the form of special revision lectures, self-study revision material or
a drop-in mathematics support centre.
Level
This material has been prepared for students who have completed an
A-level course in mathematics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Table of derivatives
f (x) f ′ (x)
xn nxn−1
1
ln kx
x
ekx kekx
ax ax ln a
sin kx k cos kx
cos kx −k sin kx
tan kx k sec2 kx
Table of integrals
Z
f (x) f (x) dx
xn+1
xn (n 6= −1) + c
n+1
1
x−1 = ln |x| + c
x
ekx
ekx (k 6= 0) + c
k
cos kx
sin kx (k 6= 0) − + c
k
sin kx
cos kx (k 6= 0) + c
k
tan kx
sec2 kx (k 6= 0) + c
k
t8 3e3x/5
! ! !
d d θ d
(a) 5t1/5 + (b) 2 cos − 3e−θ/4 (c)
dt 8 dθ 4 dx 5
d 2 3x 3 d 1 4/3 1 −4z/3
(d) tan − cos 8x (e) z − e
dx 9 2 4 dz 4 3
4. Simplify or expand each of the following expressions, and then differentiate with
respect to x.
x − x2 √ 2 3
(a) (b) x( x − x2 ) (c) 2x − +x
x3 x x2
1 − e−2x
(d) (e2x − 1)(3 − e3x ) (e)
e−4x
d d d d
(a) (sin2 θ) (b) (sin θ2 ) (c) (sin(sin θ)) (d) (tan(3 − 4x))
dθ dθ dθ dx
d d 1 d
(e) (cos5 5z) (f) (g) (sin(2 − t − 3t2 ))
dz dx cos3 x dt
3. Find the following derivatives. (The notation “exp x” is used rather than “ ex ”
where it is clearer.)
d d d d
(a) exp(−y 2 ) (b) (exp(cos 3x)) (c) (cos(e3x )) (d) (ln(sin 4x))
dy dx dx dx
d d d √ 3t
(e) (sin(ln 4x)) (f) (ln(ex − e−x )) (g) e − 3 cos 3t
dx dx dt
1
(a) x = y − y 3 (b) x = y 2 + (c) x = ey + e2y (d) x = ln(y − e−y )
y
dy
2. Find dx
in terms of x and/or y when x and y are related by the following
equations.
2. Find dx dy
in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric
equations.
2. Find the following derivatives, which require both the product and quotient rules.
ez
!
d x cos x d d sin 3θ cos 2θ
(a) (b) (c)
dx 1 − cos x dz z ln z dθ tan 4θ
d d d 1−x
(d) (exp(θ cos θ)) (e) (x ln x)3 (f) exp
dθ dx dx 1+x
!
d 1
(g) 2
√ 2
dy y y −1
4. Find the following derivatives, which require use of the chain rule more than once.
d √ d d 1
(a) ( 1 − cos3 x) (b) exp (x − x2 )1/4 (c) ln tan
dx dx dθ θ
1 1 cos x
6. Remembering that cosec x = , sec x = and cot x = , find the
sin x cos x sin x
following derivatives.
d d d √
(a) (cosec 2x) (b) (sec2 θ) (c) ( 1 + cot z)
dx dθ dz
d d d
(d) (cosec 2 θ cot3 θ) (e) (ln(sec x + tan x)) (f) (tan(sec θ))
dθ dx dθ
Z 1 Z −1
3. For the function f (x) = 4x2 − 7x verify that f (x)dx = − f (x)dx.
−1 1
Z
5. By writing ln x as 1 × ln x find ln x dx.
ln t
Z
6. Let I stand for the integral dt. Using integration by parts show that
t
I = (ln t)2 − I ( plus a constant of integration )
Hence deduce that I = 21 (ln t)2 + c.
Z
7. Let I stand for the integral et sin t dt. Using integration by parts twice show
that
I = et sin t − et cos t − I ( plus a constant of integration )
t
e (sin t − cos t)
Z
Hence deduce that et sin t dt = +c
2
3. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals using the given substitution.
Z π/4 Z 9
(a) cos(x − π)dx, z =x−π (b) (x − 8)5 (x + 1)2 dx, u=x−8
0 8
Z 3 √ √
(c) t t − 2 dt, by letting u = t − 2, and also by letting u = t−2
2
Z 2 Z π/4
2 3
(d) t(t + 5) dt, u=t +52
(e) tan x sec2 x dx, u = tan x
1 0
√ √
Z π2
sin x √ Z 2 e t √
(f) √ dx, u= x (g) √ dt, u= t
π 2 /4 x 1 t
5. The result of the previous exercise is a particular case of a more general rule
with which you should become familiar: when the integrand takes the form
derivative of denominator
denominator
the integral is the logarithm of the denominator. Use this rule to find the following
integrals, checking each example by making an appropriate substitution.
1 1 3 2
Z Z Z Z
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx (d) dx
x+1 x−3 3x + 4 2x + 1
6. Use the technique of Question 5 together with a linearity rule to find the following
x
Z
integrals. For example, to find 2
dx we note that the numerator can be made
x −7
equal to the derivative of the denominator as follows:
Z
x 1 Z 2x 1
2
dx = 2
dx = ln |x2 − 7| + c.
x −7 2 x −7 2
x sin 3θ 3e2x
Z Z Z
(a) dx (b) dθ (c) dx
x2 + 1 1 + cos 3θ 1 + e2x
2. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, find the following
definite integrals.
2 2 − 8x 2 5x + 7 0 7x − 11
Z Z Z
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx
1 x2 + 2x 0 (x + 1)(x + 2) −1 x2 − 3x + 2
4. By expressing the integrand as the sum of its partial fractions, find the following
definite integrals.
1 x+8 1 2x + 19 2 8x
Z Z Z
(a) 2
dx (b) 2
dx (c) − dx
0 x + 6x + 9 −1 x + 18x + 81 0 x2 + 2x + 1
Z
5x2 + x − 34
6. Find dx.
(x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 4)
x2 − 11x − 4
Z
7. Find dx.
(2x + 1)(x + 1)(3 − x)
2x3 + 1
9. Show that can be written in the form
(x + 1)(x + 2)2
1 15 9
2− + 2
−
x + 1 (x + 2) x+2
2x3 + 1
Z
Hence find dx.
(x + 1)(x + 2)2
Z
4x3 + 10x + 4
10. Find dx by expressing the integrand in partial fractions.
2x2 + x
Z
2. 2
Use the identity sin A = 1
2
(1 − cos 2A) to find sin2 x dx.
Z
1
3. Use the identity sin A cos A = sin 2A to find
2
sin t cos t dt.
Z
5. Find tan2 t dt.
(Hint: use one of the identities and note that the derivative of tan t is sec2 t).
Z
6. Find cos4 t dt. (Hint: square an identity for cos2 A).
1
Z
2. Find √ dt.
t+1
Z
3. Find t4 ln t dt.
Z √
4. Find (5 t − 3t3 + 2) dt.
6.
Z By taking logarithms to base e show that ax can be written as ex ln a . Hence find
ax dx where a is a constant.
Z
7. Find xe3x+1 dx.
2x
Z
8. Find dx.
(x + 2)(x − 2)
Z π/2
10. Find sin3 x dx.
0
Z √
11. Using the substitution x = sin θ find 1 − x2 dx.
Z
12. Find ex sin 2x dx.
x3 + 2x2 − 10x − 9
Z
14. Find dx.
(x − 3)(x + 3)
Z
15. Let In stand for the integral xn e2x dx. Using integration by parts show that
xn e2x n
In = − In−1 . This result is known as a reduction formula. Use it repeatedly
2 2 Z
to find I4 , that is x4 e2x dx.
1 1
Z
16. Find dt, by letting t = 2 sin θ.
0 (4 − t2 )3/2
2
2. (a) − sin θ (b) −4 sin 4θ (c) cos θ (d) 3
cos 2θ
3
(e) sec2 θ (f) π sec2 πθ (g) −8 cos(−8θ) = −8 cos 8θ
1 θ 5
(h) 4
sec2 4
(i) −3π sin 3πθ (j) 2
sin − 5θ
2
= − 25 sin 5θ
2
9e3x/5
2. (a) t−4/5 + t7 (b) − 21 sin 4θ + 43 e−θ/4 (c) 25
(d) 1
3
sec2 3x
2
+ 6 sin 8x
(e) 13 z 1/3 + 94 e−4z/3
√
√1 (b) 24x2 + 3
(c) 14 e4y (d) − 23 5e−2t
3
3. (a) 2y 8x4
3√
4. (a) − x23 + 1
x2
(b) 2
x − 3x2 (c) − x62 + 18
x4
+ 4x (d) 6e2x − 5e5x + 3e3x
(e) 4e4x − 2e2x
9 1 3 1 2
5. (a) 2x
(b) − 2x (c) t
−3 (d) 3t
− 3
4
1. (a) 6(4 + 3x) (b) −12x3 (1 − x4 )2 (c) (1−2x)3
−4/3
(d) √ x (e) − 31 1 + 1
x− 1
(f) 25 (4x − 3)(2x2 − 3x + 5)3/2
1+x2 x2 x
3
(g) 1 − √1 √ 1
√ (h) − (4x4x−2x
2 −x4 )3/2
x 2 x−2 x
ex −1
−2 sin 2x − sin x 1 1
2. (a) sec2 y
(b) −2x−1
2y−1
(c) 1−cos y
(d) 2e2y +2
(e) x
− 1 / ey − y
3(x−y)2
(f) 1+3(x−y)2
3 sin 2t
2. (a) 4t
(b) − sec 2 2t
1. (a) 3x2 tan 4x + 4x3 sec2 4x (b) 12 tan2 4t sec2 4t (c) 12 exp(3 tan 4x) sec2 4x
3 tan 4θ−12θ sec2 4θ 3y 4 +5y 2 −5y −4 −3y −6
(d) tan2 4θ
(e) (1 − ex ) exp(x − ex ) (f) (y+y −1 )2
x 2 x+1 x−1
(g) (2 ln 2)x + 2 x (h) x(ln x−x)2
(i) (−3 ln 5)5 −3x
1 −4
(j) t ln t
(k) 1−z 2
2
4. (a) cos2 x sin x
3√
2 1−cos3 x
(b) 41 (x−x2 )−3/4 (1−2x) exp (x − x2 )1/4 (c) − θsec (1/θ)
2 tan(1/θ)
1
5. (a) (1+x2 )3/2
(b) (2 + 4z 2 ) exp(z 2 ) (c) 6 sin θ cos2 θ − 3 sin3 θ
320x6 48x2
(d) (1−x4 )6
+ (1−x4 )5
2
6. (a) −2 cot 2x cosec 2x (b) 2 sec2 θ tan θ (c) − 2√cosec z
1+cot z
(d) −2cosec 2 θ cot4 θ − 3cosec4 θ cot2 θ (e) sec x (f) sec2 (sec θ) sec θ tan θ
x5 x8 2x3/2 3x4/3
1. (a) 5
+ c, (b) 8
+ c, (c) 3
+c (d) 4
+ c, (e) same as (c),
4x5/4 x1.2 x0.7
(f) 2x1/2 + c, (g) 5
+ c, (h) − 2x12 + c, (i) 1.2
+ c, (j) 0.7
+c
3x7/3
(k) same as (f) (l) −2x−1/2 + c (m) − x1 + c (n) 7
+c
1
2. (a) 5
sin 5x + c, (b) − 21 cos 2x + c (c) −2 cos 12 x + c (d) 2 sin x2 + c
(e) ln |x| + c (f) 21 e2x + c (g) − 12 e−2x + c (h) 3ex/3 + c
(i) 2e0.5x + c (j) −e−x + c (k) same as (g) (l) − 71 sin(−7x) + c = 71 sin 7x + c
11x0.7 7x2
(i) 11x + c (j) 0.7
+c (k) x2 − 2 ln |x| + c (l) 2
− 11x + c
3x2 x2
2. (a) 2
+ 41 sin 4x + c (b) 4x − 13 cos 3x + c (c) 4
− 2 cos x2 + c
e2x
(d) 4ex + 2 sin x2 + c (e) − e 2 + (f) − 3 cos2 2x − 2 cos3 3x
−2x
2
+c +c
1 2 3
(g) k
ln |x| + c (h) −x − 4 ln |x| + c (i) x + x2 + x3 + c
1 3
(j) 3
ln |x| − 7x +c (k) sin 21 x + c (l) x6 − 6x1/2 + c
x3 x2 2x7/2 4x5/2
3. (a) 2x3 + 3x2 + c (b) 3
− 2
− 2x + c (c) 7
+ 5
+c
x2 2x3/2 e3x e2x
(d) 2
− 3
− 6x + c (e) 3
− ex + c (f) 2
− ex + c
x2
(g) x + 4 ln |x| + c (h) 2
+x+c
7
√ √ √
1. (a) 5
(b) − 6305
2
(c) 2
3
8+ 3
4
3
16 − 17
12
(d) 51
4
(1 − 3 16) (e) 168
4 1 1 3/2
(f) 5
(g) 18 (h) 2
(i) 3
(e − 1) (j) 2(e−1 − e−2 )
π2 √1 1
(k) 16
− 2
+1 (l) e − e−1
3 33 2 14 3 71 14 71 33
Z Z Z
2. f (x) dx = , f (x) dx = , f (x) dx = . Then + = .
0 2 0 3 2 6 3 6 2
8 8
Z 1 Z −1
3. f (x) dx = , f (x)dx = − .
−1 3 1 3
5. x ln x − x + c.
Section 14. Integration by substitution
1
6. (a) 2
ln |x2 + 1| + c (b) − 31 ln |1 + cos 3θ| + c (c) 3
2
ln |1 + e2x | + c
2. (a) 9 ln 3 − 17 ln 2 (b) 2 ln 3 + 3 ln 2
(c) −3 ln 3 − ln 2
1 2
3. (a) ln |x − 1| − x−1 +c (b) 4 ln |x + 1| − x+1
+c
2
(c) 7 ln |x − 3| + x−3 + c
5 1
4. (a) − ln 3 + 2 ln 2 + 12
(b) 2 ln 5 − 4 ln 2 + 40
16
(c) 3
− 8 ln 3
1
5. ln |x + 2| + ln |x + 1| − x+1
+ c.
6. ln |x + 4| + 2 ln |x − 3| + 2 ln |x − 2| + c.
7. ln |x − 3| + 12 ln |2x + 1| − 2 ln |x + 1| + c.
1 2
8. 2
x − 3x − ln |x + 1| + 8 ln |x + 2| + c.
15
9. 2x − ln |x + 1| − x+2
− 9 ln |x + 2| + c.
10. x2 − x + 4 ln |x| + 23 ln |2x + 1| + c
1
4. (a) − 10 cos 10t − 41 cos 4t + c (b) 4
5
sin 5x + 4
13
sin 13x + c
1 1
(c) 12
sin 6t − 16
sin 8t + c
5. tan t − t + c.
3
6. 8
t + 41 sin 2t + 1
32
sin 4t + c.
7. − cos t + 23 cos3 t − 51 cos5 t + c.
The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr Joe Kyle and Jonathan De
Souza for their many helpful corrections and suggestions.
This edition has been published by mathcentre in March 2003. Users are invited to
send any suggestions for improvement to enquiries@mathcentre.ac.uk.
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