Nonprobability Sampling

The difference between nonprobability and probability sampling is that nonprobability sampling
does not involve random selection and probability sampling does. Does that mean that
nonprobability samples aren't representative of the population? Not necessarily. But it does mean
that nonprobability samples cannot depend upon the rationale of probability theory. At least with
a probabilistic sample, we know the odds or probability that we have represented the population
well. We are able to estimate confidence intervals for the statistic. With nonprobability samples,
we may or may not represent the population well, and it will often be hard for us to know how
well we've done so. In general, researchers prefer probabilistic or random sampling methods over
no probabilistic ones, and consider them to be more accurate and rigorous..

We can divide nonprobability sampling methods into two broad types: accidental or purposive.
Most sampling methods are purposive in nature because we usually approach the sampling
problem with a specific plan in mind. The most important distinctions among these types of
sampling methods are the ones between the different types of purposive sampling approaches.

berkebarangkalian Persampelan

Perbezaan antara berkebarangkalian dan pensampelan kebarangkalian adalah bahawa

persampelan berkebarangkalian tidak melibatkan pemilihan secara rawak dan persampelan
kebarangkalian tidak. Adakah ini bermakna bahawa sampel berkebarangkalian tidak mewakili
penduduk? Tidak semestinya. Tetapi ia tidak bermakna bahawa sampel berkebarangkalian tidak
boleh bergantung kepada rasional teori kebarangkalian. Sekurang-kurangnya dengan sampel
kebarangkalian, kita tahu kemungkinan atau kebarangkalian yang telah kami mewakili penduduk
juga. Kita dapat menganggarkan selang keyakinan untuk statistik. Dengan sampel
berkebarangkalian, kita mungkin atau mungkin tidak mewakili populasi dengan baik, dan ia
sering akan menjadi sukar bagi kita untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kami telah berbuat demikian.
Secara umum, penyelidik lebih suka kaedah persampelan kebarangkalian atau rawak ke atas
orang-orang yang nonprobabilistic, dan menganggap mereka menjadi lebih tepat dan ketat.
Walau bagaimanapun, dalam penyelidikan sosial gunaan mungkin terdapat keadaan di mana ia
tidak boleh dilaksanakan, praktikal atau teori wajar dilakukan persampelan rawak. Di sini, kami
mengambil kira pelbagai alternatif nonprobabilistic.
Kita boleh membahagikan kaedah persampelan berkebarangkalian kepada dua jenis utama:
sengaja atau bertujuan. Kebanyakan kaedah persampelan mempunyai tujuan dalam alam semula
jadi kerana kita biasanya mendekati masalah pensampelan dengan pelan tertentu dalam fikiran.
Perbezaan-perbezaan paling penting antara jenis kaedah persampelan adalah orang-orang di
antara jenis pendekatan persampelan bertujuan.

Accidental, Haphazard or Convenience Sampling

One of the most common methods of sampling goes under the various titles listed here. I would
include in this category the traditional "man on the street" (of course, now it's probably the
"person on the street") interviews conducted frequently by television news programs to get a
quick (although no representative) reading of public opinion. I would also argue that the typical
use of college students in much psychological research is primarily a matter of convenience.
(You don't really believe that psychologists use college students because they believe they're
representative of the population at large, do you?). In clinical practice,we might use clients who
are available to us as our sample. In many research contexts, we sample simply by asking for
volunteers. Clearly, the problem with all of these types of samples is that we have no evidence
that they are representative of the populations we're interested in generalizing to -- and in many
cases we would clearly suspect that they are not.

Tidak sengaja, Persampelan tidak teratur atau Convenience

Salah satu kaedah yang paling biasa persampelan pergi di bawah pelbagai tajuk yang
disenaraikan di sini. Saya akan termasuk dalam kategori ini "orang di jalan" tradisional (sudah
tentu, kini ia mungkin "orang di jalan") temu bual yang dijalankan dengan kerap oleh program
berita televisyen untuk mendapatkan yang cepat (walaupun nonrepresentative) membaca
pendapat umum. Saya juga ingin menegaskan bahawa penggunaan biasa pelajar kolej dalam
banyak kajian psikologi pada dasarnya merupakan suatu perkara yang mudah. (Anda tidak benar-
benar percaya bahawa ahli psikologi menggunakan pelajar kolej kerana mereka percaya mereka
mewakili populasi umum, bukan?). Dalam amalan klinikal, kami mungkin menggunakan
pelanggan yang ada pada kita sebagai sampel kami. Dalam banyak konteks penyelidikan, kami
mencuba hanya dengan meminta sukarelawan. Jelas sekali, masalah dengan semua jenis sampel
adalah bahawa kita tidak mempunyai bukti bahawa mereka mewakili populasi kita berminat
dalam generalisasi - dan dalam banyak kes kita dengan jelas akan mengesyaki bahawa mereka
tidak.

Purposive Sampling

In purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have one or more
specific predefined groups we are seeking. For instance, have you ever run into people in a mall
or on the street who are carrying a clipboard and who are stopping various people and asking if
they could interview them? Most likely they are conducting a purposive sample (and most likely
they are engaged in market research). They might be looking for Caucasian females between 30-
40 years old. They size up the people passing by and anyone who looks to be in that category
they stop to ask if they will participate. One of the first things they're likely to do is verify that
the respondent does in fact meet the criteria for being in the sample. Purposive sampling can be
very useful for situations where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling
for proportionality is not the primary concern. With a purposive sample, you are likely to get the
opinions of your target population, but you are also likely to overweight subgroups in your
population that are more readily accessible.

All of the methods that follow can be considered subcategories of purposive sampling methods.
We might sample for specific groups or types of people as in modal instance, expert, or quota
sampling. We might sample for diversity as in heterogeneity sampling. Or, we might capitalize
on informal social networks to identify specific respondents who are hard to locate otherwise, as
in snowball sampling. In all of these methods we know what we want -- we are sampling with a
purpose.

Modal Instance Sampling

In statistics, the mode is the most frequently occurring value in a distribution. In sampling, when
we do a modal instance sample, we are sampling the most frequent case, or the "typical" case. In
a lot of informal public opinion polls, for instance, they interview a "typical" voter. There are a
number of problems with this sampling approach. First, how do we know what the "typical" or
"modal" case is? We could say that the modal voter is a person who is of average age,
educational level, and income in the population. But, it's not clear that using the averages of
these is the fairest (consider the skewed distribution of income, for instance). And, how do you
know that those three variables -- age, education, income -- are the only or even the most
relevant for classifying the typical voter? What if religion or ethnicity is an important
discriminator? Clearly, modal instance sampling is only sensible for informal sampling contexts.

Dalam persampelan bertujuan, kita mencuba dengan tujuan dalam fikiran. Kami biasanya akan
mempunyai satu atau lebih khusus kumpulan yang telah ditetapkan kita sedang mencari. Sebagai
contoh, adakah anda pernah menghadapi orang di pusat membeli-belah atau di jalan yang
membawa papan klip dan yang berhenti pelbagai orang dan bertanya jika mereka boleh
menemubual mereka? Kemungkinan besar mereka menjalankan sampel purposive (dan
kemungkinan besar mereka yang terlibat dalam penyelidikan pasaran). Mereka mungkin cari
perempuan Caucasian berusia antara 30-40 tahun. Mereka bersaiz sehingga orang yang lulus
oleh dan sesiapa sahaja yang kelihatan berada dalam kategori itu mereka berhenti untuk bertanya
jika mereka akan mengambil bahagian. Salah satu perkara pertama yang mereka mungkin
lakukan adalah mengesahkan bahawa responden sebenarnya membuat memenuhi kriteria untuk
berada di dalam sampel. persampelan bertujuan boleh menjadi sangat berguna untuk situasi di
mana anda perlu untuk mencapai sampel yang disasarkan dengan cepat dan di mana
pensampelan untuk perkadaran bukan isu utama. Dengan sampel purposive, anda mungkin untuk
mendapatkan pendapat penduduk sasaran anda, tetapi anda juga mungkin kumpulan kecil yang
mempunyai berat badan berlebihan di kalangan penduduk anda yang lebih mudah dicapai.

Semua kaedah yang berikutnya dapat dianggap subkategori kaedah persampelan bertujuan. Kita
mungkin mencuba untuk kumpulan tertentu atau jenis orang yang dalam hal modal, pakar, atau
persampelan kuota. Kita mungkin mencuba untuk kepelbagaian seperti dalam persampelan
kepelbagaian. Atau, kita boleh mengambil kesempatan ke atas rangkaian sosial tidak formal
untuk mengenal pasti responden tertentu yang sukar untuk mencari jika tidak, seperti dalam
persampelan bola salji. Dalam semua kaedah ini kita tahu apa yang kita mahu - kita pensampelan
dengan tujuan.

Expert Sampling
Expert sampling involves the assembling of a sample of persons with known or demonstrable
experience and expertise in some area. Often, we convene such a sample under the auspices of a
"panel of experts." There are actually two reasons you might do expert sampling. First, because it
would be the best way to elicit the views of persons who have specific expertise. In this case,
expert sampling is essentially just a specific subcase of purposive sampling. But the other reason
you might use expert sampling is to provide evidence for the validity of another sampling
approach you've chosen. For instance, let's say you do modal instance sampling and are
concerned that the criteria you used for defining the modal instance are subject to criticism. You
might convene an expert panel consisting of persons with acknowledged experience and insight
into that field or topic and ask them to examine your modal definitions and comment on their
appropriateness and validity. The advantage of doing this is that you aren't out on your own
trying to defend your decisions -- you have some acknowledged experts to back you. The
disadvantage is that even the experts can be, and often are, wrong.

Persampelan pakar

persampelan Pakar melibatkan pemasangan bagi sampel orang yang mempunyai pengalaman
yang diketahui atau dibuktikan dan kepakaran dalam beberapa kawasan. Selalunya, kita
mengadakan suatu sampel yang di bawah naungan "panel pakar." Sebenarnya ada dua sebab
anda mungkin melakukan persampelan pakar. Pertama, kerana ia akan menjadi cara terbaik
untuk mendapatkan pandangan orang yang mempunyai kepakaran tertentu. Dalam kes ini,
pensampelan pakar pada dasarnya hanya subcase tertentu persampelan bertujuan. Tetapi sebab
yang lain yang anda mungkin menggunakan persampelan pakar adalah untuk memberi
keterangan bagi kesahihan satu lagi pendekatan persampelan telah anda pilih. Sebagai contoh,
katakan anda melakukan persampelan contoh modal dan bimbang bahawa kriteria yang
digunakan untuk menentukan contoh modal adalah tertakluk kepada kritikan. Anda mungkin
mengadakan panel pakar yang terdiri daripada orang yang mempunyai pengalaman yang diakui
dan wawasan ke dalam bidang itu atau topik dan meminta mereka untuk memeriksa definisi
modal anda dan mengulas mengenai kesesuaian dan kesahihan mereka. Kelebihan cara ini adalah
bahawa anda tidak berada di luar pada anda sendiri cuba mempertahankan keputusan anda - anda
mempunyai beberapa pakar mengakui untuk menyokong anda. Kelemahan adalah bahawa
walaupun pakar-pakar boleh, dan sering, salah.
Quota Sampling

In quota sampling, you select people nonrandomly according to some fixed quota. There are two
types of quota sampling: proportional and non proportional. In proportional quota sampling you
want to represent the major characteristics of the population by sampling a proportional amount
of each. For instance, if you know the population has 40% women and 60% men, and that you
want a total sample size of 100, you will continue sampling until you get those percentages and
then you will stop. So, if you've already got the 40 women for your sample, but not the sixty
men, you will continue to sample men but even if legitimate women respondents come along,
you will not sample them because you have already "met your quota." The problem here (as in
much purposive sampling) is that you have to decide the specific characteristics on which you
will base the quota. Will it be by gender, age, education race, religion, etc.?

Nonproportional quota sampling is a bit less restrictive. In this method, you specify the minimum
number of sampled units you want in each category. here, you're not concerned with having
numbers that match the proportions in the population. Instead, you simply want to have enough
to assure that you will be able to talk about even small groups in the population. This method is
the nonprobabilistic analogue of stratified random sampling in that it is typically used to assure
that smaller groups are adequately represented in your sample.

kuota Persampelan

Dalam pensampelan kuota, anda pilih orang nonrandomly menurut beberapa kuota tetap.
Terdapat dua jenis persampelan kuota: berkadar berkadar dan merokok. Dalam pensampelan
kuota berkadar anda mahu untuk mewakili ciri-ciri utama penduduk mengikut persampelan
jumlah berkadar masing-masing. Sebagai contoh, jika anda tahu penduduk mempunyai 40%
wanita dan 60% lelaki, dan yang anda mahu jumlah saiz sampel daripada 100, anda akan terus
persampelan sehingga anda mendapatkan orang-orang peratusan dan kemudian anda akan
berhenti. Jadi, jika anda sudah mendapat 40 wanita untuk sampel anda, tetapi bukan enam puluh
orang, anda akan terus mencuba lelaki tetapi walaupun responden wanita sah datang bersama-
sama, anda tidak akan merasa mereka kerana anda telah "bertemu kuota anda. " Masalahnya di
sini (seperti dalam persampelan bertujuan banyak) adalah bahawa anda perlu untuk menentukan
ciri-ciri tertentu di mana anda akan asas kuota. Adakah ia akan menjadi mengikut jantina, umur,
bangsa pendidikan, agama, dan lain-lain?

persampelan kuota tak berkadaran agak kurang ketat. Dalam kaedah ini, anda tentukan bilangan
minimum unit sampel yang anda mahu dalam setiap kategori. sini, anda tidak bimbang dengan
mempunyai nombor yang sepadan dengan bahagian dalam populasi. Sebaliknya, anda hanya
mahu mempunyai cukup untuk memastikan bahawa anda akan dapat untuk bercakap tentang
walaupun kumpulan-kumpulan kecil di kalangan penduduk. Kaedah ini adalah analog
nonprobabilistic persampelan rawak berstrata kerana ia biasanya digunakan untuk memastikan
bahawa kumpulan-kumpulan yang lebih kecil diwakili dengan sewajarnya dalam sampel anda.

Heterogeneity Sampling

We sample for heterogeneity when we want to include all opinions or views, and we aren't
concerned about representing these views proportionately. Another term for this is sampling
fordiversity. In many brainstorming or nominal group processes (including concept mapping),
we would use some form of heterogeneity sampling because our primary interest is in getting
broad spectrum of ideas, not identifying the "average" or "modal instance" ones. In effect, what
we would like to be sampling is not people, but ideas. We imagine that there is a universe of all
possible ideas relevant to some topic and that we want to sample this population, not the
population of people who have the ideas. Clearly, in order to get all of the ideas, and especially
the "outlier" or unusual ones, we have to include a broad and diverse range of participants.
Heterogeneity sampling is, in this sense, almost the opposite of modal instance sampling.

kepelbagaian Persampelan

Kami mencuba untuk kepelbagaian apabila kita mahu untuk memasukkan semua pendapat atau
pandangan, dan kami tidak bimbang tentang mewakili pandangan-pandangan ini secara berkadar.
Istilah lain untuk ini adalah persampelan fordiversity. Dalam banyak sumbang saran atau proses
kumpulan nominal (termasuk pemetaan konsep), kita akan menggunakan beberapa bentuk
persampelan kepelbagaian kerana kepentingan utama kami adalah untuk mendapatkan spektrum
luas idea, tidak mengenal pasti "purata" atau "modal contoh" yang. Pada hakikatnya, apa yang
kita ingin menjadi persampelan bukan orang, tetapi idea. Kami membayangkan bahawa terdapat
satu alam semesta semua idea-idea yang mungkin berkaitan dengan beberapa topik dan bahawa
kita mahu mencuba penduduk ini, bukan penduduk orang-orang yang mempunyai idea. Jelas
sekali, untuk mendapatkan semua idea-idea, dan terutama "outlier" atau orang-orang yang luar
biasa, kita perlu termasuk pelbagai dan pelbagai peserta. persampelan kepelbagaian adalah,
dalam hal ini, hampir bertentangan dengan persampelan contoh mod.

Snowball Sampling

In snowball sampling, you begin by identifying someone who meets the criteria for inclusion in
your study. You then ask them to recommend others who they may know who also meet the
criteria. Although this method would hardly lead to representative samples, there are times when
it may be the best method available. Snowball sampling is especially useful when you are trying
to reach populations that are inaccessible or hard to find. For instance, if you are studying the
homeless, you are not likely to be able to find good lists of homeless people within a specific
geographical area. However, if you go to that area and identify one or two, you may find that
they know very well who the other homeless people in their vicinity are and how you can find
them.

Persampelan bola salji

Dalam pensampelan bola salji, anda mula dengan mengenal pasti seseorang yang memenuhi
kriteria untuk dimasukkan dalam kajian anda. Anda kemudian meminta mereka untuk
mengesyorkan orang lain yang mereka tahu yang juga memenuhi kriteria. Walaupun kaedah ini
tidak akan membawa kepada sampel perwakilan, ada kalanya ia boleh menjadi kaedah terbaik
yang ada. persampelan bola salji adalah amat berguna apabila anda cuba untuk mencapai
populasi yang tidak boleh diakses atau sukar untuk mencari. Sebagai contoh, jika anda belajar
tiada tempat tinggal, anda tidak mungkin dapat mencari senarai yang baik orang kehilangan
tempat tinggal dalam kawasan geografi tertentu. Walau bagaimanapun, jika anda pergi ke
kawasan itu dan mengenal pasti satu atau dua, anda mungkin mendapati bahawa mereka tahu
dengan baik siapa orang kehilangan tempat tinggal lain di sekitar mereka dan bagaimana anda
boleh mencari mereka.

BAHAN LAIN
Instruments in Nursing Research

An instrument in a research study is a device used to measure the concept of interest in a

research project.

It is used to measure a concept of interest.

An ideal measuring instrument is one which results in measures that are relevant, accurate,
objective, sensitive and efficient.

Measures which are Physical and physiological have higher chance of success in attaining these
goals than measures that are psychological and behavioral.

Instruments can be:

o observation scales,

o questionnaires or

o interview schedules.

Validity and reliability are two statistical properties used to evaluate the quality of research
instruments (Anastasi, 1986).

It is important that assessment techniques possess both validity and reliability.

Instrumen dalam kajian penyelidikan adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur konsep
kepentingan dalam projek penyelidikan.

Ia digunakan untuk mengukur konsep yang menarik.

Satu alat pengukur ideal adalah salah satu yang menyebabkan langkah-langkah yang relevan,
tepat, objektif, sensitif dan cekap.

Langkah-langkah yang fizikal dan fisiologi mempunyai peluang yang tinggi untuk berjaya
dalam mencapai matlamat ini daripada langkah-langkah yang psikologi dan tingkah laku.

Instrumen boleh:

o skala pemerhatian,
o soal selidik atau

o jadual temuduga.

Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan adalah dua sifat statistik yang digunakan untuk menilai kualiti
instrumen penyelidikan (Anastasi, 1986).

Adalah penting bahawa teknik penilaian memiliki kedua-dua kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan.

Sampling Methods

Probability sampling (random sampling)

It is a selection process that ensures each participant the same probability of being selected.
Random sampling is the best method for ensuring that a sample is representative of the larger population.
Random sampling can be:

simple random sampling

stratified random sampling, and

cluster sampling.

Nonprobability sampling

It is the selection process in which the probability that any one individual or subject selected is not
equal to the probability that another individual or subject may be chosen.
The probability of inclusion and the degree to which the sample represents the population are
unknown.
The major problem with nonprobability sampling is that sampling bias can occur.
Nonprobability sampling can be:

convenience sampling

purposive sampling or

quota sampling

Probability sampling (persampelan rawak)

 Ia adalah satu proses pemilihan yang memastikan setiap peserta kebarangkalian yang sama
untuk dipilih.

persampelan rawak adalah kaedah terbaik untuk memastikan bahawa sampel yang mewakili
populasi yang lebih besar.

persampelan rawak boleh:

persampelan rawak mudah

persampelan rawak berstrata dan

persampelan kelompok.

persampelan berkebarangkalian

Ia adalah proses pemilihan di mana kebarangkalian bahawa mana-mana satu individu atau
Subjek yang dipilih tidak sama dengan kebarangkalian bahawa individu lain atau tertakluk boleh
dipilih.

Kebarangkalian kemasukan dan sejauh mana sampel mewakili populasi tidak diketahui.

Masalah utama dengan persampelan berkebarangkalian ialah persampelan berat sebelah boleh
berlaku.

persampelan berkebarangkalian boleh:

persampelan mudah

persampelan bertujuan atau

persampelan kuota
INTRODUCTION

Sampling is a process of selecting representative units from an entire population of a study.

Sample is not always possible to study an entire population; therefore, the researcher draws a
representative part of a population through sampling process. In other words, sampling is the
selection of some part of an aggregate or a whole on the basis of which judgments or inferences
about the aggregate or mass is made. It is a process of obtaining information regarding a
phenomenon about entire population by examining jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

3. TERMINOLO GY USED IN SAMPLING3 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

4. Population: Population is the aggregation of all the units in which a researcher is interested.
In other words, population is the set of people or entire to which the results of a research are to
be generalized. For example, a researcher needs to study the problems faced by postgraduate
nurses of India; in this the population will be all the postgraduate nurses who are Indian
citizen. Target Population: A target population consist of the total number of people or objects
which are meeting the designated set of criteria. In other words, it is the aggregate of all the cases
with a certain phenomenon about which the researcher would like to make a generalization. For
example, a researcher is interested in identifying the complication of diabetes mellitus type-II
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4 among people who have migrated to Mehsana. In4/11/2013this

5. Accessible population: It is the aggregate of cases that conform to designated criteria & are
also accessible as subjects for a study. For example, a researcher is conducting a study on the
registered nurses (RN) working in Lions General Hospital, Mehsana. In this case, the population
for this study is all the RNs working in Lions Hospital, but some of them may be on leave & may
not be accessible for research study. Therefore, accessible population for this study will be RNs
who meet the designated criteria & who are also available for the research study.5 Sampling:
Sampling is the process of selecting a jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

6. Count Sample: Sample may be defined as representative unit of a target population,

which is to be worked upon by researchers during their study. In other words, sample consists of
a subset of units which comprise the population selected by investigators or researchers to
participates in their research project Element: The individual entities that comprise the
samples & population are known as elements, & an element is the most basic unit about
whom/which information is collected. An elements is also known as subject in research. The
most6 common element in nursing research is an 4/11/2013 jaympatidar@yahoo.in individual.
The sample or population depends on

7. Count Sampling frame: It is a list of all the elements or subjects in the population from
which the sample is drawn. Sampling frame could be prepared by the researcher or an existing
frame may be used. For example, a research may prepare a list of the all the households of a
locality which have pregnant women or may used a register of pregnant women for antenatal
care available with the local anganwari worker. Sampling error: There may be fluctuation in
the values of the statistics of characteristics from one sample to another, or even those drawn
from the same population. Sampling bias: Distortion that arises when a sample is not
representative of the population from which it was drawn. 7 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013
Sampling plan: The formal plan specifying a sampling

8. PURPOSES OF SAMPLING8 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

9. Economical: In most cases, it is not possible & economical for researchers to study an
entire population. With the help of sampling, the researcher can save lots of time, money, &
resources to study a phenomenon. Improved quality of data: It is a proven fact that when a
person handles less amount the work of fewer number of people, then it is easier to ensure the
quality of the outcome. Quick study results: Studying an entire population itself will take a lot
of time, & generating research results of a large mass will be almost impossible as most research
studies have time limits Precision and accuracy of data: Conducting a study9
onjaympatidar@yahoo.in an entire population provides researchers with 4/11/2013 voluminous
data, & maintaining precision of that data

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SAMPLE Representative Free from bias and errors
No substitution and incompleteness Appropriate sample size10 jaympatidar@yahoo.in
4/11/2013

11. SAMPLING PROCESS Identifying and defining the target population Describing the
accessible population & ensuring sampling frame Specifying the sampling unit Specifying
sampling selection methods11 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

12. Count Determining the sample size Specifying the sampling plan Selecting a desired
sample12 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

13. FACTORS INFLUENCING SAMPLINGPROCESS13 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

14. 14 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

15. PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE15 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

16. Concept It is based on the theory of probability. It involve random selection of the
elements/members of the population. In this, every subject in a population has equal chance to
be selected sampling for a study. In probability sampling techniques, the chances of
systematic bias is relatively16 less because subjects are randomly jaympatidar@yahoo.in
4/11/2013

17. Features of the probability sampling It is a technique wherein the sample are gathered in a
process that given all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. In this
sampling technique, the researcher must guarantee that every individual has an equal opportunity
for selection. The advantage of using a random sample is the absence of both systematic &
sampling bias. The effect of this is a minimal or absent systematic bias, which is a difference
between the results from the sample & those from the17 population. jaympatidar@yahoo.in
4/11/2013

18. 18 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

19. Simple random sampling This is the most pure & basic probability sampling design. In
this type of sampling design, every member of population has an equal chance of being selected
as subject. The entire process of sampling is done in a single step, with each subject selected
independently of the other members of the population There is need of two essential
prerequisites to implement the simple random technique: population must be homogeneous &
researcher must have list of the elements/members of the19 accessible population.
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

20. Count The first step of the simple random sampling technique is to identify the
accessible population & prepare a list of all the elements/members of the population. The list of
the subjects in population is called as sampling frame & sample drawn from sampling frame by
using following methods: The lottery method The use of table of random numbers The use of
computer20 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

21. The lottery method It is most primitive & mechanical method. Each member of the
population is assigned a unique number. Each number is placed in a bowel or hat & mixed
thoroughly. The blind-folded researcher then picks numbered tags from the hat. All the
individuals bearing the numbers picked by the researcher are the subjects for the study.21
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

22. The use of table of random numbers This is most commonly & accurately used method
in simple random sampling. Random table present several numbers in rows & columns.
Researcher initially prepare a numbered list of the members of the population, & then with a
blindfold chooses a number from the random table. The same procedure is continued until the
desired number of the subject is achieved. If repeatedly similar numbers are encountered,
they22 are ignored & next numbers are considered until jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

23. The use of computer Nowadays random tables may be generated from the computer , &
subjects may be selected as described in the use of random table. For populations with a small
number of members, it is advisable to use the first method, but if the population has many
members, a computer-aided random selection is preferred.23 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013
24. Merits and Demerits24 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

25. Stratified Random Sampling This method is used for heterogeneous population. It is a
probability sampling technique wherein the researcher divides the entire population into different
homogeneous subgroups or strata, & then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from
the different strata. The strata are divided according selected traits of the population such as
age, gender, religion, socio-economic status, diagnosis, education, geographical region, type of
institution, type of25 care, type of registered nurses, nursing area 4/11/2013
jaympatidar@yahoo.in specialization, site of care, etc.

26. Merits and Demerits26 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

27. Systematic Random Sampling It can be likened to an arithmetic progression, wherein the
difference between any two consecutive numbers is the same. It involves the selection of every
Kth case from list of group, such as every 10th person on a patient list or every 100th person
from a phone directory. Systematic sampling is sometimes used to sample every Kth person
entering a bookstore, or passing down the street or leaving a hospital & so forth Systematic
sampling can be applied so that an essentially random sample is drawn.27 jaympatidar@yahoo.in
4/11/2013

28. Count If we had a list of subjects or sampling frame, the following procedure could be
adopted. The desired sample size is established at some number (n) & the size of population must
know or estimated (N). Number of subjects in target population (N) K = N/n or K= Size of
sample For example, a researcher wants to choose about 100 subjects from a total target
population of 500 people. Therefore, 500/100=5. Therefore, every 5th person will be selected.28
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

29. Merits and Demerits29 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

30. Cluster or multistage Sampling It is done when simple random sampling is almost
impossible because of the size of the population. Cluster sampling means random selection of
sampling unit consisting of population elements. Then from each selected sampling unit, a
sample of population elements is drawn by either simple random selection or stratified random
sampling. This method is used in cases where the population elements are scattered over a
wide area, & it is impossible to obtain a list of all the elements. The important thing to
remember about this sampling technique is to give all the clusters equal chances of30 being
selected. jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

31. Count Geographical units are the most commonly used ones in research. For example, a
researcher wants to survey academic performance of high school students in India. He can
divide the entire population (of India) into different clusters (cities). Then the researcher selects a
number of clusters depending on his research through simple or systematic random sampling.
Then, from the selected clusters (random selected cities), the researcher can either include all the
high school students as subjects or he can select a31 number of subjects from each cluster
through4/11/2013 jaympatidar@yahoo.in

32. Merits and Demerits32 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

33. Sequential Sampling33 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

34. 34 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

35. NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE35 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

36. 36 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

37. Features of the nonprobability sampling37 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

38. Uses of Nonprobability Sampling This type of sampling can be used when demonstrating
that a particular trait exists in the population. It can also be used when researcher aims to do a
qualitative, pilot , or exploratory study. It can be used when randomization is not possible like
when the population is almost limitless. it can be used when the research does not aim to
generate results that will be used to create generalizations. It is also useful when the
researcher has limited budget, time, & workforce. 38 This technique can also be used in an
initial study jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013 (pilot study)

39. 39 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

40. Purposive Sampling It is more commonly known as judgmental or authoritative
sampling. In this type of sampling, subjects are chosen to be part of the sample with a
specific purpose in mind. In purposive sampling, the researcher believes that some subjects
are fit for research compared to other individual. This is the reason why they are purposively
chosen as subject. In this sampling technique, samples are chosen by choice not by chance,
through a judgment made the researcher based on his or her knowledge about40 the population
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

41. Count For example, a researcher wants to study the lived experiences of postdisaster
depression among people living in earthquake affected areas of Gujarat. In this case, a
purposive sampling technique is used to select the subjects who were the victims of the
earthquake disaster & have suffered postdisaster depression living in earthquake- affected areas
of Gujarat. In this study, the researcher selected only those people who fulfill the criteria as
well as particular subjects that are the typical & representative part41 of jaympatidar@yahoo.in
as per the knowledge of the population 4/11/2013

42. Merits and Demerits42 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

43. Convenience Sampling It is probably the most common of all sampling techniques
because it is fast, inexpensive, easy, & the subject are readily available. It is a nonprobability
sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility &
proximity to the researcher. The subjects are selected just because they are easiest to recruit
for the study & the researcher did not consider selecting subjects that are representative of the
entire population It is also known as an accidental sampling. 43 Subjects are chosen simply
because they are4/11/2013 jaympatidar@yahoo.in easy

44. 44 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

45. Merits and DemeritsMerits Demerits This technique is Sampling bias, & the considered
sample is not easiest, cheapest, representative of the entire & least time population. consuming.
It does not provide the This sampling representative sample from the population of the
technique may study. help in saving Findings generated from time, money, & these sampling
cannot be45 resources. jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013 generalized on the

46. Consecutive Sampling It is very similar to convenience sampling except that it seeks to
include all accessible subjects as part of the sample. This nonprobability sampling technique
can be considered as the best of all nonprobability samples because it include all the subjects that
are available, which makes the sample a better46 representation of the entire population.
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

47. Count In this sampling technique, the investigator pick up all the available subjects who
are meeting the preset inclusion & exclusion criteria. This technique is generally used in
small-sized populations. For example, if a researcher wants to study the activity pattern of
postkidney-transplant patient, he can selects all the postkideney transplant patients who meet the
designed inclusion & exclusion criteria, & who are admitted in post- transplant ward during a
specific time period.47 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

48. Merits and Demerits Merits Demerits Little effort for Researcher has not set sampling
plans about the sample It is not expensive, size & sampling schedule. not time It always
does not consuming, & not guarantee the selection of workforce representative sample. intensive.
Results from this sampling Ensures more technique cannot be used representativeness to
create conclusions & of the selected interpretations pertaining to sample. the entire population.48
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

49. Quota Sampling It is nonprobability sampling technique wherein the researcher ensures
equal or proportionate representation of subjects, depending on which trait is considered as the
basis of the quota. The bases of the quota are usually age, gender, education, race, religion, &
socio-economic status. For example, if the basis of the quota is college level & the research
needs equal representation, with a sample size of 100, he must select 25 first- year students,
another 25 second-year students,49 25 third-year, & 25 fourth-year students.
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013
50. Merits and DemeritsMerits Demerits Economically cheap, It not represent all as there is
no need population to approach all the In the process of sampling candidates. these
subgroups, other Suitable for studies traits in the sample may be where the fieldwork
overrepresented. has to be carried out, Not possible to estimate like studies related to errors.
market & public Bias is possible, as opinion polls. investigator/interviewer can50
jaympatidar@yahoo.in select persons known4/11/2013 to

51. Snowball Sampling It is a nonprobability sampling technique that is used by researchers

to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate such as commercial sex
workers, drug abusers, etc. For example, a researcher wants to conduct a study on the
prevalence of HIV/AIDS among commercial sex workers. In this situation, snowball
sampling is the best choice for such studies to select a sample. This type of sampling
technique works like chain jaympatidar@yahoo.in51 referral. Therefore it is also known as chain
4/11/2013

52. Count After observing the initial subject, the researcher asks for assistance from the
subject to help in identify people with a similar trait of interest The process of snowball
sampling is much like asking subjects to nominate another person with the same trait. The
researcher then observes the nominated subjects & continues in the same way until obtaining
sufficient number of subjects.52 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

53. Merits and DemeritsMerits Demerits The chain referral process Researcher has little
allows the researcher to control over the reach populations that are sampling method. difficult to
sample when Representativeness of using other sampling methods. the sample is not
guaranteed. The process is cheap, simple, & cost-efficient. Sampling bias is also a Need
little planning & fear of researchers lesser workforce when using this sampling technique.53
jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013

54. PROBLEMS OF SAMPLING Sampling errors Lack of sample representativeness

Difficulty in estimation of sample size Lack of knowledge about the sampling process
Lack of resources Lack of cooperation Lack of existing appropriate sampling frames for
larger population54 jaympatidar@yahoo.in 4/11/2013