11 SBSC1103 - Topic07 PDF

Topic Hydrocarbons
7
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Classify hydrocarbons as alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkadienes,
cycloalkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons;
2. Write chemical formulae of different classes of hydrocarbons based
on their general formulae and
3. Name chemical formulae according to IUPAC nomenclature;
3. Explain the concept of aromaticity; and
4. Name arenes correctly.
INTRODUCTION
This topic will explore hydrocarbons, a family of compounds that we encounter in
our daily lives, especially in our use of fossil fuels, perfumes, and plastics. Indeed,
modern life would not be what it is without hydrocarbons.
But first, what are hydrocarbons? Quite simply, they are chemical compounds
made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. For example, in methane, the
simplest of hydrocarbons, one carbon atom is attached to four hydrogen atoms.
In this topic, we will discuss not only the chemical and structural formulae of
hydrocarbons but also their IUPAC names, physical properties, and typical
reactions of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, cycloalkenes, alkynes, and
aromatic hydrocarbons.
Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

TOPIC 7 HYDROCARBONS 129
7.1 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Examples are shown in
Table 7.1:
Table 7.1: Hydrocarbons
Aromatic
Group Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Hydrocarbon
Example
IUPAC name methane ethene ethyne benzene
For more information about hydrocarbons visit the following websites:

(a) http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/nomen1.htm#start
(b) http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/library/hydrocarbons/
7.2 ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES

Alkanes and cycloalkanes contain only single bonds. The general formula of
alkanes is CnH2n+2 (n = 1, 2, 3, ). Examples are CH4, C2H6 and C3H8.
For n 4, the carbon chains may be linear or branched. For example, refer to
Table 7.2:
Table 7.2: Examples of Carbon Chain
Linear C5H12 Branched C5H12

CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3

130 TOPIC 7 HYDROCARBONS
EXERCISE 7.1
What is the chemical and structural formula of __________?

(a) The fourth alkane
(b) Cyclobutane
Answers:
(a) The fourth alkane, n = 4
The chemical formula is C4H10 (from CnH2n+2; where n = 4)
The structural formula:
CH3-CH2CH2CH3 or CH3CHCH3
|
CH3
(b) The general formula for cycloalkane is CnH2n

Cyclobutane, n = 4; Chemical formula is C4H8
The structural formula:
7.2.1 Nomenclature of Alkanes

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) names of
alkanes have the ending ane. The names of the first ten linear alkanes are given
in Table 7.3. These must be memorised as they are the basis for the IUPAC name
of other classes of organic compounds. The rules are discussed next.

Table 7.3: Linear Alkanes
Carbon No. Chemical Formula Structural Formula Name

C1 CH4 CH4 methane
C2 C2H6 CH3CH3 ethane
C3 C3H8 CH3 CH2 CH3 propane
C4 C4H10 CH3 (CH2)2CH3 butane
C5 C5H12 CH3 (CH2)3CH3 pentane
C6 C6H14 CH3 (CH2)4CH3 hexane
C7 C7H16 CH3 (CH2)5CH3 heptane
C8 C8H18 CH3 (CH2)6CH3 octane
C9 C9H20 CH3 (CH2)7CH3 nonane
C10 C10H22 CH3 (CH2)8CH3 decane
Rule 1: The base name corresponds to the number of carbon atoms in the main
chain. The main chain is a continuous chain (not necessarily written in a straight
line) containing the most number of carbon atoms. Example:
The main chain above has five carbon atoms. The alkane is a pentane.
Rule 2: Identify and name the substituent. Substituents are atoms (other than H) or
groups bonded to the main chain.
For alkanes, the substituents are the alkyl groups, general formula CnH2n+1 (n = 1,
2, 3 ). They are named from the corresponding alkanes by substituting the
ending ane with yl (refer to Table 7.4). In the example above, the alkyl is
methyl.
Rule 3: Indicate the location of the substituent on the main chain by a number.
Each substituent is given a number, which starts from the chain end that gives the
lowest number for the first substituent on the chain.

Example:
The IUPAC name is 2-methylpentane.

Hyphens are used to separate numbers from words, and there is no space between
the names.
Table 7.4: Names of Common Alkyl Groups
Name
Formula
Common IUPAC
CH3 methyl methyl
CH3CH2 (or C2H5) ethyl ethyl
CH3CH2CH2 propyl (or n propyl) propyl
isopropyl (methylethyl)
CH3CH2CH2CH2 butyl (or n-butyl) butyl

isobutyl (2-methylpropyl)
CH3CH2CH(CH3) sec butyl (or s-butyl) (1-methylpropyl)

tert butyl (or t-butyl) (dimethylethyl)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 pentyl (or n pentyl) pentyl

isopentyl (2-methylbutyl)
neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl)
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 hexyl (or n-hexyl) hexyl

isohexyl (2-methylpentyl)
(3-methylpentyl)
IUPAC recommends common names for simple alkyls. The IUPAC name for an
alkyl group is obtained as follows:
Therefore, the name of the compound is 2,5-dimethylhexane.
EXERCISE 7.2
Write the IUPAC names for the following alkanes.
(a)
(b)
Answers
(a) Base name : Heptane (longest carbon chain)
Substituent : Methyl groups at C-3 and C-5.
IUPAC name : 3,5-dimethylheptane
(b) Base name : Decane (longest carbon chain)
Substituent : (3,3-dimethyl at C-3; ethyl at C-4.
IUPAC name : 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethyldecane

IUPAC Rules:
(a) Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon in the structure. This forms
the parent chain.
(b) If there are more than one of the same substituent, a prefix di (for two), tri
(for three), tetra (for four), penta (for five), hexa (for six), and so on, is used.
(c) Commas are used to separate numbers; hyphens are used to separate
numbers from words.
(d) Arrange the names of the substituents alphabetically, but do not consider the
prefixes n, sec , tert , di, and tri. Example:
Base name : Octane

Substituents : Methyl at C-2 and C-5, ethyl at C-3, isopropyl at C-5
IUPAC name : 3-ethyl-5-isopropyl-2,5-dimethyloctane
(e) If there is more than one chain with the same number of carbon atoms, the
main chain is the one with the most substituents. Example:
or
Chain A Chain B
Base name: heptane

Substituents (Chain A): tert-butyl at C-3 and methyl at C-4 (two
substituents)
Substituents (Chain B): methyl at C-2, C-2 and C-4, and ethyl at C-3 (four
substituents)
The IUPAC name: 3-ethyl-2,2,4-trimethylheptane (Chain B)

NOT 3-tert-butyl-4-methylheptane (Chain A)

(f) If the number for the first substituent is the same from both ends of the
chain, choose the end that gives a lower number for the next substituent.
Example:
Base name : Hexane

Substituent : Methyl at C-2, C-3 and C-5 (NOT C-2, C-4, and C-5)
IUPAC name : 2,3,5-trimethylhexane (NOT 2,4,5-trimethylhexane)
(g) If the locations of two different substituents are the same from both ends of
the main chain, the substituent to be named first is given a lower number.
Example:
Base name : Octane

Substituent : Methyl at C-5, ethyl at C-4 (NOT methyl at C-4, ethyl at
C-5)
IUPAC name : 4-ethyl-5-methyloctane
EXERCISE 7.3
What is the IUPAC name of the following alkane?
Answer:
Base name : Decane
Substituent : Ethyl at C-5 and (1,2-dimethylpropyl) at C-6
IUPAC name : 5-ethyl-6-(1,2-dimethylpropyl)decane

The IUPAC names for cycloalkanes have prefix cyclo added to the name of
the corresponding alkane (same number of carbon atoms). Examples (refer to
Table 7.5):
Table 7.5: Examples of IUPAC Names for Cycloalkanes
Carbon
C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12
Number
Example
IUPAC Name Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane
The additional IUPAC rules for cycloalkanes are:
(a) If there is one alkyl group bonded to the cyclic carbon, the name of the alkyl
group is written as a prefix.
Example:
(b) If there are two or more alkyl groups, the alkyl group to be named first
(alphabetically) is numbered 1. The number starts from this alkyl group
either clockwise or anti-clockwise to give a lower number for the next alkyl
group.
Example:
(c) If the number of carbon atoms in the ring is less than in the linear chain, the
cycloalkane becomes the substituent and is named as cycloalkyl.
Example:

EXERCISE 7.4
What is the IUPAC name for the following cycloalkane?
Answer:
Base name: Cyclopropane
Substituent: Ethyl at C-1 and isopropyl at C-2
IUPAC name: 1-ethyl-2-isopropylcyclopropane
7.2.2 Typical Alkanes Reactions

Alkanes are unreactive hydrocarbons because they are non-polar, saturated, and do
not have any functional group.
(a) Combustion of Alkanes

Alkanes or cycloalkanes when burned in air (oxygen) will form carbon
dioxide and water. The general equations and examples are:

EXERCISE 7.5
Write the combustion equation for
(a) 2-methylpropane
(b) Methylcyclopropane
Answers:
(a) 2 CH3CH(CH3)CH3 + 13 O2 8 CO2 + 10 H2O
(b)
(b) Cracking and Hydrocracking

Higher alkanes undergo cracking reactions when heated in the absence of air
at high temperatures (800oC1000oC), to give mixtures of smaller linear
alkanes and alkenes. For example, cracking of hexane under these conditions
gives mixtures of ethene, ethane, propene, propane, and many others.
C6H14 C2H4 + C2H6 + C3H6 + C3H8 +

ethene ethane propene propane
Modern cracking processes use catalysts, such as zeolites, at relatively high

temperatures (500oC) to give mixtures of linear smaller alkanes and alkenes.
For example:
C12H26 C5H10 + C7H16

pentane heptane
Hydrocracking (catalytic cracking in the presence of hydrogen gas) of

alkanes gives mixtures of smaller alkanes. For example:
C12H26 + H2 C5H12 + C7H16

pentane heptane

EXERCISE 7.6
Two of the products identified from the catalytic cracking of hexane are
ethane and butane. Name two probable products formed from
hydrocracking of hexane, and write the equation for the reaction.
Answer:
The two probable products are ethane and butane.
C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H 2 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 + C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C H 3

7.3 ALKENES, ALKADIENES AND

CYCLOALKENES
Alkenes, alkadienes, and cycloalkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing
the functional group C=C. Alkenes (CnH2n; n = 2, 3, ) have one C=C bond,
an alkadiene (CnH2n2; n = 3, 4, ) has two C=C bonds, while a cycloalkene
(CnH2n2; n = 3, 4, ) is a cyclic alkene. Examples (refer to Table 7.6):
Table 7.6: Examples of Alkene, Alkadiene and Cycloalkene
Group Alkene Alkadiene Cycloalkene
Example
ethene 1,3-butadiene cyclopentene

EXERCISE 7.7
Write the structural formula of a

(a) Propene;
(b) 1,2-butadiene or 1,3-butadiene; and
(c) Cyclobutene.
Answers:
(a) CH3CH=CH2
(b) CH2=C=CHCH3 or CH2=CHCH=CH2
(c)
7.3.1 IUPAC Nomenclature

Alkenes are named by replacing the ending ane in the names of the corresponding
alkanes (same number of carbon atom) with ene (refer to Table 7.3).
Table 7.3: IUPAC Names of First Four Linear Alkenes
Chemical Formula Structural Formula IUPAC Name

C2H4 H2C=CH2 ethene
C3H6 H2C=CHCH3 propene
C4H8 H2C=CHCH2CH3 1-butene
CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene
C5H10 H2C=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-pentene
CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 2-pentene
Note: The main chain must contain C=C.

For alkenes with four or more carbon atoms, the location of the double bond is
shown by a number. The numbering starts from the end of the main chain that
gives a lower number to the C=C bond. Examples:
(a) CH3CH2CH2CH=CHCH2 CH3 Base name: heptene

Location of C=C: C-3
IUPAC name: 3-heptene
(b) Base name: butene

Substituent: methyl at C-3
IUPAC name: 3-methyl-1-butene
(c) Base name: hexene

Substituent: ethyl at C-3, methyl
at C-2
IUPAC name: 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1-
hexene
Alkadienes are named by replacing the ending ene from the names of the
corresponding alkanes with diene. Examples:
(a) CH2= CHCH=CH2 Base name: butadiene

Location of C=C: C-1 and C-3
IUPAC name: 1,3-butadiene
(b) Base name: hexadiene

Substituent: isopropyl at C-3
IUPAC name: 3-isopropyl-2,4-
hexadiene
(c) Base name: heptadiene

Substituent: methyl at C-3 and C-4
IUPAC name: 3,4-dimethyl-1,5-
heptadiene

Cycloalkenes are named by assigning the numbers 1 and 2 for the double bond.
However, the numbers are not written in the names. Examples:
(a) Base name: cyclopentene

Substituent: butyl at C-3
IUPAC name: 3-butylcyclopentene
(b) Base name: cyclobutene

Substituent: ethyl at C-2 and C-3
IUPAC name: 2,3-diethylcyclobutene
EXERCISE 7.8
Write the structural formulas and IUPAC names for all the isomers with
the chemical formula C5H10.
Answer:
CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH=CHCH2CH3
Linear
1-pentene 2-pentene
Branches
2-methyl-1-butene 2-methyl-2-butene 3-methyl-1-butene
7.3.2 Typical Alkenes Reaction

Here, we are going to learn a few typical alkenes reactions in a detailed manner.
(a) Halogenation
Halogens (Cl2 or Br2) adds to the C=C of alkenes and cycloalkenes at room
temperature, in the dark and using inert solvents, such as, dichloromethane
(CH2Cl2) or tetrachloromethane (CCl4), to give vicinal-dihaloalkanes. This is
an example of an electrophilic addition reaction. For example:

Bromination of alkenes is used as a test for unsaturated hydrocarbon

(the presence of double or triple bonds). The test can be used to distinguish
alkenes from alkanes and other saturated compounds. For example:
Observation: The red colour of bromine disappears, it turns colourless.
Observation: The red colour of bromine remains.
EXERCISE 7.9
Write the reaction equation for the chlorination of

1-methylcyclohexene in CCl4.
Answer:

(b) Oxidation
Description of oxidation is as follows:
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
The cleavage of C=C by O3, in water in the presence of zinc forms
carbonyl compounds. The general reaction equation and example are:
Products from ozonolysis of an unknown alkene may be used to deduce the

structural formula of the alkene. For example:
The structural formula of alkene X is deduced as follows:
The C=C of alkenes may be cleaved by ozone (O3), or by hot concentrated

potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
The cleavage of C=C by hot, concentrated KMnO4 gives either ketones

(RCOR), carboxylic acids (RCOOH), or carbon dioxide and water. This
is because KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent.

Examples:
EXERCISE 7.10
Deduce the structural formula and give the IUPAC name of the alkene
that produces the following compound when reacted with hot
concentrated KMnO4.
Answer:
7.4 ALKYNES
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the functional group CC and
general formula CnH2n2 (n = 2, 3, 4 ). Their IUPAC names are similar to the
corresponding alkenes, by replacing ene with yne.

Examples:
n=2 C2H2 n=4 C4H6

Formula
Structure
IUPAC Name Ethyne Butyne
7.4.1 Typical Alkyne Reactions

After we have learnt the typical alkene reactions, we move on to the typical alkyne
reactions.
(a) Hydrogenation (Addition of Hydrogen)

One mole of hydrogen gas adds to one mole of an alkyne in the presence of
Pt, Pd, or Ni to form an alkene. For example:
cis-2-Butene is formed due to the syn-addition (same side of the triple bond).
Two moles of hydrogen gas add to one mole of an alkyne in the presence of
Pt, Pd, or Ni to form an alkane. For example:
(b) Halogenation (Addition of Halogen)

One mole of a halogen in an inert solvent (CI2/CCI4 or Br2/CCI4) adds to
one mole of an alkyne to form a transdihaloalkene. For example:

trans-2,3-dichloro-2-butene is formed due to the anti-addition (opposite side

of the triple bond).
Two moles of halogen add to one mole of alkyne in an inert solvent to form
tetrahaloalkane. For example:
7.5 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Aromatic compounds must be cyclic, planar, and conjugated (have alternating
single and double bonds), have (4n + 2) electrons (Huckel rule; n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
...), and have large resonance energies (stable). Three examples of aromatic
hydrocarbons are shown in Table 7.4.
Table 7.4: Three Examples of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structural Formula Number of Electrons
Benzene (C6H6) 6 (n = 1)
Naphthalene (C10H8) 10 (n = 2)
Anthracene (C14H10) 14 (n = 3)
Note:
(a) There are two electrons for each double bond.
(b) Naphthalene and anthracene are examples of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons.

EXERCISE 7.11
Are the following hydrocarbons aromatic? Briefly explain your

answer.
(a) (b) (c)
Answers:
(a) The hydrocarbon (cyclobutene) has two electrons, but it is not
aromatic because the bonds are not conjugated.
(b) The hydrocarbon (cyclooctatetraene) has conjugated double
bonds, but it is not aromatic because it has 8 electrons (Huckel
rule: 4n + 2).
(c) The hydrocarbon (tetracene) is aromatic because it is planar, has
conjugated double bonds, and 18 electrons (n = 4).
Visit the following website for more details on aromatic hydrocarbons:

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/arenes/fc.html
7.5.1 Benzene
Kekule suggested two structural formulas for benzene:
and
Kekules structures are based on the following arguments:

(a) The empirical formula (CH) and chemical formula (C6H6) indicate a highly
unsaturated hydrocarbon (either double or triple bonds).
(b) Hydrogenation of benzene gives cyclohexane. Thus, the six C atoms are
joined in a ring.
(c) Addition of halogen, Br2 gives only one di-bromobenzene (no isomer); this
means that all H atoms are equivalent.

However, Kekules structures suggest the existence of two 1,2-dibromobenzenes.

Kekule argued that two 1, 2-dibromobenzenes could not be isolated because they
were in rapid chemical equilibrium.
Kekules structures were replaced by one resonance structure, as shown below and
it explains the following observation.
(a) All CC bond lengths are equal (1.397 A). The bond length is intermediate
between CC (1.48 A) and C=C (1.34 A). Thus, benzene does not have
alternating single and double bonds.
(b) Benzene is unreactive towards electrophilic addition reactions (in contrast to
alkenes or alkynes).
Benzene is a planar hexagonal molecule with bond angles of 120o. Each carbon
atom is sp2 hybridised. There is one p orbital containing one electron in each
carbon atom. The six p orbitals overlap sideways to form delocalised electron
clouds above and below the plane. These electrons explain the reaction of
benzene with electrophiles.
Removing one hydrogen results in the phenyl group, C6H5, and this group is
present in many products, such as, in aspirin, polystyrene, perfumes, etc (see
Figure 7.1).
Figure 7.1: Example of benzene in aspirin, polystyrene, or perfume

ACTIVITY 7.1
View the animation of the benzene molecule at

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=6XOm3Km7r30&feature=
endscreen
and answer the following questions:
(a) Describe the type of bond formed between all the six carbon
atoms which form the hexagonal framework
(b) Describe the type of bond formed above and below the
hexagonal framework.
(c) Describe the type of bond holding the hydrogen atoms.
(d) How many electrons are contained in the doughnut shaped
bonds?
By answering the above questions, you should understand why

benzene has an unexpected stability.
7.5.2 Nomenclature of Arenes

Arenes (ArH or alkylbenzenes) have the general formula C6H5R. Some examples
are:

Note
(a) When there are two substituents in the ring, their positions are shown as 1,2-
(or ortho- or o-), 1,3- (or meta- or m-), or 1,4- (para- or p-).
(b) When there are more than two substituents in the ring, use numbers of the
lowest combination to show their positions.
(c) When benzene is the substituent (C6H5 or Ph), it is named phenyl.
7.5.3 Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbon Reactions

Now, we are going to discuss the typical aromatic hydrocarbon reactions in detail.
(a) Nitration
ArH reacts with concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst, to form nitroarene
(ArNO2). Before the actual reaction takes place, the nitronium ion, NO2+ is
generated. The nitrating mixture generates the nitronium ion, NO2+, as
shown in the equation that follows:
HNO3 + 2H2SO4 H3O+ + 2HSO4- + NO2+
(b) Sulphonation
ArH reacts with fuming sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to form arylsulphonic acid
(ArSO3H), which serves as important industrial chemicals. Fuming sulphuric
acid (H2SO4 enriched until SO3) under cold condition will produce HSO3+.
The sulphur atom carries a partial positive charge and attacks the benzene
ring.
Examples:
ACTIVITY 7.2
1. (a) Give a definition for the term hydrocarbon

(b) Which of the following compounds are hydrocarbons?
(i) CH2=CHCH=CH2 (ii) CH3Cl
(iii) (iv) CH3CH(OH)CH2C CH
2. The structural formula of compound A is given below:
(a) What is the general formula of the compound?

(b) Is the compound saturated or unsaturated?

3. Compound B is a cyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula

C5H10.
(a) What is the general formula of the compound?
(b) Is the compound saturated or unsaturated?
(c) Draw the structural formula of the compound.
(d) Draw the structural formula of linear compounds with the same
chemical formula as compound B. How many can you draw?
4. What is the IUPAC name for the following compound?
(a)
(b)
5. Write the structural formulae of the following compounds:

(a) 5-isobutylnonane
(b) 2, 2, 3-trimethylhexane
(c) 2-cyclobutyl-4-ethyl-4-isopropyldecane
6. Write the structural formulae of alkenes with the chemical formula

C4H8.
7. What are the IUPAC names for the following compounds?
(a)
(b)

8. Write the structural formula for each of the following

compounds:
(a) 2-isopropyl-2-hexene.
(b) Trans-2-pentene.
(c) 1-tert-butyl-3-isopropylcyclohexene.
(d) 2-cyclopropyl-2,4-heptadiene.
9. Write the chemical formula of the fourth alkyne. How many

alkynes has this chemical formula?
10. What are the structural formulae and IUPAC names of alkynes
with the chemical formula C5H8?
The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, cycloalkanes and alkenes is CnH2n,
and alkadienes, cycloalkenes and alkynes is CnH2n - 2.
Hydrocarbons are aromatic if they are planar, cyclic and have (4n + 2)
electrons (The Huckel rule).
Alkadienes Cycloalkenes
Alkanes Hydrocarbons
Alkenes Nomenclature
Alkynes Reaction
Aromatic hydrocarbons The International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Arenes
Cycloalkanes

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Topic Hydrocarbons

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

IUPAC name methane ethene ethyne benzene

For more information about hydrocarbons visit the following websites:

7.2 ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES

Linear C5H12 Branched C5H12

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What is the chemical and structural formula of __________?

(b) The general formula for cycloalkane is CnH2n

The structural formula:

7.2.1 Nomenclature of Alkanes

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Table 7.3: Linear Alkanes

Carbon No. Chemical Formula Structural Formula Name

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The IUPAC name is 2-methylpentane.

CH3CH2CH2CH2 butyl (or n-butyl) butyl

CH3CH2CH(CH3) sec butyl (or s-butyl) (1-methylpropyl)

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 pentyl (or n pentyl) pentyl

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 hexyl (or n-hexyl) hexyl

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Therefore, the name of the compound is 2,5-dimethylhexane.

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Base name : Octane

Base name: heptane

The IUPAC name: 3-ethyl-2,2,4-trimethylheptane (Chain B)

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Base name : Hexane

Base name : Octane

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IUPAC Name Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane

The additional IUPAC rules for cycloalkanes are:

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7.2.2 Typical Alkanes Reactions

(a) Combustion of Alkanes

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(b) Cracking and Hydrocracking

C6H14 C2H4 + C2H6 + C3H6 + C3H8 +

Modern cracking processes use catalysts, such as zeolites, at relatively high

C12H26 C5H10 + C7H16

Hydrocracking (catalytic cracking in the presence of hydrogen gas) of

C12H26 + H2 C5H12 + C7H16

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7.3 ALKENES, ALKADIENES AND

Group Alkene Alkadiene Cycloalkene

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Write the structural formula of a

7.3.1 IUPAC Nomenclature

Chemical Formula Structural Formula IUPAC Name

Note: The main chain must contain C=C.

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(a) CH3CH2CH2CH=CHCH2 CH3 Base name: heptene

(b) Base name: butene

(c) Base name: hexene

(a) CH2= CHCH=CH2 Base name: butadiene

(b) Base name: hexadiene

(c) Base name: heptadiene

Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM)

(a) Base name: cyclopentene

(b) Base name: cyclobutene

7.3.2 Typical Alkenes Reaction

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Bromination of alkenes is used as a test for unsaturated hydrocarbon