TEENAGE PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECT ON EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS

AND OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN MARAMAG, BUKIDNON

Chapter I
Introduction;

Over the past few decades, teenage pregnancy has become a public concern which
has generated a great deal of attention in the locality. Increasing awareness of the
social and economic consequences of teenage pregnancy has led to a consensus
opinion among policy makers and the public that teenage pregnancy and child
bearing is a significant social problem. It has been linked to an array of other social
issues, such as welfare dependency, child health and well-being, out of wedlock
births, fatherhood responsibility, child abuse and neglect, school drop-out and
workforce development. (Torivillas, The Philippine Star, 2013).

There was a strong agreement that teenage pregnancy rate is still on the increase
and and every increased there has an additional consequences of abortions and
fetus losses and yet reducing the number of births by this age group remains an
important goal, Scott (1981).

The frequency of teenage pregnancy among the youth is alarming and has become
more or less a fact of life in many nations of the world including Philippines. This
remains both culturally deleterious and personally destructive. Teenage pregnancy
has lots of effects on Educational Development of teenagers who are victims of this
phenomenon. The Philippine government and other religious institutions are
studying every angle to look for ways to reduce untimely pregnancy among
teenager. These are many factors which have been recognized by researchers and
authors as being responsible for teenage pregnancy. It has been noted and well
documented that todays teenagers face more sexual temptation than previous
generations. They seem to be more aware of sex and susceptible to the dangers of
illicit sex. Todays society is more bombarded with sexually oriented materials in the
environment. The teenager are more vulnerable to sexual temptations. Health and
Home, Philippines, Pregnant at 16, p.12-13 &22).

According to Eruesgbefe, (2005). Todays teenagers have become more sexually

active and promiscuous compared to their age mates of some thirty, forty or fifty
years ago in the Nigerian situation. He also asserted that, The gradual departures
from the traditions, customs and religious doctrine of the different ethnic groups on
the premise of civilization have been largely responsible for this. Community and
families must work hand in hand to shield their teenagers against these
phenomena. Increases in both health and social problems are products of
uncontrollable multiple sex partners among teenagers. Mainly because the youth
cannot control their emotional feelings, they rush into untimely sex, in the belief
that the act will be undetected. According to Albano (2001). In the Philippines,
usually in a family, this category are not taught family life education by their
parents and schools because of the sensitivity of the issue, this is contrary to the
wide assumption that family life education is on. In practice, however, not much of
sex education is taught in every Filipino family. Existing government family planning
programs have been directed principally to married couples.

Maramag is still a growing community, cases of teenage pregnancy usually become

a big issue to the neighbors and to the whole community. The family of the victim is
in trauma discovering that their teenager was some months on her way already.
Almost everybody is blaming the pregnant teenager of the consequences of her
misdeeds. They focused their judgment to the victim but they did not bother to ask
why and what were behind of indulging sex at teens and got pregnant not at the
right time. The Philippine government through some of its agencies like Department
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and Department of Education (DepEd),
introduced some strategies to minimize the increasing cases of pregnancy as
observed after a decade in the Philippines. Sex education is being incorporated to
the subject matters in school. RH bill could be a big help to let the teenagers know
how to act about sex. Filipino families and communities is properly informed about
their responsibilities to their youngsters with regards to sex. While teenagers
wherever they are must be reached to educate and be well informed how to counter
early pregnancy. Religious sectors are also showing concerns about the teenagers
by intensifying the activities at the church and detour their interest while they are
still young and not yet prepare to face the consequences brought about early sex.
The churches now are also dont want to left behind on nurturing the youths by
instilling to their minds that early sex out of wed luck has consequences and the
consequences hurt more than waiting. (Health and Home pp.13,2003). The
researcher of this paper hope that after the study, she can impart some important
strategies and information she gained to the community, to the teachers, school
administrators, parents and to the teenagers on how to minimize teenage
pregnancy to students and out-of-school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon.

Statement of the Problem

This study is aimed to look into the effects of teenage pregnancy to the educational
development of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon.
Particularly it aims to answer the following problems.
1. What is the demographic profile in terms of age, age when pregnant, educational
attainment, status, type of school attended and economic background of the
respondents.

2. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy among the students and out-of-school
youth in Maramag, Bukidnon.

Significance of the Study

The study will conducted to find out the extent of how extreme is the effect of the
major causes of teenage pregnancy to the educational development of students and
out-of-school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon. The result of this study is beneficial to
students and out-of-school youth, to the parents, teachers, to the community,
school administrators, researchers and other interested individuals because this can
serve as empirical data where suggestion of minimizing teenage pregnancy in the
community can be taken.

The study will also benefit students who still are at school because it will give them
information about the cause and possible effects of teenage pregnancy to their
studies once they got pregnant. In one way or in another this paper will guide them
to focus first their attention to their studies rather than giving priority to their
romantic affairs with boyfriends.

Conceptual Framework

Due to the increasing cases of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines and found out
on this last decade that Philippines has the highest case all through the Asian
region. Filipino communities, families and teenagers must be smart enough to
counter the phenomenon. The schematic diagram in Fig 1 shows the variables
reflected to the 1st box. These are independent variables which point out the major
causes of teenage pregnancy and that are family, community, peers and church
involvement. In the 2nd box is the consequence of teenage pregnancy and that is
effect of educational development. This is the dependent variable. An independent
variables or combination of these can be the cause of teenage pregnancy
considering that Filipino families usually offer sex education to their teenagers
truncated halfway which usually misunderstood, or never touched about sex,
instead leave their teenagers to learn out of their initiatives which usually mislead
and might make them submit to early sex. Community has a big role on teenage
pregnancy. Teenagers who are exposed to the society where sex is tolerated and
lots of teenagers are pregnant might convinced them to do the same. Peers and
friends of teenagers might be one cause, which happen to go with peers that having
a positive attitude towards early and or premarital sex but no knowledge yet about
dealing sex which result to teenage pregnancy. The dependent variables of the
respondents indicate the effect of causes of teenage pregnancy to the educational
development of students and out of school youth. These are teenagers who got
pregnant but determine to pursue their studies in spite of the hassle brought about
being in the school and having a child to rear and earn a degree after all while
others cant. These are also teenagers especially out of school youth who never
have the chance to go back school after pregnancy.

Scope and Delimitation

The study is delimited to students who have been pregnant at their teens (12-19)
years old and living in, Maramag, Bukidnon.The subjects were drawn to the students
who have been pregnant and or have been a student on their teenager days and
living in Maramag, Bukidnon. The study focused on the extent of major causes of
teenage pregnancy which are family, peers, community, and church involvement,
with the educational development of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag,
Bukidnon. The perception of the teenager to the effects of major causes of teenage
pregnancy were limited to educational development only. This was the dependent
variables of the study. The dependent variables of the respondents indicate the
effects of educational development among students in school and out-of-school
youth. These are teenagers who got pregnant and pursued their studies in spite of
the hassle of having in the school and having a child to rear. There are also
teenagers who got pregnant tried to go to school and earned a vocation plus
degree. While others did not. There are also teenagers especially out-of-school
youth who never have the chance to go to school after pregnancy.

Definition of Keywords

The following terms are defined for smooth progress of understanding and clarity of
the major concepts used in the study. Cause of teenage pregnancy- is the producer
of an effect, result or consequence.

Economic Status means family income, parental educational level, parental

occupation, and social status community.

Educational Development is the possible trend, progress on their school

performance of students or out-of-school youth/teenagers who have been pregnant.

Effect of teenage pregnancy means a result brought about by premarital sex at the
age of 13 to 19 years old in relation to her educational development. Out-of-school
youth are youth aged 13 19 who are not in school and who are unemployed,
underemployed, or lacking basic skills.

Peers of teenagers means were teenagers having an age of 13 to 19 who is equal

to another in abilities, qualification, age, background, and social status.
Sex Education means learning the external conditions such as psychological,
sociological, economic and social factors that affect the personality, behavior and
development of a boy to manhood and fatherhood and a girl to motherhood as well
as with human reproduction.

Teenage Pregnancy -means conception by a girl between the ages of twelve (12)
and nineteen (19) year old which was not planned for.

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, the respondents,
sampling procedure, data gathering tools, the scoring procedure and the treatment
data in the foregoing study.

Research Design

Basically, this study employed a descriptive- qualitative research design. Certain

questions were designed to draw out responses on specific information regarding
the future plans of the respondents despite the conditions that they are in.

Research Locale

This study was be conducted at Maramag, Bukidnon. This municipality was be

purposively chosen because of its accessibility to the researcher in gathering data
for the reason that this municipality is developing and the researcher is concerned
of the teenagers who get pregnant in the locality and are often the topics of the
bystanders and acquaintances of the respondent who are affected with the sudden
twist of their life situation.

Statistical Treatment

In the analysis of the data of the study, the researcher employed the following
statistical tools.
Frequency and Percentage. This was used to determine the demographic profile of
the respondents in terms of age when pregnant, status, type of school attended and
their economic background.
Average Weighted Mean. This was used to find out the extent of Teenage
pregnancy among the students and out of school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon.
The t-test was likewise used to test the significant difference of the extent on the
educational development of teenage pregnancy when grouped according to age,
educational attainment, status, type of school attended and economic background
of the respondents.
Step- Wise Regression Analysis. Was employed to analyze which among the major
causes of teenage pregnancy greatly affect the respondents educational
development.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of this study would be selected teenage students and out of school
youth who got pregnant from the year 2009-2013 in Maramag, Bukidnon. They were
chosen to provide vital information about the effects of teenage pregnancy to their
educational development. These respondents were selected to generate
information of the effects of teenage pregnancy and to the family, community,
peers and the church denomination where they are affiliated.

The respondents of the study are those whose ages range from 12 to 19 years old
who got pregnant while still in school. Data about the respondents can be obtained
from health centers, hospital, inquiries from friends and neighbors, co teachers and
Municipal Social Welfare Development or (MSWD) office.
The local government has programs for the moral and economic development of the
youth but still lacks implementation thus creating problems among teenagers.

Sampling Procedure

The method that was used in choosing the respondents was purposive sampling
picking all the cases that meet the criterion. The researcher will chose purposive
sampling, considering that the population of respondents is small and there are lots
to consider on securing the respondents participation. Furthermore, the victims
might be ashamed to disclose their experiences, some dont want to refresh their
sad past chapter of their lives, others have transferred to other place and there are
still others that were not be reached for comments.

All teenage students and out of school youth who got pregnant from the year 2009-
2013 were involved and prioritized. The researcher hoped to gather not less than
60 respondents all throughout the Municipality of Maramag, Bukidnon.

CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretation of data gathered .
Presentation of data follows the sequence in the statement of problem found in the
study.

Problem 1. What is the demographic profile in terms of age, age when pregnant,
educational, educational attainment, status, type of school attended and economic
background of the respondents.

Table 1. General Profile of the Respondents

Barangay No. of Respondents Percent

Anahawon 9 15
Base Camp 12 20
Dagumbaan 10 17
North 13 22
South 16 27
Total 60 100
The table shows that majority of the respondents were came from Barangay South
Poblacion (16 out of 60 or 27%). This may be because Barangay South Poblacion is
the most thickly populated compared to some other barangays. Aside from that,
Barangay South Poblacion is a fast growing place when it comes to economic or it is
highly urbanized all throughout the barangays of Maramag. Due to this reasons
teenagers both females and males especially out of school youth rushing in for
earning a living as sales clerk, house helpers, baby care takers, gasoline boys,
weight clifters kargadors and some others. During their tour of duties they met
and become lovers while their employers usually were busy on their business or job,
leaving them alone at home were the usual trend between employees and
employers, which made their boyfriends having the chance to indulge early sex out
of the absence of their employers.

Considering that Barangay South Poblacion is highly urbanized, parents earning a

living usually busy and cannot monitor anymore the where about of their
daughters doing things like viewing for adults only on TV shows and going with
peers anywhere else.

Barangay Anahawon has the least respondents, knowing that this barangay has the
smallest population and a little bet far from atmosphere that is commonly found in
urban areas. Parents here were still conservatives when it comes to teenagers
whereabouts.

Table 2. Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Age Frequency Percent

16 years old and below 17 28.3
17 18 years old 23 38.3
19 20 years old 14 23.3
21 years old and above 6 10.0
Total 60 100.0
The general profile of the respondents includes their age, educational attainment,
educational status, type of school attended, and monthly income. Table 2 shows
that a large majority of the respondents are between ages 17 to 18 years old. This
comprises 38.3 percent of the total respondents. This is followed by 16 years old
and below which is 28.3 percent. By contrast, only 6 or 10 percent are 21years old
and above. The result is quite alarming since the findings showed that many of the
respondents are still in their prime age and for those respondents who became
pregnant while still in school, this would mean that they are just beginning to enjoy
and experience their teenage life. Based on the National Campaign to Prevent Teen
Pregnancy (2002),teenage pregnancy brings about life changing outcomes and
commitments. Thus their studies and ambitions will most likely be hampered as
they will concentrate their attention to their new situation in life-taking care of the
babies.

Table 3. Distribution of the Respondents According to Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percent

Elementary level 7 11.7
Elementary Graduate 11 18.3
High School Level 23 38.3
High School Graduate 8 13.3
College Level 11 18.3
Total 60 100.0
Data according to educational attainment of the respondents presented in Table
3,provide some interesting figures. Majority of the respondents are in the high
school level which is 38.3 percent, and only 8 or 13.3 percent are high school
graduate. While most of teenagers who get pregnant are in the high school level, a
few or 18.3 percent of the respondents make it to college. To paraphrase Albano
(2010), the situation is grim for pregnant teenage girls who are in school and their
babies. Forced with few options with nowhere to turn to, many girls find various
ways to get rid of the fetus. Many lost interest at school, absenteeism from school
resulting to low academic performance and finally prefers to stay home.

The lowest educational attainment of the respondents is elementary level

representing 11.7 percent of the population. In the rural setting, this is a common
scenario experienced by women among low income farming communities. Women
are usually left at home to take care of the household chores while men go to the
farm. After graduation from the elementary school, parents would prefer their
daughters to stay at home. While at home male friends can have chances to court
them thus resulting to teenage pregnancy due to less parents intervention
influence from barkadas, and too much exposure to films and pornographic
materials.

Table 4. Distribution of the Respondents According to their Educational Status

StatusFrequency Percent
Out-of-School Youth 46 76.7
Still Studying 14 23.3
Total 60 100.0
The distribution of respondents according to educational Status is presented in table
4. Out-of-School Youth represents the majority which is 46 or 76.7 percent of the
total respondents. Only 23.3 percent are still studying. Since the community where
the respondents are situated, is predominantly poor, these teenagers were not
given access to high school and college education. With parents busy in their
livelihood, children especially young girls are left at home. In the absence of family
intervention, teenage girls usually are left with barkadas and vices resulting to
indulging in sexual activities. Only 14 or 23.3 percent of the respondents are still
studying. This simply means that they are still supported by their parents to go
through college education. Based on the result of the researchers personal
interview with the respondents, though parents are mad and angry at first upon
knowing their untimely pregnancy, still they are willing to support their college
education and also the child who will be left to their care while the respondents are
pursuing their studies.

Table 5. Distribution of the Respondents According to Type of School Attended

Type of School Attended Frequency Percent

Public 47 78.3
Private 13 21.7
Total 60 100.0
The data in table 5 show the distribution of the respondents according to type of
school attended. A big majority of the respondents are products of public national
high school. This represents 78.3 percent of the entire population. This would imply
that in a predominantly farming communities, parents would prefer to enroll their
children in public schools for obvious reasons that they do not pay tuition and
school-related expenses is quite low. This is notable considering that it is believed
that students in public schools, because of their big number, are loose in terms of
discipline no matter how hard the teachers try to impose discipline. Only 13 or 21.7
percent attend private.

Those enrolled in private schools are not also exempted in this predicament of
untimely pregnancy. Though closely monitored by teachers and guidance
counselors, cases of teenage pregnancies usually happen to students living in
boarding houses.

Table 6. Distribution of the Respondents According to Monthly Income

Monthly Income Frequency Percent

Less than Php 5,000 26 43.3
Php 5,001 Php 8,000 24 40.0
Php 8,001-Php15000 10 16.7
Total 60 100.0
The distribution of respondents according to monthly income of their parents are
shown in Table 6. The data show only slight difference in number of respondents
whose parents have monthly income between Php 5,000 to Php 8,000 or less which
is 40 to 43.3 percent respectively. This indicates that the monthly income of families
has a great impact on the childrens success or failure in school. The respondents of
the study who belong to low income families are those prone to get pregnant at
early age. The findings is consistent with the study of Cessane in 2010 that
adolescents who live in communities with more social disorganization and fewer
economic resources are more likely to engage in sex at an early age and become
pregnant. Black 2003 added in his study that teenage child bearing is thought to be
associated with a wide spectrum of psychological, social, moral and educational
problems some of these are caused by population boom thus more mouths to feed
among poor families Only 10 respondents or 16.7 percent are daughters of parents
where income ranged from Php 8,000 to Php 15,000 per month. Considering the
cost of living today and the cost of education, this income seems to be only in the
subsistence level.

Problem 2. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy among the students and

out-of-school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon.

Table 7. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy

in Terms of Family Factor

FAMILY FACTOR MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

1. Parents are not open about the use of contraceptives at home. 4.13 Agree
2. The levels of educational attainment of parents in low and the income is not
enough to support the family. 4.13 Agree
5. Parents dont talk about consequences of plan or unplanned indulgence of sex.
3.78 Agree
3. Parents have permissive attitudes towards sex or premarital sex. 3.32
Moderately Agree
4. Single kin relatives or members from the family likely to have unprotected sex
and become pregnant. 3.12 Moderately Agree
6. Computer and other electronic gadget are openly used at home. Making x-rated
film available to young people. 3.07 Moderately Agree
8. Kin relatives or members of the family have different romantic partners that
younger relatives emulate. 2.93 Moderately Agree
7. Members of the family learned about sex from pornographic, playboy, television
and internet.2.88 Moderately Agree
OVER ALL MEAN 3.42 Agree
1.00 1.80 Strongly Disagree 2.61 3.40 Moderately Agree 4.21
5.00 Strongly Agree

1.81 2.60 Disagree 3.41 4.20 Agree

Shown in Table 7 is the perception of the respondents on the causes of Teenage

Pregnancy in terms of Family Factors. The indicators with equal mean of 4.13 with a
description of Agree are Parents with income not enough to support the family.
Equally agreeable to the respondents is the indicator Parents dont talk about the
consequences of planned or unplanned indulgence of sex with a mean of 3.78. Their
agreement of the first three indicators shows that predominant among Filipino
families is not open to discuss among children issues about sex, contraceptives and
the consequences of premarital sex. In the press release on reproductive Health
2012, points at families as the first access on Sex Education of children but inspite
of massive campaign of the Philippines, government, Filipino families remain
hesitant to open up sex education to their children.Indeed schools find it hard to
teach sex education in the classrooms because of our deeply rooted beliefs and
values that sex is sacred and should only be discussed among adults. The result is
that young people learn about sex from x-rated films, pornographic materials and
from friends and peers.All the rest of the indicators were described as moderately
agree notable of which are Friends and peers usually read pornographic materials
when they are together and Indulging in relationship with opposite sex is
encouraged by peers. These contentions are supported by the study of
Wertheimer, (2000) and Kirby (2001) whose perceptions of normative sexual
attitude and behavior is closely associated to the teens own attitude and behavior.
Further, they said that when teens believe correctly or not that their peers are
having sex. When teenagers support the use of contraceptive, they are more likely
to use contraceptive.

Table 8. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of TeenagePregnancy in

Terms of Friends and Peers Factor

FRIENDS AND PEERS FACTOR MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

1. Parents work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone most often.
3.7 Agree
2. Teenage couple usually indulge in sexual activities out of curiosity. 3.55 Agree
3. Friends are likely to talk about freedom in indulging premarital sex. 3.35
Moderately Agree
4. Friends and peers are likely to joke about still being a virgin. 3.34 Moderately
Agree
5. There is common place where friends and peers hang-out together. 3.33
Moderately Agree
6. Peers and friends are often permitted by parents to go out late at night. 3.14
Moderately Agree
7. Drugs and intoxicating drinks are usually introduced during group gathering.
2.97 Moderately Agree
8. Watching x-rated movies is a usual form of recreation among barkadas. 2.95
Moderately Agree
9. Friends and peers usually read pornographic materials when they are together.
2.91 Moderately Agree
10. Indulging in relationship with the opposite sex is encouraged by peers. 2.81
Moderately Agree
OVER ALL MEAN 3.21 Moderately Agree
1.00 1.80 Strongly Disagree 2.61 3.40 Moderately Agree 4.21
5.00 Strongly Agree

1.81 2.60 Disagree 3.41 4.20 Agree

The perception of the respondents on the causes of teenage pregnancy in terms of

friends and peers factor is presented in table 8. Respondents agreed on two major
factors namely: Parents work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone
most often and Teenage couple usually indulge in sexual activities out of curiosity,
each received mean of 3.7 and 3.55 respectively. This finding could be generally
accepted due to the fact that majority of parents in the Poblacion of Maramag and
nearby barangays are farmers. Only few engaged in business, therefore, both
parents have to work the whole day outside the home. Their teenage daughter are
most often left at home. Most often, when young people are with their peers and
barkadas, their favorite topic is about their relationship with the opposite sex. Other
vices may also contribute to teenagers indulging in sexual activities like
intoxicating drinks and drugs. Lowest among the indicators are Watching x-rated
movies among barkadas is the usual form of recreation with a mean of 2.95;
Friends and peers usually read pornographic materials when they are together
with a mean of 2.91; and Indulging in relationship with the opposite sex is
encouraged by peers with a mean of 2.81 which the respondents described as
moderately agree, but still in some instances are contributors to teenage
pregnancy. This is affirmed in the study of Kaiser, Family Foundation (2011) that
teens are most likely to learn about sex from TV shows, movies and magazines. A
2002 national survey also indicated that 15 to 17 years old adolescents believed
that sexual content on TV and in music videos influenced the behavior of teenagers
a lot. In addition, one-third of teens are reported to having conversation focused on
sex due to scenes they saw on TV. Villanueva (2000) also studied in his research
that it is difficult to document the effect of the media on behavior, he further added
that it seems likely that, the content of television, movies and magazines in some
ways shape the sexual beliefs, attitudes and behavior of adolescents.
Table 9. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in
Terms of Community Factor

COMMUNITY MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

1. There are out-of-school teenagers in the community that are earning for a living.
4.18 Agree
2. Pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned by people in the community. 4.16
Agree
3. Majority of families in the community have very low income and not enough to
support the needs of the family. 4.15 Agree
4. Mothers are usually out from home to help earn a living. 4.12 Agree
5. There are cases of teenage pregnancy in the community. 4.08 Agree
6. Elders would gossip about pregnant unwed teenagers. 3.86 Agree
7. Community elders who gambles and drink are the usual people seen by
teenagers everyday. 3.69 Agree
8. Children are usually on their own at home because of absentee parents. 3.68
Agree
9. Religiosity is not manifested among families in the community. 3.59 Agree
10. The community provides counseling to teenagers about healthy boy-girl
relationship. 3.51 Agree

OVER ALL MEAN

3.90 Agree
1.00 1.80 Strongly Disagree 2.61 3.40 Moderately Agree 4.21
5.00 Strongly Agree

1.81 2.60 Disagree 3.41 4.20 Agree

Table 9 shows the perception of the respondents on the causes of Teenage

pregnancy in terms of community factors. All the indicators elicited agreement
among the respondents though they vary in the degree of importance. Highest
mean among the indicators is There are out-of-school teen-agers in the community
that are earning for a living with a mean of 4.18. Based on the result of the
personal interview conducted by the researcher, the teenage unwed mother has to
stop schooling and find ways and means to earn a living for herself and for the
baby. A very notable is indicator number two. Pregnant unwed teenagers are often
frowned in the community with a mean of 4.15. Oftentimes, teenagers who get
pregnant are disgruntled of the situation where they are in. They are not only
frowned by people in the community, but also by the members of their own family
especially the parents. The other two indicators have also a notable bearing on the
study; one is Community elders who gambles and drink are the usual people seen
by teenagers everyday with a mean of 3.69; and Children are usually on their own
at home because of absentee parents with a mean of 3.68. The research
conducted by Villanueva, (2000) and pursued by Kirby in (2001) saw that the
participation of female in the labor force and the availability of family planning
services in the community also shape the likelihood of first intercourse and
subsequent sexual behavior among teenagers. They added that the presence of
alcohol and drugs in the community might convince the teen-agers to do
atry.Indeed, the researcher is convinced based on the finding of the study and her
personal interview with the respondents, that the community is a big factor in the
teenage early pregnancy based on factors cited above.

Table 10. Perception of the Respondents on the Causes of Teenage

Pregnancy in Terms of Church Involvement

CHURCH INVOLVEMENT MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

1. Participating in church activities strengthen the values of the teenagers. 4.25
Strongly Agree
2. The church promote the teaching of moral standards especially among the
young. 4.15 Agree
3. Less participation in church activities among teenagers 3.97 Agree
4. Going to church irregularly. 3.85 Agree
5. The church promotes the use of natural family planning method. 3.83 Agree
6. Church elders lack support and advice to unwed pregnant teenagers. 3.83
Agree
7. Unwed pregnant women usually prohibit themselves from attending church
activities. 3.8 Agree
8. Going to Church without commitments. 3.75 Agree
9. Teenagers who get pregnant belong to families who are nominal church goers.
3.7 Agree
10. Going to church is just to be with friends and peers. 3.56 Agree
OVER ALL MEAN 3.87 Agree
1.00 1.80 Strongly Disagree 2.61 3.40 Moderately Agree 4.21
5.00 Strongly Agree

1.81 2.60 Disagree 3.41 4.20 Agree

Presented in Table 10 are the perceptions of the respondents on the causes of

Teenage Pregnancy in terms of church Involvement. The indicator that receive the
highest mean is Participating in church activities strengthen the value of the teen-
agers. This has the mean of 4.25 and described as Strongly Agree. Although it is
true that the church, next to the family has great influence on the formation of
moral values, teenagers now a days find it a taboo to join religious activities and
become actively involved in the church. Cesanne (2010) in his study found out that
teenagers, with low level of

Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms

of Family Factor 3.42 Agree
Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms
of Friends and Peers Factor 3.21 Moderately Agree
. Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in
Terms of Community Factor 3.90 Agree
Perception of the Respondents on the Major Causes of Teenage Pregnancy in Terms
of Church Involvement 3.87 Agree
Educational Development After Pregnancy 4.03 Agree
religiouscommitment might pull the teenager to be pregnant for they will
prioritized their relationship with the opposite sex rather than abiding to the moral
teaching of the church. On the other hand, the same study shows that teenagers
who are busy in the church usually listen to the advises and warning of parents. The
respondents agree to the rest of the indicators, thus, making them aware that if
they only abide to the teachings of the church, they might have not experienced
unexpected pregnancy. For example in the indicator that says going to church
irregularly which has a mean of 3.85, the respondents agree that they do not go to
church regularly .

Summary Table of Problem 2

Table shows that perception of the respondents on the major causes of Teenage
Pregnancy in terms of family factor, church involvement and community factor has
a mean of not less than 3.41 but not also more than 4.20 which the respondents
agree that family, church involvement and community are among of the causes of
teenage except for the friends and peers which they only moderately agree of
having a mean of 3.21. This was explained because as we observed in both rural
and urban areas, Filipino children are usually attached to their family and next to
family, is the community where they live in and the possible activities where they
were exposed such as church involvement. In here, they agreed that due to their
practice and development in their respective family, communities and how they
being involved in church has great role why they become pregnant at teens.

Due to Pregnancy at teens, majority of them has lost the opportunity to continue
their studies as they agree which having a mean of 4.03.

Problem 3. Is there a significant difference on the Educational Development of

Teenage pregnancy when grouped according to age, educational attainment, status,
type of school attended and economic background of the respondents.

Table 11. Educational Development of the Respondents After Pregnancy

EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AFTER PREGNANCY MEAN DESCRIPTIVE

1. I am hurt when I hear people talk about me. 4.43 Strongly Agree
2. I find it difficult to attend school due to my pregnancy. 4.41 Strongly Agree
3. I experience very low self-esteem due to my pregnancy. 4.30 Strongly
Agree
4. I find it difficult to study because my attention is focused on the baby. 4.27
Strongly Agree
5. My priority is to look for a part-time job to support my baby. 4.23 Strongly
Agree
6. I lost my desire to continue my studies. 4.17 Agree
7. My siblings education is affected of what had happened to me. 4.03 Agree
8. Rearing up a child is very demanding. 3.97 Agree
9. It is hard for me to face the community because of my situation. 3.93 Agree
10. I have great desire to finish a degree for the sake of my child. 3.90 Agree
11. My parent lack support and hinders my desire to continue schooling. 3.87
Agree
12. There is very limited time for me to concentrate on my school work. 3.83
Agree
13. My peers and friends lessen their communication with me. 3.69 Agree
14. My plans for college education is still very strong in my heart. 3.67 Agree
15. My parents are hesitant to support my plans to go back to school. 3.66 Agree
OVER ALL MEAN 4.03 Agree
1.80 Strongly Disagree 2.61 3.40 Moderately Agree 4.21 5.00
Strongly Agree

1.81 2.60 Disagree 3.41 4.20 Agree

Table11 presents the educational development of the Respondents after pregnancy.

The indicator that receive the highest mean is I am hurt when I hear people talk
about me. This has the mean of 4.43 and described as Strongly Agree. Followed
with I find it difficult to attend school due to my pregnancy with a mean of 4.41
which the respondents has Strongly Agree. Thus, according to the latest available
statistics, (Kost, Henshaw, & Carlin, 2010). When school aged students become
mother, the new responsibilities can be overwhelming. For teenage mother who lack
support from their own parents, this experience can be even more daunting as they
seek support in adult-oriented systems which even older parents may find
challenging.

The respondents agree that going back to school is already difficult after pregnancy
as the indicator My parents are hesitant to support my plans to go back to school
having mean of 3.66. The overall mean indicates that respondents are having
difficulties on pursuing their education considering that majority of them are came
from low income family and less than Php 5,000 a month as stated in table 6.

Table shows that perception of the respondents on the causes of Teenage Pregnancy
in terms of family factor, church involvement and community factor has a mean of
not less than 3.41 but not also more than 4.20 which the respondents agree that
family, church involvement and community are among of the major causes of
teenage except for the friends and peers which they only moderately agree of
having a mean of 3.21. This was explained because as we observed in both rural
and urban areas, Filipino children are usually attached to their family and next to
family, is the community where they live in and the possible activities where they
were exposed such as church involvement. In here, they agreed that due to their
practice and development in their respective family, communities and how they
being involved in church has great role why they become pregnant at teens.

Due to Pregnancy at teens, majority of them has lost the opportunity to continue
their studies as they agree which having a mean of 4.03.

Table 12. Analysis of Variance on the Educational Development of the

Respondents After Pregnancy when Classified According to Age

Age Mean Std. Deviation Maximum

16 years old and below 3.94 0.23 4.27
17 18 years old 4.23 0.39 4.73
19 20 years old 3.93 0.45 4.80
21 years old and above 3.60 0.38 4.07
Total 4.02 0.44 4.80
Source of Variation

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation

Between Groups 1.599 3 0.533 3.547 0.029 Significant
Within Groups 3.757 25 0.150
Total 5.356 28
When a girl falls pregnant, her life turns upside down. Through shame and stigma,
bullying and harassment, she will be forced to withdraw from school. The girl will
face the same challenges after giving birth to her child and wonders how she will
take care for her child. If she does make it back to school, she finds it difficult due to
the time and learning she has missed. Consequently, she probably withdraws from
school and will fail to reach her academic potential. One of the aims of this study is
to look for the educational development of the teenagers who undergone pregnancy
across the different age brackets. As shown in the Table, teenagers aged 16 years
old and below, 19-20 years old, and 21 years old and above agree that there
pregnancy brought negative effect in their educational development such as low of
self-esteem, ashamed in facing the community after what had happened, lost the
desire to continue their studies, parents lack of support, etc. However, the
teenagers aged 17-18 years old seemed to have greater effect as revealed by the
highest mean response of 4.23. This result coincides with the result of the analysis
of variance that the responses of the teenagers who got pregnant are significantly
different across the different age brackets since the computed F-value (3.547) is
large and the p-value (0.029) is less than the level of significance.

Table 13. Tukeys Multiple Comparison Test on the Educational Development of

the Respondents After Pregnancy when Classified According to Age

(I) Age (J) Age Mean Difference

(I-J)

Std. Error p-value

16 years old and below 17 18 years old -0.30 0.22 0.54
19 20 years old 0.01 0.25 1.00
21 years old and above 0.34 0.26 0.58
17 18 years old 16 years old and below 0.30 0.22 0.54
19 20 years old 0.31 0.19 0.38
21 years old and above 0.63* 0.20 0.02
19 20 years old 16 years old and below -0.01 0.25 1.00
17 18 years old -0.31 0.19 0.38
21 years old and above 0.33 0.23 0.52
21 years old and above 16 years old and below -0.34 0.26 0.58
17 18 years old -0.63* 0.20 0.02
19 20 years old -0.33 0.23 0.52
As to the multiple comparison test on the differences of the educational
development of the respondents, Turkeys Test points out which of the age brackets
are significantly different from each other. As shown, teenagers aged 16 years old
and below have the same educational development with the rest of aged brackets
since the computed mean difference on their responses are very small to reject the
null hypothesis and the computed p-values are greater than the level of
significance. Similarly, teenagers aged 19 20 years old obtained the same result.
However, teenagers aged 17-18 years old and 21 years old andabove revealed to
have significant difference to each other as indicated by a mean difference of 0.63
and a p-value of 0.02.

Table 14. Analysis of Variance on the Educational Development of Respondents

After Pregnancy when Classified According to their Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment Mean Std. Deviation Maximum

Elementary level 4.27 0.38 4.73
Elementary Graduate 3.40 0.38 3.67
High School Level 4.01 0.41 4.80
High School Graduate 3.95 0.49 4.53
College Level 4.04 0.42 4.50
Total 4.02 0.44 4.80
Source of Variation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Interpretation
Between Groups 1.18 4 0.29 1.69 0.19 Not Significant
Within Groups 4.18 24 0.17
Total 5.36 28
Becoming a parent, at any age, can be a life-altering experience. Regardless of
race, education, and socio-economic status, motherhoodand fatherhood
uniformly places demands on ones life that was non-existent prior to the birth of a
child. When school-aged students become parents, the new responsibilities can be
overwhelming. For teenage parents who lack support from their own parents, this
experience can be even more daunting as they seek support in adult-oriented
systems, which even older parents may find challenging.

Teenage parentsor students with children are parents between the ages of 13 and
19. Often these students drop out of school because of the pressures they
experience, including stigmatization associated with early parenting, isolation from
peers, and lack of needed support from family, friends, schools, social service
agencies, and other organizations (Stephens, et. al, 2003). The analysis of variance
educational development of the teenagers who got pregnant classified according to
educational attainment is presented in the Table 14. The purpose of this analysis is
to look if a significant difference exists on the desire of the respondents in pursuing
again their studies across their different educational level. Descriptive statistics,
such as the individual mean responses, standard deviations, and maximum values,
are presented in the Table to describe the nature and variation of the responses
each group. Furthermore, the F-value of the analysis of variance is also presented
which is found to be 1.69. This value is not enough to reject the null hypothesis
since its corresponding p-value (0.19) is greater than the level of significance. This
means that the desires of the respondents to pursue again their studies are the
same across their different level of educational attainment. In other words, the
educational level of the teenagers when they got pregnant has nothing to do with
their development or desire to pursue their studies.

Table 15. Two-Sample Independent T-test Analysis on the Educational

Development of the Respondents when Classified According to Educational

Status and Type of School Attended

Educational Status Mean t-value p-value Interpretation

Out-of-School Youth 3.96 -0.9630.352 Not Significant
Still Studying 4.14
Type of School Attended Mean t-value p-value Interpretation
Private 3.94 -2.08 0.047 Significant
Public 4.33
The twosample independent t-test on the educational development of the
respondents when classified according to their educational status, and type of
school attended is presented in Table 15. The respondents who got pregnant in their
teenage years are grouped to either out-of-school youth or still studying. It shows
that their desires to pursue education or their educational development are not
significantly different as suggested by a t-value of -0.963 and a p-value of 0.352.
This means that those out-of-school youth and still studying who got pregnant both
agree that they lost their desire to continue their studies due to lack of support of
their family, experiencing very low self-esteem, the child is the priority than to
continue studying, etc. However, respondents who attended in private and public
schools revealed to have significant different responses on their educational
development since the computed t-value is -2.08 and its corresponding p-value
(0.047) is less than the level of significance. The negative sign of the t-value
indicates that the mean response of those in private schools is significantly higher
as compared to those enrolled in public schools. This means that those teenagers
who are enrolled in public school are losing more desire to pursue their studies,
after getting pregnant, as compared to those enrolled in private schools.

Table 16. Analysis of Variance on the Educational Development of the

Respondents When Classified According to Economic Background

Monthly Income Mean Std. Deviation Maximum

Less than Php 5,000 3.95 0.45 4.80
Php 5,001 Php 8,000 4.10 0.45 4.73
Php 8,001-Php15000 4.06 0.42 4.53
Total 4.02 0.44 4.80
Source of Variation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Interpretation
Between Groups 0.136 2 0.07 0.34 0.72 Not Significant
Within Groups 5.220 26 0.20
Total 5.356 28
The analysis of variance on the educational development of the respondents when
classified to monthly income is presented in Table 16. As shown, the individual
mean responses of the respondents across the different monthly income are close
to each other ranging from 3.95 to 4.10. It is also shown that they have almost the
same dispersion as indicated by the computed standard deviations of each group.
This coincides with the mean square deviation between the groups which is found to
be 0.07. This is the variation of the mean responses of every monthly income
bracket which is very small. Similarly, the variation of responses within groups is
also small which is revealed to be 0.20. Finally, the ratio of these two variations is
0.34 which is known to be the F-value. This value would lead us to the decision of
rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. Bigger value is in favor of the rejection; in
this case, the value of 0.34 indicates not significant result since it obtained a p-
value of 0.72 which is greater than the level of significance. This means that the
educational development or the desires of the respondents to continue their studies
after giving birth are the same regardless of their monthly earnings.

Problem 4. Which among the major causes of teenage pregnancy effects most to

students and out-of-school youth in Maramag , Bukidnon.

Table 17. Independent Variables Included in the Regression Model

Model Variables Beta Coefficient Std. Error t p-value

1 (Constant) 1.115 .0.2254.94 .000
Friends and Peers 0.345 .073 4.71 .000
2 (Constant) 1.344 0.361 3.723 .001
Friends and Peers 0.310 0.041 7.558 .000
Family0.213 0.061 3.491 .025
R = 0.482 Adj. R2 = 0.232 Std. Error
of Estimate = 0.334
Table 17 shows the regression analysis on the educational development of the
respondents after pregnancy with 4 causes of teenage pregnancy as independent
variables. It uses stepwise method in selecting the best predictors of the regression
model wherein in takes 2 iterations to get into the final results. The first iteration of
the regression analysis entered the friends and peers as significant variable with a
beta coefficient of 0.345 and a t-value of 4.71. Further, family has entered in the
second iteration and obtained a beta coefficient of 0.213 and a t-value of 3.491
which results to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This result m where Y is the
respondents educational development, x1 is the friends and peers factor, and x2 is
the family factor.

Moreover, the relationship between the obtained significant predictors and the
independent variable is explained by the value of R = 0.482 which suggests a
moderate correlation. The adjusted R-squared is also computed together with the
standard error of estimate. The R-squared shows the proportion of variation in the
dependent variable that can be explained by a linear relationship with the
significant predictors while the standard error of estimate (S) is the numerical value
that measures the accuracy of the obtained regression model. In this case, the R-
squared = 0.232 means that 23.2% of the variation of the dependent variable is
explained by a linear relationship with the peer and family factors. The S = 0.334,
on the other hand, explains that the error of prediction on the dependent variable is
about 0.334.
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion drawn, and the
recommendations offered.
This study attempted to answer the question related to the effect of teenage
pregnancy on educational development of students and out-of-school youth in
Maramag, Bukidnon. Firstly, this study endeavored to identify perception of the
respondents on the causes of teenage pregnancy in terms of the following factors:
the family, with a mean of 4.13, the respondents agreed that their parents are not
open about the use of contraceptives at home; the levels of educational attainment
of parents is low and the income is not enough to support the family. The
respondents also agreed that parents dont talk about consequences of plan or
unplanned indulgence of sex. Secondly, this study attempted to find out the causes
of teenage pregnancy as perceived by the respondents in terms of community
factor. The findings showed that the respondents agreed to all indicators stated in
the questionnaire.
A self-made questionnaire was employed to gather data of the study. Average
Weighted Mean was used to find out the extent of teenage pregnancy among the
respondents. T-test was also used to test the significant difference of the extent of
the educational development when respondents were grouped according to age,
educational attainment, type of school attended and the socio economic status of
the family. Step-wise regression analysis was used to analyze which among the
causes of teen-age pregnancy greatly affect the respondents educational
development.

Findings
The following are the findings of the study:
1. The age level of the majority of the respondents is between 17 to 18 years old.
This constitute 38.3 percent of the population. The educational attainment of the
respondents were mostly high school and elementary level. Only few or 18.3
percent of the respondents make it to college. While 14 of the respondents are still
studying, majority are out-of-school youth, who, after pregnancy prefer to stay at
home and take care of their babies. With regards to the type of school attended,
majority or 78.3 percent are from public school. The monthly income of the family of
the big majority of the respondents is less than Php 5,000.
2. When the perception of the respondents on the causes of teenage pregnancy in
terms of family factor, the data showed that parents family factor, not being open
about the use of contraceptives and permissive attitudes towards premarital sex
were contributory to teenage pregnancy. Parents not being open about the use of
contraceptive at home ranked first with a mean of 4.13. The lowest rank were
respondents moderately agree was members of the family learned about sex from
pornographic, playboy, television and internet. This has a mean of 2.88.
3. It was also found out that parents who work outside the home giving teenagers
time to be alone most often. This is ranked first with a mean of 3.7 and a description
of Agree. This was followed by teenage couple usually indulge in sexual activities
out of curiosity with a mean of 3.55 and agreed by the respondents. Moderately
agreed also by the respondents is the indicator, Drugs and intoxicating drinks are
usually introduced during group gathering
4. In terms of the perception of the respondents or the causes of Teenage
pregnancy in terms of community factor, the respondents agreed o all indicators
The highest of which are out-of-school youth teenagers in the community that are
earning for a living; 4.18; pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned in the
community; 4.16 and majority of families in the community have very low income
and not enough to support the needs of the family; 4.15 another indicator like
unwed pregnant women usually prohibit themselves from attending church
activities can also be surmised as effect that the respondents felt in the community.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings of the study, it is clearly shown that the respondents
perception on the causes of teenage pregnancy are the following: family; the
respondents agreed that their parents are not open about the using contraceptive
at home; the level of educational attainment of parents is low and and the income is
not enough to support the family. The data likewise showed that teenagers learned
about sex from pornographic magazines, television and internet and since parents
work outside the homes, teenagers are left alone with barkadas and friends at home
hanging out together thus more likely indulge in premarital sex, The community was
also considered as one factor that may cause teen-age pregnancy. Many community
elders gamble and drink, and their drinking spree becomes the usual sight
teenagers see among their elders everyday. The findings also confirms that
pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned by people in the community.
Religiousity is not also manifested among families in the communities.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Having identified the effects of teenage pregnancy on the educational development

of students and out-of-school , the following recommendations are put forward.
1. Strengthen the collaboration between parents and school to guide the teenagers
parents and school to guide the teenagers the dangers of indulging in pre-marital
sex especially that they are still studying. Likewise it is recommended that during
PTC/PTA Meetings , the parents must be informed to closely monitored their
children.
2. The School Administration should strengthen its homeroom and guidance
program, so that teenagers will be given information and counseling regarding boy-
girl relationship.
3. The teachers, especially class advisers must act as the second parents to
teenagers especially those in need of parental guidance.

4. Involve the community in giving teenagers good models of values and character.
Local officials should pass ordinances to prohibit teenagers from taking alcoholic
drinks, cigarettes and the dangers of drugs.
5. The school curricula must not only integrate values in all subject areas but also
information about the reproductive organs.
6. Education programs should be designed to address pressing and urgent concerns
regarding teen-age pregnancy and collaborate with other agencies like DSWD and
Health Care Units to help teenagers avoid premarital sex and live a healthy life
style.
7. Local communities should provide recreational programs and facilities to give
teenagers gainful and wholesome activities.