DE Solution Manual PDF

1 Introduction to Differential Equations
Exercises 1.1
1. Second-order; linear.
2. Third-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx) 4 .
3. First-order; nonlinear because of yy'.
4. First-order; linear.
5. Fourth-order; linear.
6. Second-order; nonlinear because of sin y.
7. Second-order; nonbnear because of (Sy/dx2^ .
2
8. Second-order; nonlinear because of 1/r .
9. Third-order; linear.
2
10. First-order, nonlinear because of y .
11. From y = e~ x /2
we obtain y' = -\e~ x l 2 . Then 2y' + y= ~e~ x l 2 + e~^ 2 = 0.
12. From y = 8 we obtain y 1

= 0, so that y' + iy = + 4(8) = 32.
13. From y = e
3*
+ lOe 2*
we obtain dyjdx = 3e 3r + 20e 2a\ Then
31 31 21 3r
^ - 2 = (3e + 20^) - 2 (e + lOe )
= e
6 6
14. From y = - -e -20i we obtain <&//<i( = 24e
20t
,
so that
5 5
$+
at
20j, = 24e-
20t
2 0(g-^- 20 )=24.
15. From y = 5tan5x we obtain y' 25sec 2 5i. Then
y = 25sec 5z = 25
1 2
(l .+ tan
2
5ar) = 25 + (5tan5x) 2 = 25 + j/
2
.
16. From y = (y/x + ci) 2 we obtain y' = 2 (./c + ci) /2y^, so that
(^ + Cl)
\
x
17. From j/ = - sin x ^cosx + lOe we obtain ?/ = -cosi + ^ sinz lOe *. Then
2 2 2 2
-1 -1
y' + y ^cosx + ^ sin x lOe ^ + ^ sins ^ cosi + 10e ^
= sinx.
1
Exercises 1.
+ (x 2 + 2y}
1
18. First write the differential equation in the form 2xy y 0. Implicitly differentiating
2
x y + V2 = ci we obtain 2xy + {x + 1
2yj y' 0.
19. First write the differential equation in the form y' = 2y/x. From y = l/x 2 we obtain y' = 2x~ 3 ,
so that ~2y/x = 2x~

%
= y'.
20. From y = x + 1 we obtain i/ = 1, so that (y')

3
+ xy' = l + x = y.
21. Implicitly differentiating j/

2
= ci (x + c ij we obtain y
1
c\/2y. Then
^
C V
2xy' + y(y'f= -^ + ^ = -=y.
V 4y y
{x 2 if x >
' ~~
we see that \y\ = x
2
-co < x < cc, and
x
,
, ifx<0
r (x, ifx>0 ,
(2x }
ifx>0 , f-~
vlfl't-x, if*<o'
Smce
* =
{-2., if ,<o,
itiBaPP-ent that v =VM-
23. From y = xlnx we obtain y' = 1 + lnx. Then ?/ y = 1.
24. Differentiating P= ac\e at / (l + fccie"') we obtain
dp (l + bCl e
at
) a
2
ae at - acje at ab Cl e at
f(l+fci^)-^j .
[ h
1+bae*' 1 + bcK**
25. Implicitly differentiating In

2
= ln(2 x) ln(l x) = f we obtain
1 (3lj.
r ^ ct^C
1-
Then ^= (2 - W x
- i).
x
26. Differentiating y = e edt + cê we obtain
2 X
y' - e-^V - Ixer 3? [ e
t2
dt - 2c-l XfT
x* - 1 - 2xe~^ [' e^dt - 2cixe~ x2 -
Jo Jo
Substituting into the differential equation, we have
x'
2xe~ x * + 2c\xe~ x% =
= - 2xe~ x *
f e^dt - 2c xe" +
1
y + 2xy 1 l j dt 1.
Jo JO
-x - y 2 2
27. First write the differential equation in the form y
^
z
. Then cAx + y)
2
xe y ' x implies
x xy
V
-r
(x
+
Tfj/1
m 2
and implicit differentiation gives 2ci (x + y)(l + y') = xe
v/x xv'
,
+ ev '
I
x
. Solving
y)
Exercises 1.
for y' we obtain
y '
2c\ (x + y)- e<J/z 2s _ ^ x 2 - xy

x +y
28. FVom y = c,??1 + c2 e~
ix
we obtain y = 1
3ci<!
ix - 4c-2 e~
ix
and y" = 9cie
2x
+ lGcae- 4 *, so that
y" + y' - \2y = 0.
Sx 3x
29. FVom y = e cos 2x we obtain y' = 3e ix cos 2x 2e sin 2x and y" 5e 31 cos 2x Vie1* sin 2x, so
that y" -6y' + 13y = 0.
30. From y - e^+se 21 we obtain ^ = 3e 2t

+2ic 3ir and ^= Se^+tee 2 * so that 4"|-4 +4y - 0.
31. From j/ = coshx + sinh x we obtain y' = sinhi + coshx and y" = coshx + sinhs = y.
32. From y = C\ cos 5s we obtain y' = 5ci sin5x and y" -2bc\ cos 5s, so that y" + 25y = 0.
33. From y = In Is + c\ I + c2 we obtain y = 1

- and y" = , so that y" + iy')
2
= 0.
x + cj {x + c-iY
34. From y cos x ln(secs + tans) we obtain y' = 1 + sins ln( sec x + tan x) and
y" = tans + cosx ln(sec x + tan 2). Then y" + y = tanx.
-1
35. From y = ci + cox we obtain y' = cis -2 and y" = 2c2S
-3
, so that x^-^ + 2^- = 0.
(fcr
j!
OX
36. From 3/
= scos(lns) we obtain y' = - sin(lnx) + cos(lnx) and y" - cos(hix) sin(lnx), so
that x 2 y" - xy' + 2y = 0.
37. From y x 2 + x 2 In x we obtain y' = 3s + 2s In and y" = 5 + 21ns so that x 2 y" 3xy' + 4y = 0.
r
38. From y = ci sin 3s + c2 cos 3s + 4e we obtain y' = 3ci cos 3s 3c 2 sin 3s + 4e x
,
y" 9ci sin 3a; 9c 2 cos 3a: + 4e s and y'" = 27ci cos 3x + 27c2 sin 3s + 4e^,
, so that
y' _ y" + 9j/ _ 9y = 0.
39. From y = x 2 e x we obtain j/ = x 2 ex + 2xe x ,

y" = x2ex + 4xe x 2e x and ,
y'" = xV + Sse 1 + 6e x , so
that y'" - 3y" + 3y' -y = 0.

-1
40. From y = c\x In s + 4x 2 we obtain y' = c.\ + c\ in x + 8s, y" = cis + 8, and y'" = C\X~ 2 , so that
2
1 +2X
2 X +V
dx* dx 2 dx
(-x 2 x<0 f-2s, x<0

41. From u* = ( '
we obtain y
,
= i so that xy 2y = 0.
1
2
,
x > 1 2s, x >
f0, s<0 f0, a;<0 ,,9 f- x<0

42. From y = < we obtain y
,
' = < .. so that (y
,
V /
3
Exercises 1.1
43. From y = cx + c2 we obtain y' c so that xy' + (y')

2
= cx + V- From y = fcx
2
we obtain
y' = 2kx so that xy' + (y
1
)
2
= y implies that x k(l
2
+ 4k) 0. Then A: = 1/4 produces a singular
solution.
44. From y = cx 4- \/l 4- e2 we obtain y 1

= c so that xy' + ^/l + (y')
2 = y. From x 2 + y 2 = 1 we obtain
y' = -xjy. Then for y # 0, xy' +

r
+ (y')
= -x 2
2
1
+ -7= =
w
2
=!/. The condition -1 < x < 1
y 2 "
vy
is implied by x 2 + y2 1 together with y ^ 0.
45. By inspection, y = 1 is a singular solution. Note that this is the "solution" obtained by computing
the limit as c approaches infinity of the one-parameter family of solutions.
f
s/T^, -2 < x <
46. The function y = i is not continuous at x (the left hand limit is 2
I -V4 - x2 , 0<x<2
and the right hand limit is 2,) and hence y' does not exist at x 0.
47. From y = we obtain y' = me" 11

and y" =m 2
e
mx Then y" -
. 5y' + 6y = implies
m 2 e mx _ 5me mz + fe m* = (m _ 2 )(m - 3)e

ml = 0.
Since e mx m = 2 and m = 2x 3x
> for all x, 3. Thus y e and y = e are solutions.
48. From y = e we obtain j/ = rae

mi and y" = m 2 e m;E . Then y" 4- lOj/ 4- 25y = implies
m 2 e mx + IQme + 25e mi = (m + 5) 2 e mi = 0.
Since e
ml > for all x, m = Thus, y = e 51
5.a solution. is
49. Using y' = mx m~ l

and y" = m(m l)x m_2 and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
m(m - l)x - x = (m 2 - m - l) x m = 0. Solving ro 2 - m - 1 = we obtain m = (l i/o") /2.
m m
Thus, two solutions of the differential equation on the interval 0<z<ooarey = arO+v^)/^
50. Using j/ = mx"1-1 = m(m l)x m ~ 2 and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
and y"
x 2 y" + Sxy' + 4y = [m(m 1) + 6m + 4]x m The right side will be zero provided m satisfies .
m(m - 1) + 6m + 4 = m 2 + 5m + 4 = (m + 4)(m 4- 1) = 0.
Thus, m= 4, 1 and two solutions of the differential equation on the interval < x< 00 are
y x~* and y = x _i .
51. It is easily shown that y\ = x 2 and j/2 = x 3 arc solutions. If y3 = cjyi + c2 y2 = cix 2 4- c2 x 3 then
y?, - 2c!X4-3c2 x 2 and 3/3' = 2a + 6c 2 x so that x 2 t/3' - 4xy'3 4- 6y3 = 0. Hence cxj/i, c2 y2, and yi 4-3/2
are solutions.
4
Exercises 1.2
52. It is easily shown that y\ = x 2 and 5/2 = x 3 are solutions. If y = ciyi = 2cix + 2ci then y
1
2c\ so
2
(uM
that zy' + 2U- = 2c x x + 2c\^y for C] ? and c, 1. If j, = c 2 y2 - (-C2/2)a: a then y' = -c 2 x
2
so that + ~~ = ~^-x 2 ji y for c 2 / and c2 ^ 1. If 3/

= ;/i + i/2 = -x 2 /2 + 2x + 2 then
y' = ~x + 2 so that xy' + ^ = + 2^y. Thus, none of cm ,

c2 y2, and 1/1 + 1/ 2 are solutions.
53. (a) y = (b) no real solution (c) j/ = 1 or y 1
Exercises 1
1. The sum of the forces acting on the body is mg kv where k is a constant of proportionality,
and the minus sign indicates that the resistance acts in a direction opposite to the motion. From
m
dv dv k
Newton ,
second law we have
, ,
mo ,
kv =
or
mv
s 1
a.
dt dt
2. from Newton's second law we obtain m = kv 2 + mg.

dt
3. (a) from g = k/R 2 we find k = gR 2 .
(b)
,
Using
,
a =
<^r J t > u
-^j and part (a) we obtain
&=
_ a = ^=
k SR 2
or ___
d2 r
gR
=
2
.
,
dv dr gR 2 dv gR 2
(c)
,
Part (b) becomes

, ,
1
= 0oru- = 0.
dr dt t dr rl
4. (a) The sum of the forces acting on the satellite is ma kv, so by Newton's second law,
ma kv m -t-t
at 1
. From Problem 3, a = ^5-. Thus, using v
l
= ~. kv = m ^Xr2 or
r dt t1 dt
2
d^r k dr _ gR
dt 2 m dt r2
R = and = the equation part (b) becomes = which

mv
(b) Letting r v, is 1
a, is the
dt dt
equation is Problem 1.
5. Since i = ^
dt
and
dt*
+
dt
= E(t) we obtain
at
+ Ri = E(t).
6. By Kirchoff's second law we obtain R^- + ^-q = E(t).

at C
7. The differential equation is ~=

dt Aw
J2gh. Using
'
.4o = jt
('-')
\ 127
=
36
, ^= 10
2
= 100, and
g 32 this becomes
vr- 8nVh
64/t = - --,- - - - Vh
dh 0.6tt/36 r- tt
- '
.
dt 100 6000 750

'
Exercises 1.2
8. The differential equation is ^=_ 0.6j4o

/^ft. Using A = tt
f^r) = = 7r(2)
2 = 47r,
and 5 = 32 this becomes
<to
dt=
0.6tt/576
^f =
0.6(8)
"4(576}
A^ ^ "480 ^- 1
9. The differential equation is = Aw

at
:
- \l2gh
v
. We have An iv (]
\12/

144
and g 32. To find Aw we solve x
2
+ (5 h)
2
= 25 where a: represents the
radius of the circular area of the surface of the water whose depth is h. From
x = VlO/i - ft
2 we obtain A w = ir(10/i - /l
2
). Thus
0.6^/144
dft
_ /g^r =
1
^= 1
A ir(10A - /i
2
) 30A(H> - A) 31>A (10 - h)
'
10. The differential equation is A'(t) = kA(t) where k > 0.
11. The differential equation is x'{t) = r - fcx(i) where > 0.
12. Equating Newton's law with the net forces in the x- and ^-directions gives and
2
d y
m j = respectively-
13. Prom Newton's second law in the x-direction we have

d x
m
dt2
2
- kcos6 k
, ,
dx =
v dt
1 dx
r-
,
Id
11
,
rfi
.
In the y-direction we have

2
Ady dy
md y = ~ mg ksm0a = ~ m9 ~ k
~ vTt
= ~ mg
,
~
.
lcl
-k ~dt
14. The differential equation is x'(t) = k(a~x)(j3x) where a and are the given amounts of chemicals
A and B, respectively, and k > 0,
15. To better understand the problem extend the line L down to the x-axis. Then we L
see from the figure that rfi = 20, tan <j>

x
and
dy
y
,

ax
tan 9
\2
f 7T
I )
= cot G. Now 'V
y
2
tan?i = tan20 = -
1
^ =
2tan0
- tan-^
x
-, so
x
- = - 1
2ldx/dy)
L-~~ and i
(dx dy) 2
^ (dx\

\dy )
( dx\
+2y
\dyj
= i.
j/ y
6
Exercises 1.2
16. We have from Archimedes' principle
upward force of water on barrel = weight of water displaced
= (62.4) x (volume of water displaced)
= (62.4)7r(s/2) y
2
= 15.67rs y.
2
15.67T8
It then follows from Newton's second law that ^-^ = 15. 6tts
2
i( or + 3 = q wnere
g dt 1 dt 2 w
g = 32 and w is the weight of the barrel in pounds.
17. By combining Newton's second law of motion with his law of gravitation, we obtain
m ^f" = ~ &i '

w iere
' M is the mass of the earth and k\ is a constant of proportionality.
Dividing by m gives ^-f

4
= --4 , where k = k\M. The constant k is gR 2 where
, R is the radius of
dt y
the earth. This follows from the fact that on the surface of the earth y =R so that ^l - ^" = m9<
k\M = gR 2
, or k = gR 2
. If t = is the time at which burnout occurs, then y(0) = R + yg, where
j/B is the distance from the earth's surface to the rocket at the time of burnout, and y'(0) Vg is
the corresponding velocity at that time.
du
18. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain (mo at)g = (mo at) + Ma) or
dt
dv
i
(mo at) =
i
ab
,
m^g + agt.
at
19. By the Pythagorean Theorem the ^

slope of the tangent line is y' .
\l
2
- y2
20. (a) We have M r =

So
M 3
-dr and = ^SR
Mm_ r
3
. Then
r
M
3
T =
Mm/R _
r
3
3
-^ and
it
mM
,
(b) M . d r
From rr = ma = m-pr and
2
part (a) we have
d r
m -^
2
k
mM
_ r or
<Pr
^ kM = 2
r w r
at* at 4 R Aa dt* R6
where w2 = k-^j-
21. The differential equation is

dA
dt
= k(M A).

dA
dt
= ki(M - A) - kÂ.
,
Chapter 1 Review Exercises

2
1. First-order; ordinary; nonlinear because of y .
2. Third-order; ordinary; nonlinear because of tAnxy.
3. Second-order; partial.
4. Second-order; ordinary; linear.
5. From y = x + tunx we obtain y' = 1 + sec 2 x, and y" = 1 sec 2 x tan x. Using 1 + tan 2 x = sec
2
x we
have y' + 2xy = 2+x +y 2 2
.
6. From y = c\ cosfrnz) + C2sin(lni) we obtain y' = [c2Cos(lnx) ci sin(lnx)j and

x
y" j [ci cos(lnx) + C2 sinflnx) + ci cos(ln x) c\ sinflna;)]
2
so that x y" + xy' +y= 0.
7. From y cie
x
+ C2e~ x + Qe* x + 3 we obtain y' = cye x C2B~ X + 2<?3e 2x ,
y" c\e x + c 2 &~ x + Acê 2*,
and y'" = cje
x - c2 eT
x
+ %c i e
2x
so that y'" - 2y" -y' + 2y = 6.
8. From y sm2x + cosh2x we obtain = 16 sin 2x + 16 cosh 2x so that \Qy = 0.
9. y = x2 10. y = e
5x
11. y = \x 2 12. y = 2
13. y = e* p = 14. ff = V*
15. y = sinx, y = cosx, y = 16. y e

x
17. For all values of y, y 2 2y > 1. Avoiding left- and right-hand derivatives, we then must have
x2 - x - 1 > -1. That is, x < or x > 1.
2
18. If \x\ < 2 and \y\ > 2, then (dyfdx) < and the differential equation has no real solutions. This
is also true for \x\ > 2 and \y\ < 2.
19. The differential equation is ^~ ^-\/2gh. We have An -. To find Aw we note that the radius
dt Aw v 4
r corresponding to Aw satisfies r = rr- Thus r = ^ and A w = ^r-- Then
dh _
"
1/4 y
9
_ _25y^S "
dt 4^/25 V loir/* 3 / 2
20. From Newton's second law we obtain

at
= \mg
2
u mi
2
or
at
= 16 f1
>
VSu).
'
8
2 First-Order Differential Equations
Exercises 2.1
1. For f(x, y) = y
2 ^ we have
df
ay
= y~^. Thus
2
i
the differential equation will have a unique solution
in any rectangular region of the plane where y ^ 0.
2. For /(i, j/) = y/xy we have = Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution
3. For f(x, y) = we have ~=- . Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in any
region where x ^ 0.
4. For f(x, y) x + y we have = 1. Thus the differential equation will have a unique solution in
2
3/ 2x y
5. For /fx, u) = s we have -r-= * Thus the differential equation will have a unique
4-y 2
.
dy (4- y2 )
solution in any region where y < 2, 2 < y < 2, or y > 2.
6. For f(x,y) = x 2
^
7
,
we have
9/ -
=
-3xV
-
j . Thus the differential equation will have a unique
solution in any region where y 1.

2 2
7. For f(x,y) y ^
9/
we have 7
j-r
5
2
.
= -2x y ^
, - Thus the differential equation will have a unique
x^ + y dy (x 2 + y2 f
solution in any region not containing (0,0).
8. For fix, y) = +X-

y
y-x
we have
df
dy
= ~2x
(y-x) 2
. Thus the differential equation will have a unique
solution in any region where y < x or where y > x.
9. For f(x,y) x
3
a;? cosy we have
ha
df
dy
= x 2
siny. Thus the differential equation will have a unique
solution in the entire plane.
10. For f(x,y) = (x - l)e

v/l' x ~ l)
we have ^
dy
= e^ 1-1
*. Thus the differential equation will have a
unique solution in any region where x ^ \ .
11. Two solutions are y = and y = 2 3

.
12. Two solutions are y = and y = x 2

. (Also, any constant multiple of x 2 is a solution.)
13. The solution is y = 0, which is unique by Theorem 2.1.

1
Exercises 2.
14. A function satisfying the differential equation and the initial condition is y = 1. Although
}{x,y) = \y 1| is continuous, df/dy is not continuous at y = 1, so Theorem 2.1 does not apply.
15. For y cx we have y' = c, from which we see that y cx is a solution of xy 1

y for all values of
c. All of these solutions satisfy the initial condition y(0) = 0. The piecewise defined function is not
a solution since it is not different iable at x = 0.
16. (a) Since 1 -\-y 2 and its partial derivative with respect to y are continuous everywhere in the plane,
the differential equation has a unique solution through every point in the plane.
(b) Since
ax
(tanx) = sec
2
x = 1 + tan x
2
and tanO = 0, y = tana; satisfies the differential
equation and the initial condition.
(c) Since 2 < tt/2 < 2 and tanx is undefined for x = tt/2, y = tana: is not a solution on the
interval -2 < x < 2.
(d) Since tanx is different iable and continuous on 1 < a; < 1, y tana: is a solution of the initial
value problem on the interval 1 < x < 1.
For Problems 17-20 we identify f(x,y) = yjy

2 - 9 and df/dy = y 2 /\Jy 2 - 9 We further note that
f(x,y) is discontinuous for \y\ < 3 and that df/dy is discontinuous for \y\ < 3. We then apply
Theorem 2.1.
17. The differential equation has a unique solution at (1,4).
18. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (5,3).
19. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (2, 3).
20. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (-1, 1).
Exercises 2.2
In many of the following problems we will encounter an expression of the form In \g(y)\ = f(x) + c. To
solve for g(y) we exponentiate both sides of the equation. This yields \g{y)\ = e^ +e
= e c e^ which
x
implies g(y) e e^ c T '.
Letting c\ e c we obtain g(y) = c\e^ \
1. From dy = sin 5a: da: we obtain y = -cos 5a; + c.

o
2. From dy = (x + l)
2
dx we obtain y = \{x + l)
3
+ c.
o
3x
3. From dy - -e -31 dx we obtain y = \e~ + c.
10
Exercises 2.2
4. From dy = \dx we obtain y - + c.

xl x
x +6 / 5
5. From dy = -dx = 1 + \
dx we obtain y =x+ 5 In x + II + c.
x + 1 \ i + 1/
6. From dy = 2xe~ x dx we obtain y = 2xe~ x + 2e~ x + c.
I 4
7. From - dy = dx we obtain In \y\ = 4 In |x| +c or y = cjx 4 .
8. From dy 2x dx we obtain In \y\

= a:
2
+c or y = Cie
_:c
II
.
2/
9. From = dy rz dx we obtain y~ 2
y* x

2
x
\- c.
10. From ^ dy = - dx we obtain In \y + 11 = In Ixl +c or y +1= C\x.

y+i x
11. From y 2 dy = ( x + ~\ dx we obtain -y3 - + In Ixl +c or xy 3 = 3 + 3xln Ixl + cix.

\x x) 3 x
12. From ^- + 2y^j dy = smxdx we obtain In \y\ + y 2 = cosx + c.

-2
13. From e "^ = e^dx we obtain 3e~
iy
+ 2e 3x = c.
14. From ye"dy = (e~ x + e~ 31

) dx we obtain ye - y
ey + e~ x + ê~ 3x = c.
= jpdx + y2 =
15'. From
2 ^ 2
dj/ we obtain ln|2 |
In |4 + x2 + c |
or 2 + y2 = ci (4 + x 2 ).
16. From (~K2 + l\ dy

*
+x^
1
2
<ix we obtain +
y
y tan""
1
x + c.
Vy )
17. From 2y dy = dx we
X ~h 1
obtain y 2 = x In |x + 1| + c.
y = - + c
18. From dy = \dx we obtain \-y
2
- y + In |y + 1| or
2
^y - y + In |y + 1| = + c\.
11
2 3
l\ X
19. From
{
y +2+ - dy = 2
x lnxdx we obtain ^-
U
+ 2y
a IWI =
+ ln|y| ln|x| - -x
1
3
+ c.
yj
) 1 1
\* 2 3 9
20. From
(2y + 3)
-r* dy
2y

(4x +
--^
5)
2
dx we obtain
2y
2
+ 3
= -
4x +
1
5
+ c.
21. From ~ dS = k dr we obtain 5 = az

kT'.
J
1
22. From dQ = kdt we obtain In |Q - 70| = fcf +c or Q - 70 = cie
kt
.
23. From
p ^ p2
dP = + j^Tp) ^= weobtain In |P|-ln |1-.P| = (+c so that In j^p = *+c
or = = cie'. Solving for i

3
we have P=
11
-
Exercises 2.2
24. From ^dN = (te

t+2 - l) df we obtain In \N\ = ie'+
3 - e
t+2 - +
t c.
25. From ^ dy = 5 dx or sint/di/ = -cos 2 xdx = --(1 + cos2x) dx we ' obtain

esc j/ sec-1 x 2
- cosy = -ix - - sin 2x + c or 4 cosy = 2x + sin2x + c\.
26. From 2i/dy =

cos" ix
r^r~ dx = tan 3x sec 2 3xda: we obtain j/
2
= - sec 2 3x + c.
6
e 2y y, sin 2x 2 sin x cosx \
-~-dy = =
, /
27. From- dx
,
dx or e" - ye y )dy = -2sinxdx we obtain
cosx cosx ^ '
ey + ye~ y + e~ y = 2 cos x + c.
28. From tan ydy = xcosx dx we obtain In sec y
| |
= xsinx 4- cosx + c.
29. From +
(e^ lj
xdy
2
=
(e* +
-dx
l)
3
we obtain - (e y + I)"
1
= *
2
(e
l
1
+ l)"
'
2
+ c.
2 1/2
30. From <fy = - dx we obtain (l+y 2 )^ = (l + a;
2
+ c.
)
31. From - y
dy =
1
2
dx or f j - ? ? )
dj/ = [ + ] dx we obtain
ln|y+l| + ^-y = ^ln|l+x|-iln|l-xl + c.
32. From 2y dy (2x + 1) dx we obtain y 2 = a:

2
+ x + c.
33. From \dy = - dx or [l ^ \dy=(l dx we obtain

y +3 1 +4 ^ ?/-3y V 1 + 4/
j,-51n|y-3| = x-51n|x + 4|+c = x'y

or cie .
34. From y^tl dy = dx or f 1 H

^ dy = (l + ^] dx we obtain
y - 1 x-3 ^
)
V - 2; 3/
g ~
y + 21n|y-l|=x + 51nlx-3| + c or
}
= cie'~.
35. From
(2cos-!
^ -
j/
^-r
1) - cos-'y
5 dy = sin x dx or ^
cos^y-l
dy = - esc 2 ydy = sin xdx we obtain
cot y = cos x + c.
dy
36. From sec y
dx
I- sin x cos y cos x sin y = sin x cos 4- cos x sin y we find sec ydy = 2 sin y cos x t
dy esc 2j/ dy = cos x dx. Then - In |

esc 2y cot 2y| = sin x + c.
2 sin y cos y 2
12
Exercises 2.2
37. From xdx = . dy we obtain -x 2,

= sin
1
y +c or y sin f
1- ci )
38.
39.
FVom
From zdy
lie
jr
40. To integrate dx/ {x

.
^
+
=
dy
ex +
=
e~ x
+
,
y/4-x*
dx
-Jx)
^
make
. dx we obtain J^
{e x
1
ttt
Y+ 1
the substitution
dx we obtain
+ y2
u2 =

sin
i/
x.
-1
tan
- +
2
-1
c.
Then 2udu = dx and

e
x
+ c.
r
/
dx
= /
r 2udu
-j = /
r
2du = 21n
, , /
u+1 +c = 21n(^+l)
,
+ c.
y
\
Thus, from rfw = r- dx we obtain 2 In (,75 + 1) = 2 In (\/x~ + l) +c or
y/y+l=ci (v^+l).
41. From
1
sin
+ cos x
x
dx =
e~ y
1
+ 1
dy -
1
+ dy we
^
e"
obtain lnfl + cosx) = Irtfl + e y )' + c or
(1 + e")(l + cosx) = c\. Using y(0) = we find ci = 4. The solution of the initial-value problem
is (l + e M )(l + cosi) = 4.
1
x
42. FVom . , dy * dx we obtain
l + (2{/)
2
l + (z8)
2
_!
1
= 1 tan _1 _1 9
I *j
tan 2y x + c or tan 2y + tan a; = ci.
Using y{l) = we find Ci = 7r/4, The solution of the initial-value problem is
tan'^ + tan" 1
!2 = ^.
43. FVom , dy = 4idi we obtain yV + 1 = 2x 2 + c. Using y(0) = 1 we find c = V2- The
solution of the initial-value problem is

<Jy
2
+1= 2x 2 + \/2'
3
44. FVom -dy = (1 i)df we obtain In =t -t
2
+ c or y = cie'""' ^
2
. Using y(l) = 3 we find
J/
2
-1 ' 2 '-' 2 2
c = 3e . The solution of the initial-value problem is y = 3e /2-i/2 = 3e -(t-i) /2.
* -1
45. From
2
dx = 4dy we obtain tan x = 4y + c. Using x(7r/4) = 1 we find c = 3tt/4. The
solution of the initial-value problem is tan

-1
x = 4y or x = tan ^4y
46. From
y2
*
- 1
dy =
x2
-
1
-l
dx or ^ (^ -
2\y-l
-

y
~
+ 1) J
= ^ f
^ -
2Vx-l x

+ lJ
dx we obtain
.
Exercises 2.2
In \y-l\~ In \y + l\ = In |i - 1| - In \x + 1| +c or -
y
+ -
1
= -
x +
\
I
+ c. Using y{2) = 2 we find c = 0.
y 1 2 1
The solution of the initial-value problem is = or y = x.
y + 1 x + 1
47. From - (it, = ~y~ ^ = f ~~2 ~~ ~) we obtain In \y\ = In |a;| = c or xy = c\e~ l ^ x . Using
1) = 1 we _1 -1-1 ^.
find ci = e . The solution of the initial-value problem is xy = e
48. From
1
1
iy
dy = dx we obtain ~ I
In |1 - 2y| = % + c or 1 - 2y = c\e~'*
x
. Using y(0) = 5/2 we
find ci = -4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 1 - 2y = -Ae~ 2x or y = 2e~

2x
+ - .
49. From \
\y +
-~ + -^)
y-3)
dy = dx we
3
y obtain -
y
+ ^
3
- ce
6x
.
(a) Ifi,(0) = 0theny = 3

r
-^.
(b) If 1/(0) = 3 then = 3.
2 _ 61 " 2
e
(c) Ify(l/3) = ltheny = 3
2 + efa a
50. From |
\y-
1
,
1
-I- y /
]
dy = i <r we
i
obtain In Iy 1 1
lnlyl = In la:] +c or y =
1-cix
. Another
solution is y = 0.
(a) If 3/(0) - 1 theny = 1,
(b) If 2,(0) = then y = 0.
(c) Ify(l/2) = l/2theny =

T ^.
51. By inspection a singular solution is y 1.
52. By inspection a singular solution is y = 0.
53. The singular solution t, = 1 satisfies the initial-value problem.
54. Separating variables we obtain -.
(y -
-rs
1)
= dx. Then
y - 1
x + c and y = + x c
. Setting
x and y = 1.01 we obtain c 100. The solution is y = -

X
100
-
55. Separating variables we obtain ^

1)^+ 01
= ^ ^ el1 l^tan
-1
10(y 1) = 1 + c and
y = 1 + tan X +
1 C
Setting z = and y = 1 we obtain c = 0. The solution is y = 1 + tan
\ X
^ .
^
-
56. Separating variables we obtain = dx. Then 5 In
lOy 11
= x + c. Setting x
14
Exercises 2.3
lOy - 11
and y = 1 we obtain c = 5 In 1 = 0. The solution is 5 In x.
10y-9
57. Let u = x + y + 1 so that du/dx = 1 + cfa/x. Then ~

dx
- 1 = u2 or +u^
\

ifu = dx. Thus
tan 1
u = x + coru = tan(x + c), and + y 4- 1 = tan(x + c) or = tan (a: + c) x 1.
58. Let u = x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx.

dy/tt Then
dx
- 1 = -
-
ti
or udu = dx. Thus \u2
2
= x +c
or u 2 = 2x + a, and (x + y) 2 = 2x + ci
59. Let u = i + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then ^ 1 = 2
tan or cos 2 udu dx. Thus
~u + isin2it-x + cor 2u + sin 2u = 4x + ci, and 2(x + 1/] + sin2(x + y) = Ax + ci or
2y + sin 2(x + y) = 2x + c\
60. Let u = x +y so that du/dx 1 + dy/dx. Then

dx
1 = sinu or
1 + sin u
rfu = dx. Multiplying
by (1 - sin)/(l - sinu) we have du = dx or (sec

2
u - tan it sec u) du = dx. Thus
cos-' u v '
tanii secu = x + c or tan(x + y) sec(x + j/) = x + c.
61. Let u = y
- 2x + 3 so that du/dx -
dy/dx
dy - 2. Then ^+2 =2+ </u or -^= du = dx. Thus
2^/u = x +c and 2\/w - 2x +3= x + c.

62. Let u = y - x+ 5 so that du/dx = dy/dx - 1. Then
dx
+ 1 = 1 + e" or e~ v du = dx. Thus
-e~ u = x +c and -e^"^ = 5
x + c.
Exercises
3 2 3
1. Since f(tx,ty) = (tx) + 2(tx)(ty} - = t f{x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 3.
fx
2. Since f(tx, ty) sjtx + ty (4tx + 3ty) = 3 2

t ^ f(x, y), the function is homogeneous of degree 3/2.
3. Since f(tx, ty) = = t2 f& V)< the function is homogeneous of degree 2.

(txV jt;;) 2 i
(x 1
4. Since f(tx,ty) = -f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 1.
3 2
5. Since f(tx.ty) = cos
(tx)
4- ("cos X - for any n, the function is not homogeneous.
x +y x+y
6. Since f{tx> ty) = sin -
x
=
X
-\-
f(x, y), the function is homogeneous of degree 0.
y
Exercises 2.3
7. Since f(tx,ty) \nt

2
+ inx 2 2(ln( + In y) = f(x,y), the function is homogeneous of degree 0.
8. Since f(tx, ty) ^nix J (i^^ for an y n ^ ^ ne functi on i s not homogeneous.

3 In ty In y
9. Since f{tx, ty) = ^j- + = -j$f{ x < f). tne function is homogeneous of degree 2.
2 n 2
10. Since f(tx, ty) (tx + ty + l) # t (x +y+ l) for any n, the function is not homogeneous.
11. Letting y = ux we have
{x ux)dx + x{udx + xdu)
dx 4- x du =
f- dw =
a:
In |x| +m= c
a: In \x\ +y = ex.
(a: 4- ux) dx + x(udx + xdu) =
(1 + 2u)(ix + xdu =
x + l + 2u
-
In |:r| + ^ In [1 + 2u\ = c
x 2 + 2xy = ci.
13. Letting x = vy we have

+ y (fv) + (j/
- 2vj/) <fy =
vydv + {y
1 2v + l) dy =
(w - 1)
2
y
In |w - 1| i + In |j/|
= c
v 1
16
Exercises 2.3
In ^-1 + \ny c
V x/y-l
(x - y) In | a: - y\ -y= c(x - y).
y{vdy + ydv) - 2{vy + y) dy =

y dv - (v + 2) % =
v
tit)
+ 2
- =
<ft/
lnjv + 2| - In \y \
= c
In - + 2 - In \y\
= c
a; + 2j/ = ci?/
2
.

2
[u x
2
+ ux 2 ) <te - 2
x {udx + xdu) =
(is 3 <iu =
(is <iu
2=0
In |z| H = c
lnld +-=c
y In [a:j +x= cy.
+ x 2 (udx + xdu) -
2 2
(u x + ux 2 ) dx
(u
2
+ 2u)dx + xdu =
dx du
=
x u(u + 2)
In \x\ + ^ In |u| - ^ In ju + 2| = c
Exercises 2.3
- ci
u+2
x \x
2
x y = cj(y + 2x).
17. Letting y = iiiwe have
(ux - x)dx - (ux + x) (ti dx + x du) =
(u
2
+ l) dx + x(u + 1) du =
+ -~u
dx
a:
+
+ U-'
1
-
1
du
,
=
_
ln\x\ + ^ln (u 2 + l) + tan" 1

!/ = c
Inz
2
^+ lj+2tan
_1
^ = ci
ln(z 2 + y 2 ) +2tan~ - = 1
ci.
(i + 3ux) dx - (3x + ux){u dx + x du) =
(u
2 - l) dx + x(u + 3) du =
ti + 3
+ 7 w r du =
X (u-l)(u + l)
In |rc| + 21n |u lj In |ti+l| = c
z(u-l) 2
- Cl
!1+ 1
( !/
-x) 2 = c 1 (y + x).
18
Exercises 2.3
uxdx + (x + ~Jux)(udx + xdu) =
{x +x ) du + u 3/2 dx =
\ u! x
-2u- ^ + lnH+lii|x| =
l
c
In \y/x\ + In \x\ = 2y[x]y + c
y(\n\y\ - c)'
2
= 4x.
x\j\ + u 2 dx-x 2 du =
dx du
=
In III In i+ y/l + u2 - c
u + \/l + u2 = c\x
+ y?/
2
+ x2 = c\x
2
.
21. Letting x vy we have
2v
2
ydv - (v
3
+ l] dy =
2
2u
dv -
,

dy
=
-In It;
3
+ lj - In \y\ = c
1 ,\2/3
Exercises 2.3
25 -
T + l] =c 2 y 3
x* + y) =c2 y s .
12. Letting y ux we have
4 3
x + uV) dx - 2x ux(u dx + x du) =
2
u2 - l) dx - 2xudu =
x 1u du
dx
a- U
(u 2 - \f
In I
set +
u2 -
I
(K
2 - I2 )lnM+x 3 = C ( -x a 2
:3. Letting y ux we have
(x
2
+ u 2 x 2 ^ dx - 2
ux {udx + xdu) =
dx ux du =
dx
u du
x
In |a:| û 2 = c
2
2la\x\-(y/x) = c.
4. Letting j? = ux we have
(u x
3 3
+ a:
3
+ u2x3 } dx - u 2 x 3 {udx + xdu) =
(1
4- w 2) da: - u 2 x du =
dx
x u2
~+ -
1
an =
u+ -1
In txl tan u= c
-1
In |a;| - - + tan - = c.
20
Exercises 2.3
y(vdy + ydv) - (vy + 4j/e" 2 ") dj/ =
ydv - 4e" 2 "rf{/ =
2
|e "-4In |y| = c
e^'v - 8]n\y\ = a.
e~ u
2
(;r + u 2 x 2 ) da: - ux
2
(utte + x du) =
e~" dx ux du
i -c n
du =
In |x| - we" + e" = c
x In \x\ - (y - x)e y t
x
= ex.
27. Letting j/
= ux we have
(ux + x cot u) rfx x(u dx + x du)
cot u dx x du =
x tan u du
In |x| + In |
cosu| = c
y
x cos = c.
x
28. Letting t/ = tii*e have
ux In u dx x(u dx + x du) =
(it In u u) dx x du
dx du
=
x u In u u
Exercises 2.3
ln|x| - In |
lnu - 1| = c
x
= c\
lnu 1
= V _
x Cl
I
i n l
x
lnu = cjx + In 2 + 1
1+C2X
s = xe .
(a;
2
+ ux 2 - u 2 x 2 ) dx + ux 2 {udx + xdu) =
(1 + u) lix + xudu =
x + uu +dur =
dx
i
In |x| +u In |u + 1| = c
u + 1
= cie
a;
^ + 1 = ciie"/*
a;
2
(x
3
+ ux 2 + 3u 2 x 2 ) dx - (x
2
+ 2ux )
(udx + x du) =
(l + u2 ) dx - i(l + 2u) rfu =
<ix 1 + 2u ,
du =
x 1 + v?T
In Ixl - tan" 1 u - In f 1 + u2 ) = c
1 "
,u
2
=c ie tH1
1 +u
xîf + x )^
1
2 *!*.
22
Exercises 2.3
dx + u 2 x du =
dx
Vu 2 du = Q
x
1
In |x| + û 3 = c
3r3 ln|x| + y
3
= c\J?.
Using = 2 we find c\ = 8. The solution of the initial- value problem is 3a:

3
In |x| + y3 = Sx 3 .

2 2 2
(x + 2u x )
dx-ux 2 (udx + xdu) =
(l +u
2
) dx - ux du =
eta: udu
=
x 1 + u2
In |x| - ^ln (l +u 2 ) =
ci
l +u
4 2
* = ci {y + * 2 ).
Using y(-l) = 1 we find ci = 1/2. The solution of the initial-value problem is 2x 4 = y
2
+ a;
2
.
33. Letting y = we have

2 2
{Zux + u 2 x 2 ) dx - 2x (u dx + xdu) =
2
(u + u) cfz - 2xdu -
dx 2du _
q
u(u + l)
ln|x| - 2 In |w| + 2 In \u + 1\ = c
2
x(u + l)
= ci
x(y + x) 2 = ciy
2
.
Exercises 2.3
Using j/(l) = 2 we find c\ = 1/4. The solution of the initial-value problem is 4x(y + x)
vy 2 (vdy + ydv) 2
(v y
2
+ vy\Jv 2 y 2 + y 2 ^ djf =
ydv \jv 2 + 1 dj/ =
In In Ivl = c
=
\7 + Ciy
1
x2 + y l =ciy 2 .
Using 3/(0) = 1 we find ci = 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is x + \Jx

2
+ y2
(x + uxe") dx - xe u (u dx + x du) =
dx xe" =
e "du =
x
In |x| - e" = c
x
ln\x\ ~ e' = c.
Using y(l) = we find c = 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is In \x\ = e^1
3/(1; dy + y dv) + (y cos v vy) dy =
3/<ii> + cos t>

(fy
=
sec v dv -\ =
V
In sec v
I
+ tsnv\ + In \y = \
c
y
/
\
sec
x
y
I- tan
z\

v)
] c\
24

Exercises 2.3
(zr x\
sec - + tan -1=2.
y vj
2
(u x
2
+ 3uz 2 ) dx - (ix
1
+ ux r) (udx + xdu) =
u dx x(4 + u) du =

dx
X
+
4 + u
u
du = ,
In \x\ + 4In |uj +u= c
xu 4 = c\e
-ti
4
y = rA x 3 e~y^-
= = = ~
Using y(l) 1 we find cj e. The solution of the initial-value problem is u4 xê i v l x .
38. Letting y ~ ux we have
(uV + 2ua; 3
) da:
- 2a? (udx + xdu) =
u 3 da: - 2a: du =
dx 2du
a: Ji''
r=
In \x\ H t c
Using y(l) = we find ci = e'^

2
. The solution of the initial-value problem is a; = e
_x2 /!/ 2 +i/2
39. Letting y = ua: we have
(x ux v?t 2 xj dx + (i + vâ:) (udx + xdu) =
dx + x (l + V") du =
^+ (l + du =
In x + u + û3 ^ 2 = c
O
3'2 3 2
3 2
3a: / lna: + 'ix^ y
2
+ 2y = c,a: / .
Exercises 2.3
Using y(l) = 1 we find c\ = 5. The solution of the initial-value problem is
(Note: Since the solution involves yfx , x > and we do not need an absolute ve
y(vdy + ydv) + vy(\nvy Iny 1) =
y du + ulnudy =
<fo dj,
+ =Q
w In v y
In |ln |f || + In |y| = c
yln - ci.
Using y(l) = e we find ci = e. The solution of the initial-value problem is yki
3
y (n dy + y du) + 2
(u y
2
+ m/
2
+ t,
2
)
dy -
ydw + (jj + l)
2
dy =
dv dy
=
(v + \)
2
y
1 .
in
.
tf = c
v + 1
y
+ In \y\ = c.
x +y
Using j/(0) = 1 we find c = -1. The solution of the initial-value problem is
{x + y) In \y\ = y - (x + y) or (x + y) In \y\ = -x.
26
Exercises 2.3
L2. Letting y ux we have
{^/x + y/ux
J
dx x{ u dx + x du) =
(tc du
=
a: 1 + 2,/u
nil
in \x\ = /
f -
du
-= I
u=
d =

2tdt
= <lt = '-* 1,l|1+a|+c

/rfa
I + 2,1- +c
Vx 2
r 3/2 x + 2^/y = c,e
Using y(l) = we find c\ 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is
vy- \Jy
2
-vy 2 J
- y(d?/ + ydu) =
vT v y dv =
dy dv
=
y Vl - v
In -1- 2\/l --f = c
In |y| + 2^1 -x/y = c.
Using &(l/2) = 1 we find c = \/2 . The solution of the initial-value problem is
\n\y\ + 2yJl-x/y=V2.
Exercises 2.3
x(u dx + x du) (ux + x cosh u) dx
a: du cosh u dx =
sech u ciu =
_1
tan (sinhu) In |x| = c
tan
1
^sinh
j
In |x| = c.
-1
Using = we find c = 0. The solution of the initial-value problem is tan ^sinh - ^
= In \x\.
45. From i = vy we obtain = vdy + ydv and the differential equation becomes
M(vy, y)(v dy + y dv) + N(vy, y) dy = 0.
Using M(vy,y) = n
y M(v, 1) and N(vy,y) = 2
y N(v, 1) and simplifying we have
n n =
y M(v, l)(vdy + ydv) + y N(v, l)dy Q
[vM(v, 1) + N(v, 1)] dy + yM(v, 1) dv =
M(u, 1) du
= 0.
2/ vAf(u, 1) + JV(t>, 1)
46. From i = r cos (? and ?/

= r sin we obtain dx = cos <?dr r sin and dy sin fldr + r cos fldfl.
Using
Af(i, y) = M(r cos 0,r sin 0) = T

n
M(cos9, sinf)
and
= N(r cos 9, r sin 9 = n
Wfx, y) ) r N(cos 9, sin #)
the differential equation becomes
r
n M(cos9, sin9)(cos9dr -r sin fldfl) + r n A^cosfl, sin0)(sin 0dr + r cos0df>) = 0.
Simplifying we have
[M(cos 9, sin 9) cos 9 + AT (cos 6, sin 0) sin 5] dr - [rM(cos 9, sin 8) sin - rN(cos 9, sin 9) cos 0] d9 =
dr Af(cosfl, sin ff) sinfl - r N (cos 0, sin 9) cos 6 ^ _

Q
r M(cos9, sin.9) cos9 + N(cob 8, sin9) sin 9
28
Exercises 2.4
= yn M and N(x, y) - y n M^
47. Using M(x, y)
^ , 1
j
, 1
j
we obtain
y
n
M ,ljdx + yn N ^ ,
lj dy =
or
dy - Mx ( iy' l)
-c (
x
dx N(x/y, 1) \y
48. If we let u = y/x, then by homogeneity f(x,y) = x"f (l, =i"/(l,u). Using the chain rule for
|j
partial derivatives, we obtain
and
9j/ du dy du \x/ du
Then
= nx n /(l, u) = nx n f (l.
|) = tf).
Exercises 2.4
1. Let Af = 2x-l and JV = 3y+7sothat Afj, = = War. From/^ - 2i-l we obtain / = x 2 -x+h(y),
3 3
/i'(jf) = 3y + 7, and h(y) = -y 2 + 7y. The solution is x2 - x + -y 2 + 7y = c.
2. Let M = 2x + y and N x Then M = and N 6y. y 1 x = 1, so the equation is not exact.
Let M = 5x + 4y and N = 4x - 8y so that M = 4 = =

3
3. v JVj.. Prom /a 5i + 4y we obtain
/ = ^x + 4xy+h(y), h'{y) =
2
-Sy 3
, and = -2i/ 4
. The solution is ^x +4xy - 2yA =
2
c.
4. Let A/ = siny ysina: and = zosx + xcosy y so that My = cosy sinx = Nx . From
2
fx = siny ysini we obtain / = isiny + ycosx + frf!/), /i'(y) = y, and = ^y . The solution
1 2
is xsmy + ycosx ~y = c.
Exercises 2.4
5. Let M- 2y2 x - 3 and JV = 2yx2 + 4 so that M y

= 4xy = Nx . From = 2y x
2 - 3 we obtain
/ = x y 3x
2 2
+ h(y), h'(y) = 4, and h{y) = 1y. The solution is x y 2 2 3x + 4j/ = c.
6. Let A/ = 4X3 3j/sin3.c y/x 2 and N = 2y 1/x + cos3x so that M y
= 3sin3x 1/x 2 and
JV^ = 1/x 2
3 sin 3x. The equation is not exact.
7. Let M=x 2
y
2
and N = 2
x - 2xy so that Afy = -2y and Nx = 2x ~ 2y. The equation is not
exact.
8. Let M + lnx + y/x and JV = -1 + lnx so that My = l/x = Nx Prom /B = -1 + lnx we obtain
l .
/ = -y + y\nx + k(y), h'(x) = 1 + ini, and k(y) = x\nx. The solution is + y lnx + ilni = c. j/
9. Let A/ = y
3
- J/
2
sinx - x and JV = 3xy 2
+ 2j/cosx so that JUV = 3y
2 - 2|fsinx = Nx . From
fx =y 3 - Jf
2
sinx - x we obtain / = xy 3 + y cosx - ^x
2 2
+ h{y), h'(y) = 0, and h(y) = 0. The
solution is xy
3
+y
2
cos 2 - ^x 2 = c.
10. Let M x3 + y
3
and JV = 3xy 2 so that Afj, = 3y
2
= JVX . From fx = x 3 + y3 we obtain
/ = ^x 4 + xy 3 + h{y), h'(y) = 0, and Afy) = 0. The solution is ~x 4 + xy 3 = c.

11. Let M = y\ny - e'^ and N = l/y + x In y so that JWU = 1 + lay + ye~ xv and JV, = \ay. The
equation is not exact.
12. Let M = 2x/y and JV = -X 2 /y 2 so that JL/

y
= -2x/y 2 = Nx . From = 2x/y we obtain
/ = h V(jf) = 0, and h(y) 0. The solution is x2 = cy.
13. Let JW = y - 6x 2 - 2ie I and N x so that Af = I = JV,;. From /x = y - 6x 2 - 2xex we obtain

/ = xy-2x 3 -2xe x + 2e* + h(y), h'{y) = 0, and h{y) - 0. The solution is xy - 2x 3 - 2xe + 2e* = c. 3:
Let Jtf = Zx y + e" and JV = x + le" - 2y so that Afj, = "ix + From fx = 3x 2 y + e" we
2
14. 3 2
= A^.
obtain / x y + xe + h{y), h'{y)
3 v 2y, and
= y The solution
2
. is x y + xe v y c.
3 2
15. Let M = I-3/1+ if and JV = 1 -3/j/ + x so that M = 1 = JVX . From fx = 1 -3/x + y we obtain
3
/ = x - 31n|x[ + xy + h(y), h'(y) = 1 , and h(y) = y - 3 In The solution is
x + y + xy - 3\n \xy\ = c.
16. Let M = xy 2
sinh x +y 2
cosh x and N = e y + 2Tj/cosha; so that A/s = 2a:?/ sinh ar + 2y cosh x = JVX .
From fy = ey + 2xj/coshx we obtain / = ey + xj/

2
coshx + /((j/), ^'(j/) = 0, and h(y) = 0. The
solution is e" + xj/ 2 cosh 1 = c.
17. Let M = r ^ - 1/ + 9x and JV = x ^ so that M = 3xV =

2 3
(l
2
)
3
y
JV,. From
/e = iV- 1/f + $x -
3 3
we obtain / = \x y - \ arctan(32:) + h(y),
1
2
) h'(y) = 0, and h(y) 0. The
solution is x 3 ^3 arctan(3x} = c.
30
Exercises 2.4
18. Let M = -2y and TV = 5y-2x so that M y

= -2 = TV^. From /j = -2y we obtain / = 2xy+h(y),
h'(y) 5y, and /i(y) = ^y 2 The . solution is 2xy + jjy

2
= c.
19. Let M = tanx - sin x sin y and TV = cos x cosy so that M = sin x cosy =
y TVX . From
/x = tanx - sin x sin y we obtain / = In j
secx| + cos x sin y + h(y), k'(y) = 0, and h(y) = 0. The
solution is In sec x\
|
+ cos x sin y = c.
20. Let A/ = 3xcos3x + sin3x- 3 and TV = 2y + 5 so that My = = TVX From .
= 3xcos3x + sin3x - 3 we obtain / = xsin3x - 3x + h{y), h'{y) = 2y + 5, and h(y) = y 2 + 5y.

The solution is xsin3x 3x + y 2 + 5y = c.
Let M = 4x 3 + 4xy and TV = 2x + 2y - 1 so that My = 4x = Nx From = 4x 3 + 4xy we obtain
2
21. .
f = x + 2x y + /i(y), h'{y) = 2y - 1, and ft(y) = y -y. The solution is x + 2x y + y - y = c.

i 2 2 4 2 2
22. Let M = 2ysinxcosx - y + 2y 2 xy2

e and TV = -x + sin
2
x + Axye^ so that
xyl
My - 2sinxcosx - 1 + Axy z e + Aye 1^ = Nx .
From fs = 2y sin x cos x - y + 2y 2 e xy2 we obtain / = ysin 2 x xy + 2e xy2 + h(y), h'{y) = 0, and
h{y) = 0. The solution is y sin x
2
xy + 2e xy2 = c.
23. Let M = 4x y - 15x 3 2

- y and TV = x 4 + 3y 2 - x so that TW = 4x 3 - 1 = Nx . From
fx = 4x y 15x y we obtain / = x y 5x xy + h{y),
3 2 4 3
h'{y) 3y
2
, and h{y) y
3
. The solution
3
is x y 4 5x 3
xy + y = c.
24. Let M l/x 4- l/x 2 - y/ (x 2 + y 2 ) and TV = ye" + x/ fx
2
+ y2 ) so that
2
M v
- (y
2 - x 2) / {x
2
+ y2) = Nx . From /a = l/x 4- l/x 2 - y/ (x
2
+ y2 ) we obtain
/= In \x\ --- arctan [

- ] + My), h'[y) = ye y and ,
My) = ye y - ey . The solution is
x \y/
In Ixl arctan [
| + ye y e
8 c.
x \yj
25. Let M=x 2

+ 2xy + y 2 and TV = 2xy + a: 2 - 1 so that M y
= 2(x + y) = W^. From = x 2 + 2xy+y 2
we obtain / = -x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 + hly), h'(y) 1, and h(y) = y.. The general solution is
-x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 y = c. If y(l) = 1 then c = 4/3 and the solution of the initial-value problem is
-x 3 -I- x 2 y + xy2 - y =^ -
26. Let M = e x + y and TV = 2 + x + ye M = 1 = TVj.. From fx = e x + y we obtain y so that
/ = e + xy + h(y), h'{y) = 2 + ye", and h(y) 2y + ye y y. The general solution is

x
e + xy + 2y + ye" e y = c. If y(0) = 1 then c = 3 and the solution of the initial-value

x
problem is e x + xy + 2y + ye" e" = 3.

Exercises 2.4
27. Let M = Ay + 2x - 5 and N= 6y + Ax - 1 so that M y

= 4 = Nx Prom = 4y + 2x - 5 we
.
= + - 5x + h'(y) = - = 3y - y. The general solution is

2 2
obtain / 4xy x h(y), 6y 1, and h{y)
4xy + 2
5i + 3y 2 y= c. If y{ 1) 2 then c = 8 and the solution of the initial-value problem
is 4xy + x 2 5x + 3y 2 y = 8.
28. Let M = x/2y 4

and N= (3?/
2 - x2 ) /y
5
so that M = 2x/j/ 5 = A^. From /x = x/2y4 we obtain
2
3-2 3 3 x
/ = ^4 + Hv), h'{y) = ^, and = The general solution is
^ ^- -
3
c. If y(l) = 1
s =
3 5
then c = 5/4 and the solution of the initial-value problem is
a-2
4y q
7
2y l
4
-
29. Let M= 4/
2 = 2ysinx x 3 + ln so that Ms = 2j/cos 3x 2 = A^. From
cosx 3x 2 y 2x and A' 3/
/e = y cosx 3:r y 2x we obtain / = y sin x x y x + h(y), h'{y) lny, and

2 2 2 3 2
= j/lny j/.
The general solution is y sin x x y x + y In y y c. If y(0) = e then c = and the solution

2 3 2
of the initial- value problem is y sin x x y x + y In y y = 0.

2 3 2
30. Let M=y 2

4- ysinx and N = 2xy - cosx - 1/ (l + y2 ) so that M B = 2y + sinx = Nx . From
fx = 2
+ y sinx we obtain / = ly 2 - ycosx + ft'(y) = ^(t/) = -tan ~' V- The
J/
J^~2 '
-1 =
general solution is xy 2 ycosx tan y c. If y(0) 1 then c 1 it/4 and the solution of
-1
the initial-value problem is xy ycosx
2
tan y = 1 ^ .
31. Equating A/j, = 3j/

2
+ 4fcxi/ 3 and Nx = Sy 2 + iOxy 3 we obtain k = 10.
32. Equating M y
= xy cos xy siuxy + 4% 3 and A^ = 20i/ 3 ~ xycosxy s'mxy we obtain A; = 5.
Equating M
x
33. y 4xy + e
x
and A^ = Axy + ke we obtain fc = 1.
34. Equating My = 18xy 2 s'my and A'x = 2kxy 2 siny we obtain = 9.
= xy
35. Since /j, = N(x,y) = xe x " + 2xy + 1/x we obtain / e + xy 2 + - + h(x) so that
/x = ye*" + J,
2
- ^+ ti( x )- Let M (z< ) = y
eXV 2
+ " 4
36. Since /x - M{x,y) = y 1 '' 2
i- 1 '
/2
+x (a:
2
+ y) '
we obtain / = 2y
1/2
x 1/2 + ^ In |x
2
+ y|+/i{x) so that
1 1
/, = y- 1/2 x'/ 2 + {x
2
+ y)' + h'(x). Let N(x, y) = y-^V/ 3 + (x
2
+ j,)" .
5 ^
37. Let M = 6xy 3 and =
A' 4j/
3
+ 9x 2 y 2 so that My = 18x?/
2
= A^. From = 6xy 3 we obtain
/ = 3i y 3
2
+ h(y), h'(y) = Ay
3
, and = y
4
. The solution of the differential equation is
38. Let M = -y/x 2 and N= l/y + 1/x so that M y

= -l/x a = Ax From /x = -y/x 2 we . obtain
/ = + h(y), h'{y) = and = lny. The solution of the differential equation is +ln \y\ = c.
32
Exercises 2.5
39. Let M = x 2 y'i

smx + 2xy 2 cosx and N ~ 2x 2 ycosx so that My = 2x 2 ys'mx + 4xycos:c = Nx .
From /y = 2
2x y cosx we obtain / =x 2 2
y coax + h{y), h'{y) 0, and h(y) 0. The solution of the
differential equation is x 2 y 2 cos x = c.

40. Let M = xye x + 2 x
y e + ye x and N = xe 1 + 2ye x so that jWs = xe x + 2ye x + e
x = A^. FVom
/y = xe x
+ 2yex we obtain / = xy<? +y 2
e
x
+ h(x), h'{y) = 0, and h(y) = 0. The solution of the
differential equation is xye x + y 2 e x = c.

41. Let M = 2xy+ 3a: 2 and 2
that My = 4xy = A^. FVom
JV = 2x 2 y so = 2xy 2 3x 2 we obtain -+-
/ = x y + x + k(y), h'(y) = 0, and = 0. The solution of the differential equation is

2 2 3
x V 3
+ x = c-
Let M = (x 2 + 2xj/ - y ) / (x + 2xj/ + ) and N
= (j/ 2 + 2xy - x 2 ) / (y 2 + 2xy + x 2 ) so that
2 2 2
42. j/
My = -Axy/{x + y} 3 = A^. From /E = [x 2 + 2xy + y 2 - 2y

2
)
/(x + y) 2 we obtain
2
2y
/ = x H h /i(y), /i'(y) = -1, and k(y) = -y. The solution of the differential equation is
x+y
x2 + y2 = c(x + y)
43. Identifying M g(x) and N = h(y) we see that exactness follows from M v
= = Nx .
Exercises 2.5 _
1. For y' - by = an integrating factor is e / 5dl = e~
5x
so that
dx
fe
1
5x
y]
J
= and y = ce
5x
for
-co < x < oo.
2x
2. For y' + 2y = an integrating factor is ef 2dx = e
2x
so that 4~ \ y] = and y = ce
_2x
for
dx < J
oo < x < oo.
= = 41
= _4t
3. For + 4y = - an
y' integrating factor is e/ 4<tc e
41
so that le^y] -e and w - + ce
3 ox 1 J 3 3
for oo < x < oo.
4. For y' +-y= Z/x an integrating factor is e/*

2 ^ <*e
= x 2 so that ~ [x y]
2
= 3x and y = - + cx~ 2
for < x < oo.
5. For y' +y = e
3x
an integrating factor is = e* so that [e*j/] = e
4x
and y = ê
31
+ ce~ x for
ax 4
-oo < x < oo.
6. For y' y = e
x an integrating factor is e'f^ = e~ x so that [e
-:I
j(] = 1 and y = xe x + ce x for
-oo < x < CO.

3 3 1 3
7. For ]f+3x y 2 x 2 an integrating factor is e /
3l2liE
= e^ so that e y = x 2 eI and y +ce~ x .
dx o
for oo < x < oo.
Exercises 2.5
8. For y' + 2xy x 3 an integrating factor is ef 2xdl so that

dx
\e^y
I
= x
3 x2
e and
1 1 1
y = -x 2 - + ce -x ,
for 00 < x < 00.
9. For y' + ~ y = -i an integrating factor is

1 r tic
e/' / ' = x so that 4~ [^f] = ~ y In x +
X X1 dx x x
for <x< 00.
10. For y - 2y
1
= x
2
+5 an integrating factor is e'^ 2dx = e~ 2x so that ~ [e
_2ir
y] = x 2 e~ 21 + 5e _2x
and y
1
= ~-x 2 1
-7,% t +11
ce
2xr
for _0 < x < 00
11. For
mt
dy
+ x = -2y an
2y 2?i
integrating factor is ef^ 2 ^= y
l i2
so that
ay
fy
L
1/2
xl = -2y '
f
3 2
and
1 ^2
x -y 2 + cy~ for < y < 00.
12. For
an
dy
x = y an integrating factor is e S dy e y so that
dy
fe
L
''xl
J
= ye * and x = y 1+ce"
for 00 < y < 00.
13. For if + y sinx an integrating factor is e/t 1 /*)*** = iso that [xy] = xsinx and
~ x ax
sinx c .
y = cos x + ior < x< 00.
x x
x
^ j>/0+z 2 )l<fr =
14. For y' + y = -x an integrating factor is e go tnat
1 + x,
1/2
\J\ + x2 y = -x\j\ + x2 and y = -| (l + x 2 ) + c (l + x 2 ) for -co < x < 00.
15. For y' + -1 y =

1 +e
an integrating factor is eJ^^ 1 ^^ = 1 + e* so that
ax
[1 + e x y\ = and
for -co < x < 00.

1 + e1
16. Fory' + -|^-y = an integrating factor is eJP*VC**-i)]<k = x* - 1 so that [(x

3
- l) yl =
and y = for 1 < x< 00.

x3 -l
17. For y' + (tanx)y = sec x an integrating factor is
e/tanstte _ gec ^ go na ^ (.
[(sec x) y] = sec
2
x and
uX
y = sinx + ccosx for tt/2 < x < 7r/2.
18. For j/ + (cotx)y = 2 cos x an integrating factor is eJ

coix <te = sini so that

dx
[(sinx) y] = 2 sinx cos x and y = sinx -+- ccscx for <x< it.
34
Exercises 2.5
19. For y
1
+ -y =
a:
x
2
- 1 an integrating factor is pJW x )
dx
= x 4 so that
dx
4
\x y\
i J
= x 6 - x* and
y =
111
-x + cx
-a;*
4
for <x < oo.
7 5
20. For t/ - 7~
+ xj V
(1
= x an integrating factor
r is e -J>/(l = x+ (
i) e
-* go that
1
d
dx
\,
\(x
1
+ l)e
- 2T
yJ
1
= x(x
/
+ l)e
-r
1
and
.
i/ = -x- +
2x
-
x+
3
-
1
+
ce
x+ 1

for -1 < x < oo
21. For y'+ (l + ^ j,

= ^ an integrating factor is e /ll+(2/^)l^ = x2 ei so that ^.a^j = e 2* ^
1 ce _I
3/ = ;r +
H *- tor < X< 00.
2 x2 T=
e f^ + (
-~\ = - x )\ dx =
22 . For w' + (l + y e *sin2x an integrating factor is
lS
xe* so that
\ xj x
4~ [xe y]
x = sin2x and xex y = -cos2x + c for < x < oo.
ax 2
23. For y'+(cotx)y = sec

2
x esc x an integrating factor is eS
CMtxdx
= sinx so that ~
dx
[(sinx)l = sec
2
x
and y = secx + ccscx for < x< n/2.
2smx
24. For y' + y = tanx(l -cosx) an integrating factor is e
/[aein = (i _ C0S x}
2
( J- COS 3^ J
2
so that ^- [(1 cosx) y]
= tan x sinx and y(l cosx) 2 = In j
sec x\ + cosx 4-c for < x < tt/2.
25. For ^
dy
+ | 1 +- ] x = e an integrating factor is e^ l+(2/y ^ dy = so that
dy
fv e"xl
L
2 =
\ y) J
ce _B
and x
1
-e 1
y - - + - -s H
e> 1
s- for < w < oo.
2 2 y 4 y2 y
2
3 x*
^ tJ = - and
26. For y
1
xx + y
1
an integrating factor is e"^ 3 dx
~ x~ 3 so that
(2
(ix
_3
[x
x+l
i/l
y = x 4 ~ i 3 In |x + 1) + cx 3 for 1 < x < oo.
27. For ^H- ^3 + ^ jj = ~- an integrating factor is e/P+W*)]-** = xe 31 so that

^ [xe
3x
3/]
= 1 and
3x ce~ ix
y = e~ H for < x< oo.
x
28. For y' + y = ^1 an integrating factor is e

J\(x+2)/(x+V]dx = ( x + i)^ so t^t
\(x + x
l)e y] = 2x and (x + lje
1
?/ = x2 +c for -1 < x < oo.
ox
29. For ^ -x = 4t/

5
an integrating factor is e~ fWvWv = ~ 4 so that fi/'"
4
xl = Ay and

Exercises 2.5
x = 2y
6
+ cy4 for < y < oo.
e^ 2 ^^ = x 2
30. For y'
xx
+ - y = - (e x + In x) an integrating factor is so that
dx
\x y)
L
2
J
= xe x + x In x
= 1 - ex + ^- lnx - 2
and i 2 !/ ze 7a; +c for <x< oo.
- -21 x - x
31. For y' +y=
1
ex + e'
e
- an integrating factor is eJ
r rf
= e
x
so that d \e
x
y] =
e

ex + e'
e~
and
y = e~ x lnfe1 + e~ x + ce~~ x ) for 00 < x < <x>.
32. For 1/ y = sinhx an integrating factor is e J"*** = e

1
so that [e
x
j/]
=
^
(l e ^ and
3/ = ^xe x + 1
+ ce 1 for 00 < a: < 00.
33. For
dy
+ \2y + - ] x = 2 an integrating factor is ef^y+ ^^ v dy
= ye y * so that
dyl
ye y *x = 2ye
\ y)
- + -ce _ y
1 1 a
and x = for < y < 00.
y y
34. For
dx
1-
2
-x = ey an integrating factor is e^ 2 ^ dy = a
2
so that
ayL> = y \y x] ey and
y
2 2 c
x = ey - -e" + -5 + -5
2
for < y < 00.
3/ !T y
35. For ^ + r seed = cosS an integrating factor is eJ

sec ^^ = gee $ + tan# so that
do
[r(sec0 + tan0)] = 1 + sin0 and r(secf? + tan#} - 9 -cos0 + c for -tt/2 < < tt/2 .
36. For +
dt
(2i - IIP = At -2 an integrating factor is e-^
2 '" 1 ' &= e
(I_1
so that
d_ 2
= - "' P = 2 + ce'"'* -00 < <
Pe {At 2)e' and for i 00.
Jt
37. For +
x+
y = an integrating factor is JW^ x+2 )\ dx = {
x + 2) 4 so that
2 {x + 2)-
4- \{x + 2) y\
4
= 5(i + 2) 2 and y = |( + 2)" 1 + c(z + 2)- 4 for -2 < x < 00.
^=-+ x-
38. For i/ +
t 1
y = x 1
an integrating factor is eSW^- 1
3
\ so that
1 dx .i
1
+ lV
=1
and (x - l)y = x(x + l) + c(x+ 1) for -1< x< 1.
a ' nbx
39. For y' + (coshi)y = lOcoshx an integrating factor is e/
coshllil
= e so that
inha;
= 1131
and y = + ce _sinhi: -co < x<
^ [e" y] lOtcoshiJe"" 10 for 00.
36
Exercises 2.5
40. For ^
ay
+ 2x = Ze y
an integrating factor is ef 2dy = e
2y
so that -f- \e
dy i
2y
x\
J
= 3e
3y
and x = ey + ce~ 2y
for oo < y < oo.
hx
41. For y' + 5y = 20 an integrating factor is eJ* = e so that 4~ U^y]
dx l J
= 20e5x and = 4 + ce" 51
for -oo < i < oo. If y(Q) = 2 then c = 2 and y = 4 2e~ 5x .
_2x so that
3x 2a e~f 2dx = _2at
= xex x
42. For y' 2y x (e e ) an integrating factor is e
^ [e if]
and y = 3
xe * - e
31 - ix 2 e 2x + ce 21 for -oo < x < oo. If j/(0) = 2 then c = 3 and
43. For ^
dt
/it
+ ^
L
= | ^
J, J,
integrating factor is e /W^< = e A so that [ie^l
n.t L J
=
F,
and
i = + Ce- Rt /L for -oo < t < oo. If i{0) = io then c = iQ - E/R and i = + (i - \e~ mlL .
R H \ til
44. For ~
dy
x = 2y an integrating factor is e /(Vs^J/ = I so that -7-
dy
-x \ 2 and 2 - 2 2 +
y y
49
for < y < 00. If y(l) = 5 then c = -49/5 and x = 2y
2
- y.
45. For ?/ + (tanx)?/ = cos 2 x an integrating factor is e / tflnirfx = S ecx so that [(sees) = cosx and
1/ = sin 1 cos x + ccosx for jt/2 < x < ir/2. If y(0) = 1 then c = 1 and y sin x cos x cosx.
46. For -5x g =

ax
4
an integrating factor is e -I^ Adx = e
- lS
so that
ax
[e
L
_ *6
Q|
J
= andQ = ce x
*
for -00 < x < 00. IfQ(O) = -7 then c= -7 and <? = -7e l5 .
jm
-
1
47. For jfcT = -50fc an integrating factor is e J"

t_fc)lfc
= e~
fc(
so that [7\r fct l = -50fce
_fc(
and
at at l J
T= 50 + ce
ftt
foT -00 < f < 00. If T(0) = 150 then c = 150 and T- 50 + 150e fct .
1 +-
x/
) y = - e~x
x
an integrating factor is e
/(l+2/*)<k = V so that
dx
[xVyl
L J
= 2x
c x 1
and y = e
x
+ ê 1
for <x< 00. If y{\) then c = -1 and y = e
1
x
.
x-
49. For 1/ + +
x 1
y =
x + 1
an integrating factor is e/[V(*+i)H* = ^ + 1 so that
dx
[(x + 1) w] = hix
3; X c
and v = hix for <x< 00. If yll) = 10 then c = 21 and
"x+1 x+lx+1 I
21
V = hix +
x + 1 x + 1 x + 1
50. For u' + v ex

x x
an inteeratine factor is e^ l^ x da^
x so that ~
dx
\xy\
1 1
e
x
and y
xx
= e + 11
Exercises 2.5
1 2 e
for < x< go. If y(l) = 2 then c = 2 - e and y = -e* H
51. For j/ + .
z(x -
2
2)
y = an integrating factor is e^ 2/xi x -
2 )\ dx
= - - so that ^-
dx
i-2
= and
2x
(a: 2)y = cx for 2 < a: < oo. If j/(3) = 6 then c = 2 and y =
x-2
T
52. For y' + (cotx)y = an integrating factor is e / tKitc = s inx so that [(sin x) y] = and
y = ccscx for tt < x < 0. If y(ir/2) - 1 then c = -1 and y = - esc x.
53. For + -x 1 an integrating factor is e^ x

^ dy
= y so that -7- [yx] = y and x = -y + - for
ay y dy ? y
1 8
< y< 00. If t/(5) = 2 then c = 8 and z = -y+ - .
2 y
z)dx
54. For y
1
+ (sec
2
x'jy sec
2
x an integrating factor is (
sec
= e
tani
g0 that

dx
fe
tana:
yl - sec
2
ie
t8JI1
and y = 1 + ce~ tani for -tt/2 <x< tt/2. If y(0) = -3 then c = -4 and
y=l- 4e- tani .
21
55. For y' + 2y = /(a;) an integrating factor is e so that
.
C2, X > 3.
If y(0) = then ci = 1/2 and for continuity we must have C2 = je^ ^ so that
< a; < 3;
f =
Ue 6 -lle- 21 , x>3.
56. For y' +y = /(a:) an integrating factor is e

37
so that
fe* + ci, 0<i<1;

pC ^=
\ -e* + C2, x > 1.
If y(0) = 1 then ci = and for continuity we must have C2 = 2e so that
< a: < 1;
f = 1-1
1, a; > 1.
x2
57. For y' + 2xy f(x) an integrating factor is e so that
.i I +c u 0<x<l-
I C2 ,
X > 1.
38
.
Exercises 2.6
3 1
If 3/(0) = 2 then c\ = 3/2 and for continuity we must have C2 = -e + - so that
z Z
\{ + \e- x \ . 0<z< 1;
2x fi?- S r<1 '
58. For y'

,
+ ^y
+x
= {
1
7=^ . * > 1
an integrating factor is 1 +x 2
so that
fix
a
+ ci, 0<x<l;
If y(Q) = then ci = and for continuity we must have C2 = 1 so that
2(1+^)
Exercises 2.6
1. From y'
xx
+ y = iy 2
and if = y
3
we obtain ^
ax
+ -iu
x
=
x
. An integrating factor is x 3 so that
x3w = x3 + c or j/
3
= 1 + cx -3
2. From y' y e
x 2
y and it) = y
-1
we obtain ^
dx
+ w = -e 1
. An integrating factor is e
x
so that
z - *.
e w = -e 2* + c or = -re 1 + ce
Z) From y' + y = xy 4 and u> = y

-3
we obtain ^ 3w =
ax
3x. An integrating factor is e~ 3x so that
e"
31
= xe~ 3x + \e~
3x
+ c or y~ 3 =x+ i+ ce
3x
.
4. From y' ^1 + y = y
2
and u> y^ we 1
obtain + ^1 4-
^ w = 1. An integrating factor is
= H
_1 1 c
xe 1 so that xe*w = ~xe x + e1 + c or y h -e _a \
x x
5. From y' y = -^y 2 and u; = y

_1
we obtain ^ + w = . An integrating factor is x so that
im = In a; +c or y
_, 1
= In x H
x
,
x c
.
Exercises 2.6
integrating factor is r so that ^^ = = + c or y

-3
= 1 + c fl + x 2 )/
1 + xl 1 + xl 1 + x^ v
7.
n
trom u
/ 2
x
y = -^w
3
x^
i
and
.
w y
lilt
we obtain
. ,

ax
I-
6
w =
x
9,.
An
x
=
2,
. integrating factor
r
is
K
x so that
x% w = --x 5 + c or jT
3
= --x -1 + cx~ 8 . If y(l) = - then c = and y" 3
= --x _1 + 5 x~ 6
.
5 5 2 5 5
8. From y' + y = y~ l,/2 and w y

3 ^ we obtain ^+ û; = ^ . An integrating factor is
x 2
(? l so that

3 X /2
W= e
3 x /2
+ cot y
3/2 = x + ce -3x/2 j f j, {0 j = 4 then c = 7 and j,3/2 = j + 7fi -to/2
9. Prom
ay
yx = y x and w = x we obtain
ay
h yx = y . An integrating factor is e" '*
2 2 2
so that e^l^w = -ye" /2 + 2ef /2 +corr' = 2-j + ce~f 2 /2 . If = then c = -1 and
x- 1
= 2- 3/
2 - e V/2.
10. From 3/
2x
= ^l/~ 2
2
and uj = y
3
we obtain ^
ax
-^-w
2x
= ~x. An
2
integrating factor is x~ s / 2
so that x" 3 ' 2 w = -3x 1/2 + cor y

3
= ~Zx 2 + cx 3 ' 2 . If y{\) = 1 then c = 4 and y3 = -3x 2 + 4x 3 / 2 .
11. Identify P(x) = -2, Q(x) = -1, and R(x) = 1. Then ~+ (-1 + 4)uj = -1. An integrating factor
is e
3x
so that e
3l
w = -ê 31 + c
3
or u=
ce~ sx
^ 1/3
r- . Thus, 1/ = 2 + u.
12. Identify P(x) = 1 - x, Q(x) = -1, and = x. Then ^+ (-1 + 2x)w = -x. An integrating
x2 ~ x 2
12
& X ~ X
factor is e
x
so that e ~ w
x =- J" xe ""dx +c or u= 5
~x . Thus, y = 1 + u.
fxe x2 dx +c
13. Identify P{x) = -4/x 2 ,
Q{x) = -1/x, and R{x) = 1. Then ^ + f-- + xj
dx \ x
tu - -1. An
~l
integrating factor is x 3 so that x 3 w \x^ + cor u --x + cx -3J
4
1
4
. Thus, y =
2
1
I- u.
14. Identify P(x) = 2x 2 ,

(?(x) = 1/a;, and R(x) = -2. Then ~ + ^-4xjw = 2. An integrating
-1
2x 2l
factor is xe
2:13
so that w = -e +c or 1/ = . Thus, y = x + u.
2x x
15. Identify Pfx) = e

2x
,
Q(x) = 1 + 2e x , and = 1. Then ^
dx
+ (1 + 2e* - 2e )w
x = -1. An
integrating factor is e
x
so that e
x
w e x + c or u = . Thus, y = e x + u.
ce x l
16. Identify P (x) = sec 3 x, Q(x) = tanx, and R(x) = 1. Then -j + ( tan x + 2 tanx)to = 1. An
40
e 1
Exercises 2.6
integrating factor is sec x so that
= -l
w secx = In |
sec a; + tana;} + c or u [ cos x In sec a; |
+ tana:] 4- ccosx]
Thus, y tan x + u.
17. Identify P(x) = 6, Q(x) 5, R(x) 1, and y\ = 2. An integrating factor for ^ + (5 4)u; =
1
is e
1 so that e x w 37
+ c or u . Thus, y = -2 + u.
18. Identify P(x) = 9, Q{x) ~ 6, = 1, and yi = -3. An integrating factor for ~

ax
+ (6-6)w = -1
is 1 so that w= a: +c or u= . Thus, y = 3 + u.
x + c
19. Let y = xy1 + f{y') where f(t) = 1 In t. A family of solutions is y cx +1 In c. The singular
solution is given by x ~ t~ l
and y = 2 Ini or j/
= 2 -t- ma:.
20. Let y = xy' + f(y') where /(f) = (~ 2 . A family of solutions is y = cx + c~

2
. The singular solution
is given by x = 2t~ 3 and y = 3t~

2
or 4y
3
= 27x 2 .
21. Let i/ = xy' + filf) where /(() = t3 A . family of solutions is y cx <?. The singular solution
is given by x 3t
2
and y = 2t 3
or 27y 2
Ax 3
.
22. Let y = xy' + f(y') where f(t) = 4f + t2 A . family of solutions is y cx + Ac + c2 The

. singular
solution is given by x 4 2t and j/

= t 2
or y = ^(2 + 4)
2
.
23. Let y xy
1
+ f(y') where /(() = e'. A family of solutions is y = cx e
c
. The singular solution
is given by x e and y = e' + Je or y = In x x.

t !
a:
24. Let y xy 1
+ f{y') where f(t) Int. A family of solutions is y = cx + In c. The singular solution
is given by x = y and y = \nt 1 ory = ln(' 1.
= [P(x) + + R(x)yf\ + [Q(a> + 2 Vl R(x)u + R(x)u 2 }
dy\ du dy
u
Exercises 2.6
26. Assume that

du
-;
ax
(Q + 2yiR)u Ru o and let w = u _i so that
dw
dx
ndu
= u
ax
. Multiply the given
differential equation by 2
obtaining
ax
+ (Q + 2yiR)w = R.
WW ~WW ' '
27. If y
1
+ y 2 - Q(x)y - P(x) = and y =
w
then ^ =
ax
"
W
and w" - Q(x)w' - P(x)w = 0.
28. (a) Assume that F= F(t, s) and F(y cx, c) 0. Then, by the chain rule,
[Ft{y c )l (f c 0- Assuming
1
) Ft ^ we have y' = c and
F{ - x?/, y') = F(y - cy, c) = 0.
(b) Write the differential equation in the form (y - xy')
3
+ (y')
2
+ 5 = 0. By (a) a family of
solutions is (y cx)
3
+ c + 5 = 0.
2
29. If y = cx + f(c) then y

1
= c and substituting into the differential equation j/ = xy' + f(y') we obtain
the identity cx + /(c) = j> = xy' + f(y') = ic + /(c).
30. FYom i = -/'(t) and y
=
= /(f) - tf(t) we obtain
=
=
^ =
=
= f for /"(() ^ 0.
Substituting into y xy 1
+ f{i/) we find f(t)-tf'(t) xf + /((). Since x -/'(*), this becomes
/{() tf'(t) ~ */'{*) + which is an identity. Thus, the parametric equations form a solution
of y = V+ /(?/)
Exercises 2.7,
1. Let u =

e iV .

Then
du
= 2e and
dy 2s , ,
the equation becomes
,

rfii
- I
2
u =
21nx
5 . This equation is
ay dx dx x x*
linear with integrating factor x 2 Thus

.
[x
2
ii] = 21nx and
x 2 u = 2xlnx- 2x + c or x 2 e 2y = 2xlnx - 2x + c.
2. Let u = lny. Then

ax
=
y dx
and the equation becomes ^
dx
+u= e*. This equation is linear
with integrating factor e

1
. Thus ~
ax
[e
x
u] = e
21
and
u = ie 1 + ce" 1 or In y = ê1 + ce~ K .
3. Let u = ye*. Then y = ue~ x and dy = ue~ x dx + e~ x du, and the equation becomes
ue~ x dx + (1 + u){ue~ x dx + e~ x du) or (1 + u) du = u z dx.
42
Exercises 2.
Separating variables and integrating we find
+ In |u| =
ZL
x +c ~ + i/6
ln|y| +x= x +c yln \y\ = e~
x
+ cy.
4. Let u = so that x = uy and dx = u dy 4- y du. The equation becomes

V
+ e~ u
(2 + e~ u )(udy + ydu) + 2(l -u)dy = or
2
-+*- xig
du +
dv
= 0.
2,
y
2e u +1 dy
Writing this in form -- du H =0 and integrating we find
2eu +u y
In |2e" + | +ln |s/|

= c = = y(2e
a
+ u) = cl => p ^2e*/ + = c 2t,e
1 /*'
+ x - c.
5. Let u -^7 so that = ux 4 and dy = 4ui 3 di + x 4 du. The equation becomes
4ux 3 + x4 ^
dx
- 4x w = 2x 3 5
e" or e""rfu = 2x dx.
xi
Integrating we find -e _u = x 2 + c or -e~ y t = x2 + c.
6. Let w= x +u so that -r- = 1 + -r- . The equation becomes
dx dx
dx
1
j
+w+ 1 = uV T or
dx
+ u = uV*.
-3*.
This is a Bernoulli equation and we use the substitution w = u _1 to obtain w e An.
dx
integrating factor is e
_I so
,
7. Let u y
2
so that ^ = 2'.
rfx
The equation becomes ~
ax
+u= 2
1. An integrating factor is
x
e , so
^[e*u] =_ (j? + x ~) e* c
*
u= _ (xV - xe 1 + e x ) + c => y
2
- -x a + x - 1 + ce".
8. Let u y+ 1 so that
du
dx
=
dy
dx
. The equation becomes

du
dx
=u 1 + xu+l or
du
dx
u = xu
2
.
7
Exercises 2.
This is a Bernoulli equation and we use the substitution w u 1

to obtain +w =
dx
x. An
x
integrating factor is e , so
-^-\e w\
x
= -xe x w = -x+l+ce~ x =s- u = (1 - x + ce -1 ) -1 y = (1 -x + ce -1 )^ - 1. 1
ax
2
9. Let u mitany} so that
rfu
- =
dx
sec y dy

tany dx
= 2csc2y
dy
dx
. The equation becomes x
du
-r-
dx
2x u or
(ill
-
dx
10. Let
I
u = x2 w
1
x
u
and integrating we have

2. An
so that
integrating factor

dx
d
ax
= x -
dx
.
xuj
,
2
r
2x
I-
=>
2xy.
is x, so
li =
The equation becomes

i H xx
c .
ln(tau y)

dx
.
= u
= x H
2

+
c
.
1. Separating variables
du
= ,
dx => tan
1
u =1+c tan
1
x y
2
= x + c.
u2 + l
11. Let u = x3 y3 so that ^

dx
= 3x y ^ + 3x y
dx
3 2 2 3
. The equation becomes ^x
3
^
dx
= 2x 3
3. Separating
variables and integrating we have
du = 6x
2 -- =s> it = 2x
3
- 9In|x| + c ==* x 3 y 2 = 2x
3
- 91n |x| + c.
x
12. Let u = e.
y so that u' = e y y'. The equation becomes xu' 2u = x 2 or u' u x. An integrating
x
-2
factor is x , so

dx
fx" ul
1
2
J
= - => u =
x
x2 In Ixj + cx 2 =* ey = x 2 ln III + cx 2 .
= 1 + y'. = _u sin x. Separating

13. Let u = x +y so that v! The equation becomes iz' e variables and
integrating we have
u sinxdx u = cosx + =f- I+y = cosx +
e du e c e c.
14. Let u = sin y cosh x so that du sinysinhxdx + cos y cosh x efy. The equation becomes du = 0.
The solution is u= c or sin ^ cosh x = e.
15. Let w = v

wi so that =
cfti dx
y -
h2ylnx
2
or = y-
x du dy
dx
l-2xlnx.
,
The equation becomes

dy x dy y dy
~ = xe" dy = or ey . Separating variables we have

y dy y
du ye y ti = ye" ev + c =^ 2
y In x = ye" e" + c.
44
u 7
Exercises 2.
16. Let u = cosy so that

du
dx
= smy
dy
dx
.
_, du
Ihe equation becomes x-
dx
, 9
u ~x e
_
01 -
du
ax x
1
u = xe .
An integrating factor is 1/x, so
A. 1 u u xe + cx =5- cost/ = xe 1 ex.

dx X .
17. Let u = y' so that u' ~ y". The equation becomes u' = -u - 1 which is separable. Thus
-^L- = -dx => -1

tan u=-2 + ci =* y' = tan(ci - i) => j/ = In cos(ci|
- x)\ + c%
18. Let ii = 1
y so that u' = y". The equation becomes u' u = u2 , which is Bernoulli. Using the
'X'
substitution w = u _1 we obtain + w = 1. An integrating factor is x, so

ax x
-M = -x=> = 11
d , .
=> 1
-=
c\ - x2
=> = _ 2x
-j ^ = -in
i
|
C1
n\
- x 2 +C3
|
.
1 1 3
19. Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes v! u = , which is Bernoulli. Using
jd =u we obtain
dx
|
x
w x
. An integrating factor is x , so
d c 1 ci - x2
f
jx
i
2
w]
1
= -2x =f> w> = -1 + -|i2
iix L J
z u 2
^/C j _ xa
=i* i/ = \/c i - X
2
+ c2 .
20. Let it = j/ so that u' = j/'. The equation becomes x 2 w' + u2 = 0. Separating variables we obtain
_ +
du
tl"
,,2
dx
-2
I'
1
U
_ 1
X
^
c\x 1
_ if -
ci ^x + 1/ci
U^f+ J ci \cix 1
a
/
y = i In Icii + 11 x + C2.
21. Let tt = y' so that it' y". The equation becomes u = xv! + (u')
3
+ 1. This is a Clairaut equation
with /(() 1 + t
3
. A family of solutions is u C\X + (l + cfj, y ^Cix
2
+ (l + cfj x + cj.
A singular solution is given by x = 3t 2 and u = 1 + t

3
t
3* 2 ) = 1 + 4f
3
. Eliminating the
(
3 /2
, / x\ 24 / x\ 5 /2
parameter we obtain u = 1 + 4 -- I ) '^^ x ~~5\~^)
22. Let u = t/ so that u' = y". The equation becomes v! = 1 + u2 . Separating variables we obtain
î = _1
dx =^ tan u = x + ci ==> u = tan(x + ci) j/ = In I cos(x + Cj)| + C2-
1 + u1
7
Exercises 2.
23. Let u = y' so that v! = y". The equation becomes xu' = u. Separating variables we obtain
U = -<tr
du 1 , ,,,,,,
In u = In +c a; u= cio; y = C2 +C3.
>
a;
24. Let 1/ = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes u' + ut&ax = 0. Separating variables we obtain
= (tana;) dx In |u| = In cosxjj

+ c => u = cicosi =* y = c\ ainx + C2-
25. Let u = if so that y

it
= ti
du
dy
. The equation becomes w
du
dy
I- 2yu = 0. Separating variables we
obtain
du
+ 2y ay
J
= 1
h y
2
= c => 11 1
- j/
/
I
u* u y* + ci + ci
26. Let u = 11 so that y

11
=u
t/it
dy
. The equation becomes y
2 du
u
dy
= .
_
Separating variables we obtain
dy c\y 1 y
du = u = 1
1- C] => y
,
= =^ dy = dx
T V V ciy-l
(1 + )dy = T
dx (forci # 0) =s- y + 4
1
If ci = 0, then ydy = dx and another solution is -y = x + c%
27. We need to solve |l + (y')

2 ^ = Let u = y' so that u' = y". The equation becomes
/u
] v"
/ ->\3/2 / du
[I + ir J = u or (1 +u J
= ^- . Separating variables and using the substitution u = tan0
we have
= dx => tjz d$ = x =f- / s-r d$ = x
co$6dQ = x => sin# = a; .

3;
Vl - x-1
46
7
Exercises 2.8
Exercises 2.8
1. Identify x = 0, y = 1, and /(t,j/_i(()) = -yn -i[t). Picard's formula is y{x) = 1- j/_!(t)(ii
for n = 1, 2, 3, ... . Iterating we find
!fl(x) = l-x y3 (x) =1- a; + ^x 2 - gz 3
(x) = 1 - X + ^X 2 i(x) = 1 - X + ^x 2 - jU 3 + ^x 4 .
As n * oo, j/ n (x)
* eT
x
.
2. Identify = 0, j/o = 1, and /((,i/n-i(i)) = * + yn-i(*)- Picard's formula is
yn (x) = l
+ j*(t + yn -i(t))dt
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Iterating we find
t/i(x) = 1 + x + ^x 2 ysix) = 1 + x + x
2
+ ^x 3 + ^x 4
y 2 (x) = 1 + x + x 2 + jU 3 = 1 + x + x 2 + ^x 3 + -^x 4 + ^x 5
.
As n oo, yn (x) 1 x + 2e
z .
3. Identify xn = 0. Vo = 1, /(*.n-i{')) = 2ty_i((). Picard's formula is
j/(x) = 1 + 2 tyn ^{t)dt

for ra = 1, 2, 3, ... . Iterating we find
yi(x) = 1 + x2 !fl(x) = 1 + x
2
+ ^x 4 + \x e
nix) = 1 + x 2 + ^x 4 y4 (x) = 1 + x 2 + ^x 4 + ix 6 + ^x 8 .
As n oo, j/n(x) * e
1 .
4. Identify xo = 0, yo = 0, and /(t,yn -i(0) =t- 2fj/n _i(f). Picard's formula is
yn (x) = -x 2 -2 *Hn-l(0*
for 7i = 1, 2, 3, ... . Iterating we find
() = ^x 2 - Ix 4 (*) = ix 2 - ix 4 + ^x 6 - x*.
Exercises 2.8
As n -> oo, -> - - -e .
5. Identify to = 0, yo = 0, and = -J/n-i(0- Picard's formula is y(x) = - jf

for n = 1, 2, 3, ... . Iterating we find yi{x) = 3/2 0*0 >/3(z) = t/a(x} = 0. As n * oo, yn (x) * 0.
6. Identify xq = 0, j/o = 1, and /((, j/_i(()) = 2e* - j/_i(t). Picard's formula is
yn (x) = 2e'-l- y n - 1 {*) dt
forn = l, 2, 3,... . Iterating we find
W (a:) = 2e
x - 1 - x y3 (x) = 2e* - 1 - x - \x 2 - ^x 3
y2 (x) = 1 + x + \x 2 y 4 (x) = 1 + x + \x 2 + \x 3 + ^-x4 .
I I o 24
As n > oo, yn (x) > e
x .
7. (a) Identify xo = 0, yo = 0, and /(i, j/n _j(()) =1+ Picard's formula is
3/ n (x) x -\- y\-\{t)dt for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Iterating we find
y\{x) = y2(z) = x
1
+ -x3 , yn{x) = x
12
+ -x 3 + ~x 5 + x 7
1
.
(b) FVom dy = (l + ya ) and y(0) = we use separation of variables to obtain y tans.

1 2 17
(c) The Maclaurin series for tana; is i+ -x 3 + x 5 + -tt^x 1
H for \x\ < ir/2.
O i.0 did
8. (a) If yo = k then the iterants are k times the iterants given in Problem 3.
(b) If yo(x) = x then

2 2 4 8
m(x) = x + -x*
-i
kW = x +, i
3
x
3
+
Ts
x
5
+
mx
7
2 4 = ,
. 2.4c8 7 16q
1. For f(x,y) (25 x2 y

2
) we obtain fy (x,y) = 2y (25 x2 y
2
^ so there will be a unique
solution for any point (xq, yo) in the region x

2
+y < 2
25 or x 2
+y > 2
25.
2. y =
48
3. False; since y = is a solution.
4. True; since f(x,y) = (y l)

3
and fy {x,y) 3(y l)
2
are continuous everywhere in the plane.
5- (a) linear in x (b) linear in homogeneous, exact

y,
(c) Clair aut (d) Bernoulli in x
(e) separable (f) separable, Ricatti
(g) linear in x (h) homogeneous
(i) Bernoulli (j) homogeneous, exact, Bernoulli

(k) linear in x and y, exact, separable, homogeneous
(1) exact, linear in y (m) homogeneous
(n) separable (o) Clairaut
(p) Ricatti
6. Separating variables we obtain

/j
cos
2
xdx y
V +
1 ,
1
dy
1
2
1
x +
4
sin
.

2i = -1,In
(j/
l)+c => 2x + sin2j; = 21n(y 2 + l) +c.
ylnydy = xe x dx ij/ 2 hi
a - ^y 2 =
4'
xe* - e
1
+ c.
2
If y(l) = 1, c= -1/4. The solution is 2y

2
ln |y|
- y2 - 4xe x - 4e x - I.
8. Write the differential equation in the form y In dx = \x\n y j

dy. This is a homogeneous
V \ V J
equation, so let x = uy. Then dx udy + ydu and the differential equation becomes
ylnu(udy + ydu) (uylnu y) dy or ylnudu dy.
In ji du = uln |u| u = In \y + c \
*ln - - = -ln|y| + c
y y y
x(ln x In y) x = y In |y| + cy.
9. The equation is homogeneous, so let y = ux. Then dy = udx + xdu and the differential equation
becomes ux (udx + xdu) =

2 2
(3u x 2
+x 2
dx ot uxdu = ^2u 2
+ l) dx. Separating variables we
J
obtain
u dx
j\n(2u 2 + l) =lnx + c => 2u
2
+l= cix
4
2^ + 1 = Cl x 4
i
2y
2
+ x2 = Cl x
6
.
x
If y{ 1) = 2 then c\ = 9 and the solution of the initial-value problem is 2y
2
+ x2 = 9x 6 .
1
10. The differential equation ^ + 6x +

tii

^
.
1
y = ~~ry
6a: +
2
is Bernoulli. Using w = u 3 we obtain

dw
dx
H
6x
6
+ 1
w=
9l2
+ 1
.
a
An . *
integrating f .
factor is

6x + 1
1, so
--[(fa + lM = -9* a => = -^r + r^-T ==* (6x + l)y

3
= -3x 3 + c.
{Note: The differential equation is also exact.)

du dx ... /dw
+ xe" = --2
, ... \
11. Let u = xv so that =x+ y-r- . The differential equation becomes e" I
x I
.,
12w
dy dy \dy J
or e"
dy
= 12y
2
.
e"du = I2y dy
2
e" = 4j/
3
+ c = e*" = 4y
3
+ c.
= 1 = problem xy = 3
+ 5.
If 3/(0} then c 5 and the solution of the initial-value is e 4y
12. Let u = xy so that du = xdy + y dx. The differential equation becomes
du - i/ dx + (u +y- 2
x - 2x) dx = or ^+w=x 2
+ 2x.
An integrating factor is e*, so
-T-leû] = fx
2
+ 2x) e 1 => e
I
u = i e*
2
+ c => y = + -e _I .
+ -y =
dy 8x 2x / n \i
13. Write the equation in the form . An integrating factor is (ar + 41 , so
[(x*+4) y\=2x(x* + 4f =>

4
[x> + = + ^+ c y = \ + c (x 2 + 4) .
If 3,(0) = -1 then c - -320 and y = - - 320 (aT +4

dx
14. Write the equation in the form 2x = y. An integrating factor is e~ 2y so ,
dy
dy [
*
e
-2
"x1
1
= ye"
2
" => e-*i = ~c-^-
2
V
4
2
" + c => x = -\y -
2
\
4
+ ce 2".
15. The differential equation is Bernoulli. Using w= y

_1
we obtain -xy 2 ^+ 4y = x 4 y 2 or
dw 4 -4
w = x 1 An . r ,.
.
. mtegrating factor is x ,
so
dx x

dx
[x
<-
-4
wl
'
=
x
=t- x~ 4 io = - lnx + e =t- u- - -x 4 lnx + cx
4
=t- y (cx
v
4
x4 lnx)
'
If y(l) = 1 then c = 1 and y = (x 4 - x 4 lnx) .
50
16. Writing the differential equation in the form y = xy' + {y' + l) 2 we see that it is a Clairaut equation
with /(f) = (t + l)
2
. A family of solutions is y = cx + (c + I)
2
. If y(0) = then c = -1 and the
solution of the initial-value problem is y = x.
17. Write the equation in the form -i [cos

i ^+ ]
a: = and let u -Lz Then - = \y
A
and
!r \ y } dx y 2 dx dx
the differential equation becomes ^ (cos u)

2
^
dx
+x 0. Separating variables we obtain
cos u du = 2x dx sin u=x sin ^2 = x +- c.

y
18. Let u y 1
so that ti' = ?/'. The equation becomes u' = x u ov v! +u= x. An integrating factor
x
is e , so

dx
[e
1
^] = xe
z
i- e
x
u xe x - e
x
+ c\ =t- y' = x - \ + c\e x - y= -x 2 -x-cie X
+ C2-
19. Identify xq 0, t/o = 1, and /((, yn _i (()) = i

2
+ y 2 -i(t). Picard's formula is
3
= + + _(%n-l(()^
yn(^) l
^
for n= 1, 2, 3, ... . Iterating we find
1 i
yi(x) = l + x + -x s
y 2 (x) = 1 + x + x2 + + ^x 4 + ~x 5 + ^x 7 .
20. From dy = (4 2y) dx and y(0) 3 we obtain ?/ = 2 + e _2a\ Picard's formula is
for n = 1, 2, 3, ... so that
yi{x) = 3~2x
y2(x) = 3-2x + 2x 2
4
y3(x) =3- 2x + 2x 2 - 3
4 3 2
yi (x) =3- 2x + 2x 2 - 4
2! 3! 4!
and j/n (z) -* 2 + e -21 as n > oo.

3 Applications of First-Order
Differential Equations
Exercises 3.1
1. From y = ax we obtain y'

x
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family ia
1
y =
y
Then ydy x dx and y 2 + x2 = c2 .
3
2. Prom 3i 4- 4j/ = cj we obtain y' = -- so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
4
y = -. Then Zy - 4x = C2-
o
3. Prom y = cji
2
we obtain y' = x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
y' =_ Then 2ydy = -xdx and 2y 2 + x2 = C2-
4. FVom y (x c\ }
2
we obtain y' = 2^/y so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
y' = . Then 2^/ydy = -dx and 3 2

4j/ / + 3i = c2 .
2
y - 1
From ax 2 +y 2 = we obtain y =
1
5. 1 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family ia
xy
y
'
= ^j- Then \--y\dy = xdx and 2 In \y[ = x2 + j/
2
+ c2 .
1
2-y U /
2x
6. From 2i 2 + y2 = cf we obtain y ' 1
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family
is y' =
V
2x
. Then -dy
11dx
y
=
2x
and y 2 = o^x.
7. From y c\e~
x
we obtain y = y 1
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
y =- . Then ydy = dx and y

2
= 2x + ci-
8. Prom y = e ClX we obtain y' = - x - so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
v
1
= . Then y\ny dy = xdx and 2y \ay
2
y 2 = 2x 2 + ci.
ylny
9. From y 2,
cix
3
we obtain y' so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
' = - . Then 3ydy = -2xdx and Zy 2 + 2x 2 = ca.

3y
52
Exercises 3.
10. From y a = C\X b we obtain y' = ^ so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
y' 3 Then bydy = axdx and

. by 2
+ ax = 2
C2-
by
11. Prom y = we obtain y' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
1 + CjX
y' = x2

r
2
. Then y 2 dy = x 2 dx and x 3 + u3 = c?.
12. From y = we obtain y' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family
1 - c\x 2x
is y' = x - Then (1 y2 }
dy 2xdx and 3y 3x 2 y
3
= C2-
y
2
- 2x 2
13. From 2x 2 + y2 = 4cix we obtain y' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
2xy
family is y' = s-*

2xy_
This is a homogeneous differential equation . Let y = ux so that
2x z y
z
y' = u + xv! Then .
2
g
^2
du =
^
u -2 In |u| = In |x| + c =^ ^.2
^ n If I
n x \) =
'
\
mar +c
=> z2 + y 2 i|y| = cry

2
.
2 2
14. From x 2 +y 2 2c\x we obtain y' = y -x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family
2xy
is y' =
x-
1
2xy
- y1
a This is a homogeneous differential equation . Let x = uy so that
dx
dv
= u+w
dv
dy
Then
y [
1 + ~2 ]
= c2 i2 + y 2 = c 2 y.
15. From y
3
+ 3x 2 y = ci we obtain j/ = +x*
2xy
r
y
5

so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
x2 + y2
family is y' = --- - -- . This is a homogeneous differential equation . Let y = ux so that y1 = u+xu 1
.
2xy
Then
-
2u
7j
J..
rfu
wu,
_
=
^
_ r
-In
ill
I-,
1
j. - ..21
u _
= ,_ i_i
In |x|
111 j, +r c
,
>- f -
. _
a?
J-
/\1
f i
y~ \
2
W I = ci => . _a ..a
x y = c\x
3y2 _ x2
16. From y 2 x 2 = c\x 3 we obtain 3/' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
2xy
53
1
Exercises 3.
family is y' =
x2

2xy
t-j
Zy
. This is a homogeneous differential equation . Let y = ux so that
y
1
u + xu'. Then
l-3u 2

dx l + 9u 2
-12u 2
x
dx ,i , ,
sdu= ,
=^ ; du= ==> ,
In \u
|
+ 3ud
- 21n(l + 3u 2 =
) In \x \+c
ti + 3u u + 3u3
3 1 1
I I I
^ /
1 + ^=^(1 + 6^ + 9^) =* x y
2
+ 3, 3 = c 1 (x'' + 6xV+V)
2
y (x
2
+ 3y 2 ) = ci (x
2
+ 3y
2
)
==> y =a {x
2
+ 3y 2 ) .
17. From y ^x we obtain y' = = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
1 + xz l + x- 1
l + x
2
y
> = l+SL Then .
2xy
= l + x2 1
2ydy dx ==> y
2
= In \x\ + -x 2 + c 2y
2
= 2 hi Ixl + x 2 + ci.
x 2
18. From i/ = +x we -
obtain y' y 2 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
c\
y
1
= . Then y 2 dy dx and y s = 3x + c.
19. From 4y + x 2 + 1 + c\e 2v = we obtain ?/ = = so that the differential equation of the

Ay + xi 1
4
orthogonal family is H x j/
=
x
1
x. An integrating factor is x4 , so
[xy\=x
rf
I" 3
-x~5 x y=-x 4_1
^4^1 --x 6 +c
+c y
l_i.2.-4
= ---x +cx
20. FVom y ~ x 1 + cie
x
we obtain ^' = y + x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is
dy
dx
=
y +x
1
or
dx
dy
+x = y.
,
An
.
integrating factor
.
is ey , so
f

d
dy
[e
y x\ = -ye v ==s- evx ~ -ye y + ev + c =s> x = -y + 1 + ce
3
1
= y
21. From y = ^ we obtain y' so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
In cix x
y
1
= 2
. Then 2
y dy = x dx and 2y 3 = 3x 3 + c.
V
22. From y = ln(ci + tan x) we obtain y' = 2
e~ y sec x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is y
1
= e v cos 2 x. Then e~ v dy = cos 2 xdx and 4e~ y = 2x + sin2x + C2-
taimy
23. From sinh y = cii we obtain y' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
x
y' =
tanhy
. Then tanhudw = xdx and 2 In j
coshyl + x2 = ci.
54
1
Exercises 3.
24. From y = ci sin x we obtain y' = y cot x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
v' - . Then ydy = - tanxdx and y 2

^ 2 In cosx\ |
+ c2 .
25. From i 1 ^ 3 + y
1 ^3
cj we obtain y' = ^ x
'
so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is t/ = . Then y
2'3
dy - x 2/ 3 dx and y
5
^= x5 / 3 + c2 .
26. From x" + ya ci we obtain y' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family
~a 2- " 'a
is y' = . Then y l
dy = i 1 "" dx and j/
= x2 + c2 .
27. From x + y = Cie H we obtain y' = so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
x + y-1
family is y' 1 x y. Then y + y 1
1 x. An integrating factor is e
x
, so
4~[ex y] ~ e
x
-xe 1 =^ x
e y = 2e
x
->xe* + c = y = 2-x + ce^ 1 .
dx
If u(0) = 5 then c = 3andy = 2- x + 3e~ x .
28. From 3xt/ a = 2 + 3cix we obtain y' = _ so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
Zx*y
family is y' = 3x
2
y. Then dy = 3x 2 ydx and j/ = ce
1
. If y(0) = 10 then c = 10 and y = lOe1 .
29. From r = 2ci cos0 we obtain r ^

dr
= cot so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is r
dd
dr
= tan 6. Then
dr
cot 0d9 = r
=i- In lsin#| = ln|r| +c =4- r = cisin#.
30. From r = ci(l+cos#) we obtain r = i so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
dr sin 6
(
family
.
is r
<tf
dr
=
l
sinfl
+ cos0
-z Ifien
l+cos0 , dr sintf dr . . .
, .
sin r 1 - cos r
31. From r
2
= cisin20 we obtain r
dr
= tan20 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is r ^ = - cot 20. Then
-tan20(f0= -ln|cos20| = Inr +c r

2
= C! cos20.
r 2
55
Exercises 3.
so that the
l+cos0
32. From r
1
ci
+ cosS
we obtain
,
r
dS
dr sm8
:
- differential equation of the orthogonal

....
family is r
de
= sinfl
. Then
dr l + cos0
1 + coa 9
dr sinfl

dr 1
d(? = => - s<w = - In |1 - cosfl] = lnr +c ==> r = ci:
sinf? r 1 cosf? r 1 - cos#"
33. From r = ci sec 6 we obtain r ^

dr
= cot so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
r^- = -tanfl. Then

dr
-cot8~
dr
=> In I sin SI = In Irl +c r c\c&c8.
r
34. From r = C[e

fl
we obtain r ^j- = 1 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal family is
dr
r ^
dr
= _l. Then
-dB = r
-9 = ln\r\ +c r = c\e~
e
.
35. See the figures for this problem in the answer section in the text. Let be the angle of inclination,
measured from the positive x axis, of the tangent line to a member of the given family, and ip the
angle of inclination of the tangent to a trajectory. At the point where the curves intersect, the angle
between the tangents is a. Now, the slope of the tangent line to a trajectory is dy/dx tantp.
Depending on how the angle a is chosen, we will either have +a= (j> + Troi0 a = <j> tt. In
any event, using the ;r periodicity of the tangent function and the fact that f{x,y) = tan/3,
tan/Jtana f(x, y) tan a

dy
dx
tan^J = tan{/3 a) = - -
1 T tan p tan a IT f[x, y) tan a
,
r
.
36. Since the differential equation of the original family is /(x, y) = , the differential equation of the
r x
isogonal family is y' = = . This is homogeneous so let y = ux. Then t/ = u + xv!
1 T y/x i TV
and
2
1 u
=> Itu - ~
dx
=*
J,
+ u2 ) =
,
xu "
dti = tan 1
u- ^ In (l In \x\ +c
lû 1 + v?
2tan
_1
|-ln^l + |^ = 21n|x|+ci = 2 tan ~ - In (x
2
+ y 2) = a.
y
37. Since the differential equation of the original family is f{x y)y
= - , the differential equation of
X
yjx =.
\/3 y i \/3 x
the isogonal family is y' = = y=- . This is homogeneous so let y = ux. Then
lTV3si/i x^VSy
56
1
Exercises 3.
y' = u + xu' and
xu = ~ ,
1 1 T j dx
\/3 1+ u2 x
-~ tan 1
u- ^ In (l + u2 ) = In \x\ +c
2 tan-^-lnfl + !/
= 21n |x| +ci
"V3
-1
=* -j= tan 1
- In (x
2
+ y 2) = Cl .
38. Since the differential equation of the original family is f(x,y) = - , the differential equation of
V^ X
^ }^^- = V ^ 3 v^j
the isogonal family is y
1
= ^ . This is homogeneous so let y = ux. Then
l^y/VSx x^fy/ V3
y' = u + xu' and
xu
,

l/</3u?/V3
= => / -lT/v^,
vJ r ~ aii =
1 +U 2

da:
-1
y/3 tan u- I In (1 + v?) = In Ixl +c
-1
== 2\/3 tan ^ - In
^1 + = 21n|x| + ci
=* 2^3 tan" 1 ^ - In (x
2
+ y2 ) = ci-
39. from y 2 = ci(2x + ci) we obtain c\ = -x yjx 2 + y 2 and
x
-\ + i.
y \ \yj y Vt
Self-orthogonality follows from the fact that the product of these derivatives is 1.
40. Ftom +
y =
1 we obtain ci = -
yy* i
ci + l ci
results in exactly the same equation. This shows that the family is self-orthogonal.
41. FYom jt r
c\G cos t and y = cie sint
*
we obtain
dy x+y
y
. Then the differential equation of the
orthogonal family is -r-

ax
=
w +x
. This is satisfied
dx
by x
x
= C2e -i cos t and y = coe _t sin i.

Exercises 3.
42. We have tb< - ifo =? so that tani/ji = tan (^2 + coti/^

2 \ 2/ tan ^2
Exercises 3.2
1. Let P= P{i) be the population at time f, and Pq the initial population. From dP/dt = kP we
obtain P= Poe
kt
.
Using P(5) = 2PQ we find fc = 1 In 2 and P=P e
(ln2)t/5
.
Setting P(i) = 3Po
we have
Setting P(t) - 4P we
3 = e
have
n 2) t / 5
' ln3
111 J =
^
(ln2)t
^ *
3
t=^ 5 In
7.9 years.
4 = e
(ln2)t/5
i n4 =i^ =j. t = 10 years.
2. Setting P =10,000 and f = 3 in Problem 1 we obtain
10,000 = fl,B<
taa W 5
= Po = 10,000e-'
61n2
6597.5.
Then P(10) = Poe 21n2 = 4P 26,390.
3. Let P= P(f) be the population at time t. Prom dP/dt = kt and P{0) = P = 500 we obtain
P= 500e fct
. Using P(10) = 575 we find k= ^lnl. 15. Then P(30) = 500e 3taL15 r* 760<9^p>
4. Let JV = N(t) be the number of bacteria at time t and Wo the initial number. From dN( dt = kN we
obtain JV = Ne kt
. Using JV(3) = 400 and iV(10) = 2000 we find 400 = N e
3k
or e* = (400//V )V3 .
From JV(10) = 2000 we then have
5. Let N = N(t) be the amount of lead at time t. From dN/dt kN and JV{0) = 1 we obtain
JV = e
fci
. Using JV(3.3) = 1/2 we find fe = ^ In 1/2. When 90% of the lead has decayed, 0.1 grams
will remain. Setting JV(f) = 0.1 we have
et (V3.3)ln(i/2) = 01 ^ * ho.! ( = 10.96 hours.
6. Let JV = JV(t) be the amount at time t. From dN/dt = kt and N(Q) = 100 we obtain N = 100e w .
Using JV(6) = 97 we find fc = In 0.97. Then JV(24) = iooetV)("ojr)M = 100 ( .9 7 )4 ggg mg

7. Setting JV(i) = 50 in Problem 6 we obtain
go,!,,** H = lnl t = 136.5 hours.
58
Exercises 3.2
8. The solution of dA/dt = kA is A(t) =A e

kt
. Then Ai = A(ti) = Aoe*' 1 ,
A2 = A(ti) = Aoe^ and
*(t,-i 2 )=ln => ife^-Jto^.

A
=
2 ^2 ~ (tl (2) At
( t2
~
Solving .40/2 =A e*' for t, we obtain i = -(ln2)/fc. It follows that t = -
In(Ai/A2}
9. Let I = I(t) be the intensity, t the thickness, and 1(0) = / - If (*//<** = fc/ and 1(3) = .25/ then
/ = I e kt
, k = ln .25, and /(15) = .00098/ .
10. FVom dS/dt = rS we obtain S =S e

rt
where 5(0) = So-
fa) If Sa = $5000 and r - 5.75% then 5(5) = $6665.45.
(b) If S(t) =$10,000 then t = 12 years.
(c) 5 =s $6651.82
11. Assume that A= Aoe*' and fc = -.00012378. If A(t) = .145-4 then t wl5,600 years.
12. Assume that dT/dt = jfc{T-5) so that T = 5 + ce*'. If T(\) = 55 and T(5) = 30 then k = -|ln2
and c = 59.4611 so that T(0) = 64.4611.
13. Assume that dT/dt = k(T - 10) so that T= 10 + ce**. If T{0) = 70 and T(l/2) = 50 then-c = 60
and k = 21n(2/3) so that T{1) = 36.67. If T(t) = 15 then t = 3.06 minutes.
14. Assume that dT/dt = k(T - 100) so that T = 100 + ce*'. If J"(0) = 20 and T(\) = 22 then
c = -80 and = fc ln(39/40) so that T(t) = 90 implies ( = 82.1 seconds. If T(i) = 98 then
t = 145.7 seconds.
15. Assume Ldi/dt + Ri = (f), L = .1, = 50, and (t) = 50 so that i = +ce~ sm . If t{0) =
then c = -3/5 and limtoo i(t) = 3/5.
16. Assume Ldi/dt + Ri = E(t), E(t) = i^sinwt, and i(0) = iQ so that
Rt/L
sinwt- -r^^^rcoswf + ce
L 2 uj 2 + R 2 + & .
Since i(0) = io we obtain c = io + .
Z'w' + it 2
-4
17. Assume Rdg/dt + (l/c)g = E(t), R= 200, C= IO , and (t) = 100 so that q = 1/100 + ce -60 *.
If ?(0) = then c - -1/100 and i = fa-

51*.
-6
18. Assume fttfg/df + (l/c)g = {(), /t = 1000, C= 5 x 10 ,
and (t) = 200 so that
g = 1/1000 + ce" 2001
and i = -200ce- 2001
. [f *(0) = -4 then c = -1/500, g(.0O5) = .003 coulombs,
and i(.005) = .1472 amps. As t - co we have g -> 1/1000.
19. For <t< 20 the differential equation is 20 di/dt + 1i = 120. An integrating factor is e*/
10
, so
j t
[e*/
1D
i] = 6e" 10 and i = 60 + cje"*/ 10 . If *{0) - then a= -60 and i = 60 - 60e-'/ 10 .
Exercises 3.2
For t > 20 the differentia! equation is 20di/dt + 2i = and i = c2 e~^

m .
-2
At * = 20 we want c2 e = 60 - 60e~ 3 so that c 2 = 60 (e 2 - l). Thus
j 60
- 60e-'/ 10 ,
< t < 20;
i( * ) = 2
-l) -'/l0, t>20.
\60( e e
Ea - q/C
dq
-
fci +
dt
fc2 t
- -CIn
Setting g{0) = ijo we find c2 = fjii

~ 1
80
i/ck2
/ ki \
21. Prom dA/dt = 4 - -4/50 we obtain ,4 = 200 + ce"'/ 50 . if A(0) = 30 then c = -170 and
4 = 200-170e~ t
/ 50 .
22. From dA/dt = - 4/50 we obtain A= ce"-'/

50
. If 4(0) = 30 then c = 30 and A= SOe'^ 50 .
23. From dA/dt = 10 - A/100 we obtain A = 1000 + ce"*''

100
. If 4(0) = then c = -1000 and
-
4=
24. From
4(0)
1000-
=
^=
lOOOe '/ 100
then c
10

-
5Q0
.
^
. The tank
_ 5)t
-10 -
is empty
^
in 100 minutes.
we obtain A = 1000 - 1ft + c(100 - t)
2
. If
25. From
dA
dt
= 3-
100 +
44
(o
_ = 3-~+
4)r oil
24
f
we obtain 4= 50 + ( + c(50 + )" 2 . If 4(0) = 10 then
c = -100,000 and 4(30) = 64.38 pounds.
26. From dA/dt = 0.18 - 44/(400 - t) we obtain 4 = .06(400 - t) + c(400 - f)

4
. If 4(0) = 12 then
c = -12/400 and 4
4(60) = 14.1 gallons. The percentage of alcohol after 60 minutes is 4.1%. The
tank is empty after 400 minutes.
60
Exercises 3.2
27. (a) From mdv/dt = mg kv we obtain v = gm/k + ce *"/*". If v(Q) = vq then c = vq gm/A; and
the solution of the initial-value problem is
(b) As ( * oo the limiting velocity is gm/k.
(c) From ds/dt = v and s(0) = so we obtain

am m ( gm\ _kt/ m m I 9 m\
28. FVom dXjdt = A-Bx&nA X(0) - Owe obtain x - A/B - {AfB)e~ Bt so that x ~> A/B as t - oo.
If Jf(T) = A/2B then T = (In 2)1 B.

- ( V fic
29. From d/<i( = -E/RC and (ti) = Eq we obtain = S e( (l .
30. From V dC/df = kA{Ce - C) and C(0) - Co we obtain C = Cs + (C - Ct )e- kAi * v .
31. (a) From dP/df = (*i - k2 )P we obtain P= ffcet*'-*")' where Pq = p( 0)>

(b) If fci > &2 then P oo as t * oo. If = then P= Po for every t. If &i < then P
>
as t * oo.
32. Separating variables we obtain />
= k cos i In [P| = fcsinl + c - P=

, cie
K
frsin 2
.
^

i
~l
l l i
If P{0) = Po then ci -P and P= Pee*'- s 10
33. From r
2
dO - (L/m) dt we obtain A= \ I
*
r d$
2
= ^ / d( = ^ (6 - a).)
v
' ' 2/9i 2 mJa 2 m
34. Write the differential equation in the form dA/dt + (ki + foJA = k\M.
x,n
e'* 1+ 2 '
* 1
Then an integrating factor is , and
+ &2 t
J 4 = _^_+ ce -(*i+t>)t.
kik2 +
kiM
Using .4(0) = we find c = --^-' and A = ,
(l_ e
-(*i+fc2)i).
As ( * oo, A
If ^2 > 0, the materia! will never be completely memorized.
61
Exercises 3.3
Exercises 3.3
1. Prom ~= d
C(l - .0005C) and C(0) = 1 we obtain
\G
+
1 .0005C /
dC = and
C = ^^Q5 '
t
- Then ( 1Q ) = 1834 supermarkets, and C - 2000 as f oo.
1 e
2. From ^ = N(a - bN) and N(0) = 500 we obtain N= MOfc+ ^^-^ - Since
Um N= ^ =50,000 and JV(1) = 1000 we have a = .7033, b = .00014, and iV = - ^'IL W .
3. From ^=P (ltT

1
- 10
_7
P) and P(0) = 5000 we obtain P=
5
_ so that
P 1,000,000 as t -t oo. If P(t) = 500,000 then t = 52.9months.
4. ^ = P{a -
From
dt
fcP)
' f
^
1 - cP"*) we
1
obtain
f
\
VfezM ) d P = dt
a-bP + P - c / ^
+ ^ -6
P= c atfe*"
- rrr-7 where E is an arbitrary constant.
~ bc > t
+ 1 bEe\ a
5. From ^ =
(a) P(a - bin P) we obtain ^ln|a- bin P\ = + Q t so that P= eê - "".
(b) If P(0) =P then c = | - In Pq.
-
6. From Problem 5 we have P = eê - " so that
^=
df
6ce
Q^- w - ce W
e
"
and ^ ^-^^
dt*
= b
2
fee""
v
- l)
'
.
Setting d?P/dt
2 = and using c = a/b- lnP we obtain t = (1/6) ln(a/f> - In Po) and P= e^ 6-1 .
7. Let A" = X (t) be the amount of C at time t and ^= &(120 - 2X)(150 - A"). If X(0) = and
150 - 150e
X{5) = 10 then X= Q^
180A:t
where k = .0001259, and X(20) = 29.3 grams. Now X - 60

as t ' co, so that the amount of A > and the amount of B 30 as t * oo.
8. From
^ dt
= fc(150 - X) 2 X(0) = , 0, and X(5) - 10 we obtain X = 150
150At
~+ w 1
here
A; = .000095238. Then X(20) = 33.3 grams and X - 150 as ( -* co so that the amount of A
and the amount of B as t oo. If X(() = 75 then i = 70minutes.
9. Va*0, ^=
dt
fc(a-X)(/3-X), and X(Q) = then (iMz^L +
\ct Xp^ Xj^
~
) dX = kdt so that
62

Exercises 3.3
X=
- ae^-ftto , . If a= then -
(a
-^dX = kdt
- X)*
and X = a- kt+c
10. From =
dX
at
k(a - X)(0 - X)(j - X) we obtain
1
dX =
,(/?-a)( 7 -Q) a-X + (a-0)( 1 -0) 0-X + (a- 7 )(/3-7) l-X
kdt
so that
-1 -1 -1
-
.
In
,
a- X> + - -/?)'"
.
In \0
, .
- X\
- 7 )0? - 7)
\a\f~X\ = fci + c.
{{0 a)( 7 - a) '
(a /?)(7 ' (a
11. (a) As ?/
* oo we assume that v ~> + . Then Uq = 2gR and o = V^gli.
(b) Using ff
= 32 ft/s and #= 4000(5280) ft we find
o = v^2)(4000X5280} w 36765.2 ft/s 25067 mi/hr.
(c) v = /2(0.165)(32)(1080) ss 7760 ft/s as 5291 mi/hr

v
12. From ^=^ 1 + , p = ^ ,

and y'(0) = we obtain p + ,/l + p2 = e
wx ^ so that
p = sinh ^-x. FVom u(0) = 1 it follows that y = cosh ^-x + 1 .
13. From
dx l
= \l+(^r)
V2 \ \dx }
, p = ^
dx
, and y'(l) = we obtain p=-2 (x n/v * - x~ v ^).
'
If
y(l) = and vi = i>2 then y = ^x 2 ^

ln|x| ^j.
If ^(1) = and ^ V2 then
1 VlV2
+
-
'
2[vi/v 2 + l l-vi/v2\ '
w| v\
14. From k (t 4 - T^) we obtain
l/M 1/(47%) 1/(27%)

dT = kdt
T-Tm T + Tm T 2 + 7"2
so that In
T + T
-2tan- 1 ~m = 4T^H +
-i
c-
15. From ^-
ot 25
and ft(0) - 20 we obtain ft = ["^20
\
-
50/
. If h(t) - then * = 50^20 seconds.
}
Exercises 3.3
,1/2
16. If h =
table of integrals
then r 1 ! 2 =
we
yfZjidb so that
find
-r 3/3 = Jtyt + c. If /i > then
W + 2/ir
= dr = dt. From a
/2
^ (2/xr + 2fcr 2 )
'
- In (fiXJTr + ^) = t + c.
-9
17. From
dx
- -, 1= and A(0) = 10 we obtain 10 /(cscfl - smO) dB = - dx where y = lOsintf.
^100
Then
J100 - y 2
10 In _
10
+ v
-\/l00-y 2 = :r..
1/ f
18. From m dv
^ = - fa>
2
and w(0) = wo we obtain
1/2?
+ dv = dt
1 yjk/mgv 1 + tjk/mgv
so that
v + ^gjk
=
vo + ^gjk
e2
î t
v yjmgjk vq <Jmg/k
Divide this equation by e 2 \Zs k /mt and multiply by v yjmg/k to see that v ^mg/k
as t oo.
2
19. Let *
(g)
_
+ 2y =
di
dy
i and
,
2
u-i'so .v
that
^ dw
=
dy
2x
dx
dy
and w = y
dw
dy

4 \dy ,
"
j
1 /'di/A
( 1 , a Clairaut
2
equation. The solution is x = cy + -c 2 which , is a family of parabolas.
4
2
20. From x
(dx\
I
\dyj
+ 2y-
dx
dy
x = and the quadratic formula we obtain
dx _-y ijx 2 + y 2 x
dx
y
=
or H , dy dy.
dy \/k 2 +y 2 yjx 2 + y2
Then ^ 2
+ y2 = J/ +c
t
21. Using
dy
dx
=
dy

dx
we obtain
dt
/
1
/
dt
I _|_ $y\
dy =
/&
[
-
fix
|
dx. Using x > and t/ > we have
\
7 In y + 5y = a In x /3x +a
22. From y [l + (y*)
2
]
= k we obtain dz = -^L=dy. If y = fcsin
2
then
dy = 2fcsin0cos0 d$, dx = 2k - ^cos20^ d0, and x = kd - ^sin20 + c.
64
If x = when 9 = then c = 0.
23. (a) From 2^-^dt =

(it (It
-^f-smOdS and
t
^
etc
I .
^
= 0, 0(0) = O we obtain
^
dt J
] = ^p(cos0
I
~ cosô).
(b) Solving (
\dt J ^ J
= ^ (cos
l
cos #o) for ~jt
dt
and separating variables we obtain
T/i
/
r H~ i
-r- rffl
,
= r
/
,
dt or
/2T
T = *2,/ /
fl

.
<w
.
/ , .
'Co V 2 ff v cos - cos Po Jo V 9 JO vcos - cos (?o
1. From y(x 3 + Cij = 3 we obtain y' x 2 y 2 so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is y'
arjr
1
,, ,, . The orthogonal trajectories are y
3
-jx =
3
c%.
2. From y = 4x+ 1 + cie 41 we obtain y Ay I6x so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
family is Y' = ,
16x
-
-
-
Ay
. Then ^
dy
- 16x = -Ay and x =
4
+
64
+ qje
16*
. If z(0) = then
C2 = -- 1
64
3. From y 2 = a(x I)
2
we obtain y' = ^ - so that the differential equation of the orthogonal
x 1
family
1
= , The orthogonal trajectories are (y - 2
= x - -x2 + c 2
is y
2(!/
^-r
2)
2)
2
.
4. From ^f-
= jfcP and P(0) = P we obtain P= Poe*'. If P(T) = 2P then T= ]- ln2.
5. From ^=
dt
0.018P and P{0) = 4 billion we obtain P= 4e 0i8t
so that P(45) = 8.99 billion.
6. Let A A(t) be the volume of CO2 at time t. From

dA
CtZ
= 1.2 -
A

4
and -4(0) = 16ft 3 we obtain
A = 4.8 + 11.2e"*/
4
. Since A(10) = 5.7ft
3
,
the concentration is 0.017%. As t -> 00 we have
- 4.8 ft 3
,4 or 0.06%.
7. From dt
= kjx(a x) we obtain |
\ x
1
a - xJ
\dx = k\ dt so that x =
l + cie"*
r-;
1'
. From

dy
at
= K2xy we obtain , .
ak > t h/k '

lnM^lnll+d^'l+c or y = c 2 (l +c 1 e
)
.
.
8.
, .
(a) Let
dv
at
dv
dy
dv
= v so that m~ = mg kv ,
dt
, 2 i
becomes trra
dv
dy
= mg kv 7
. Using y{0)
mg "|
and v(0) - v it follows that v2 - e
~ 2ky/m
- ^ - If w = then the maximum
=
m
mg + kvn
From mv
dv

= mg kv (0) = 0, and y(0) = we
>
height is ft In .
, find that
2k mg dy
_ ~~
2 t*y/ m oo we see that the terminal velocity is v =
v% f\ e
^ Letting y *
^Jmgjk
This is the square root of the result obtained in Problem 27 of Exercises 3.2.
(b) Setting y = h we see that the velocity at impact is V{ ^-t=
9. (a) The differentia! equation is
^ = k[T-T - 2 B(Ti - T)} = k[(l + B)T - (BT\ + 7b)].

dT
Separating variables we obtain -.
.
=-r =k dt. Then
(1 + B)T - [BTi +r 2)
1+B >'.
T ^-=]n\(l+B)T-{BT
1 + D
1 +T2 )\ = kt +c and T(t) = ^"J 1 -f-
3
+ C3 e fc
<
- r2
Since T{0) = 7i we must have C3 = 7i
and so
1 +B
MtJ +
1 +B 1 +B
(b)
v
Since
'
fc < 0,
'
lim e ^
t-00
1+B ^ = and lim Tit)
t-00
w= ^+ BJ
1
+ 2
.
(c) Since rs = T2 + B(7i - T), UmT, ^T2 + BT^B =

^f^/'
10. We first solve f 1
\
10/ dt
^ ^ + 0.2i = 4. Separating variables we obtain 20
10
. Then
40 - 2i 10 - t
10 20
-iln|40-2i| = In |10 t\ +c or V40 - 2i = ci(10 - t).
Since i(0) = we must have ci = 2/"/l0 . Solving for i we get = At gt 2 ,
< t < 10. For r > 10 the equation for the current becomes 0.2i = 4 or i = 20. Thus
2
it,*)-/
4 *"*'
'
< ( 10
.
I 20, f > 10
66
4 Linear Differential Equations
of Higher Order
__ From y = x
Exercises
+ C2e~ x we
4.1
= x =
1. c\e find y' cie czeT x '.
Then y(0) c\ + C2 = 0, y'(0) = cj = 1 so
= = = ê 1 ê -1
that ci 1/2 and C2 1/2. The solution is y -
_1
2. We have i/(0) = ci+c2 = 0, rffO) = c1e + c2 e = 1 so that a= e/ (e 2 - l) and C2 = -e/(e 2 - l).
The solution is y = e (e
x - e~ x ^ j (e
2 - l).
3. From y = 4
eye * + cê -1 we find
1
y = 4cie
4E
- cae -1 Then .
y(0) = ci + cj = 1, 1/(0} = 4ci - C2 = 2
3 41 2
so that ci = 3/5 and c 2 = 2/5. The solution is y = -e + -e~*.
D
4. From y =
+ C2 cos x + C3 sin x we find y' = C2 sin x + C3 cos x and y" = 2 cos x C3 sin x. Then
ci
j/(tt) = ci - C2 = 0, j/'fjr) = -C3 = 2, j/"(tt) = c 2 = -1 so that ci = -1, c 2 = -1, and cz = -2. The
solution is y = 1 cosx 2 sinx.
5. From y = ax + Qxhix we find y' = Ci + C2(l + lnx). Then = c\ = 3, y'(l) = a + C2 = -1 so

that c\ = 3 and C2 = 4. The solution is y = 3x 4x In x.
6. From jf = ci + c2 x 2 we find y
1
= 2c2X. Then j/(0) = ci = 0, y'(0) = 2c2 = and y'{0) = 1 is not
possible. Since a 2 (x} = x is at x= 0, Theorem 4.1 is not violated.
7. In this case we have y{0) = ci = 0, t/{0) = 2cj = so c\ and c2 is arbitrary. Two solutions
are y = x and y = 2x
2 2
.
8. In this case we have y(0) = c\ 1, y'{\) 2c2 = 6 so that cj = 1 and c 2 = 3. The solution is
y = +13:r
2
Theorem 4.1 does not apply because y and y' are evaluated at different points.
.
9. From y = cie^cosz +- C2e x sinx we find y' = cie x ( sinx + cosx) + 026^(003 x + sinx).
(a) We have y(0) = c\ = 1, y'(0) = c\ + C2 = so that ci = 1 and c2 = -1. The solution is
y = e x sin x.
e
x
cos x
(b) We have y(0) = ci = 1, j/(jt) = cie* = 1, which is not possible.

(c) We have y(Q) = ci = 1, j/(tt/2) = c2 e"'' 2 = 1 so that ci = 1 and c2 = e^ 2 The solution is .
y = e cosx + e~ / e sinx.
x v 2 x
(d) We have y(0) = ci = 0, y{n) = -c\e" = so that ci = and c 2 is arbitrary. Solutions are
y = c^sinx, for any real numbers c2 .
Exercises 4.
10. (a) We have y(-l) = ci + c 2 + 3 = 0, y(l) c\ + c2 + 3 = 4, which is not possible.
(b) We have y(0) = ci + c% +3 = 1, which is not possible.
(c) We have y(0) = ci-0 + c2-0 + 3 = 3, y(l) c\ + c2 + 3 = so that ci is arbitrary and
C2 = 3 c\. Solutions axe y = c\x {c\ + 3)x + 3.

2 4
(d) We have y(l) = c\ + c2 + 3 = 3, y(2) = 4ci + 16c 2 +3 = 15 so that a = -1 and c2 = 1. The

solution is y = x 2 + x 4 + 3.
11. Since a2{x) x 2 and xq = the problem has a unique solution for oo < x < 2.
12. Since oi(x) = tana: and xq the problem has a unique solution for tt/2 < x < tt/2.
13. from 1/ = ci cos Ax + C2 sin Ax we have y(0) c\ = 0, y(7r) = ci cos Att + C2 sin A7r = 0, so that
ci = and c 2 sin A7T = 0. The problem will have nontrivial solutions when 02 ^ 0. Thus we require
that shiAtt = or A be a nonzero integer. (If A = 0, the family of solutions is y c\ = 0.)
14. From y c\ cos Ax + 01 sin Ax we have y{0) = ci = 0, y(5) = c\ cos 5A + c 2 sin 5A = 0, so that c\ =
and C2 sin 5A = 0. The problem will have nontrivial solutions when c2 / 0. Thus we require that
sin5A = or A = rnr/b for n a nonzero integer. (If A = 0, the family of solutions is y = ci = 0.)
15. Since (-4)i + (3)x

2
+ (l)(4x - 3x 2
) = the functions are linearly dependent.
1 =
16. Since (1)0 + (0)x + (OJe the functions are linearly dependent. A similar argument shows that
any set of functions containing f(x) will be linearly dependent.
17. Since (1/5)5 + (l)cos x

2
+ (1) sin
2
x = the functions are linearly dependent.
18. Since (l)cos2x + (1)1 + (-2)cos x 2

= the functions are linearly dependent.
19. Since ( 4)x -f (3)(x 1) + {l)(x + 3) = the functions are linearly dependent.
20. From the graphs of /i(x) = 2 +x and /2 (x) =2+ |x|
we see that the functions are linearly independent since j^t, - 2+x
they can not be multiples of each other.

-H-+-
3* t
t
1 +x x x2
21. The
v
functions &re linearly independent since W (l + x, x, x2 ) = 1 1 2x = 2^0.
2
_I =
22. Since (-l/2)e* + (l/2)e + (l)sinhx the functions are linearly dependent.
x1/2 x2
23. W(x l
'\x 2 ) = = -x 3/2 4- for < x< 00.
\x-W 2x 1
68
Exercises 4.
1 +x x3
24. W(l+x,x 3 ) = = x 2 (3 + 2x) ^ for -oo < x < oo.
1 3x 2
sin a; esc x
25. tV(sina:, cscx) = = -2cotx ^ for <x< jr.
cosx - esc cot x
tanx cot x
26. W(tanx,cotx) = = -2secxcscx ^ for <x< 7r/2.
sec
2
x esc
2
x
e e e
4*
27. W^.e-V 4
*)
- e
1
-e" 1
4e
4ar - -30e 4x # for -co < x < oo.
.
- r* .
x xlnx x 2 lna;
28. IV (a:, a; In a;, i 2 lnx) = 1 1 + In x x + 2x In = x(2 + lnx) ^ for <x< oo.
i 3 + 21nx
29. No, this does not imply that fi and f2 are linearly dependent on any interval containing x = 0. We
need c\f[x) + C2f{x) for a// values of x in the interval.
30. (a) The graphs of fi and f2 are as shown. Obviously,

5-
neither function is a constant multiple of the other
on oo < x < oo. Hence, /i and f2 are linearly
independent on (00,00). 4-H-
3^ 3 *
x2 x2
(b) For x > 0, /2 = x 2 and so W (fi.fi) = 2x

2x
= 2x 3 - 2x 3 = 0. For x < 0,
2
f2 = -x and
x1 -x<
= -2x 3 + 2x 3 = 0. We conclude that W(fi,f2 ) = for all real values
2x -2x
of x.
31. (a) If y = 1/x then y

1
= -1/x 2 and y" ~ 2/x 3 so that y" - 2y
3
= 0.
(b) If y - c/x then y" -2^ = implies that c 3 -c= so that c = 0, +1, or -1.
32. (a) Clearly y\ = 1 and ;/2 = In a; satisfy jj" + (j/)

2
= 0.
1
(b) If y = yi + 1/2 = 1 +lnx then y" y1 + ^ =
+ {y') 2 = zl 0. If ji = cijfi + c2 jft = ct + C2lnx then
x
J/" + (j/)
2
= -J + % for c 2 ^ or 1.
x'
69
1 .
Exercises 4.
33. The functions satisfy the differential equation and are linearly independent since
3x 4x
W(e- ,e )= 7e*/0
for oo < x < oo. The general solution is
3l
y = cie~ + cae 4:t
.
Whoosh 2x,sinh2x) = 2
y = ci cosh 2x + C2 sinh 2x.

W (e
1
cos 2x, e
x
sin 2x) = 2e
2x
/
= 1
for oo < x < oo. The general solution is y
37
cie cos 2x + pje sin 2x.
for -co < x < oo. The general solution is
x/2
y = cie + c2 xe x ' 2 .
4 6
w(x 3
,x )
= x ^0
for <x< oo. The general solution is
y = ci#
3
+ C2X
4
.
W(cos(Lnx),sin(lnx)) = 1/x ?
for < x < oo. The general solution is
y = ci cos(ln x) + C2 sin(ln x)
W (x, x~
2
, x"
2
In x) = 9x"
6
^
for < x < oo. The general solution is
-2
y = c\x + C2X + C3X -2 lnx.
70
Exercises 4.
W(X, x,cosx, sinx) = 1
y = c\ + C2X + C3 cos x + C4 sin x.
41. The functions y\ = e 2* and y% = e 51 form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp Ge x is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
42. The functions yi = coax and yi = sinx form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp = xsinz+fcosa;) bi(cosa;) is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
43. The functions 3/1 = e

2x
and 3/2 = ze 2* form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
equation, and yp = i 2 2x
e +x 2 is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.
44. The functions y\ = x~ f 2 and 3/2 z -1 form a fundamental set of solutions of the homogeneous
l
equation, and yp j$x 2 g is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation.

45. (a) From the graphs of yi x 3 and ys |x|
3
we see
3
that the functions are linearly independent since they
cannot be multiples of each other.

that = x 3 solves x 2 y" Axy' + &y = 0. To show
j/i
It is easily shown H-H
y-i
3* It y-l*l a
that ya = \x\ is a solution let 3/2 x for x >

3 3
and
let j/2 = -x
3
for x < 0.
x" x"
(b) If x > then 3/2 = x3 and W(y\,y2) = = 0. If x < then 3/2 = x 3 and
2
3x 3x 2
x3 -x*
= 0.
3x 2 -3x 2
(c) Part (b) does not violate Theorem 4.4 since 02(2 ) =s x2 is zero at x = 0.
(d) The functions Yi = a:
3
and Y2 = x are solutions
2
of x y" 4xj/
2
+ 63/ = 0. They are linearly
independent since W [x 3
,x 2
^
= 4 ^ for 00 <
a: x < 00.
(e) The function y = x3 satisfies y(0) = and y'(0) 0.
(f ) Neither is the general solution since we form a general solution on an interval for which
a 2(a0 ^ for every x in the interval.
46. Assume y\ satisfies y(xo) = 1 and y'(xo) = and 3/2 satisfies y(a;o) = and y'(xo) = 1. By Theorem
4.2 they are linearly independent since W (1/1,1/2) = yi(x)i/ 2 (x) - j/i(a:)yj(x) = 1 at a: = xq. Thus,
3/1 and 3/2 form a fundamental set of solutions on /.
1
Exercises 4.
47. (a) Assume y\ and y 2 are solutions of a2y" + a-ilf + avy = 0. If W (3/1,1/2) = yu/2 y[y2 then
dW
to
= yi (021/2 + a u/2 + ao^) - fa (

a 3j// + a iv\ + a oyi)
-ffl(0)-B2(0) = -
(b) The equation in part (a) is first-order linear. The solution is W = ce^-H" '"^" ^'''1 2 1
', where c
is a constant.
(c) Let x = x in W = ce" O ai(l)/as(()idI

,
obtainitlg c = ^(^5.
(d) Prom part (c) we see that if W(xq) = then W = for every z in J. If W(x ) ^ then
W^ for every x in / since is an exponential function.
48. We identify 02(3) =1- x 2 and oj(i) = 2x. Then from Abel's formula in Problem 47 we have
1 - xa
49. We identify 02(1) = a; and ai(x) = 1. Then from the alternative form of Abel's formula in Problem
47(c) we have
ki k3 lni|
e *o = (fok4 -k2 k 3 )e- ]nx + iDX <>
k2 ki
= (ft!** - k2 k3 )e^M = (*1*4~W*0

x
50. We have a 2 y" + an/j + oq = E\ and 03^' + +a = E%. Then
02(2/1 + y2)" + fll(yi +V2)' + <H> = (<*2I/i + aij/i + ao) + (U2J/2 + a if2 + o) = E\ + &2
and 1/1 + i/2 is a response of the system to the input E\ + Ei-
Exercises 4.2
In Problems 1-10 we use reduction of order to find a secoond solution. In Problems 11-30 we use formula
(4) from the text.
1. Define y = u(x) - 1 so
y' = u', y" = u", and y" + By' = u" + 5m' = 0.
If v> u' we obtain the first- order equation ti/+5u; = which has the integrating factor e
5
/ = e
5x
.
Now [e
5l
w] gives e
5l
tu = c.
72
Exercises 4.2
Therefore w= u' = ce 5x and u c\e 5x . A second solution is t/2 e

5*.
2. Define t/ = u(x) 1 so
j,' = ', y" = u", and i/'-i/ = u"-u' = 0.
= we obtain the first-order equation u/ to = which has the integrating factor e~/ dx = -1
If u) ti' c .
l
Now -r1- [e = gives e ui = c.
ax
Therefore w= u' = ce
1
and it = ce x . A second solution is j/2 = e
E
.
3. Define y u{x)e 2x
so
y' = 2tie
2*
+ u'e 2*, y" = e
a
V+ V+ 4e
2
4e
2l
u, and - 4y' + Ay = 4e
2l
u" = 0.
Therefore u" = and u = cix + C2. Taking ci = 1 and C2 we see that a second solution is
2*.
3/2 = xe
4. Deiing y = u(x)xe 1 so
l/ = (1 - ije-'u + ie -I u', j/" = xe~ u"

x
+ 2(1 - x)e~ x u' - (2 - x)e _ *u,
and
+ 2j/' + j/ = e
_a:
(a:" + 2u') = or u" + -u' = 0.
x
If if = v! we obtain the first-order equation w w=

H
2
a:
which has the integrating factor
e*ff/' = x1 Now
.

IX
[x
2
w] = gives x2 w c.
= = xe _I = -2
Therefore w= v! c/x 2 and u = ci/x. A second solution is j/2 e .
5. Define y = u(x) cos 4x so
y' = 4w sin 4x + u' cos Ax, y" = u" cos 4x 8u' sin 4x 16u cos Ax
and
y" + 16y = (cos4x)u" -8(sin4x)u' = or u" - 8(tan4x)u' = 0.
If w= u' we obtain the first-order equation w' 8(tan 4x)tu = which has the integrating factor
-8 tan4tiit
e / = cos 4x. 2
Now
=
^ [(cos
2
Ax)w] gives (cos
2
4x)w c.
Therefore w= u' = 2
csec 4x and u = c\ tan4x. A second solution is 3/2 = tan4xcos4x = sin4x.
6. Define y = u(x) sin3x so
y' = 3u cos 3x + u' sin 3x, y" u" sin 3x + 61/' cos 3x 9u sin 3x,
1
Exercises 4.2
10. Define y u(x)e x / 3 so
y
1
\e x !\
o
+ e*/V, t/" - e*/ V 4- ^WV
o
+ Jeû
y
and
l/3
6j/" + y'-?/ = e (6u" + 5u')=0 or u" + u' = 0.
6
If ui = u' we obtain the first-order equation w' + |iu = which has the integrating factor
e (S/6)M = e 5*/6. Now
~-[e**/* VJ] = gives e
5x/6
w= c.
Therefore w= w' = ce
-51 ^ 6
and u = C\e~^ x ^. A second solution is 3/2 = e -W 6 e s/3 e - T / 2 .
11. Identifying P(x) = 7/x we have
fe -f-(7Mdx fl
V2 %
j dx x dx x In \x\.
J
A second solution is j/2 = In |x|.

-/(2/,)<i
y2 = x
2
j^dx = x
x"'
2
j
.
/ x
_6
dx = -7^ 3
-3
A second solution is j/2 = x .
=
^W7h^r (In a:)
dx lna
7 x(lnx)
= lnx
A second solution is 3/2 = 1.
14. Identifying P(x) we have
A second solution is = x 1 ?2 .
15. Identifying P{x) = 2(1 + x)/ (l - 2x - x 2 ) we have
e
-/2(l+x)dx/(l^- I 2 )
W= (* + !) dx = (!+!)/ dx
/ <x + l)
2
1 - 2x - x2
= = -
^+ (x + l)
2
dx (x + 1)
/ (x + iy
dx
= (l + 1) a = -2 - x"
1
- x.
[-7TT-
Exercises 4.2
A second solution is y% = x2 + x 4- 2.
16. Identifying P(x) = -2x/ (l - x 2 ) we have
a +
B = / c -/-^Mi--*}^ = | e -Ki-- | ] -^
1 a!
) ( fa = (
fa-li 11
| 1-x
A second solution is j/2 = In (1 j
+ x)\.
y2 = xsaiâx) /
.
j i"1
-
1

e
-j.-dx/x
j-
snv^ln x)
-dx = xsin(lnx)
J
/
.
a
x^snrfmx)
.
x
d:
= [xsinflna:)] [ cot(Inx)] = 2cos(lnx).

A second solution is j/2 = xcosflnx).

.
e
- / ~3dx/x x3
^ = X C03 ^ X)
J xô^x) dX = X
^îiWH f
1
~ x 2 cos(ln x) tan(ln x) x 2 sin(lnx).
A second solution is t/2 = i 2 sin(lnx).
19. Identifying P{x) = 4x/(l + 2x) we have
y2 = e -2xy dx = e
-i*
j dx
= e-^ J(l+ 2x)e 2*dx = e~ 2x [i e 2r + xe 2x - e X.
A second solution is 1/2 x.
20. Identifying P(x) = + x) we have
V2 =
-g-JxAj/d+a)
zjgdx- X]
.
e
-*+ln(H-z)
-2
dx^xj
,
( l +
^
a: ) e
-
dx = x]
,
^/ e -
+
-
-
e
x x
= x fe~ ,
-~y dx-\-x j
fe~ ,
dx u e
x
, due x
dx, dv = -^dx, v =
j x* x
= x ^-e x -
J
~ dxj + x j dx = -e -
A second solution is yi = e
x
.
21. Identifying P{x) = -1/x we have
fe -S-d*/*
fdx =
m = xj -
^ dx = xj xln|xj.
76
Exercises 4.2
A second solution is j/2 = xln|x].
22. Identifying P{x) = we have

B -J0<fa
A second solution is ^2 = x5 .

-5

/(lnx)st;
6
(ir/l
r^-
2
dx = In i
fx
/ -stt
6
5
2
dx = x In x f
I

-
1 \
)
= -a;
3
.
x J x (lnx) \ Lux/
A second solution is y% = x3 .
?/2 = cos(ln x) I
s-t;
J cos-'flnx)
r dx = cos(ln z) /
J

cos-'flnx)
r dx = cos(lnx) tanflnx) = sin(lnx).
A second solution is ;/2 = sin(lnx).
r e
~ J ~ ldx/x .
xi
-^^(.^-(^^ ,:,)- *
A second solution is 3/2 = x3 .
J -7ds/x
-/ _7
2 . in
,
I X in
/
/
1
1 _n\\ i
1
A second solution is j/a = x 2

.
27. Identifying P(x) = -(9x + 6)/(3x + 1) we have
m-^j -d = e*/ ^ dx = J*f efa
3x + e31 g3x -3, _ _

= e
3x (
^ dx = e 3* (3x + = ^_ xe e _3^ =
I | | |_
A second solution is 3/2 = 3x + 2.

28. Identifying P(x) = (3; + l)/x we have
- f -{x+l)dx/x gi+Ini
3/2 = e"
J
,
e
5^ dx e
x
j
-
dx = e
1 f
j xe
x
dx = e?{~xe 1 - e
x
) = x - 1.
77
- e .
Exercises 4.2
A second solution is 1/2 = x + 1.
29. Identifying P(x) = 3tana: we have
y2 = j e' i 3tanxdx
dx ^J 3lnstKX
dx = Jsec 3 xdx
= sec x tan a; + - In sec x

j
+ tanx|.
A second solution is j/2 = sec x tan x + In |

sec x + tan x\
30. Identifying P(x) = -(2 + ij/z we have
W = | e" J "P^W 1 ^ = | e 21nl+ *di = 1 1 V dx = (x

2
-2x + 2) e
x
.
A second solution is 1/2 = 2a; + 2) e*.
31. Identifying /"(i) = we have
A second solution = e^
1 We see by observation that a particular solution is 1/2. The
is y% .
yp
general solution is
y = cie
" !I
+ c2 e'!I - -.
32. Identifying P(x) = 1 we have y2 = j e'f^dx = e

_a!
. We see by observation that a particular
solution is yp = x. The general solution is
y = a + cieT x + x.
33. Identifying P(x) = 3 we have
x x 2x
= x = =
y2 e
j ^ dx e
J
e dx e .
To find a particular solution we try yp = Ae 3x Then .

y' = 3
3/le *, y" 9Ae 3x and ,
QAe 31 - 3 (SAe *} 3
+ 246 31 = 5e 3 *.
Thus A= 5/2 and yp = fe
3*.
The general solution is
I
y = c1 e + c 2 e 2x + \<?
x
-
34. Identifying P(x) = -4 we have

-
/ -4 dx r e
Ax
V2
78
Exercises 4.3
A second solution is e
3x
. To find a particular solution we try yp = ax + b. Then j/J,
= o, j/ = 0,
and 0-4a + 3(ax + b) = 3ax-4o + 36 = x. Then 3a = 1 and -4a + 36 = so a = 1/3 and 6 = 4/9.
A particular solution is yp = ga: + | and the general solution is
!/
= cl e
I
+ C2e JI + -a; + -.
35. If j/2 = J/i / 3 ^ then
and
= Z e - /
y\
^_4 v\
e
-/
+ 4
y{
e
-/
+ y /
J
^ vt
dx
so that
y'i + Py'2 + Qv2 = (y'{ + Py[ + Qyi) I

~
re -fPdx
dx = -
Exercises 4.3
1. From 4m 2 + m= we obtain m=
m = -1/4 so that y = c\ + cit~ x 4
and ^ .
2. From 2m 2 5m we obtain m = and m = 5/2 so that y = Ci + oie" x 2 ^ .
3. Prom m 2 36 = we obtain m = 6 and m = 6 so that y = cie 61 + C2e~ 6x .
From ro - 8 = we obtain m - 2\/2 and m - -2^ so that y - cie 2 ^ 1 + c2 e _2v 21

'
2
4. .
5. From m 2 + 9 = we obtain m = 3i and m = 3i so that y = ci cos 3x + ci sin 3:r.
6. From 3m 2 + 1 = we obtain m = and m = i/y/Z so that y = ci cosx/y/3 + 02 sini/v'S.
7. From ~ m 6 = we obtain m = 3 and m = 2 so that y = cie 31 + C2e~ 2x .
8. From m 2 3m + 2 = we obtain m = 1 and ro = 2 so that y = cie 1 + cae a *.

9. From m + 8m + 16 = we obtain m = 4 and m = 4 so that c\eT Ax + C2xe~ ix
2
1/ .
10. From m 2 10m + 25 = we obtain m = 5 and m = 5 so that y cie 5x + C2ie 5x .
11. From m 2 + 3m-5 = we obtain m = -3/2 %/3/2 so that y = Cie (-3+^>/2 + C2e (-3-VS)*/2_
12. From m 2 + 4m - 1 = m = -2 %/5 so that y = qe'" 24 ^) 1 + C2^~ 2 ~^ x

we obtain .
13. From 12m 2 - 5m - 2 = we obtain m = -1/4 and m = 2/3 so that y = cie -1 4 + c2 e 2* /3 / .
14. From 8m 2 + 2m 1 = we obtain m 1/4 and m - 1/2 so that y = c\e x i A + cae~ x l 2 .

.
Exercises 4.3
15. From in 2 4m + 5 = we obtain m= 2 i so that ?/ = e^fci cosx + C2sina:).

16. From 2m 2 - 3m + 4 = we obtain m = 3/4 a/23 i/ 4 so that
3l/4
y = e (ci cos V^3 x/4 + c2 sin V23 x/4) .
17. Prom 3m 2 + 2m + 1 = we obtain m= -1/3 \/2i/3 so that
y = e"
1 /3
( Cl cos y/2 z/3 + c2 sin ^2 x/3) .
18. From 2m 2 + 2m +1= we obtain m= -1/2 i/2 so that
= _I ^ 2
y e (ci cos:r/2 + C2sin:r/2).
19. From m3 4m 2 5m = we obtain m = 0, m = 5, and m= 1 so that
y = ci + c2 e
5j:
+ c3 e
_3;
.
20. From 4m3 + 4m 2 +m = we obtain m = 0, m = 1/2, and m= 1/2 so that
j/ = ci + ci&~ x ' 2 + csxe~ x / 2 .
21. From m3 1 = we obtain m= 1 and m= 1/2 ^/Si/2 so that
?/ = cê* + e~ x/2 (c2Cos vâ:/2 + c3 sini/3a;/2) .
22. From m 3 + 5m 2
= we obtain m 0, m = 0, and m 5 so that
-5 *.
y = c\ + C23: + cje
23. From m 3 5m 2 + 3m + 9 = we obtain m 1, m = 3, and m = 3 so that

j,
= QeT* + c 2 e 3x + c 3 ie 31 .
24. From m 3 + 3m 2 4m 12 = we obtain m 2, m= 2, and m = 3 so that

2x
y = cje~ + c2 e 2x + c3 e- 3x .
25. From m3 + m2 2 = we obtain m= 1 and m = 1 i so that
= x x
y c\e + e~ (c2 cos x + C3 sin x).
26. From m3 m 2 4 = we obtain m=2 and m = 1/2 \/7 i/2 so that
j/ = c\e
lx
+ e~ x ^ (c 2 cos\/73;/2 + C3sin\/7a;/2)
27. Prom m 3 + 3m + 3m + 1 =
2
we obtain m 1, m 1, and m= 1 so that
?/ = cie"
1
+ c 2 xe _:c + c3 x
2
e~ x .
80
Exerci99S 4.3
28. From m 3 - 6m 2 + 12m - 8 = we obtain m = 2, m = 2, and m = 2 so that

y = cie
21
+ ca^re 2* + c$x 2 e 2x .
29. From m4 + m 3 + m 2 = we obtain m = 0, m = 0, and m= -1/2 -JZi/2 so that
y = ci + c 2 + e" 1 ' 2
a; (c3 cos \/3 x/2 + c4 sin y/lxfty .
30. FVom m 4 2m 2 + 1 = we obtain m 1, m 1, m = 1, and m= 1 so that
x
y = c\e + C2xe x + c$e~ x + Cixe~ x .
31. From 16m4 + 24m 2 + 9 = we obtain m = y/3i/2 and m = \Z%if2 so that

y = c\ cos + c$x cos V3x/2 + CiXs'mV^x/2.
32. From m 4 7m 2
18 = we obtain m= 3, m= 3, and m = V5i so that
3x
y = c\e + C2e~ 3x + C3 cos \f2 x + asm V2x.
33. From m 6 - 16m = we obtain m= 0, m = 2, m = -2, and m = 2i so that

y = ci +C2e 2x + c3 e
_2a:
+ c 4 cos2a: + Cssin2x.
34. From m 5 2m 4 + l7ro 3 = we obtain m = 0, m = 0, m = 0, and m= 1 4i so that
y = c\ + C2X + C3X 2 + e x (ci cos 4x + C5 sin 4x).
35. From m 5 + 5m 4 - 2m 3 - 10m + m + 5 = 2

we obtain m= -1, m= -1, m= 1, and m= 1, and
m = 5 so that
1 x
y = cie" + C2ze~ I + c3 e + axe* + c5 e~ 5x .
36. From 2m 5 - 7m 4 + 12m3 + 8m 2 = we obtain m = 0, m = 0, m = -1/2, and m = 2 2i 80 that

y = c\+&ix + c3 e~ x ^ + e 2iC
(c4 cos 2x + c5 sin 2z).
37. From m 2 + 16 = we obtain m 4i so that y = c\ cos 4:c + c 2 sin 4i. If y(0) = 2 and j/(0) = 2
then c; = 2, C2 = -1/2, and y = 2cos4i - ^sin4x.
38. From m 1=
2
we obtain m= 1 and m= 1 bo that y = c\e
x
+ C2e~ x . If y(0) = 1 and y'{0) = 1
1
then c\ 4- C2 =, c\ - C2 1, so ci = 1, ca = 0, and y = e .
39. From m + 6m + 5 =
2 we obtain m= -1 and m= -5 so that y ae~ x + C2e -5x . If j/(0)
= = = -5 *.
and 3/(0) = 3 then c\ + c2 0, -d - 5c 2 = 3, so ci 3/4, c 2 - -3/4, and y \e~ x - fe
40. From m 8m + 17 = we obtain m = 4 i so
2 that y e
4a
(ci cosx + C2sinx). If y{0) 4 and
j;'(0) = 1 then c\ = 4, 4q + c 2 = 1, so ci = 4, c2 = 17, and y = e
4l
(4cosi 17sinx).
Exercises 4.3
41. FVom2m 2 -2m+l = Owe obtain to = l/2i/2 so that y = e^ 2 (ci cosa:/2+C2 sinx/2). Ifv(O) = -1
and j/(0) = then c\ 1, \c\ + ^c2 = 0, so cj = 1, c 2 = 1, and y (ain^x cos jx).
42. FVom m 2 2m + 1 = we obtain m = 1 and m = 1 so that 3/ = c\e

x
+ C2xe x . If y(0) = 5 and
i/(0) = 10 then c\ = 5, ci + 01 = 10 so c\ = 5, 01 = 5, and y = 5e* + 5xe*.
43. Fromm 2 +m+2 = Owe obtain m = -l/2V7t/2 so that = e - ^ 2 1/ (ci cos\/7x/2 + c 2 shi\/7x/2).
If y(0) = and y'(0) = then ci = and c 2 = so that y = 0.
xl 2
44. From 4m2 -4m- 3 = Owe obtain m = -1/2 andm = 3/2 so that y = c\e~ +c 2 e 3x/2 . Ify(0) = 1
andi/{0) = 5thenci+C2 = 1, -ci + c 2 = 5, soc! = -7/4, c 2 = 11/4, andy = -fe^+ê 31 ' 2 .
45. From m 2 3m + 2 = we obtain m= 1 and m= 2 so that y = cie

1
+ cae
2*.
If y(l) = and
-2 21-2
i/fl) = 1 then Cie + c2 e = 2
0, C]e + 2c2 e
2
= so cj = -e~ 1
,
c2 = e ,
= -e
and y +e 37-1
.
46. From m 2
+ 1 = we obtain m = i so that = ci cos 1/ 3; 4- c 2 sin 2. If y(ir/3) = and 2/(jt/3) = 2
then -c\
1
+
^^3
z-C2 = 0, c\ + -c
^/3 1
2 = 2, so c\ \/3, c2 = 1, and y = V3~ cos +sinx. a;
47. Fromm 3 +12m 2 +36m = we obtain m = 0, m = 6, andm = 6 so that y = c\+C2e~ 6x +C3xe~ 6x .
If y(0) - 0, ^(0) = 1, and y"(0) = -7 then
ci + c2 = 0, -6C2 + C3 = 1, 36C2 - 12C3 = -7,
so ci = 5/36, c2 - -5/36, c3 = 1/6, and y = & - |e" 61 + Jaw"

6 *.
48. From m 3 + 2m 2 5m 6 = we obtain m = 1, m = 2, and m= 3 so that
y = Cl e
_;c
+ c2 e 2iC
+ c3 e" 3a;
.
If y(0) = 0, y'(O) = 0, and y"{0) = 1 then
ci + c 2 + C3 = 0, -ci + 2c2 - 3c3 = 0, ci + 4c2 + 9c3 = 1,
so ci = -1/6, c2 = 1/15, C3 = 1/10, and
v
V = --e- x +
6

15
e
lx
+
10
e~ 3x
*
49. From m3 - 8 = we obtain m = 2 and m = - 1 \/3 i so that
= 21 _I
y cie + e cos \/3 2 + C3 sin V3x^ .
If y{0) = and y'(0) = -1, and y"(0) = then
C! + c2 = 0, 2ci - c2 + \/3c3 = -1, 4ci - 2c 2 - 2V3c3 = 0,
so ci = -1/6, c 2 = 1/6, c3 - -1/2V3, and
y = -ê 21 +e~ x ^cosV3a; - ^=sin\/3x^ .
82
Exercises 4.3
50. From m4 = Owe obtain y = Cl + c2 x + c3 x + ax 2 3

. Hy{0) = 2, y'(0) = 3, y"{Q) = 4, andy"'(0) = 5
then ci = 2, C2 = 3, 2c3 = 4, 6q = 5, and
3
j/ = 2 + 3x + 2x 2 + z: .
51. From m4 - 3m 3 + 3m 2 - m = we obtain m = 0, m = 1, m= 1, and m= 1 so that

x x 2 x = = = =
y c\ + c 2 e + C2xe + C4X e . If y(0) 0, y'(0) 0, y"(0) 1, and ?/"(0) 1 then
Cl + C2 = 0, C2 + C3 = 0, C2 + 2C3 + 2C4 = 1, C2 + 3C3 + 6C4 = 1,
so ci = 2, C2 = 2, C3 = 2, a 1/2, and
y = 2-2e I + 2xe -^rV. 3:
52. Prom m* 1 = we obtain m= 1, m = 1, and m = i so that y = ciex +C2e~ x +c$ cosx+tysinx.

If y(0) = 0, y'(0) - 0, /"(0) = 0, and y"'(0) = 1 then
Cl + C2 + C3 = 0, Cl - Cl + C4 = 0, Cl + C2 - C3 = 0, Cl C2 C4 = 1,
so ci = 1/4, C2 = -1/4, eg = 0, C4 = -1/2, and
1 _ 1 1
y = -e*--e --sini.
.
4 4 2
53. Prom m 2 10m + 25 = we obtain m= 5 and m=5 ao that y = cie 5x + C2xe 5x . If y(0) = 1 and
y(l) = then ci = 1, cie
5
+ C2e 5 = 0, so ci = 1, C2 = 1, and y e 5^ xe hx .
54. From m 2
+ 4 we obtain m= 2i so that 1/ - ci cos2i + C2sin2x. If j/{0) = and y(it] =
then ci = and y c% sin 1x.
55. From m +1= 2

we obtain m= i so that y = ci cosi + C2sinx. If y'(0) = and y'{ir/2) = 1
then ci = 2, c 2 = and y = 2cosx.
56. From 2
-l = 0we obtain m = 1 and m = 1 so that = cie 1 + c 2 e~ z or y = C3 cosh x + cy sinh x. 1/
If y{0) = 1 and j/'(l) = then ci = 1, ci sinh 1 + C2 cosh 1 = 0, so ci = 1, C2 = sinh 1/ cosh 1 and

y - coshx - , sinhl
smb. a;
,
= cosh x cosh
1
-r~-
sinh x sinh 1 coshfx
1)
.
cosh 1 cosh 1 cosh 1
57. Since (m-4){m+5) 2 = m 3 +6m 2 -15m-100 the differential equation is y'" 15?/' IOO3/ = 0.
58. Since fm + Q (m
2 6m + loj = m 3 ^-m 2 + 7m + 5 the differential equation is
y'"-y!/" + 73/' + 5 !/ = 0.
= x = 1 is a root of the auxiliary equation. Now,

59. From the solution yi e we conclude that mi
dividing the polynomial m 9m + 25m 17
3 2
by m 1 gives m 2 8m + 17. Therefore m = 4i are
Exercises 4.3
the remaining roots of the auxiliary equation, and the general solution of the differential equation
is
x ta
y = c\e 4- e (c2Cosx 4- C3 sinx).
60. From the solution y\ - e'^cosx we conclude that mi = -4 + i and m2 = -4 - J are roots of the
= -4l
auxiliary equation. Hence another solution must be y% e sinx. Now dividing the polynomial
m 3 + 6m 2 + m-34 by [m- (-4 + i)][m- (-4 - i)] = m 2 + 8m + 17 gives m- 2. Therefore m3 = 2

is the third root of the auxiliary equation, and the general solution of the differential equation is
y = cie
_4x
cosx + c2 e _4l sinx + cê1*.
61. Since (m 6)(m + 3) = m 2 3m 18, a differential equation is y" 3y' ISy = 0.
62. Prom m 2 + 16 = a differential equation is y" + 16y = 0.
63. Since m 2
7) = m 7m
(m a 3
, a differential equation is y"' 7y" = 0.
64. Since (m 3)(m + 3) = m 2 9, a differential equation is y" 9y = 0.
65. FVom m +1=

4
(m -
2
v^m + l) (m + \f2rn. + 2
l) we obtain
m= /
l/v 2i/v 2
/
and ro = -l/\/2 i/v^
so that
^ _
i/v^ f
Cl coa
_L 1 + ca sin x^ + e"
x ^ ^3 cos 3; + C4 sin ^= x
Exercises 4.4
1. From m2 -+- 3m + 2 = we find mi 1 and m.2 2. Then yc c\& x + c 2 e 2x and we assume

yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A 6. Then A = 3, yp = 3 and
-1 21
y = cie + c2 e~ + 3.
2. From 4m 2 + 9 = we find mj = i and m2 = 1 1. Then yc = c\ cos |x + c2 sin x and we assume
yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 9A = 15. Then j4 = jj , yp = | and
3 3 5
y = ci cos -a: + c2 sin -x + - .
3. From m 2 10m + 25 = we find mi = m2 = Then yc =

5. cie
Sl
+ c 2 xe
51
and we assume
p
j/
= Ax + B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 25-4 = 30 and 10-4 + 255 = 3.
Then A = B yp =
, fx + f , and
= cie
51
+ c 2 xe 0;t + gx + 1 J-
y
84
,
Exercises 4.4
4. Prom m2 + m 6 = we find mi 3 and mi = Then yc c\e

2.
3x
+ ci& 2x and we assume
yp= Ax + B. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 64 = 2 and A 65 = 0. Then
A = -3 B = ,
yv = x - ^ and
, ,
y = 3
cie" * + cje 2 * + - ^ .
5. From \m 2 + m + 1 = we find mi = ma = 0. Then yc cie _2a: + C2xe~ 2x and we assume

?/p = Ax +JBx + C. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4 = 1, 24 + 5 = -2,
2
and \A + B + C = 0. Then A = 1, B = -4, C = \ yp = x 2 - 4x + | and ,

,
-21
j/ = cie + c2 xe~ 2x + x 2 - 4x + ^ .
6. From m 2 - 8m + 20 = we find mi = 2 + 4i and ni2 = 2 - 4i. Then yc e 2l (ci cos 4i + ci sin 4x)
and we assume yp = Ax 2 + Bx + C + (Dx + E)^ Substituting into the differential equation we.
obtain
24 - 85 + 2QC =
-6D + 13E =
-164 + 205 =
13D = -26
20A = 100.
Then 4= 5, B = 4, C = ^ D = , -2, = - ] , yp = 5x 2 + 4x + ft + (-2x - {) e

1 and
1
y = e
2l
(cicos4x + C2sin4x) + 5x 2 + 4x + ^ + f-2x - ^] e .
7. From m2 + 3 = we find mi V3i and mi = v^3i- Then yc = cicos\/3x + C2sim/33:

3x
and we aaaume yp (Ax + Bx + <7)e 2
.
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
24 + 65 + 12C = 0, 124 + 125 - 0, and 124 = -48. Then A = -4, B = 4, C = -f
yp = (-4x 2 + 4x - ) e 3x and
i/ = ci cos \/3x + C2Sin-\/3x+ (|-4x

2
+ 4x - e
3x
.
3l '' a
8. From 4m 2 - 4m -3 = we find mi = | and m,2 = -5 Then
yc = cie + C2e~
1: '' 2
and we assume
yp = 4coe2x + 5sin2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 19 8B = 1 and
84-195 = 0. Then 4- B= - Jg, yp = - cos2i - Jgsm2x, and ^
y = cie
3l/2
+ c 2 e" l/2 - ^ cos 2x - ^ sin 2x.
Exercises 4.4
9. Prom m2 m = we find mi 1 and m2 - 0. Then yc = c\e x + C2 and we assume yp = Ax.

Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A = 3. Then A = 3, yp = 3x and
= x
y C]e + C<2 + 3x.
10. Prom m
+ 2m = we find mj = 2 and m2 = 0. Then yc = cie _2x + c2 and we assume
2
2x
yp = Ax + Bx + Cxe~
2
Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 2A + IB = 5,
.
4A = 2, and ~2C = -1. Then 4 = B = 2, C = \ yp = \x 2 + 2x + |ie _2x and ,

, ,
2x
y = cie~ + C2 + ]-x
2
+ 2x + ^-xe~ 2x .
11. Prom m + \ = we find mi =

m2 m.2 = \ - Then yc c\e x ^ 2 + C2xe x / 2 and we assume
yp = A + Bx 2 x/2
e Substituting into the . differential equation we obtain \A = 3 and 2B = 1. Then
A = 12, B = = 12 + j^V 2 and

, ,
y = ciW 2 + c 2 xe^ 2 + 12 + xV 2
.
12. From m2 - 16 = we find m\ = 4 and mi = Then yc = cie 4x + C2e~ ix and we assume

-4.
yp Axe ix . Substituti:ig into the differential equation we obtain 8.4 = 2. Then A = | yp jxe^ ,
and
- 4l
= 4l
+ C2e + 41
y Cl e
^ e .
13. From m2 + 4 = we find mi = 2i and mi = 2i. Then yc = ci cos2x -f C2sin2:e and we assume
yp = Accos2:r + Bx sin 2a:. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 4B = and
-4,4 = 3. Then A = ~\ , B = 0, yp = -|a:cos2:z, and
y = c\ cos 2x + C2 sin 2x x cos 2x.
14. From m2 + 4 = we find m\ =

m2 = 2i. Then yc = c\ cos 2x + C2 sin 2x and we assume
2i and
yp = (4i + Bi + Cx) cos 2x + (Dx + Ex 2 + Fx) sin 2x. Substituting into the differential equation
3 2 3
we obtain
25 + AF =
+ 8 =
12D =
-4C + 2.E = -3
-8B + 6Z> =
-12A- 1.
86
Exercises 4.4
Then A= -fa, B= 0, C= , = 0, = fa,

F= 0, p
j/ = (-^x 3 + fx) cos 2x + ^x 2 sin2x,
and
= f 1
xJ +
n

25 \ In
x cos2x + i' sm2x.
y ci cos 2a; + C2Sin2x + )
\ 12 62 J lo
15. From m2 + 1 = we find mi i and r2 i. Then yc = c\ cosx + c^sinx and we assume
yp = (Ax + Bx) cosx + (Cx + Dx)s'mx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
2 2
4C = 0, 2A + 2D = 0, -4A = 2, and -2B + 2C^0. Then ,4 = -\ B = 0, C = 0, > =

,
,
yp = ja co8X + gxsinx, and

,2
1 2 1
y ci cosx + C2Sinx -x cos x + -ism x.
.
16. From m2 5m = we find mi = 5 and m2 = 0. Then yc = c\e 5x + ca and we assume

yp= Ax + Bx + Cx + Dx. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 20A = 2,
4 3 2
12A-15B = -4, 65 IOC = -1, and 2C-5D = 6. Then A = -fa S = $ C = D = -|g , ,

^ ,
,
* = "A* 4 + fr 3 + - SB*. -d
kt 1 14 53 , 697
+ x
4 ,
v = cie + C2 x H x x.
17. From m 2 2m + 5 = we find mi = 1 + 2i and m2 = 1 2i. Then yc = x

e (c\ cos 2x + ca sin 2x) and
we assume yp = Axe? cos 2x + Sate* sin 2a:. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
4S = 1 and -4A = 0. Then A = 0, B = \ yp = ^xe 1 sin 2r, and ,
y = e
2
(ci cos2x + C2sin2x) + ^xe I sin2x.
18. From m2 2m + 2 = we mi = 1 + i and

find = 1 i. Then y c = e*(ci cosx + C2sinx)
2x 2x
and we assume yp = Ae cosx + Be sin x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
A + 2B = 1 and -2A + B = -3. Then ,4=|,B=-,yp = ^cosx- ^sinx and
x 7 1
?/ = e (ci cosx + C2 sin x) + -e 2l cosx -e^sinx.
5 5
19. From m2 + 2m + 1 = we find mi = TO2 = 1. Then y c = c\er x + C2xe~ x and we assume
yp A cosx + Bsinx + Ccos2x + Dsin2x. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain
2.8 = 0, -2A= 1, -3C + 4> = 3, and -AC - 3D = 0. Then A = B = Q,C = D=
y p = j cosx ^cos2x + ^ sin 2a;, and
y = c\e~
x
+ C2xe -T
19
- cosx
2.

Jo
cos2x +
12

2o
sin2x.
m 2 + 2m - 61 x and we
20. From 24 we find mi -6 and m2 = 4. Then y c cie" + C2t*
assume yp = A + (Bx 2 + Cx)e 4x . Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 24,4 = 16,
87
Exercises 4.4
2S+10C = -2, and 20S = -1. Then A--\,B = -^,C=-^,yv = --(^x 2 + fax) e 4*,
and
e
21. From m 3 Qm 2 = we find mi = 7712 = and 013 6. Then yc c\ + cix + cge 8 * and we assume
yp = Ax + B cos x + C sin x.
2
Substituting into the differential equation = 3,
we obtain - 12A
6j?-C = -1, andB + 6C = 0. Then A = -\ B = , , C=^ , yp = -x 2 - cosx + ^ sinx,
and
?/ = Ci
1
+ C2X + C3e Br - ~x 2 -
4
6 cos x +
o
1
sin x.
/ j /
22. From m3 -2m 2 -4m + 8 = we find mi = m = 2 and m3 = -2.

2 Then yc = 2 2x
cie * +C2xe +C3e~ 2x
and we assume yp = (^4x + Sx )e 3 2 2x

. Substituting into the differential equation we obtain 24^4 = 6
and 6A + 8B = 0. Then A^\,B = -^,yp = (x 3 - ^x 2 ) and
y = cje
21
+ caxe 21 4- cae"
21
+ ^x 3 - ^x 2
) e
2x
.
23. From m 3 3m 2 + 3m 1 = we find mi = rri2 m3 = 1. Then yc = cie

x
+ c%xe x+ C3X 2 e* and
we assume yp = Ax 4- B + Cx 3 e x . Substituting into the differential equation we obtain A = 1,
3-4 -B= 0, and 6C = -4. Then .4 = -1, B= -3, C = - ,
*/ - -x - 3 - fxV, and
= cie
2
+ c 2 xe + c3 xV - x -
i:
3 - -x 3 e x .
24. From m 3 m 3 4m+4 = we find mi = 1, ma = 2, and m3 2. Then yc = cie

I
+ c2e 2a: +C3e -2x
and we assume yp = 4+Bxe I +Cxe 2x Substituting into the differential equation we obtain AA =
J .
5,
-3B = -1, and AC = 1. Then -4 = |,fl = J, 7=^,^ = 5 + ^xe 1 + Jaw 2 *, and

x
y = c\e + c2 e 2x + C3e _2lc + 7 + ^xe* + 7 xe
21
.
4 3 4
25. From m 4 + 2m 2 + = 1 we find mi = = i and TO2 = ran = i- Then yc ci cosx + C2sinx +

013
C3X cos x -+- C4X sin x and we assume yp = Ax 2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the differential equation
we obtain A= 1, B= -2, and 4^4 + C = 1. Then A = 1, B = -2, C = -3, y = x 2 - 2x - 3, and
p
y = ci cos x 4- C2 sin x 4- C31 cos 1 + C4X sin x + x2 2x 3.
26. From m4 m 2 = mi m,2 = 0, ro3 = 1, and 014 = 1. Then yc = c\ + C2X + c$e x + c\e~ x
we find
and we assume yp = Ax + Bx 2 + (Cx 2 + Dx)e~ x Substituting into the differential equation we

3
.
obtain -6A - 4, -IB = 0, 10C - 2D = 0, and -4C = 2. Then ,4 = -| B = 0, C = -\ ,

,
D--\,yp= -\x - [\x 2 +

3
x) e~ x
, and
y = ci + c2 x + cge 1 + c 4 e _I - ^x 3 - ^x 2 + ^x^ e~ x .
68
. .
Exercises 4.4
27. We write 8 sin = 4 4cos2x. From rr? + 1 =

a; we find m,\ i and rug i. Then
yc = c\ cos x + C2 sin x and we assume yp A + B cos 1x + C sin 2x. Substituting into the differential
equation we obtain A = 4, -3B = -4, and -3C = 0- Then A = 4, S = C = 0, and ,
j/p
= 4+ | cos2x.
28. We write sinxcos2x = ^sin3x ^sinx. From m 2 + 1 = we find mi = i and m 2 = i. Then
c = C] cos u + C2 sin i and we assume yp = A cos 3x + B sin 3x + Cx cos
j/ + Dx sin x. Substituting a:
into the differential equation we obtain -8A = 0, -SB = =

\,2D 0, and -2C = Then A = 0, .
B= C = \ > = 0, and p = -^sin3i + \xoasx.

, , j/
29. We have yc = c\ cos2x + C2Sin2x and we assume yp = A. Substituting into the differential equation
we find A = \. Thus y = c\ cos2x + C2sin2x \ Prom the initial conditions we obtain c\ = .
and C2 V2 so y = V2 sin 2x - \
,
-2*
30. We have yc = cie + cie x l 2 and we assume yp = Ax 2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A= -7, B = -19, and C = -37. Thus y = ae~ 2x + cze*/ 2 - 7x 2 - 19x - 37.
From the initial conditions we obtain ci = and oi = Hp , so
y = A 5
e
-2z
+
186 gl/2
5
_ 7x 2 _ 19x _ 3?
31. We have yc = c\e~ x ^ +C2 and we assume yp Ax 2 +Bx. Substituting into the differential equation
we find A -3 and B = 30. Thus y = c\e~ x ^ + C2 - 3x 2 + 30x. Prom the initial conditions we
obtain c\ = 200 and ci - -200, so
y = 200' I/5 - 200 - 3x 2 + 30x.

= -2x C2xe~ 2x and we assume yp (Ax 3 + Bx 2 )e~ 2x
32. We have yc c\e + . Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = ^ and B = . Thus y = cie'

2*
+ c2 xe~
2x
+ ( B x 3 + i 2 ) e -2*.
From the initial conditions we obtain c\ = 2 and ci 9, so
y = 2e~ 2x + 9xe~ 2x + Qx 3 + \x 2
)
33. We have yc = e~ 2x (c\ cosx + c2 smx) and we assume yp = Ae~ 4x Substituting into the differential
.
equation wj find A = ^ Thus y = e~ 2x

(c\ cos x + c<i sinx) + 7e~ 4x From the initial conditions we
.
obtain ci = -10 and C2 = 9, so

~ 2x
y = e (- 10 cos x + 9 sin x + 7e~ 4x )
34. We have yc = Cie

1
+ C2e _I and we assume yp = Axe x + Bxe~~ x . Substituting into the differential
equation we find A= | and B = \ Thus .
a = cie
x
+ c2 e _I + \xe x - \xe~ x = cje
1
+ C2e _3: + ^ sinhx.
Exercises 4.4
Prom the initial conditions we obtain ci 7 and C2 = 5, so
x x
y 7e 5e~ + ~ sinhx.
35. We have x c = c\ cosw( + C2 smart and we assume x p = Atcoswt + Btsinuit. Substituting into the
differential equation = fo/2w and B = 0. Thusx = c\ Coswt+C2sinuJi (Fo/2u>)t coswt.
we find A
Prom the initial conditions we obtain c\ = and C2 Fq/2w 2 so ,
x - (fb/2<J )sinurf
2
- (_F /2w)fcoswi.
36. We have i e = Q cos uit + C2 sin uit and we assume xp = A cos 7* + B sin 7*. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A= Fo/(w z - 72 ) and B = 0- Thus
x = ci coswf + C2 sinwf + 7=
(w 2 -
^
2
cos 7*.
7 )
Prom the initial conditions we obtain ci = fb/(w

2
- 7 2 and ) C2 = 0, so
x 15 itt COSwt + 7; sr- COS 7*.

~~ 7 J
w (7 J
37. We have yc = c\cosx + C2sina: and we assume yp = Ax coax + Bxsinx + C7cos2i + >sin2:r.
Substituting into the differential equation we find A = 0, B ^,C = 0, and D = 5 Thus .
y = ci cos x + C2 sin x + ^-x sin x + ~ sin 2a:.

it O
From the initial conditions we obtain c\ = \ and C2 = \ ,

so
t
y
1
= - cos
6
a:
4
.
sin x
H
2
1
3: sin x sm
H
3
I
2x.
-1
38. We have j/c = cie + C2e
3x
and we assume j/ p
= A + Bcos2x + C sin 21. Substituting into the
differential equation we find A = 5 B = ^ , , and C- ^ . Thus
if
= cie~
x
+ C2e 3x - i - ~
00
cos 2x - sin 2x.
j 00
From the initial conditions we obtain c\ = 55 and C2 =^ , so
1 -* 3 3. 1 7 n 4
y = e + G
^3-65 COs2l -65 S1Il2x
.
F0 52
39. We have yc = ci + c-ie? + csxe x and we assume yp = Ax + Bx 2 e x + Ce 5x . Substituting into the
differential equation we find A= 2, B= 12, and C= j . Thus
y = ci + C2C 1 + c 3 xe x + 2a: - l2a;V + ê 5 *.
90
Exercises 4.4
FVom the initial conditions we obtain ci = 11, C2 = 11, and C3 = 9, so
y = 11 - Ue x + 9xe x + 2x- I2x

2 x
e + ê
5x
.
We = -2x x
= Ax + B + Cxe -21
40. have yc cie + e (c2 coa + cssim/Zx)
\/Zx and we assume yp .
Substituting into the differential equation we find A = \ , B | , and C = | Thus .
1 5 2
y = qe" 21 + e I (c 2 cos \/3a; + c 3 sin\/3x) + -x - - + -xe~ 7a .
FVom the initial conditions we obtain c\ , C2 H t

and C3 = , so
41. We have yc

= ~
c\
2
i e
' 2x
+ eX
("S
cosz + C2sin:E and we assume yp
cos ^x ^ sin +
= A 2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the differential

r - \ + h'*-
equation we find A= 1, B = 0, and C= 1. Thus = cj cos x + C2 sin x + x 2 1. Prom 3/(0) = 5
j/
and t/(l) = we obtain

ci - 1 = 5
(cos l)ci + sin(l)c2 = 0.
Solving this system we find ci = 6 and C2 = 6 cot 1. The solution of the boundary-value problem
is
y = 6 cos a; 6(cot l)s'mx + x2 ~ 1.
42. We have yc = e*{c\ cosx + C2sinx) and we assume yv = Ax + B. Substituting into the differential
equation we find A = 1 and B= 0. Thus y = ex {a cosa:+C2sin:r)+:E. From y(0) = and y{ir) ?r ---
we obtain
ci =
7T e^ci = 7T.
Solving this system we find c\ = and C2 is any real number. The solution of the boundary-value
problem is
x
y c%e sinx + x.
43. We have yc = C\ cos 2a; + C2sin2i and we assume yp = oleosa: + Bsuix on [0,ir/2]. Substituting
into the differential equation we find .4 = and B j . Thus y = c\ cos 2x + ca sin 2x + 3 sin x on
[0, jt/2]. On (7r/2, oo) we have y = c3 cos 2x + c 4 sin 2x. FVom y(0) = 1 and y'(0) = 2 we obtain
Exercises 4.4
Solving this system we find c\ = 1 and c-i = | . Thus y cos 2x + | sin 2x + | sin x on [C
Now continuity of y at x= 7r/2 implies
t
cos 7T
H
5
6
,
sin 7T H 1
3
.
sin =
2
C3 cos tt + C4 sin 7r
or 1 + j = C3. Hence C3 = | . Continuity of j/ at x = implies
5 1 7T
2smx + - cos7r + - cos = ZC3 shitt + 2c4 cost
or | 2C4. Then 04 = | and the solution of the boundary-value problem is
!cos2x g sin 2a; + ^ sin <x< tt/2
|cos2x + |sin2x, x > tt/2
Exercises 4.5
1. {D + 5)y = 9sinx 2. (4D + 8)y = a: +3

x
3. (3D 2 - 5> + l)y = e 4. (D 3 - 2D 2 + 7D-G)y = l- sinx
5. (D 3 - 4D 2 + 5D) = 4x 6. {D 4 - 2D 2 + D) = e" 3 * + e 2*
7. 9D 2 - 4 = (3D - 2)(3D + 2) 8. D 2 - 5 = (d - V5) (D + y/E)
9. D 2 - 4> - 12 = (D - 6){D + 2) 10. 2D 2 - 3D - 2 = {2D + 1){D - 2)
11. D 3 + 10D 2 + 25D = D{D + 5) 2 12. D 3 + 4Z> = D{D 2 + 4)
13. D 3 +2D 2 -13D+10 = (D-l)(D-2)(D+5) 14. D 3 + 4D 2 + ZD = D(D + 1)(D + 3)
15. D 4 + 8D = D{D + 2){D 2 -2D + 4) 16. D4 - 8D 2 + 16 = (D - 2) 2 {D + 4) 2

17. D 4 y = D 4 (10:e 3 - 2x) = D 3 (30x - 2) = 2 > a (603:) = D(60) =
18. (2D - \)y = {2D - l)4e x i 2 = %De x l 2 - 4frc / 2 = Ae x l 2 - Ae*l 2 =
19. (D - 2)(D + 5)4e 2 * (D - 2)(8e 21+ 20e 2x = (D - 2)28e 2 * = 56e 2 * - S&e 2* =
)
20. (D + 64)(2cos8i - 5sin8x)

a
= D(-16sin8i - 40cos8x) + 64(2cos8z - 5sin8x)
= - 128 cos 8a: + 320 sin 8x+ 128 cos 8a: - 320 sin 8x =
21. D4 because of x
3
22. D5 because of x
4
92
Exercises 4.6
2x
23. D(D - 2) because of 1 and e 24. D 2 (D - 6) 2 because of x and xe6*
25. D2 + 4 because of cos 2x 26. D(D 2 + 1) because of 1 and sinx
27. D 3 (D 2 + 16) because of x 2 and sin 4a:
28. D 2 (D 2 + l)(D 2 + 25) because of x, sinx, and co95x
29. (D + 1)(D - l)
3
because of e _I and x 2 e x
30. D(D - 1){D - 2) because of 1, e

x
, and e
2x
D(D 2 - 2D + 5) because of and I

31. 1 e cos2x
32. (D + 2D +2
2) (D - 4D +
2
5} because of e~ x sin x and e
2x
cos x
33. 1, x, x2 ,
a:
3
, x4
34. D 2 + AD = D(D + 4); 1, e" 41
35. e
ex e' Sx / 2
,
36. > 2 - 9D - 36 = (O - 12)(D + 3); e

12x
, e~
3x
37. cos\/5x, sin \/5x
38. D 2 -6Z> + 10 = .D
2
-2(3)D + (3
2
+ l
2
); e
3l
cos:r, e
3l
sin:r
39. D 3
- 10D + 25D = D(D -2
5)
2
;
5
1, e *, xe 5x
5x 7x
40. 1, x, e , e
Exercises 4.6
1. Applying D to the differential equation we obtain
D(D 2 - Q)y = 0.
Then
3x
y = c-je + c 2 e~ 3x + c3
and j/p
= A. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 9A = 54 or .4 = 6. The genera!
solution is
ix Sx
y = cie + c 2 e- - 6.
D(2D 2 -7D + 5)y = 0.

Exercises 4.6
Then
y = ae 5x/2 + c 2 e* + C3
and yp = A. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 5A = 29 or A= 29/5. The

general solution is
y = cie
hxl2
+ C2e x - ^.
D(D 2 + D)y= D 2 (D + l)y = 0.
Then
y = ci + c2 e~ x + C3X
Vc
and yv ~ Ax. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields A= 3. The general solution is
_31
y = ci +c 2 e + 3x.
D(D 3 + 2D 2 + D)y = D 2 {D + l)
2
y = 0.
Then
y = ci + c%e~ x + case"* 4- C4X
and j/p = j4i. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields A 10. The general solution is
y c\ + C2e~ x + czxe~ x + lOx.
5. Applying D 2 to the differential equation we obtain

D 2 (D 2 + 4D + 4)y = D 2 (D + 2) 2
y = 0.
Then
21
y = cie' + c 2 xe~ 2x +c3 + c4 x
He
and yp = Ax + B. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 4Ax + (4A + 4B) = 2x + 6.
Equating coefficients gives
4A = 2
4A + 4B = 6.
Then A= 1/2, B 1, and the general solution is
2x
y = cie~ + c 2 xe~ 2x + ~x + 1.
94
Exercises 4 a
6. Applying D3 to the differential equation we obtain
D 2 (D 2 + ZD)y = D 3 (D + 3)y = 0.
Then
y = c\ + cae" 3 ^ 4- c3 x
2
+ ct x
and yp = Ax 2 + Bx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 6 Ax + (2A + 3B) = 4x-
6/1 = 4
2,4 + 35 = -5.
Then A= 2/3, B= 19/9, and the general solution is
-1* 2 , 19
y = cl + c2 e ** + -x'- x.
D 3 (D 3 + D 2 )y = D 5 {D + l)y = 0.
Then
y = ci + C2X + c3 e~ x + c 4 x 4 + c 5 x 3 + c%x 2
_
and yp= Ax 4 + Bx 3 + Cx 2 Substituting yp into the differential equation

. yields
UAx 2 + (24A + GB)x + {6B + 2C) = St 2 Equating coefficients gives.
124 = 8
24A + 6B =
6B + 2C = 0.
Then A= 2/3, B= -8/3, C= 8, and the general solution is
2 8
y = ci + c 2 + c 3 e _I + -x 4 - -x 3 + 8x 2
:k .
8. Applying D 4 to the differential equation we obtain.
D 4 {D 2 -2D + l)y = D 4 (D ~ ify = 0.
Then
x
y c\e + C2xe x + c^x 3 + C41
2
+ c^x + c$
Exercises 4.6
and j/ p
= Ax 3
Bi 2 + Cx + D. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
4-
Ax + {B - 6A)x 2 + (6A - 4B + C)x + {2B ~2C + D)=x 3 + Ax. Equating coefficients

3
gives
A= 1
B - 6A =
6,4 - 4S + C = 4
2B - 2C + D= 0.
Then A= 1, B = 6, C = 22, > = 32 , and the general solution is
x x 3 2
y = C\e + C2xe + x + 6x + 22x + 32.
(D - 4)(D 2 -D- 12)y = (D - Af(D + 3)y = 0.
Then
4x
y = cie + c 2 e~ 3x + c 3 xe ix
_
Vc
and yp = Are 4 *. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields TAe41 = e**. Equating
coefficients gives A 1/7. The general solution is
4x
y = Cl e + cê~ 3x + ^xe 4x .
(D-6)(D 2 + 2D + 2)y = 0.
Then
= _I 6s:
y e (ci cosx + C2sinx) +C3e
and yp = 6a
Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 50Ae 61 = 61
j4e . 5c . Equating
coefficients gives A 1/10. The general solution is
x
y e~ (c\ cos a; + ci sinx) + e6T -
^j
11. Applying D{D 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D{D - 1)(>
2
-2D- 3)y = D{D - 1)(D + 1)(D - 3)y = 0.
Then
y = cie
3x
+ c2 e~ x + c$e x + c4
_
96
Exercises 4.6
and = Ae x + B. Substituting yv into the differential equation yields 4Ae x 3B = 4c

1 9.
j/p
Equating coefficients gives A = 1 and B= 3. The general solution is
y = c\e
3x
+ c2 e~ x -e x + 3.
12. Applying D 2 {D + 2) to the differential equation we obtain
D 2 (D + 2)(D 2 + 6D + &)y = D 2 (D + 2) 2 (D + 4)y = 0.
Then
y = cie~
2x
+ c2 e~ ix + c$xe~ 2x + c*x + c 5
Vc
2x
and yp = Axe~ + Bx + C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
2Ae~ 2x
+ 8Bx + (6S + 8C) = 3e~ 2x + 2x. Equating coefficients gives
2A = 3
85 = 2
6B + 8C = 0.
Then A = 3/2, B= 1/4, C- -3/16 , and the general solution is
y = cie"
21
+ c 2 e- ix + \xe~ 2x + ]x - ~.
2 4 lb
13. Applying D +1
2
to the differential equation we obtain
(D 2 + lXD 2 + 25)!/ = 0.
Then
y = pi cos 5x + C2 sin 5x + C3 cos x + a sin x
yc
and j/p
= Acosx + Ssinx. Substituting p into the differential equation yields 24 A cos x
i/ +
24B sin x = Gsiax. Equating coefficients gives ,4 = and B= 1/4. The general solution is
y ci cos 5a; + C2 sin5x + ^ sinx.
14. Applying D(D 2 + 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D{D 2 + \){D
2
+ 4)y = 0.
Then
y =d cqs2t + C2Sin 2x + C3 cos x + a sin x + c5
l/e
Exercises 4.6
and yp = Acosx + Bs'mx + C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
3j4cosi + 3Bsinx + 4(7 = 4cosx + 3 sin x 8. Equating coefficients gives -4 = 4/3,
B = 1, and C 2. The general solution is

4
y = ci cos2x + C2sin2x + - cosx + sinx 2.
15. Applying (D A)
2
(D - 4)
2
(D 2 + 6D + 9)?/ = (D - 4) 2 (> + 3) 2 = j/ 0.
Then
= 4T
y cie~
3j:
+ C2Je~ 3l:
+ c3 xe 4:l
+ c4 e
Axe ix + Be^. Substituting yp into the differential equation

and yp yields
AQAxe + (UA + 49B)e 4x = -xe 4*. Equating coefficients gives

ix
49,4 = -1
144 + 495 = 0.
Then A= -1/49, B= 2/343, and the general solution is
y = Cl e-
to
+ c2 xe~
3x
- xe 4* + ê 4x
.
16. Applying D 2
{D l)
2
D 2
(D - 1}
2
{D 2 + 3D - 10)?, = D 2 (D - 1)
2
{D - 2){D + S)y = 0.
Then
y = cie
2x
+ eye' 5 * + c3 xe x + c\t x + c 5 x + eg
and = Axe x + Be x + Cx + D. Substituting yp into the

j/p differential equation yields
-6Axe x + {5A - 6B)e x - IQCx + (3C - 10D) = xe x + x. Equating coefficients gives
-6-4= 1
5-4 - 6B =
-10C = 1
3C -- 10D - 0.
Then A= -1/6, B- -5/36, C= -1/10, D= -3/100, and the general solution is
St 1 ~ 5 _ 1 3
y
y = ae Or + 1 c?e
2 xe e x .
6 36 10 100
98
Exercises 4.6
17. Applying D(D I}

3
D(D - 1)
3
(D 2 - l)y - D(D - \f{D + l)y = 0.
Then
y = pi^ + <%e~ x + c3 x 3 e x + CiX 2 e x + c 5 xex + ce
d
Vc
Ax 3 e x + Bx 2 e x + Cxe x + D. Substituting yp into the differential equation

and yp yields
6AcV + (6.4 + AB)xe x + (2B + 2C)e x - D x 2 e x + 5. Equating coefficients gives

&A= 1
6A + AB =
2B + 2C =
-D = 5.
Then A = 1/6, B= -1/4, C= 1/4, D= -5, and the genera! solution is
y = c\e
x
+ cê~ x + -x 3 e x - -x 2 e x + -xe x - 5.
6 4 4
3
18. Applying (D + l) to the differential equation we obtain
(D + \f{D 2 + 2D+ l)y =(D+ ify = 0.

Then
+ c<ix 3 e~ x + c^x 2 e" x
x 4
y = Cje~ + C2xe~* + cjx e~ x
yc
and yp = Ax i e~ x + Bx 3 e~ x + Cx 2 e~ x Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

.
l2Ax 2 e' x + &Bxe~ x + 2Ce~ x = x 2 eT x Equating coefficients gives A = 1/12, B = 0, and C = 0.

.
x
y = cie~ + c2 xe~ x + ]-x
i
e"
x
.
Li
19. Applying D 2 2D + 2 to the differential equation we obtain
{D 2 -2D + 2){D 2 -2D + 5)y = 0.

Then
x
y e (c\ cos2x + C2sin2x) + e*(c3 cosx + C4sinx)
yc
and yp = Ae x cos x + Be x sin x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields we obtain
3Ae x
cosx + 3Be x smx = e x s\ax. Equating coefficients gives .4 = and B = 1/3. The general
Exercises 4.6
solution is
y = x
e {ci cos 2x + C2 sin2x) + e x sin a;.
o
20. Applying D 2 2D + 10 to the differential equation we obtain
(D 2 -2D+ 10) [p 1 + D + y = (D 2 - 2D + 10) (*> + 5) If

= 0.
Then
y = cie'^ 2 + C2xe~ a ^ 2 +036^ cos3x + c 4 e sm3x
a:
yc
and = Ae x cos3x + Be x sin3x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields {95
i/p
-
27v4/4)e cos3i (9^4 + 27i?/4)e sin3x = e^cosSi + e sin3a;. Equating coefficients gives
I I x
- A + 9B - -1
4
27
-&4 S- 1.
4
Then jl = -4/225, B= -28/225, and the general solution is
y = cie~
x ^ + C2xe~*ft - -ê 1 cos 3a: - ^-ex sulZx.
21. Applying D 2 + 25 to the differential equation we obtain

{D 2 + 25)(D 2 + 25) = (D 2 + 25) 2 = 0.
Then
y = c\ cos 5x + C2 sin 5x + C3X cos 5x + c^x cos 5a:
and yp = ,4a; cos 5x + Bxsin5x. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 10Bcos5x -
10-4sin5x = 20sin5x. Equating coefficients gives A 2 and B = 0. The general solution is
y = ci cos 5x 4- C2 sin 5i 2x cos 5x.
22. Applying D2 + 1 to the differential equation we obtain

2 2
(Z> + 1)(D
2
+ 1) = (> + I)
2
= 0.
Then
y ci cos x + C2 sin x + C3X cos x + C4X cos a:
Vc
and yp = .4xcosx + Bxsinx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 2Bcosx -
2 A sin x = 4cosx sinx. Equating coefficients gives A = 1/2 and B = 2. The general solution is
y = c\ cosx + C2sinx + ^3: cos a: 2xsinx.
100
Exercises 4.6
23. Applying (D 2 + l)
2
(D 2 + 1)
2
(D 2 + D + 1) = 0.
Then
y = e -/a c\ cos - r + C2 sin --- a: + C3 cos + C4 sin + c$x cos x + c%x sin x
a; a:
Vc
and i/p = .4 cos x + Bs'mx + Cxcos x + Dxs'mx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
(B + C + 2D)cosx + Dxcosx + {-A -2C + D)s'mx - Cxsinx = xsinx.
B + C + 2D =
O=
-A - 2C + D =
-C= 1.
Then j4 = 2, 5= 1, C= -1, and D = 0, and the general solution is
ci cos v/3
2: + C2 sin
V3
2: + 2 cos x + sin x x cos x.
24. Writing cos 2 x = h(1 + cos2:r) and applying D(D 2 + 4) to the differential equation we obtain
D{D 2 + 4)(D S + 4) = D(D 2 + 4)

2
= 0.
Then
y = ci cos 2z + C2 sin 2z + C32 cos 2x + C4X sin 2x + C5
and j/p = -4i cos 2x + Bx sin 2x + C. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
-4Aain2x + 4?cos2i + 4C = 5 + 5 cos2x. Equating coefficients gives A = 0, B = 1/8,
and C= 1/8. The general solution is
j/ = ci cos2i + C2 sm2x + ^1 sin 2a: +

8
25. Applying D 3 to the differential equation we obtain
D S (D A + 8D = D b (D + 8) = 0.
2
)
Then
81
y ~ c\ -\- cix + C3e + c4 x 2 + c 5 x 3 + c$x A
Exercises 4.6
and yp= Ax 2 + Bx 3 + Cx 4 Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

.
16A + &B + (48B + 24C)x + 96Cx 2 = 2 + 9x - 6x 2 Equating coefficients gives ,
16A + 6B = 2
485 + 24C = 9
96C = -6.
Then A = 11/256, B= 7/32, and C= -1/16, and the general solution is
26. Applying D(D 1}

2
{D + 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D - l)
2
(D + 1)(D 3 - D +D-
2
1) = D(D - 1)
3
(D + 1)(Z>
2
+ 1) =
Then
j/ = de + C2 cos x + C3sinx + a + c$e~ x + <%xe x +
31
c?x e
2 x
Vc
and yp = A + Be~ x + Cxe x + Dx 2 e x . Substituting yp into the differential equatioi
Wxe x + {2C + AD)e x - 4Be~ x -A = xe*~ e~ x + 7.

4> = 1
2C + 4D =
-4B = -1
Then A= -7, B= 1/4, C= -1/2, and > = 1/4, and the general solution is
= + C2Cosi + cgsinx - + ê" 1 - ^xe x + 2 I

y cie* 7
^ e .
27. Applying D 2 (D 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D 2 (D - 1)(Z>
3
- 3D 2 + 3D - 1) = D 2 (D - l)
4
= 0.
Then
x
y = cie + C2xe x + c$x 2 e x + c4 + c 5 x + cex 3 e x
102
Exercises 4.6
and = A + Bx + Cx ex Substituting
j/p .
yp into the differential equation yields
(A + 3S) Bx + 6Ce x = 16 x + e*. Equating coefficients gives
-A + 3B = 16
~B = -1
6C = 1.
Then 4 = -13, B 1, and C= 1/6, and the general solution is
y = c\e
x
+ c%xe
x
+ c3 x 2 e x - 13 + x + -x 3 e x .
28. Writing (e* + e" 1 )' = 2 + e 2x + e~ 2x and applying D(D-2)(D + 2) to the differential equation we
obtain
D(D - 2)(D + 2)(2D 3 - 3D 2 - 3D + 2) = D(D - 2)

2
{D + 2){D + 1)(2D - 1} = 0.
Then
x
y = cit~ + c 2 e 2x + c3 e xf2 +c4 + c$xe 2x + cee'
2*
Vc
21
and yp= A + Bxe + Ce~ 2x
. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
2A + 9Be 2x - 2QCe~ 2x = 2 + 2x _2x Equating coefficients gives = =

e e + . A 1, B 1/9,
and C= 1/20, and the general solution is
x 2x ~ 2 "-
y = cie~ + c2 e 2x + cze x/2 + 1 + ^xe - e
^
29. Applying D(D 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D - 4
1)(D - 2D 3 + D 2 = D 3 (D - if =
) 0.
Then
y = ci
,
+ + c3 x + cê 1 + C5X
2
+ C6i 2 e I
and yp = Ax 2 + Bx 2 e x . Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 2A + 2Be x = 1 + 3

e .
Equating coefficients gives A= 1/2 and B 1/2. The general solution is
y = ci + c2 x + C3e x + eâre* + ^x 2 4- iUV 1

.
30. Applying D 3 (D 2) to the differential equation we obtain
D 3 {D - 2){D A - AD = D h (D - 2} 2
)
2
(D + 2) = 0.
.
Exercises 4.6
Then
y = ci + c2 x + ae 2* + fê"^ + c 5 x 2 + cex 3 + c7 x
4
+ cgxe 2*
Vc
4 21
and yp= Ax + Bx + Cx + Die
2 3
Substituting yp . into the differential equation yields
(-SA + 24C) 24Bx 4SCx + IQDe 2* = 5z 2 - e 2x

- - 2 '.
-8A + 24C =
-24B =
-48C - 5
160= -1.
Then A= -5/16, B = 0, C = -5/48, and O= -1/16, and the general solution is
S = ci + c2 x + c$e 2x + ae- 2* - ^x 2 - j^x 4 - ^xe 2*
31. Applying (2D - 1) to the differential equation we obtain
(2D - 1)(16D 4 - 1) = (2D - 1)

2
(2D - 1)(4D 2 + 1) = 0.
Then
= x t2 x^2
y c\z + c2 e~ x ^ 2 + C3 cos -x + c.j sin -x + Csxe
Vc
and yv Axe x^2

. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields 8Ae*^ x 2
e ^ . Equating
coefficients gives A~ 1/8. The general solution is
x l2 x 2
y = c\e + c2 e~ ^ + C3 cos \-x + c\ sin \x + \xe x ^ 2 .
2 2 a
32. Writing 2cosh x = e

x
+ e~ x and applying D(D 1)(D + 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D(D - 1){D + 1)(D 4 - 5D 2 + 4) = D(D - 1)

2
(D + 1)
2
(D - 2)(D + 2) = 0.
Then
x x
y = cie + c2 e~ + cse 2x + c4 e~ 2j + c5 + c$xe x + <^xe~ x
yc
and yp = A + Bxe x + Cxe~ x Substituting yp into the differential equation yields

.
AA - 6Be x + 6Ce~ x = -6 + e x + e~ x Equating coefficients gives A = -3/2, .
B = 1/6, and C = 1/6. The general solution is

1 x - \xe x + \xe~ x
y = cie + c2 e~ + c%<?* + c 4 e~ 2x - ^ .
I o o
104
Exercises 4.6
33. The complementary function is yc = c\e

Sx
+ c2 e
Sx
. Using D to annihilate 16 we find yp = A.
Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain 64,4 = 16. Thus A 1/4 and
ax
y = Cl e + c2 e~ 8x - \
4
= 81 - 8x
y' Scje 8c 2 e~
The initial conditions imply
ci+c 2 = -
8ci - 8c 2 = 0.
Thus ci = C2 = 5/8 and
y
8 8 4
x
34. The complementary function is yc = c\ + c2 e . Using D 2
to annihilate x we find j/
p = Ax + Bx 2 .
Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain (A + 2B) + 2Bx x. Thus A 1 and
B= 1/2, and
1
y - ci+c 2 e - x + -x 2
y' = -c2 e~ x - 1 + x.
c\+c 2 = l
-C2 = 1.
Thus ci = 2 and C2 = 1, and
=2- _I - x + -x 2
j, e .
35. The complementary function is yc ci+c2 e bx = Ax + Bx 2

. Using D 2 to annihilate x 2 we find j/
p .
Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain ( 5,4+25) lOBx = 2+x. Thus A = 9/25
and = -1/10, and

^9 1 2
,
,T 9 1
d+co
Exercises 4.6
Thus ci = -41/125 and c2 = 41/125, and
u = 41 41
e
^ + x
ox 9 1
x
,
y 1
.
125 125 25 10

x
+ cê~ 6x . Using D 2 to annihilate lOe 21 we find
yp = Ae 21 . Substituting yp into the difFerential equation we obtain SAe 21 = lOe 2^. Thus A= 5/4
and
y = cie
x
+ c 2 e~ 6x + ê 2*
1 61
y' = cie - 6c2 e- + \z 2x .
3
d -6ca = --.
Thus ci = -3/7 and c2 - 5/28, and
37. The complementary function is i/c = c\cosx + C2sinx. Using (D 2 + 1){D 2 + 4) to annihilate
8cos2x 4 sin x we find yp = Ax cos x + Bxsinx -f- Ccos2i + Dsin2x. Substituting yp into the
difFerential equation we obtain 2B cos x 3C cos 2x 2A sin x 3Z) sin 2x = 8 cos 2x 4 sin i. Thus
A= 2, B = 0, C = -8/3, and D = 0, and
8
y = ci cos x + C2 sin x + 2x cos a; - cos 2x
o
y' = ci sin x + C2 cos x + 2 cos x 2x sin x +

1
<5
sin 2x.
-Cl - 7T = 0.
Thus ci = -7r and c2 = -11/3, and
y = jt cos x 11
3
sin x + 2x cos x
8
cos 2i.
3 ^
38. The complementary function is yc = C\ + cê x + csxe x Using D(D - l) 2 to annihilate .
x
xe x
+5 we find yp = Ax + Bx 2 e. + Cx 3 e x Substituting yp into the difFerential equation
.
106
Exercises 4.6
we obtain A + (2B + QC)e x + 6Cxe x = xe x + 5. Thus A= 5, B= -1/2, and C= 1/6, and
y = ci + c2 e
x
+ c3 xe x + 5x~ \x 2 e x + \x 3 e x
x x 3 x
y' = c2 e + c3 (xe x + e x + 5 - xe + x e )
y" = c2 e
x
+ caixt? + 2e
x
)
- e
x
- xe
x
+ \x 2 e* + LV.
d +c =2 2
C2 + C3 + 5 = 2
c2 + 2c3-l = -l.
Thus ci = 8, C2 = 6, and C3 3, and
y = 8 6e
x
+ 3xe x + 5x- JiV + ^zV.
39. The complementary function is yc = e

3l
(ci cos 2a; + C2sin2x). Using D i to annihilate x 3 we
find - A + Bx + Cx + Dx Substituting yp into the differentia! equation we obtain
yp
2 3
.
{8A -4B + 2C) + (85 - SC + GD)x + (8C - 12D)x + 8Dx = x Thus A = 0, B = 3/32,
2 3 3
.
C - 3/16, and D = 1/8, and
y = e
2l
(ci cos2x + C2sin2x) + J-x + -^r + ^x
8'
3 2
32 16
j/ = e
21
[ci{2cos2a: - 2sin2x) + 02(2 cos2x + 2 sin 2x)] + + ^x + -x
3 3 3 2
.
o2 o 8
Q= 2
2ci + 2c 2 + |; = 4.
Thus ci = 2, C2 = -3/64, and
y = e
2l
(2cos2x - A s in2x) + |^ + + ^3
40. The complementary function is yc = ci + ax + C3X 2 + cê

1
. Using D 2 {D - 1) to annihilate
x + e
x we find yp = Ax 3 + Bx* + Cxe x . Substituting yp into the differential equation we obtain
.
Exercises 4.6
(-6A + 24B) - 24Bx + Ce x = x + e

x
. Thus A= -1/6, B= -1/24, and C= 1, and
x
y = ci + c 2 x + c3 x'2 + c4 e - ^x 3 - + xe x
o 24
y' = c2 + 2c3 x + Cie x - ]-x

2
- ^x 3 + e
x
+ xe x
3/" = 2c 3 + eye 1 - x - \x 2 + 2e
x
+ xe x .
x x
y'" = c4 e - 1 -x+ Ze + xe x
Cl + C4 =
c2 + C4 + 1 =
2c 3 + c4 + 2 =
2 + c4 = 0.
Thus ci = 2, C2 = 1, C3 = 0, and C4 = 2, and
6 24

x
+ cie~ x . Using {D l)(D 2 2D + 5)
2
to an
e*{2 + 3a;cos2a:) we obtain
Up = Axe x + Bxe x cos 2x + Cxe x sin 2x + De x cos 2x + Ee x sin 2a:

42. The complementary function is yc = c\+ C2t~ x . Using D(D + 1)(D 2 + I)
3
to annihilate
9- e~
x
+ x 2 sin x we obtain
yp = Ax + Bxe~ x + Ccosx + D sin x + Ex cos 1 + Fisini + Gi 2 cosx + /fi sinx.

2
43. Applying the operators to the function x we find
{xD - l)(D + 4)i = {xD 2 + 4xD -D-4)x

= xD 2 x + 4xDx - Dx-4x
= x(0) + 4x(l) - 1 -4x = -1
and
(D + 4)(iZ) - l)x = (D + 4)(xDx - x)
= (D + 4)(x-l-x) = 0.
108
Exercises 4.
Thus, the operators are not the same.

n)
44. Since y^ (x) = for n > 1,
an yW + a n_iy( n -V +
+ aiy'p + a yp = + + + + a = it.
Exercises 4.7
The particular solution, yp = iJ/l + U2i^, in the following problems can take on a variety of forms,
especially where trigonometric functions are involved. The validity of a particular form can best be
checked by substituting it back into the differential equation.
1. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + = 0, so yc c\ cosx + C2 sinx and

1
cos x sin x
W= sin x cos x
= 1.
Identifying f(x) = secx we obtain

sin x sec x
tanx
cos x sec i
ua = = 1.
1
Then ui = In| cosx|, U2 = x, and
y = c\ cosx + C2sina: + cos x In |

cos x\ + x s'mx
for -5r/2 < x< it/2.
1. The auxiliary equation is m + = 0, so yc = ci cos x + ci sin x and

2
1
cos x sin x
W= - sin x
- 1.
cos x
Identifying f(x) = tanx we obtain
cos x 1
= sin 2 tan a: = = cos x sec x
cosx
iiq sin x.
Then uj = sinx hi sec

|
x + tanx|, 2 = cosx, and
y = c\ cosx + C2 sinx + cosx (sinx In |

secx + tanx|) cosx sinx
for -tt/2 < x< tt/2.

7
Exercises 4.
The auxiliary equation is m + 1 = 0, so yc c\ cos x + C2 sin x and

cos x sin x
W= x
= 1.
sin cos x
Identifying f{x) = sinx we obtain

u'j_ sin 2 x
u2 cos x sin x.
The
1 1 1 1
u\ = sin 2x x - sin cos x ~x
U2 = - cos x.
and
y c\ cos x + C2 sin x + - sin 1 cos 2 x -2 cos x - co;
= ci cos x + C2 sin x -x cos x
for 00 < x < 00.
The auxiliary equation is ro

2
+ 1 = 0, so yc = ci cos x + C2 sin x and
cos x sin x
= 1.
sin x cos x
Identifying /(x) = sec x tan x we obtain
u[ = -sini(secxtanx) = - tan 2 x = 1 - sec

2
3
u'2 cosx(secxtanx) tanx.
Then u\ =x tanx, 2 ' n cosx|, and

I
y = ci cos x + C2 sin x + x cos x sin x sin x in |

c<
= c\ cos 1 + C3sinx + xcosx sinx In cosx| |
for -tt/2 <x< tt/2.
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc = ci cos x + C2 sin x and

cos x sin x
- 1.
sinx cosx
Identifying f(x) = cos 2 x we obtain
til sin 1 cos x
u'2 = cos x
3
= cos x (l sin
2
xJ .
110
7
Exercises 4.
Then u\ = 3 cos x, 112 = sin x 5 sin x, and
y ci cos x + C2 sin x + ~ cos 4 x + sin 3 x ^ sin 4 3;

1
= c\ cos a: + ci sin + a; - (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) ( cos
2
x sin
2
x~j + sin 2 x
1 2
c\ cos x + C2 sin x + - cos 2 x + sm 2 x
J o
= Ci cos x + C2 sin a;
1-2 1
+ - + - sin x
for 00 < x < 00.
6. The auxiliary equation is m +1=2

0, so ye = C] cos x + C2 sin 1 and
cos x sin x
= 1.
sin x cos x
Identifying f(x) = sec^x we obtain

sinx
u, = --
2 secx.
Then
1
ui - -- sec x
COS 2
U2 = In I sec x + tanxl
and
y = c\ cosx + C2 sinx cos a: sec x + sin x In ]
secx + tanx|
= ci cosx + C2sinx 1 + sin x In |
secx + tanx|
for -ir/2 < x < tt/2.
7. The auxiliary equation is rn 2 1 = 0, so yc cie

x
+ C2e~ x and
W= = -2.
= = x x
Identifying /(x) coshx \(e + e ) we obtain
Exercises 4.
Then
* + -1 x
1 -2*
u^--e
and
,
1 _,
1 i _, i , i _
y = cje + c2 e - -e 1 + -ze 1 - -e x -
x x x x
= cae + c4 e + -x(e - e )
x x
= c%e + ae + -x sinh x
for oo < x < oo.
8. The auxiliary equation is m 2 1 = 0, so yc = cie x + C2e~ x and
W= e
- -2.
Identifying /(re) = sinh2x we obtain
-3x
1
4 4
4 4
Then
1 T
- le-.
12
and
= cic* + c a -* + ^(e 2l -e- !l11
= z I
cie + C2e + -sinh2x
o
for oo < i < oo.
9. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 4 = 0, so y c = cie

2x
+ cieT 2* and
2z -2i
IV =
2e^ -2e -2x
112
7
Exercises 4.
Identifying f(x) e^/x we obtain u\ = l/4x and u'2 = e 4x /4x. Then

"'
=
1 1 r
ui -ln|x|, u2 = --j
x
I t
and
21 2* 2
- 2x
= + cae" + (e * In >0
y cie
^
\x\ e~ j*
^ dtj ,
x
for x > 0.
10. The auxiliary equation is m z - 9 = 0, so yc cie 3x + C2e" 31 and

3i -3x
e e
W= = -6.
Identifying f(x) = Six/e^ we obtain u\ = |a:e

61 and u'2 = ~\ x Then -
1 1 -61
111 = "24 eHte 2 = J*
and
y = Cl e^ + c 2 e~ 3x - ê~ 5x - \xe~ 3x -
24 4
?xV 3 *
4
1
= 3x -3i
3x -33x
-
tic
Ci e + c3 e-
-r 1,3" -xe- (l-3x)
for 00 < x < 00.
11. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 3m + 2 = (m + l)(m + 2) = 0, so yc = cie~ x + c 2 e~ 2x and

-1 -2i
e
W= -e" 1 -2e" 2a:
= _ e -s
Identifying f{x) = 1/(1 + e

T
) we obtain
1 + e1
.2i
Hi =- ~
- e
x
.
1 + e* 1 + e1
Then Ul = ln(l + ex ), u2 = ln(l + e
1
)
- e
1
, and
y = cie -* + C2 e-
2x
+ e~ x ln(l + e*) + e~ 2x ln(l + e x - e" 1 )
= cae~* + c 2 e- 2x + (1 + e- I )e" 1 ln(l + e 1 )
for -00 < x < 00.
12. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 3m + 2 = (m - l)(m - 2) = 0, so yc = cie

1
+ C2e 2x and
3x
= e .
e
x 2e 2x
7
Exercises 4.
3l 1
Identifying f(x) = e /(l + e ) we obtain
1x
e.
t
- e'
1 + e* l + ex
x
e
4 =
1 +e x
Then t*i = H 1 + ex ~ ) e
x
,
u2 = ln(l + e1 ), and
y = Cl e
x
+ c 2 e 2x + e x ln(l + e x - ) e
2x
+ e 2x ln(l + e x )
x
= cie* + c3 e 2x + (1 + e x )e ln(l + ex )
for oo < a: < oo.
13. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 3m + 2 = (m + l)(m + 2) = 0, so yc = c\eT x + c 2 e~ 2x and
e" e~ 2x
W= x
-2e~ 2x
,-3x
-e~
Identifying f(x) sine 1 we obtain
e
^ sine 1
-3x
= -e 2x sme x .
_f.-3z
Then in = cose 1 , 2 = e
x
cosx sine 1 and ,
T x x
y = c\e + c2 e 21 - e cose x +e x
cose -e ^sine*
= x 2x 21 1
eie + c2 e -e sine
for -co < x < oo.
14. The auxiliary equation is m 2 2m + 1 = (m I) = 0, so y 2

c c\e x + c 2 xe x and
1 1
e xe
W= e
1
xe 1
+ e
r
Identifying /(x) = e
1 tan 1
x we obtain
ul = ^ = xtan 1
x
= e^tan
:
x
ti 2 = tan
1
x.
c 2i
114
e 7
Exercises 4.
Then
x
ui = tan
i
x +
U2 = x tan x - In ( 1 + x'
and
1
y = cie + c2 xe x + tan
1
a: + |j e
1
+ ^x tan"" 1 x - ^ In (l + x 2 )^ xe"
1
= cie + cgxe 1 + ê x [(x 2 - l) tan"
1
x-\n(l + x 2
for oo < x < oo.
15. The auxiliary equation is m 2 2m + 1 = (m l)

2
= 0, so y c = c\e x + C2ie x and
W= e
x
xe x + ex
e
2x
Identifying f(x) = 1
e / (l + x2) we obtain
1+x 2 ) 1 + x2
u2 = '
e
2
*(l + x2 ) 1+x 2
-1
Then u\ = 5 In + a:
2
J,
2 = tan x, and
1 1
y = cie + c2ie T - ê In (l + x 2 ) + xe x tan 1
x
for 00 < x < 00.
16. The auxiliary equation is m 2 2m + 2 [m (1 + j)][m (1 i}} = 0, so yc cje x sin x + cje 1 cos x
and
e^sinx e^cosx
x
e cos x + e 1 sin x e x sin x + e x cos x
Identifying f(x) = e
I
seci we obtain
I'm TP 1 <ip*- T
= 1
.2i
sinx)(e x secx)
35
(e
4 tanx.
-e 1x
Then u\ = x, 112 = In cos |
2:1, and
x
y = c\e ainx + C2e I cosx + xe x sinx + e T cosxln I cost!
7
Exercises 4.
for -tt/2 < x< tt/2.
17. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2m + 1 = (m + l)

2
= 0, so yc = cje _T + C2xe~ x and
x
e xe
IV =
e~ x xe~ x + e~ x
Identifying /(x) = e~ x In i we obtain
x x
xe e \nx
Ul = = - llnl
,
,-3
x x
e e In x
,
"2 = ~ 21 = In a;.
Then
1 2, 1 2
u\ = -x tai + -i
112 = x In x
and
-x 1
y = cje
X
+ C2xe -ix -
, 1 2-a:
x
Vax
l
+,
T e
^-x
2 --2
x r
^2-n
+ x*e
i
x
\nx-x 2 e x
X x x x
= ct e + C2xe + irx*e lnx-^x 2 e
for x > 0.
18. The auxiliary equation is m 2

+ 10m + 25 = (m + 5) 2 = 0, so y c = c\e~
hx
+ oixe" hx anc
-5x -5i
e xe
W= -5c- 51
-Sxe-^ + e- 5*
-l(te
e
Identifying f{x) = e fx we obtain
xe -5x e -lQx e
~bx
u, =
-5* -lta -S*

e e e
u'2
Then
,z e -5i
u\ = I dt, xq >
Jin I
/* e~ 5t
U2 = /
=- dt, xi) >
Jin t
and
X e 5f X C 51
/"
2/ = -5x
cie
JJ -
+ c2 a:e -5x
31 -
e
-Si
31
/
j
dt + xe -5i
01 [
/ 5- cf* ,
Jzo t Jxa t
116
Exercises 4.
for x > 0.
19. The auxiliary equation is 3m 2 - 6m + 30 = 3[m - (1 + 3i)][m - (1 - 3i)] = 0, so yc = cie* cos3x +

x
C2e sin 3i and
T 1
e cos3a e sin 3a
W= ~3e x sin x+ x 1
+ x
= 3e
2x
.
e cos 3jt 3c cos 3a: e sin 3x

Identifying /(#) = \e
x
tan 3a: we obtain
x 2
(e smZx)^ tanZx) 1 sin 3a; 1,
-(cos3x - sec 3x)
9e 2x 9 cos 3a: 9
, (e^cosSxlfe^tanSa:) 1
Then
ui = ^ sin 3a: ^ In sec 3a;
|
+ tan 3a |
1
2 = ^= cos 3a
and
y = I
cie cos3x + C2eI sin3i + e^sinSxcosSa:
~e x cos3xln |
sec 3a; + tan3a| ê x sin3a;cos3x
~ cie^cosSx + C2eI sin3a: e

x
cos 3a: In |
sec 3a: + tan3a|
for -7r/6 < x< 7t/6.
20. The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 4m + 1 = (2m I)

2
= 0, so y c c\e
x ^2
+ C2ie x / 2 and
W= \e
xl2 \xe*t 2 + x 2
e '
Identifying f(x) = je^Vl a 2 we obtain
xe x / 2 e^ 2 VT^ 1
4c 1
4ex 4
Then
3/2
U2= |\A - x2 + l sin 1

x
7
Exercises 4.
and
y = c^ 2
+ c 2 xe x t 2 + -e
12
x'2
fl
^
- x2f
1
/2
+ \x i fl 2 j\-x* + \xex ' 2 sin" x
o 8
1
for -1 < x < 1.
21. The auxiliary equation is m 3 + m = m(m + 1) = 0, so yc = ci -f C2 cos x + C3 sin x and

2
1 cos 3; sin a;
W = sin x cos x - 1.
cos x sin a:
Identifying /(x) = tan a: we obtain
cos x sin x
sin x cos x = tanx
tan x cos x sin a:
1 sin x
cos x = sin 1
tan x sin x
1 cos x
cos 2 x 1
1^ = W 3 = sin x = sin x tan x
cosx
= cos x sec x.
cos x tan x
Then
u\ = In I
cosx|
112 = cos x
U3 = sin 1 In! secx + tanx!

and
y = c\ + C2 cos x + C3 sin x ln| cos;r| + cos 2 x
+ sin 2 x sin 1 In |
sec x + tanx|
= C4 + C2 cosx -f C3 sinx In |
cosxj sin. x In sec x
| + tanx|
for 00 < x < 00.
22. The auxiliary equation is m 3 + 4m = m (m 2 + 4) = 0, so yc = ci + C2 cos 2x + C3 sin 2x and

1 cos 2x sin 2x
W= -2sin2x 2cos2x
4 cos 2x 4 sin 2a:
118
Exercises 4.
Identifying f(x) sec 2x we obtain
cos 2x sin 2x
i = Vi = -2 sin 2a: 2 cos 2a: = - sec 2x

4
sec 2z 4 cos 1% 4 sin 2x
1 Sin 2x
1
2cos2z "4
sec2a; 4sin2:r
1 cos 2#
-2 sin 2x 4
tan 2x.
4 cos 2a: sec 2a:
Then
u\ = - In sec|
2x + tan 2i|
U2 = --x
4
3 = - In cos2x|
|
and
y = ci + cscos2x + C3Sin2a; + ^ In |
sec2z + tan2i:| - 7Xcos2x 4- ^ sin 2a: In |
cos2a:|
o 4 8
for -tt/4 <x< 7r/4.
23. The auxiliary equation is m 3 2m 2 m+2 = (m l)(m 2)(m+l) = 0, so yc = ae x +C2e 2x +C3e~ x

and
x
e 2e 2x -e~ x = 6^.
1 21 1
e 4e e"
Identifying f(x) e
31 we obtain
21 x
e e~
1
1 _I -3e 41 2a;
2e* -e ~
6e 21 Se 2* 6e 2 * 2
31 21 1
e 4c e"
1
e e~ x
x 2e 3 * 1
e -e" 1
6e 21 3
3
e * e" 1
7 -
Exercises 4.
2x
x 2x
e 2e' '
6e 2 * 6
x 2x 3x
e ie e
= 41
Then u\ = -ê 2", U2 - je*, and 113 jje , and
y = Cl e
x
+ c2 e 2x + c 3 e~* - \<?" + ^ + i-e 3*
24
= cie-^ + c2 e" + c 3 e - 1
+ -e J
o
for 00 < x < 00.
24. The auxiliary equation is 2m 3 6m 3 = 2m 2 (m 3) = 0, so yc = ci + c2 x + C3e 31 and

31
1 x e
W= 1 3e*x
ge 3*
Identifying }{x) = x 2 /2 we obtain

3x
e

a;
1
3*
w'l = Wi 1 3e
9e^ 9e 3x
2
/2 9e 31
3z
e
1 1
2 = W, = 6"
g e 3x 9e 3s
x 2 /2 Oe 31
1 a;
U3 =
9^ 9e 3 *
1
x 2 /2
9e 3 *
~ IS
1 2-3x
6
Then
1 4 1 3
111
= 24* "Si 1
1
U2 =- X
3
T8
"3 X 8
54 81 243
and
y = ci+ c%x + c$e ^ + x
1 4
- x
1 1 1
~x 4 -
1 2
x - ^
1
-
1
55
120
Exercises 4.7
for oo < x < oo.
25. The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 1 = (2m l)(2m + 1) 0, so y r_

= c\e
x^ 2
+ C2&~ x ^ and
- -1.
Identifying f(x) = xe
x^2
/4 we obtain = x/4 and u'2 = xe^/i. Then ui = z 2 /8 and
u2 = -ze 1 /4 + e it
/4. Thus
y = c.p 1/2
J
c l e ->* + ftf
c2 e
-t- ^ + -x'e
xf2 -J-
and
2 16
<=3 + C2 =1
1 1 1
--c 2 -
^ 3
i=
0.
Thus C3 = 3/4 and C2 = 1/4, and
26. The auxiliary equation is 2m 2 + m 1 = (2m l)(m + 1) = 0, so yc = c\e

x/2
+ cê x
and
z/2 -x
e
W= fi
e*/
2
-e"*
Identifying f[x) = (x + l)/2 we obtain
4 = -3*(* + l).
Then
ui = -e-/ 2 (^-2
u2 = -gie*.
Thus
l/a
!/
= c1 e + C3e~
3!
-a:-2
and
7
Exercises 4.
l/2 x
y' = oCie -c 2 e - 1.
ci - c2 - 2 = 1
-ci - C2 - 1 = 0.
Thus ci = 8/3 and C2 = 1/3, and
27. Tho auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2m 8 = {m 2)(m + 4) = 0, so yc cje

21
+ C2e 41
and
2at -4r
e e
2x
- -6e -2i
2e -4e- 4:c
= _21
Identifying /(i) 2e e~ x we obtain
-e-4x -e -3i
1 *
Ui =
2
6 3
Then
Thus
1 -2=: 1 -x
12 18 18 6
4 9
and
21
y' = 2 Cl e - 4c 2 e~
ix
+ \e~ 2x - \e~ x .
ci + c2 -
36
= 1
2ci - 4c 2 + = 0.
Thus cj = 25/36 and r2 = 4/9, and
* = C + e g + C -
36 9 4 9
122
Exercises 4.
28. The auxiliary equation ism 2 4m + 4 = (m 2)

2
= 0, so yc - cie
21
+ c^xe 2* and
B 2x D 2x
W- 4x
2e
2x
2xe 2x + e 2x
Identifying f(x) (l2x 2 6x^ e 2x we obtain
u'j = 6x 2 - 12x 3
2
u'2 = 12i - 6x.
Then
ui = 2x
3
- 3x
4
2
u2 = 4x 3 - 3x .
Thus
y = Cl e
21
+ tW + (2x
3
- Zx 4 ) e
2x
+ (4x
3 - 3x 2 ) xe 2x
^de^ + axe^ + e 2 * (x 4 - x3
and
y' = 2c ie 2 * + c2 (2xe 2x + e 2*) + e 2 * (4x
3
- 3x 2 ) + 2e 2x (x
4
- x3) .
ci = 1
2c\ + c2 = 0.
Thus ci = 1 and C2 = -2, and
= e
2x - 2xe 2x + 2
e * (z
4
-z 3 )
21
= e (i
4
- i3 - 2z + l) .
29. Write the equation in the form
y x
y + -*y = - Inx
x x
and identify f(x) (4hix)/x. FVom yi x and yi xlna: we compute
x xhix
1 1 + lnx
Now
u\ (lna;)
2
so u\ = -(lna;) 3 ,
and
v.2 = Ini so U2 = 2(lni)
2
.
x
7
Exercises 4.
Thus
yp = -^x(\ax)
3
+ 2x(laxf = x(lnz) 3
and
y c\x + C2X In i 4- -x(lnx) 3 .
y
,,4,6
- zv + jf = 3
1
X I1 X
and identify /(x) = 1/z 3 . From ?/] = a:

2
and yi = a;
3
we compute
2 3
x x
x4
4 4
= 3x - 2x = .
2x 3x 2
Now
"1 = - = -?
x 3 /x 3
80 Ul = 3?'
and
x 2 /x 3 1 1
u2
,
so u2 = T .
x4 x5 4x 4
Thus
Vp ~ 3x 3 4x 4 ~ 12x
and
2
y = ye + yP = cix + c2x3 +
and identify /(x) = x Prom yi x l

^cosx and y2 x l
^sinx we
1 /2
i cos x ^sinx
x
W{y\,w) = ^ cosx ^x 3
2
x 1 /a
sinr jx 3' 2
cosx x '
Now
uj = sin i so tii = cosx,
and
ti^ = cos x so U2 = sin x.
Thus
j/ = c\x ^ cos a: + C2i ^sinx + x l /2 cos x
2
+ x ^2
= cix
1 '/2
cosx + C2X 1|/2
sinx + x ^2 .
124
e
Exercises 4.7
32. (a) Write the equation in the form
1 , 1 secllnz}
and identify f{x) = secflnxj/x

2
. From y\ = cos(ln x) and 1/2 = sin(lni) we compute
cosflnz) sin(lni)
W= sinfins) cos(lna;)
_1
Now
tan(lnx)
,
so j = m jco5(lna;jj,
and
%L so U2 = inx.
x
Thus, a particular solution is
yp cos(ln x) In |
cos(ln x) \ + (In x) sin(ln 2) .
(b) The general solution is
y = ci cos(lna:) + C2sin(lna;) + cos(lnx) In |cos(lni)| + (lni)sin(lnar}
for n/2 < \nx < n/2 or e -7r / 2 < x < e"^
2
. The bounds on Ina; are due to the presence of
sec(ln x) in the differential equation .
33. (a) We have yc = c\e~

x
+ C2xe~ x
and we assume yp Ax 2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the
differential equation we find

A= A
4A + B=
2A + 2B + C = -3
so that A= 4, B= 16, and C= 21. A particular solutionis yp = ix 2 I61 + 21.
-1
(b) We have y c = cie +C2xe _r and
* *
e xe
-1
ie _T + e _T
x
Identifying f{x) = e~ /x we obtain
x x
ie e jx
u, = --
a -2x
= -1
I I
e~ e" /x 1
" -
,
U2 = e
-2x a;
7
Exercises 4.
Then u\ = x, U2 = lnx and
yp = -xe~ x + xe~ x In x.
Since -xe -1 is a solution of the homogeneous differential equation, we take yp = xe~ x kix.
(c) Adding the results of (a) and (b) we have
yp = 2
4x - 16a: + 21 + xe~ x lnx.
4. We have yc = c\ cos x + C2 sin x. We use undetermined coefficients to find a particular solution of

y" + y = 2x e 3*. Assuming ypi Ax + B + Ce 31 and substituting into the differential equation
we find A = 0, B = 0, and C = ^ Thus yPl 2x jQe 3x Next we use variation of parameters

. .
to find a particular solution of y" + y = cot x. We have
cos x sin x
W= sin x cos x
= 1.
Identifying f(x) = cot a; we obtain
sin x cot x
ui = - = cos a:
2
cos x cot X cos X
"2 = ~ cscx smx.
sin a:
Then
ui = sin a:
U2 = In esc x
I
cot x\ + cos x
and
j/pj = sin x cos a; + sin x In |

cscx cot x\ + sin x cost = 2 sin x cos x + sin x In |
cscx cot x|.
Using the superposition principle we have that a particular solution of y" +y = 2x e 31 + cot x is
yp = ypl +yP2 = 2x e + 2 sin x cos x + sin x In |

cscx cotx|.
126
1. y =
2. False; see Problem 45, Section 4.1.
3. False; consider = and fzix) = x. These are linearly dependent even though x is not a
multiple of 0. The statement would be true if it read "Two functions fi(x) and fo{x) are linearly
independent on an interval if neither is a constant multiple of the other."
4. dependent; 2
-Sx + (-2) (l -x 2
) + (2 + x2) =
5. (-oo.oo); (0,oo) or (-oo,0)
6. True
7. False; see Problem 31, Section 4.1.
8. x = 2
9. A + Bxe x
10. (D - 2 2
[p - 4D + 5)
2)
11. Identifying P(x) we have
y2 = cos 2x I ;r- dx cos 2x I sec

2
2x dx
J cos' 2x J
cos 2x ^ tan 2xj

= ^ sin 2x.
12. Identifying P(x) = -2- 2/x we have / P dx = -2x - 2 In x and
y2 = e*
J
dx = e
x 2
j x dx = Tjê
1
-
13. From m 2 2m 2 = we obtain m= 1 \/3 so that
14. From 2m 2 + 2m + 3 = we obtain m = -1/2 \/5/2 so that

y = e -W ' I ci
^
cos -^-x ^ + C2sm -^-a:
^
15. From m 3 + 10m 2 + 25m = we obtain m 0, m= 5, and to 5 so that
= 5* 51
y ci + C2e" + c3 ie~ .
127

16. From 2m 3 + 9m 2 + 12m + 5 = we obtain m= 1, m= 1, and m = 5/2 so that

y = cie~^ /2 + c2 e~* + c^xe~ x '.
17. From 3m 3 + 10m 2 + 15m + 4 = we obtain m= -1/3 and m- -3/2 -\/7/2 so that
y = Cl e~
x ^ + e~ 3x/2 ^c2 cos ^-x + c3 sin
18. From 2m 4 + 3m 3 + 2m 2 + 6m - 4 = we obtain m- 1/2, m- -2, and m= -/2i so that
y = c\e^ 2 + C2e~ 2x + C3 cos \/2 x + q sin v^x.
19. Applying D 4
to the differential equation we obtain D i
(D 2 - 3D + 5) = 0. Then
y = e
3x/2
'
(
I ci cos
vTT ^11 \
^ x + c 2 sin 1 +
^ .
J C3 + C4I
23
+ C5X + CfjX
y=
and i/
p
= A + Bx + Cx + Dx 1 3
. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
(bA - 35 + 2C) + (55 - 6C + 6D)x + {5C - 9D)x 2 + 5Dx 3 = -2x + 4x 3 .
Equating coefficients gives A = -222/625, B= 46/125, C= 36/25, and D= 4/5. The general
solution is
9 = e
a*/a
I
/"
^
ClCOS _
vTT
x + C2Sm
.
_ j__ _
v^l
x
\ 222
+
46
x + _
36
x 2
+
4 3
20. Applying (D - l)
3
to the differential equation we obtain (D - 1)
3
(D - 2D + 1) = (D - l)
5 = 0.
Then
1 2 I x
y = cie 4- c^xe? + c3 x e + 3
c4 x e + csê 1
yc
x 3 x A x
and j/ p
= Ax 2
e + Bx e + Cx e . Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
\2Cx 2 e x + GBxe 1 + 2Ae x = iV.

Equating coefficients gives A 0, B 0, and C 1/12. The general solution is
y = c\e
x
+ cê 1 + ^ê 1 -
21. Applying D(D 2 + 1) to the differential equation we obtain
D{D 2 + l)(D 3 - 5D 2 + 6D) = D 2 (D 2 + 1){D - 2){D - 3) = 0.
Then
1/ = ci + c2 e + c3 e + c 4 x + c 5 cos x + eg sin x
to
128
and yp = Ax + B cosx + C sinx. Substituting yp into the differential equation yields
6,4 + (5B + 5C) cos x + (-5B + 5C) sinx = 8 + 2 sinx.
Equating coefficients gives A= 4/3, B= -1/5, and C= 1/5. The general solution is
1r It 4 1 1
y = c\ + c2 e + c%e^ + - - cosx +
.
- sinx.
22. Applying D to the differentia! equation we obtain D(D 3 - D = D 3 (D - 1) = 0. 2

} Then
y = ci + C2X + cie x + cix 2
and yp = Ax 1 Substituting yp into the

. differential equation yields 2A = 6. Equating coefficients
gives A = 3. The general solution is

y c\ + C2X + cse
x
3x 2 .
23. The auxiliary equation is m? 2m + 2 = so that m 1 i and y = e^fci cosx + C2 sin x). Setting
-
j/(tt/2) = and j/(7r) = 1 we obtain c\ = e " and C2 = 0. Thus, 1/ e
I-7r
cosx.
24. The auxiliary equation is m2 1 = (m l)(m + 1) = so that m = 1 and 3/ = c\e x + C2e -X

.
Assuming j/p = .4x + 5 + Csinx and substituting into the differential equation we find A = 1,
S = 0, and C = \ Thus j/p = -x - \ sinx and
.
1
y = c\e +C2e -x--smx.
z
Setting j/(0) = 2 and y'(0) = 3 we obtain
ci + c2 = 2
3
ci - c2 - -= 3.
Solving this system we find C\ = -^ and C2 = | The . solution of the initial-value problem is
y=
13
e
x - -e
5
-x -
1
- .
sinx.
25. The auxiliary equation is m 2 2m + 2 = [m (1 (1 i)] 0, so yc = cje1 sin x + cze? cosx

and
e
1
sin x e
1 cos x
W= e
x cosx
+ e
x
sin x e x sin x + cos x
= -e 2x .
x
Identifying f(x) e tanx we obtain
I ;c
,
(e cosx)(e taEx) _ .
Then uj = cos x, U2 am x In |
sec x + tan x\ , and
y = x
cie sini + C2ef
c
cosx e x sin x cos x + e x sinxcosx e'cosx In |
secx + tani|
x
= c\e
x
s\nx + C2e T cosa; e cosx\n secx \
+ tan:c|.
26. The auxiliary equation is m 2 1 = 0, so y c = c\e

x
+ C2t~ x and
W= = -2.
x
Identifying f(x) = 2e x /(e +e I
) we obtain
1 e
ex + er 1 + e2x
4 ex
e
3sc
+ e -i i
3x
+ e 2x
- -e x +
1 + e2
*'
-1
Then Ui tan e
1
,
112 - -e2 + tan""
1
e
x
, and
j/
= cie
x
+ c 2 e~ x + e 1 tan" 1
e
1 - 1 + e" 2 tan -1 e
x
.
27. The auxiliary equation is 2m 3 - 13m a + 24m - 9 = (2m - l)(m - 3)

5
= so that
l/2 31
Vc = cie + c2 e 3!C
+ caê -
A particular solution is yp = -4 and the general solution is
x/i
y = c\e + c 2 e 3x + c3xe Sx - 4.
Setting y(0) = -4, j/'(0) = 0, and y"(0) = we obtain
ci + C2 4 = 4
ici + 3c 2 + c 3 =
Solving this system we find c\ = | , a ~ - , and C3 1. Thus
y= \e
*n-L 3x + xe 3x -4.
28. The auxihary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so yc = c\ cos x + C2 sin x and

cos x sin x
- 1.
sin x cos x
130

Identifying f(x) = sec

3
i we obtain
smx
u,
,
= sin x sec i x =
,
cob x sec x = sec i.
Then
ui = 11x = 1
sec
2
x
2
2 cos x 2
U2 = tan x.
Thus
y = c\ cos + C2 sin # -1 cos x sec > i + smi tan x
1 1 cos 2 x
= ci cos x + C2 sm x sec x +
2 cosx
1
= C3 cos x + C2 sin i + sec i.
Li
and
, 1
yp = C3 sin x + C2 cos x + - sec x tan x.
c3 + = l
l
1
C2= 2-
Thus c3 = c2 = 1/2 and
y = - cos x + -sinz + - sec x.

A , z.
5 Applications of Second-Order
Differential Equations:
Vibrational Models
Exercises 5.1
1. A weight of 4 lb (1/8 slug), attached to a spring, is released from a point 3 feet above the equilibrium
position with an initial upward velocity of 2 ft/s. The spring constant is 3 lb/ft.
2. A weight of 2 lb (1/16 slug), attached to a spring, is released at rest from a point 0.7 feet below the
equilibrium position. The spring constant is 4 lb/ft.
3. Applying the initial conditions to x(t) = c\ cos5f + c2 sin5( and x'{t) 5cj sin 5t + 5c2 cos bt gives
x(0) = ci = -2 and x'{0) - 5c2 = 10.
Then c\ = -2, c2 = 2, and
A = ^4+1 = 2V2 and tan^> = =A

-1.
Since sin <j> < and cos > 0, <t>

is a fourth quadrant angle and 4> ?r/4. Thus
x(t) = 2\/2 sin(5t- jr/4).
4. Applying the initial conditions to x(() = c\ cos At + c 2 sin At and x'(t) = 4ci sin At + 4c2 cos At gives
z(0) = ci = 1 and x'(0) = 4c2 - -2.
Then ci = 1, c2 = -1/2, and
A = Jl + 1/4 = ^ and tan <p = ^- - -2.
Since sin^ > and cos$ < 0, <j> is a second quadrant angle and
_1
4> = tan (-2) + 7T = -1.107 + it ft* 2.034.
Thus z(t) s ^ sin(4( + 2.034).

5. Applying the initial conditions to x(t) = c\ cos \/2' + C2Sin -J2t and
3/(() = -\/2cisini/2t + V2c2 cosv^t gives
a;(0) = ci = -l and x'(0) = \/2c2 = -2-/2.
132
Exercises 5.
Then ci = 1, C2 = 2, and
A= y/l +4= 1/5 and tan = ^ = ^.
Since sin < and cos < 0, is a third quadrant angle and = tan~ 1 ^ + = tt 0.464 + tt =s 3.605.
Thusi(t) =s v/5sin(\/2i + 3.605).

6. Applying the initial conditions to x(t) = c\ cos 8t + C2 sin 8f and x'(t) = 8ci sin 8t + 8C2 cos 8( gives
z(0) = ci = 4 and i'(0) = 8c 2 = 16.
Then c\ = 4, C2 = 2, and
A = V16 + 4 = 2\/5 and tan = ^ = 2.
-1
Since sin0 > and cos0 > 0, is a first quadrant angle and = tan 2 ss 1.107. Thus
x(t) ss 2\/5sin(8t+ 1.107).
7. Applying the initial conditions to x(t) = cj cos lOi + C2 sinlOt and = 10c sin lOt + IOC2COS lOi
gives
x(0) = ci = l and z'(0) = 10e 2 = 1.
Then ci = 1, 01 = 1/10, and
A = Vl + 01 - VIM and tan = y~ = 10.
-1
Since sin0 > and cos0 > 0, is a first quadrant angle and = tan 10 1.471. Thus
z(f) i/ToTsintlOf + 1.471).
8. Applying the initial conditions to x(t) = c\ cost + C2sini and ^(t) c\ sini + C2Cosf gives
x(0) = ci = -4 and x'(0) = c2 = 3.
Then c\ -4, a 3, and

-4
A= \/16 +9= 5 and tan0=
-1
Since sin < and cos0 > 0, is a fourth quadrant angle and = tan ( g) 0.927. Thus
~~
x(t) = 5 shift - 0.927).
9. From mx" + 16x - Owe obtain
4 . 4
x = ci cos 7= t + C2 sin ;= f
so that the period tt/4 = ns/mft, m= 1/4 slug, and the weight is 8 lb.
10. Prom mx" + 120x = we obtain 2; = ci cos 2^/30/m ( + C2sin y^30/mt so that the period
1
Exercises 5.
m, m=30/ir 2 slugs, and the weight is approximately 97.3 lb.
C2sin2( so that the frequency is 2/2iv = vibrations/second.
13. From \x" -\-12x = 0, x(0) = -1/4, and ar'(0) = we obtain x = -jcos4\/6f-
14. From fx" + 72a: = 0, x(0) - 0, and x'(0) = 2 we obtain x = sin4v/ 6*-
15. From fx" + 40x = 0, x(0) = 1/2, and x'(0) = we obtain x = cos8t.
(a) x(tt/12) = -1/4, x(n/8) = -1/2, x(tt/6) = -1/4, i(jt/8) = 1/2, i(9tt/32) = v^/4.
(b) x' 4sin8i so that x'(3ir/l6) ~ 4 ft/s directed downward.
(c) If x = AcosSt = then i = (2n + 1)tt/16 for n = 0, 1, 2
16. From 50x" + 200x = 0, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = -10 we obtain 2 = -5sin2i and x' = -10cos2f.
17. From 20a:" + 20a: = 0, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = -10 we obtain x = -10 sin t and x' = -lOcosf.
(a) The 20 kg mass has the larger amplitude.
(b) 20 kg: i'(tt/4) - -by/2 m/s, x'(tt/2) = m/s; 50 kg: x'(n/4) = m/s, x'(jt/2) - 10 m/s
(c) If -5sin2i = -10 sin ( then 2 sin ((cos (-1) = so that ( = nir for n= 0, 1, 2, . .
.,
placing both
masses at the equilibrium position. The 50 kg mass is moving upward; the 20 kg mass is
moving upward when n is even and downward when n is odd.
18. From x" + 16x = 0, x(0) = -1, and x'(Q) - -2 we obtain
x - ^sin4i = ^cos(4f - 3.6).
The period is w/2 seconds and the amplitude is y/E/2 feet. In 4?r seconds it will make 8 complete
vibrations.
19. From \x" +x= 0, x{0) = 1/2. and x!>
x sin(2i + 0.588).
134
Exercises 5.
20. From 1.6a:" + 40a; = 0, x(0) = -1/3, and x'(Q) = 5/4 we obtain
x = cos5t + \ sin5t = ^- sin"(5t + 0.927).

If x = 5/24 then * = 5 (f + 0.927 + 2jitt) and t = I + 0.927 + 2n?r) for 71 = 0, 1, 2, ... .
21. From 2x" + 200x = 0, i(0) = -2/3, and x'(0) = 5 we obtain
(a) x = -f cos lOt + ^ sin lOt = sin(10t - 0.927).
(b) The amplitude is 5/6 ft and the period is 2-k/IO = n/5

(c) 37r = 7rt/5 and k 15 cycles.
(d) If x and the weight is moving downward for the second time, then lOf 0.927 = 2tt or
t = 0.721 s.
(e) If x' =
f cos(10t - 0.927) = then 10* - 0.927 = tt/2 + tot or t = (2n + l)ir/20 + 0.0927 for
ji = 0, 1, 2, ... .
(f) 1(3) = -0.597 ft

( g) X '{Z) = -5.814 ft/a
(h) a/'(3) = 59.702 ft/s
2
(i) = thent = ^(0.927 + wr) for n = 0, 1, 2, ... and x'(t) = f ft/s.

If x
(j) If x = 5/12 thent = ^(tt/6 + 0.927 + 2jijt) and i = ^(5tt/6 + 0.927 + 2rwr) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(k) If x = 5/12 and x' < then = ^(5tt/6 + 0.927 + 27iw) for n = 0, 1, 2,
t . . . .
22. From x" + 9x = 0, x(0) = -1, and z'(0) = /3 we obtain
1 cos 3f V3
sin 3t =
2
7= sin
/
37 +
4tt
y3 \ 3
and x' = 2V3cos(3t + 47r/3). If x' = 3 then t = -7tt/18 + 2n7r/3 and t = -?r/2 + 2h7t/3 for n= 1,
2, 3
23. From fci = 40 and k*i = 120 we compute the effective spring constant k = 4(40)(120)/160 = 120.
Now, m = 20/32 so k/m = 120(32)/20 = 192 and x" + 192x = 0. Using x(0) = and x'{0) = 2 we
obtain x{t) = ^ sin8\/3 1-
24. Let m denote the mass in slugs of the first weight. Let ki and be the spring constants and
k Ak\k2/{k\ + fo) the effective spring constant of the system. Now, the numerical value of the
first weight is W mg 32m, so

32m = &i(^ and 32m = fc 2
^
From these equations we find 2fci = 3/t2- The given period of the combined system is 2-k/w ir/15,
so w= 30. Since the mas of an 8-pound weight is 1/4 slug, we have from w = k/m
2
k
30
2
= -7- = Ak or k = 225.
1/4
Exercises 5.
We now have the system of equations
= 225
fcl + ki
2ki = 3fc 2 .
Solving the second equation for ki and substituting in the first equation, we obtain
4(3fc2 /2)ft2 lZfcf 12fca

= = _ 22
3fe/2 + k2 hk2 5
= =
Thus, hi 375/4 and fc] 1125/8. Finally, the value of the
^ = 32m= ^ = ^ o
=
first
46.88
weight
lb.
is
25. Prom x = c\ coswt + C2smut, x(Q) = xq, and x'(0) vq we obtain

wo
x = xo cos tot H sm uit
w
so that the amphtude is A= yjxg + (wq/w)^ .
26. Let /I = +4 so that

ci -c 2
I =A coswf ,
sin .
uji
,
A A
If cos0 = c\/A and sin0 = c^/A then i = .4cos(uf +
27. i = 2V2~[^cos5t- ^sin5f] = 2\/2cos(5( + 5tt/4).

28. If x = A cos(w( + <j>) then the minimum and maximum velocities occur when x" = Auft cos(wt+#)
is zero; that is, when i = 0.
29. From x(t) = ,4sin(wf 4- 4>) we compute the = ui 2 Asin(ut + 4>). Differen-
acceleration a(t) = x"(t)
tiating we find a'(t) j4cos(wt + 0). Thus a'(t) = when cos(wt + 0) = or am(ut + = 1,
3
<j>)
Thus, maximum acceleration occurs when the displacement is .A. Using T = 2tt/w orw= 2jt/jT
we see that the magnitude of maximum acceleration is w 2 A = (2it/T) 2 A = 4tt 2 A/T2 .
30. If x = Asin(uif-l-i^) the extremes for x occur when x' = Auj cos{ut+<f>) = 0, or f = (n/2 <j>+2nn)^
and ( = (n/2 4> + 2mr) for n = 0, 1,2, ... , Thus, the time interval between successive maxima
is 2ir/w.
136
Exercises 5.2
Exercises 5.2
1. A 2-lbweight is attached to a spring whose constant is 1 lb/ft. The system is damped with a
resisting force numerically equal to 2 times the instantaneous velocity. The weight starts from the
equailibrium position with an upward velocity of 1.5 ft/s.
2. A 16-lbweight is attached to a spring whose constant is 2-lb/ft. The system is damped with a
resisting force numerically equal to the instantaneous velocity. The weight starts 2 feet above the
equilibrium position with a downward velocity of 1 ft/s.
3. (a) above . (b) heading upward
4. (a) below (b) from rest
5. (a) below (b) heading upward
6. (a) above (b) heading downward
7. From \x" + x' + 2x = 0, x(Q) = -1, and x'(0) = 8 we obtain x = 4te~ tt - e" 4' and
x' = 8e" 4t - 16te" 4 '. If x = then f = 1/4 second. If x' = then t = 1/2 second and the extreme
-2
displacement is x = e feet.
8. From \x" + -fix' + 2x = 0, x(0) = 0, and a/(0) = 5 we obtain x = 5te~ 2, ^ t

and
x 1
= 5e~ 2v/3i (l - 2\/2(). If x' = then f = V^/i second and the extreme displacement is
x - 5y/2e~ l /4 feet.
9. (a) FVom x" + I0x' + 16x = 0, i(0) = 1, and i'(O) = we obtain x = \e~ 2t - \e~ st .
(h) From i" + x' + 1&e - 0, x(0) = 1, and x'{0) = -12 then x = -fe" 2 + fe" 8 * *.
10. (a) x = \e~ st m

(ie l) is never zero; the extreme displacement is x(0) = 1 meter.
(b) x = y~ st (5 - 2e 6 ') = when * = $ In 0. 153 second; if x = |e" 81 [e 6t - 1

lo) = then
( = g In 10 = 0.384 second and the extreme displacement is x = 0.232 meter.

11. (a) From O.lx" + 0.4r' + 2x = 0, i(0) = -1, and x'(0) = we obtain = e
_2t
j-cos4i - sin4(].
2 1 - 2i
(b) = e-^ 7=cos4t =stn4( =
^ e s i n (4t + 4.25).
-/5
(c) If x = then 4t + 4.25 = 2tt, 3tt, 4tt, ... so that the first time heading upward is f = 1.294
seconds.
12. (a) From \x" + x' + 5x = 0, x(Q) = 1/2, and x'{0) = 1 we obtain x = e^ 21 Qcos4f + sin4().
Exercises 5.2
(b) x = e -*^ co B 4t +
^ gin*) = ^""in ( +
J).
(c) If x= then 4t+7r/4 = it, 2jt, 3tt, ... so that the times heading downward are ( = (7+8*1)7^
for n= 0, 1, 2,
.5
-.5
-1
13. Prom -^x"+0x'+5x = Owe find that the roots of the auxiliary equation are m = ^0^402
(a) If 4/3
a
25 > - then > 5/2.
(b) If 40 - 25 =
2
then = 5/2.
2 -
(c) If 4/3 25 < then < p< 5/2.
14. From 0.75x" + fix + 6x =

1
and > 3i/2 we find that the roots of the auxiliary equation are
m =-f |03* -18 and

cj cosh -<J& 2 -- 18* + c 2 sinh-09 2 -18t
If x(0) = and x'(0) = -2 then Cl = and c2= -3/03 2 - 18.
15. Prom 40x" + 560x' + 3920x = 0, x(0) = 0, and x'{0) = 2 we obtain
x = -e " sin 7(.
16. From 40i" + 1120x' + 3920x = 0, x(0) = 0, and x'{0) = 2 we obtain
T
X -
~ _^ p
6
(-H+7V2)t
+ ^,(-14-Tv^)(
,
14 14
17. From x" + 6x' + 9 = 0, x(0) = -2/3, and x'(O) = v we obtain
3t
x--ê- 3t + (t; -2)(e- .
If x = then t = 2/3(u - 2) so that v > 2 ft/s.
18. From x"+0x'+25x = we see that the roots of the auxiliary equation are m= ^.\\J 100

The quasi-period is 7r/2 = 2tt h^JlQO-0 2 so that = 6.
138
Exercises 5.2
19. For underdamped motion
x = e-
M
d cos \ju 2 - A2 t + c2 sin \jio 2 - X2 1 = Ae~ u sin j^w 2 - X 2 1 + fl]
for some constants A and (? and
x' = Be- Xt sm \ju 2 - A2 f + 7]
for some constants B and 7. The difference in times between two successive maxima is 2wf \/u/2 - A2 ,
the quasi-period of x'.
20. The time interval between successive intercepts
(w+l)7r-^ nir <p 7T
vV-A 2 ~~
yfui
2 - X2 ~ y/ui 2 - A2
21. The time interval between successive values of ( for which (15) touches the graphs of y Ae~ xt
__
(2n + 3)w/2 - (2n + 1)tt/2 - </> tt
22. From equation (17)

(2n + l)7r/2 - 4> nir - <f> _ tv/2
~~
i/w 2
-A 2
v'w 2 -A 2
Vw 2 -A 2
'
which is half of the quasi-period. The period of x = e~' sin(( + tt/4) is 2?r; if x = then * = |tt,
|ir, ^?r, . . . and if x' = then ( = tt, 2tt, 37t, .... so that the time interval between intercepts and
extrema is tt/4.
23. The quasi-period of x = Ae~ Xi sin (Vw 2 A2 -I- ^ is 2-k/^/lj 2 A2 so that the ratio of consecutive
maxima is the ratio of the values at t and f + 2ir/Vw 2 A 2 that , is
-A((+27r/v^Â !I)
e
24. (a) If S > is very small then x n is slightly larger than x n +2 and the rate of damping is slow,
(b) If x ~ -ê" 21 sin (4t + tt/4) then 5 = 27rA/\/u> 2 - A2 = 4tt/4 = tt.

Exercises 5.3
Exercises 5.3
1. If Ix" + \x' + 6x = 10cos3i, x{0) = -2, and x'(0) = then
\/47
xc = e ^2 I ci cos 1 + C2 sin -^-f1 1
and x p (cos 3i + sin 3f) so that the equation of motion is
, / 4 ^/if 64 \ 10,
X = ~3 0S " SU1 + (C S + Sm
[ 2 *
3/17 2
1
) T
2. (a) If x" + 2x' + 5x = 12cos2t + 3sin2i, z(0) = -1, and x'(0) = 5 then x c = e
_l
{c! cos 2i+c 2 sin2i)
and zp = 3sin2t so that the equation of motion is
x = l
e~ cos 2t + 3 sin 2t.
<*) steady-state (c)
transient
3. From x" + 8x' + I6x = 8sin4t, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = we obtain x c = Cie~ At + c2 *e
-4t
and
xp = jCOs4( so that the equation of motion is
I =ie-'" + te-
4t
-icos4t.
4 4
-' _4i
4. From x" - e sin 4t, i(0) = 0,
+ 8x' + lfiz and ai'(0) = we obtain x c = cie + c 2 te _4t and
xp - -ê~'cos4( - g5g e"' sin4t so that
x = ê"
625
4t
(24 + lOOt) - -^-e-'(24cos4(
o25
+ 7sin4().
As f
> cc the displacement x
> 0.
5. From 2x" + 32x = 68e~ 2! cos4t, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = we obtain x c = cicos4t + C2sin4t and
Xp = 5e" *cos4( 2e~
2 2t
sin4t so that
1 9 1 >. i,
x = --cos4t + -sin4t + -e -!I
cos4t-2e '!
'sm4(.
2, 4 t-
6. Since i = sin(4t - 0.219) - ê _2t sin(4( - 2.897), the amplitude approaches ^85/4 as t oo.
7. By Hooke's law the external force is F(t) kh(t) so that mi" + /3x' + kx kh(t).
140
Exercises 5.3
8. Prom \x" + 2x' + ix = 20cosf, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = we obtain x c = e~ 2( (cicos2t + C2sin2t)
and x p - jfcoat + f|
sin so that
56
a [-
-2t( 72 .A 56 32

x = e cos2(-- sin2I +Tr:cosf +
.
-sint.
.
13 13 13 13
9. (a) From lOOx" + 1600a: = 1600 sin St, x(0) = 0, and z'(0) - Owe obtain x c = c\ cos At + ci sin 4(
and xp = -jsinSf so that
2 1
x = - sin4 - - sin St.
3 o
(b) If x= sm4t(2-2cos4i) = then = htt/4 for ra = 0, 1, 2, ... .
(c) Ifz' = |cos4t-f cosgi = (l-cos4t)(l+2coB4t) = Othent = w/3+nn/2 and t = n/G+nir/2

for n = 0, 1, 2, ... at the extreme values. Note: There are many other values of t for which
x1 = 0.
(d) x(tt/6 + ror/2) - V3/2 cm. and x{ir/3 + mr/2) - -1/3/2 cm.
(e)
10. If x" + 1\x' + u^x = J*b sin 7* describes underdamped motion then
-At
xc = e ci cos \/w 2 - A2 t + c2 sin \Jui 2 ~ \2 t
and
2
F (w - 72 ) -2A7F0
; COS ft.
4A 7 2 2
+ (w 2 -7 2
)
4A 7 2 2
+ (w 2 -7 2 )
If sin^ = cj/^/c2 +4 ,
cos^ - c2 /^ + c
2
, , sin0 = -2A7 / v/(w 2 - 7 2 2 + 4A 2 72 ) , and
cos# = (w 2 72 ) /\j (w
2 7 2 ) 2 + 4A 2 7 2 then the equation of motion is
F
sin(7* + 0)-
\j{u 2 - A 2 ) 2 + 4A 2 72
11. (a) If g'(7) = then 7 (y 2 + 2A 2 - w 2 ) = so that 7 = or 7 = Vw 2 - 2A 2 The . first derivative
test shows that g has a maximum value at 7 = y/u 2 2A 2 .
(b) The maximum value of g is 9 (V^ 3 - 2A 2 ) = F /2Xy/u - 2

A2 .
y u .
Exercises 5.3
12. (a) If x" + 0X1 + 3x = and < < 1-J% then the roots of the auxiliary equation are
m = \ (~0 \J0 2 12^; this is underdamped motion. The system is in resonance when
7 = - 2 where we require that 3 - 0/2 > or < <

yjZ /2 , 0, </6.
g ^
(b) When Fa = 3, the resonance curve is given by
3
5(7) =
and the family of graphs is shown for various values of 0.
13. If \x" + 2x' + 6x = 40sin2i then
xp = -5cos2t + 5sin2t = 5v/2sin(2i - jt/4).
14. 7 = Vu 2 - 2X2 = 2 and g(f) - 80/2.2-^12-4 = 5\/2, the amplitude of xp .
15. (a) Prom x" + uj 2 x = J^cost*, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = we obtain ic = ci coswi + (vjsinwi and
xp = (Focos7()/ (y 2 - 7
2
) so that
F F
x = cos iOt cos 7i.
uj
2 72
Jb Jo*
sin 7* Jo
= hm = ^
00 f-^w
'is 2 2V(cos7i coswi)
' 27
tsinwt.
2w
16. From x" + w 2 x = focoswt, x{0) = 0, and x'{0) = we obtain x c = ci cosu* + C2Sinu;f and
ip (Jot/2w) sin wt so that x = (Fot/2ui) sinuii and _lim f sinwt =

2u
(sinwf.
17. From x" + 4x = 5sin2t + 3cos2t, x(0) = 1, and x'(0) = 1 we obtain i c = cicos2t + C2Sin2f,
xp = \t sin 2t + |( cos 2t, and
1 3 5
x = cos2t - sin2t + -tsm2f + -tcos2f.
8 4 4
18. From x" + 9x = 5sin3t, z(0) = 2, and x'(0) = we obtain x c = c\ cos3f. + C2sin3t, xp = -|(cos3(,
and
x= 2 cos 3f +
5
sin 3(
5
-t cos 3f
6
18
19. (a) From cos(u v) = cos u cos v + sin sin v and cos(u + v) = cosucosw sin u sin v we obtain
sin w sin w = j[cos(u v) cos(u + v)]. Letting u = 3(7 w)t and w = 5(7 + the result
follows.
142
,
Exercises 5.4
(b) If e = 5(7 w) then 7 =s w so that x (Fo/2e7)sineisin7f.
(c)
v
'
lim
t-0 2ef
sin et sin ft = hm
(-.0 27
coset am ft
'

27
am ft. '
20. From x" + 25x = 10cos7i, x(0) = 0, and x'(0) = we obtain
= [cos6( cosf
5 5 5
x ttt(cos It cos 5f) sin6( sin t cos6t cos ( sin 6t sinil = sin 6t sin t.
12 12 6
Exercises 5.4
1. Solving the differential equation q" 4- 16? 60 we obtain q(t) c\ cos At + C2sin4t 4- 15/4. The
initial conditions g(0) = <j'(0) = imply ci = 15/4 and c-i 0. Thus,
g(t) = - cos At + and i(t) 15 sin it.
2. Solving the differential equation bq" + 100g = 20t we obtain q(t) cj cos 2t/5t + ci sin2v^t + 1/5.
The initial conditions q(0) = ij'(O) = imply c\ = and c% = V5/50. Thus
q(t) = ^sm2V5t + \t and i(t) = ^cos2v5t + \.
3. Since ff
2 4L/C = 20 < 0, the circuit is underdamped.
4. Since i? 2 L/C = 0, the circuit is critically damped.
5. Solving ^q" + 2q' + 100g = we obtain q(t) = e

_20t
(ci cos 40i + c 2 sin40t). The initial conditions
g(0) = 5 and ^(0) = imply ci = 5 and c 2 = 5/2. Thus
-201 e~ 20t
q(t) = e ^5cos40t+ ^sin40t) as ^25 + 25/4 sin(40i + 1.1071)
and q(O.Ol) 4.5676 coulombs. The charge is zero for the first time when 40* + 0.4636 = jt or
t as 0.0509 second.
'
Exercises 5.4
6. Solving \q" + 20tf + 300g = we obtain q(t) = cie~

2at
+ C2e~ m The . initial conditions q{0) = 4
and (f(0) = imply ci = 6 and oi = -2. Thus
q(t) = Be"
201
- 2e- m .
Setting q = we find e 40* = 1/3 which implies < 0. Therefore the charge is never 0.
7. Solving g" + 10?' + 30g = 300 we obtain q(t) = e" 3

'(ci cos3( + c2 sin3t) + 10. The initial conditions
q(0) = g*(0) = imply c 2 = c2 = -10. Thus
q(t) = 10- 10e~

3t
(cos3t + sin3i) and i(t) = 60e
3t
sin3t.
Solving i(t) = we see that the maximum charge occurs when t tt/3 and q(x/3) 10.432
coulombs.
8. Solving q" + lQOtf + 2500<j = 30 we obtain q{t) = cie -50t + c 2 te- 50t + 0.012. The initial conditions
g(0) = and ^(0) = 2 imply c\ = -0.012 and c2 = 1.4. Thus

-50*
q(t) = -0.012e- 50 ' + l^te + 0.012 and z(t) = 26- 50 ' - 70te _5Ot .
Solving iff) = we see that the maximum charge occurs when t = 1/35 and g(l/35) as 0.01871.
9. Solving q" + 2q' + 4q = we obtain yc = e~ l (cos v^Sf + sin%/3 1). The steady-state charge has the
form yp = A cos t + B sin t. Substituting into the differential equation we find
(3A + 2B) cost -I- (35 - 2.4) sin i = 50 cost.
Thus, A= 150/13 and B= 100/13. The steady-state charge is
Qp(t)
, ,
=
150
-
jg- cos f +
100 .
sin t
and the steady-state current is
*j>( ( ) = -
rT
150 100
smi + cost.
sini+
T3
.
10. From
and Z= \ZX*TW we see that the amplitude of ip(t) is
V z* z aV z
11. The differential equation is ^g" + 20g' + 1000g = 100 sin f. To use Example 3 in the text we identify
Eo = 100 and 7 = 60. Then
X = L 7 -1 ^(60) -5^" 13.3333,
Z= yjx? + = /Y2 + 400 w 24.0370,
and
144
Exercises 5.4
From Problem 10, then

i
p
(t)f 4.1603(60* + 0)
where sin$ = -XjZ and cos< = RjZ. Thus tan0 = -X/Rk -0.6667 and is a fourth quadrant
angle. Now <j> s=b -0.5880 and
i
p (t)
4.1603(60* - 0.5880).
12. Solving \q" + 20^ + 1000? = we obtain ^(f) = (a cos40t + c 2 sin40i). The steady-state charge
has the form qp (t) = ,4 sin 60* + B cos 60* + Csin40* + D cos 40*. Substituting into the differential
equation we find
{- 1600,4 - 2400B) sin 60( + {2400A - 16005) cos 60f
+ (400C - 160OD) sin 40* + (1600C + 400Z?) cos 40*

= 200 sin 60* + 400 cos 40*.
Equating coefficients we obtain A= -1/26, B= -3/52, C= 4/17, and D= 1/17- The steady-
state charge is
qp (t)
13
= -sin 60*- cos60* + 4
OCi 1 I
sin 40* + cos 40*
1
1 I
and the steady-state current is
i
p (t) = -^cos60* + ^sin60* +
Id IJ
^ if
cos 40* - ^
Li
sin 40*.
13. Solving \q" + 10^ + 100g = 150 we obtain q(t) = e- 10t (ci cos 10* + c2 sin 10*) + 3/2. The initial
conditions q(0) 1 and q'(0] = imply c\ = q = -1/2. Thus
q{t) = -i e -' ot (cos 10* + sin 10*) + \
As * -+ oo, q(t) - 3/2.
14. By Problem 10 the amplitude of the steady-state current is Eo/Z, where Z = y/X 2 + R2 and
X = L*i I/C7. Since Eq is constant the amplitude will be a maximum when Z is a minimum.
SinceR constant, Z will be a minimum when X =
is 0. Solving 7 I/C7 = for 7 we obtain
7 = \j-jLC The maximum amplitude will be Eo/R-
.
15. By Problem 10 the amplitude of the steady-state current is Eq/Z, where Z = \/X 2 + R 2 and
X ~ Ly l/Cy. Since Eq is constant the amplitude will be a maximum when Z is a minimum.
Since R is constant, Z will be a minimum when X 0. Solving L7 I/C7 = for C we obtain
C= l/i7 2 .
145
Exercises 5.4
16. Solving O.lq" + lOq = 100sin7t we obtain q{t) = c\ cos lOt + c2 sin lOt- + qp (t) where
qp (t) = A&inyt + Bcosft. Substituting gp (t) into the differential equation we find
(100-7 Z )^sm7( + (100 -7 2 )Scos7t = 100sin7(.
Equating coefficients we obtain A= 100/(100 -f 2 ) and B = 0. Thus, qp {t) =

^j -
3 sin?*. The
initial conditions q(0) = q
1
(0) ~ imply c\ and C2 = 107/(100 7 2 ). The charge is
1"
q(t) - (
1 Q sill ^-7sin Wt)
10Q 72
and the current is
i(t)=
1 ^ ^ 2
(cos 7 t-cosl0t).
17. FVom Example 1 in the text we see that q{t) = cicos (t/\fLC) +qP {t) where
qp (t) = ,4sin7( + Bcos7t. Substituting gp (t) into the differential equation we find
7 5 vlsin7i + 7^ B cos ft = Eacosft.

^
Equating coefficients we obtain A= and 5= EqC/(1 LC7 2 Thus, the charge is
^
).
1 1 EqC
,(*) - e, cos * + c2 sin i + cos
The initial conditions q{0) = 90 and g'(0) = io imply ci ~ qa EqC/{\ LCy 2 ) and C2 = iij^/LC
The current is
.^v
i(f
1 )
'
= VLC
^= ci
sin
VLC
,
1
1
.
H VIC
,
c2
==cos j==
VW
1 ,
i
1
EoCt
,
- LCf 2
.
sin 71.
'
1 1 / bC \ . 1 EoCf .
t
18. When the circuit is in resonance the form of qp (t) is qp (t) At cos kt + Bt sin kt where k = \js/LC
Substituting qp {t) into the differential equation we find
q
1
'
+ k 2 q = -2kA$mkt + 2kB cos kt = ^cosfct.
Equating coefficients we obtain A and 5= EdjlkL. The charge is
q{t) = ci cos fct + C2 sin fct + ( sin

2k ij
The initial conditions g(0) = qo and ^(0) = io imply ci = g and cj = io/fc. The current is
i(t) = ciks'mkt + 02k cos kt + (&cos fcf + sinfci)
- <7o* j sin &t + io cos fct + I cos kt.
146
19. Prom 0" + 160 = 0, 8(0) = 1/2, and fl'(0) = 2^3 we obtain
9 \ cos4f + -^sin4t = sin (^t + V

2 2 \ 6/
The amplitude is 1, period is tt/2, and frequency is 2tt.
20. U6 = 0then4t+7r/6 = nn or t = j(njr-ir/6) for n= 1, 2, 3, ... . If ^= then 4*+tt/6 = x/2+nn

or f = |(?r/3 + mr) for n = 0, 1, 2, ... .
1. 8 ft., since k = 4.
2. 2tt/5, since \x" + 6.25x = 0.
3. 5/4 m., since x = cos4( + |sin4f.
4. True
5. False; since an external force may exist.
6. False
7. overdamped
8. -tt/4
9. 9/2, since x = c\ cos </2k t + C2 sin \/2fc t.
10. (a) Solving fx" + 6x = subject to x(0) = 1 and x'(0) = -4 we obtain
x cos4i sin4i = \Z2sin (At + 3tt/4) .
(b) The amplitude is \/2, period is tt/2, and frequency is 2/ir.
(c) If x = 1 then i = rnr/2 and t = -tt/8 + w/2 for n = 1, 2, 3,
(d) If x = then i = tt/16 + nn/4 for n = 0, 1, 2, The motion is upward for n even and
downward for n odd.
(e) x'{3tt/16) =
(f) If x' = + 3ir/4 = 7r/2 + titt or i = 3tt/16 + nn.
then 4f
11. From \x" + \x' + 2x = 0, x(0) = 1/3, and x'(0) - Owe obtain x = |e _2t - e _4t .
12. From x" + x' 4- 64x = we see that oscillatory motion results if 2 - 256 < or < \0\ < 16.
13. From mx" + 4x' + 2x = we see that non-oscillatory motion results if 16 8m. > or < m < 2.
14. From \x" + x' + x = 0, x(0) = 4, and x'(0) = 2 we obtain x = 4e _2t + 10fe _2( If x'(t) = 0, then .
i = 1/10, so that the maximum displacement is x = 5e

-0.2 ^
4 094
15. Writing gi" + = cos yt + sin 7* in the form x" + ^x = 8 cos 7* + 8 sin yt we identify A = and
w = 64/3. From Example
2
4 in Section 5.3 we see that the system is in a state of pure resonance
when7 = \/6473 = 8/\/3.
16. Clearly xp = A/u 2 suffices.
_!
17. From lx" + x? + 3x = e ,
x(0) = 2, and x'(O) = we obtain x c = e~ 41 (c\ cos 2\/2t + 2 8^2^2*),
-
xp jê ', and
x = e ~ cos 2^ t + ^ sin 2v^t) + ê~ l

.
18. (a) Let k be the effective spring constant and x\ and 22 the elongation of springs k\ and fcj- The
restoring forces satisfy k\x\ = ^2x2 so xa = {k\[ki)x\. From k{x\ + X2) = k\x\ we have
k ^xi + ~j^
x zj =
fcl *2
k =
1
_ J_ J_
(b) From fci - 2W and 3 = 4W we find 1/Jfc = I/2W+1/4W - Z/4W. Then k = 4W/Z = 4mg/$.
The differential equation mx" + kx = + (4g/3)x = 0. The solution
then becomes x" is
x(t) = ci cos ( + C2 sin 2^|t.
The initial conditions x(0) = 1 and x'(0) = 2/3 imply c\ = 1 and C2 = lfyfig.
(c) To compute the maximum speed of the weight we compute
i , (0-2y|aln2^|( + |coB2^t and |a/(t)| = ^4+| = \\l*9 + i-
19. From 9" + 104 ? = 100sin50t, g(0) = 0, and g/(t) = we obtain qc = cjcoslOOt + C2 8inl00t,
qp = y% sin 50f , and
(a) 9= sin lOOt + ^ sin 50t,

(b) i= -|cosl00t + cos50t, and
(c) g = when sin50t(l - cos50t) = or t = jmt/50 for 71 = 0, 1, 2, ... .
20. Differentiate L + R ~ + ~g = i?(t) and use ^{t) i(t) to obtain the desired result.
dt 2, dt
148
.
6 Differential Equations with

Variable Coefficients
Exercises 6.1
1. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - m 2 = {m + l)(m - 2) = so that y = c\x 1

+ C2X 2 .
2. The auxiliary equation is 4m Am +

2
1 = (2m l)
2
= so that y = cix
1 '' 2
+ cax 1 '' 2
In 1.
3. The auxiliary equation is m =

2
so that y = c\ + c 2 lnx.
4. The auxiliary equation is m 2 2m m(m 2) = so that y = cj + C2X 2
.
5. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 4 = so that y c\ cos(21nx) + 02 sin(21nx).

6. The auxiliary equation is m s + 4m + 3 = (m + l)(m + 3) = so that y c\x~ l + cax~ 3 .
7. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 4m - 2 = so that y = cjx

2 "^ + c2 x 2+ A
8. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2m - 4 = so that y = c\x~
1+ly
^ 4- c 2 x~
1 "^,
9. The auxiliary equation is 25m 2 + 1 = so that y c\ cos (| In x) + C2 (5 In x)
10. The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 1 = (2m l)(2m + 1) = so that y = c^x 1 / 2 + C2X~ 1 ^2

.
11. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + Am + 4 {m + 2) 2 so that y = cix~ 2 + c 2 x~ 2 lnx.

12. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 7m + 6 = (m + l)(m + 6) = so that y = cix -1 + C2i~ 6 .
13. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 2m + 2 = so that = x cos(lnx) + casinflnx)]. Ji [ci
14. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 8m + 41 = so that y = x4 [ci cos(51nx) + ca sin (5 lux)].

15. The auxiliary equation is 3m 2 + 3m + 1 = so that y = x~ 1,/2 |ci cos lnx) -f c^sin lnx)].
16. The auxiliary equation is 2m 2 - m+1 = so that y = x 1 ^4 [ci cos (-^lnx) + qjsin (-^lnx)].
17. Assuming that y = x"1 and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
m(m - l)(m - 2) - 6 = m 3 - 3m s + 2m - 6 - (m - 3)(m 2 + 2) = 0.
Thus
(\/21nx) +c 3 sin(\/21nx) .
18. Assuming that y = x m and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
m(m - l)(m - 2) +m- 1 = ro

3
- 3m 2 + 3m - 1 = (m - l)
3
= 0.
Exercises 6.
Thus
y = c\x + C2x\nx + C3i(lnx) 2 .
19. Assuming that y xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
m(m - l)(m - 2) - 2m(m - 1) - 2m + 8 = m 3 2

- 5m + 2m + 8 = (m + l)(m - 2)(m - 4} = 0.
Thus
-1
y = cix + C2X 2 + C3X 4 .
20. Assuming that y = xm and substituting into the differential equation we obtain
m(m - l)(m - 2) - 2m(m - 1) + 4m - 4 = m 3 - 5m 2 + 8m - 4 = (m - l){m - 2)

2
= 0.
Thus
y = c\x + C2X 2 + C3X 2 In x.
m(m- l)(m- 2){m- 3} + 6m(m - l)(m- 2) ^ m* - 7m 2 + 6m = m(m - l)(m- 2)(m + 3) = 0.
Thus
J/
= Cl + C2l + C3X 2 + C4X 3
.
"
m(m-l)(m-2)(m-3)+6m(m-l)(m-2) + 9m(m-l) + 3m+l = m 4 +2m 2 +l = (m 2 + l) 2 = 0.
Thus
y = c\ cosfln x) + C2 sin(ln x) + C3 In a: cos(m x) + C4 In x sin(lnx).
23. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 2m = m(m + 2) = 0, so that
y = ci 4- C2%~ 2 and y' 2cix~ z .

C! + c2 =
-2c 2 = 4.
-2
Thus, ci = 2, C2 = -2, and y = 2 - 2x .

6m + 8 = (m 2)(m 4) = 0, so that
y = cix
2
+ C2X i
and y' = 2c\X + 4c2
3
.
4ci + 16c 2 = 32
4ci + 32c2 = 0.
150
Exercises 6.
Thus, ci = 16, c 2 = -2, and y = l&x 1 - 2x A .
25. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so that
y = C!COs(lni) + C2Sin(lna:) and y' = -ci-sm(lni) + C2- cos(lni).

X X
The initial conditions imply c\ = 1 and C2 = 2. Thus y cos(lni) + 2sin(tna;).
- 4m + 4 = (m - 2)
2
= 0, so that
y = cix
2
+ C2X 2 lnx and y
1
= 2c\x + C2(x + 2x\nx).
The initial conditions imply c\ = 5 and C2 + 10 = 3. Thus y = 5x 2 - 7x 2 ln;z.
In the next two problems we use the substitution t = x since the initial conditions are on the interval
(-oo,0). Then
dy dy dx dy
dt dx dt dx
and
[y) '
dt 2 dt\dt) dt\ dx) dt dx dt dx 2 dt dx 2
27. The differential equation and initial conditions become
2
4( ^f + = 0; t, y(t)
[=1
= 2, y'lt)
[=1
= -4.
The auxiliary equation is 4m 2 4m + 1 = (2m l)

2
= 0, so that
y-citW + C2t 1/2 lnt and y' = \c x t'^ + c 2 (t^ 2 + \t~întj .
The initial conditions imply c\ = 2 and 1 + C2 = 4. Thus

a
y = 2t -KÎni = 2(-x} 1 '2 - 5(-x)V 2 ln(-x), * < 0.
28. The differential equation and initial conditions become
_. ___,__ Uj tfw S, y'(t) = 0.

t=2
The auxiliary equation is m 2 5m + 6 = (m 2)(m 3) = 0, so that
2 3
y = c\t + C2t and y' = 2cit + 3c2f 2 .

Ar, -\- Rm 8
1
Exercises 6.
from which we find c\ = 6 and c<i 2, Thus
y = 6t
2
- 2t
3
= 6x 2 + 2x 3 , a: < 0.
29. The auxiliary equation is m2 so that yc = c\ + ci In x and

1 In a: 1
W(l,lnjs) =
1/x
Identifying /(x) = 1 we obtain u'j = xlnx and u 2 = x. Then ui = jx 2 ^x 2 lnx, 1x2 = 3X 2 and,
y c\ + C2lnx + ^x 2 ^x 2 lnx + ^x 2 lnx = c\ + C2lnx + ^x 2 .
30. The auxiliary equation is m a 5m m(m 5) = so that yc c\ + C2X 5 and

&
1 x
= 5x 4 .
5x 4
Identifying /{x) = x 3 we obtain Uj = 5X 4 and u'2 = l/5x. Then u\ 2 = 5 lux, and
y = c\ + C2X 5 x s + 7X S inx = ci + C3X 5 + ^x 5 lnx.

25 5 5
31. The auxiliary equation is 2m 2 + 3m + 1 = (2m + l)(m + 1) = so that yc = c\x~ l 4- C2X~*/ 2 and
2
x" 1 x-'/
W(x-\x-V 2 = )
-3/2
, x -2 _J r
= = x 2 and u 2 x3 ^ 2 I '^2 Then ui = jx 2 jx 3
Identifying f(x) ; S we ol5ta^ n u 'i
~~ -
,
j/ = cix
1
+ c 2 x -V2 + I T - It 2 + \x 2 -\x = cix""
1
+ cax-W - \x + ^-x 2 .
I 5 6 15
32. The auxiliary equation is m 2 3m + 2 = (m l)(m 2) = so that yc c\x + C2X 2 and

x x'
lV(x,x 2 } = = x2 .
1 2x
Identifying /(x) = x 2 e T we obtain u\ x 2 e x and xe x . Then uj = xê? + 2xe x 2e

x
,
112 xeX eX <
y = cix + c 2 x 2 - x3 e x + 2x 2 e x - 2xe x + x3ex - x2 ex
= c\x + c2 x2 + x 2 ex - 2xe
x
.
33. The auxiliary equation is to 2 2m + 1 = (m l)

2
= so that y c = cjx + C2ilnx and
x xlnx
W(x,xlnx) -
1 1 + In x
152
Exercises 6.
Identifying f(x) 2/x we obtain u[ = -2lax/x and u'2 = 2/x. Then m = -(lni) 2 , 112 = 2\nx,
and
y = c\x + C2x\nx x(lnz)
2
+ 2x(lna;)
2
= c\x + C2x\vlx + x{lnx) 2 .
34. The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 3m + 2 = (ro - l)(m - 2) = so that y c = c\x + c^x 2 and
.2
X X'
= x
2
.
1 2z
Identifying f(x) = xinx we obtain u[ = zlnr and u 2 = Ins. Then i/j = |x 2 ji 2 lni,
U2 x\nx x, and
y = cix + C2^ 2 +
11
-rx
*4
3
- -x 3 lna: + x 3 lnx - x 3 = cja:
3
+ cix 2 - -x 3 + -x 3 \nx.
*
1
.
1
In Problems 35-40 we use the following results derived in Example 6 in the text: When x = e* or
i = lnz,
dx~ x dt dx 2 x2 dt 2 dt
35. Subsituting into the differential equation we obtain
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 9 + 8 = (m + l)(m + 8) = so that yc = cie

-t
+ C2e~ 8t . Using
undetermined coefficients we try yp = Ae 2t
. This leads to 30Ae 2t
= e
2(
,
so that A= 1/30 and
y = cje"
1
+ c2 e- 8( + ^-e 21 = c^" + C2X~ S + -^z 2 1
.
The auxiliary equation is m 2 - 5m + 6 = (m - 2)(m - 3) = so that yc = cje

21
+ C2e
3t
. Using
undetermined coefficients we try yp = At + B. This leads to (-5.4 + QB) + 6At = 2f, so that
,4 = 1/3, B= 5/18, and
y = cje"" + c 2 e Jt + -(+
J
= ci^ +
1(5
c 2 :r
J
+ - lnx
O
+
18
1
Exercises 6.
37. Subsituting into the differentia! equation we obtain
The auxiliary equation is m 2 4m+13 = so that yc = 2

e '(ci cos3f+c2sin3i). Using undetermined
coefficients we try yp = A + Be l
. This leads to lZA + lOBe = 4 + 3e',
1
so that A= 4/13, B = 3/10,
and
y = e
zi
(ci cos 3t + C2 sin 3t) 4- + e'
= x2 [ci cos(3 In x) + C2 sin(31nx)j + + ^-x.

io 1U
The auxiliary equation 2m 2 5m 3 = (2m + l)(m 3) = so that yc cie - '/ 2 + C2e 3t Using
is .
undetermined coefficients we try yp = A+B^+Ce 21 This leads to -3A-6Be -5Ce 2t = l+2e'+e 2t .

t
,
so that A = -1/3, B - -1/3, C = -1/5, and
y = c\e~
t/2
+ c2 e3 - '
ê* - \e 2i = c\x~
1 ^2
+ c 2 x 3 -\x- ^x 2 .
The auxiliary equation is m 2 + 8m 20 = {m + 10)(m 2) = so that yc = c\e~ iat + cê 24 Using

.
= that A = -1/7
st st
undetermined coefficients we try yp = Ae~ . This leads to -35Ae~ 5e~ 31
, so
and
y = Ci e~
m+ c2e
2t
- \e~ 5t = ax' 10 + c2 x 2 - x~ 3 .
40. From
dx 2 x2 l dt 2 dt
154
Exercises 6.
it follows that
dx 3 x 2 dx [dt 2 dt j x* \dt 2 dt
~ +
x2 dx\ dt 2 J x 2 dx [ dt J dt 2 x3 dt
x2 dt 3 \x) x 2 dt 2 \x) x3 dt
2
x 3 dt
x 3 \dt 3 dt 2 dt)'

3
d y d2y dy fd^y dy\ dy
or
d3 y f.tPy ... dy
The auxiliary equation is m 3 -6m 2 +llm-6 = (m-l)(m-2)(m-3) = = c\e +C2e 2t +

so that yc
t
c$e 3t . Using undetermined coefficients we try yp = A + Bt. This leads to {HB-6A)-6Bt = 3+3t,
so that A= -17/12, B- -1/2, and
- -t = cix + c^x* + c%7? - - -

17 17
+ c 2 e' + c3 e M -
I T* 9* 1 > 9 1
y = cie*
!t ,
In a:.

+ m = m(m + 1) = so that u(r) = cir
-1
+ C2- The boundary
conditions u(a) = uq and u(b) = m yield the system Cia~ i
+C2 = uq, cib"
1
+C2 = i- Solving gives
u\b
= /iio-ui\
uqo.
ci ab
,
and
.
c2 =
\ b a } o a
Ziifl i \ ^H u ib - oo

= ~
, ,
Thus u(r) ~Tb-a

\ J t b-a
ii
42. The auxiliary equation is m2 so that u(r) = ci +C2lnr. The boundary conditions u(a) = uo
and u(b) ui yield the system c\ + C2 In a = uo, c\ + C2 In 6 = u\. Solving gives
u\ In a uq In 6 , tto u\
Cl = and C2=
ln( a /&) M^}'
- Ul lnq -"0 lnfc -"l _ oIo(r/6)-ui ln(r/q)
Th
hUSB M
U{r}
~ +, "o
111
_
~ "
ln(a/6) MVfe) tafc/fr)
1
Exercises 6.
43. Letting iî-lwe obtain

dy dy
=
dx dt
and
2
d y _ d dy _ d?y dt _ d?y
dx 2 dx dt dt 2 dx dt 2
The auxiliary equation is m 2 3m 4 = (m 4)(m + 1) = so that
4
y = cii
4
+ c 2 f-' = d(x - I) + c2 {x - l)"
1
.
44. Letting t = 3x +4 we obtain
^-^ - s
dx dt dx dt
and
dx 2 dx\ dt 2 dx dt 2
'
dt
air dt
The auxiliary equation is 9m + 21m + 9 =

2
3 (3m 2 + 7m + 3) = so that
_ cl(
(-T+^)/6 + ^((-7-^1/6
y
= ci(3x + 4)<- 7+ ^>/ 6 + c2 (3x + 4)(- 7+ ^>/ 6 .
45. Letting i = i + 2we obtain

dy _ dy
dx dt
and
l2 -
~
(d}L\ - d2y
dx \dt )
~ dx
-
~
d2y
dt 2
dt
dt 2
dx '
The auxiliary equation is m2 + = 1 so that
y = c\ cos(in t) + ci sin(ln () = a cos [ln(i + 2)] + a sin [ln(x
156
^
Exercises 6.2
Exercises 6.2
x n+1 /{n + 1)
1. lim = lim = lim
ntoo On ntoo c"/Vi
CO
The aeries is absolutely convergent on (-1,1). At z = 1, the series ^ -n
n=l
j
is the harmonic series
00
which diverges. At x = 1, the series ^ (1)" converges by the alternating series test. Thus, the
given series converges on (1, 1].
On+1 z n+1 /(n+l) 2

2. lim = lim = lim X = J
ntoo 74t OO
The series is absolutely convergent on {1, 1). At x = 1, the series

00

( 1}"
converges by the
alternating series test. At x = 1, the series -5 is a convergent p-series. Thus, the given series
rt=l
converges on [1, 1].
2 n+l x n+l /(n+ 2n

3. Urn pl = nlim 1)
iim 111 = 21*1
too 2"l n /7l
00
(11*
The series is absolutely convergent for 2\x\ < 1 or |x| < 1/2. At x 1/2, the series ^
fc=l
fc
00
j
converges by the alternating series test. At 1 = 1/2, the series ^
fc=i
is the harmonic series which
diverges. Thus, the given series converges on [-1/2, 1/2).
On+1 5n+1 i" +1 /(n + l)!

4. lim = lim Iim \x\ =
ntoo On ntoo 5 n z n /n! "-co n+l
The series is absolutely convergent on (-00, 00).
On+1 (x-3) n+1 /(n + l)

3
5. lim = lim = Urn f-^-l |i-3| = |x-3|
rttoo
On ntoo (a: - 3)V3
The series is absolutely convergent for |x 3| < 1 or on (2,4). At x = 2, the series n

n=l
-
00
converges by the alternating series test. At x = 4, the series ~j
' s a convergent p-series. Thus,
ti=i
the given series converges on [2, 4].
Exercises 6.2
On+1 (x + 7)" +1
/Vn+T = n
6. 11m = lim lim |3 + 7| = |x + 7|
n-oo On rc*oo (x + 7)"V" n oc V n + 1
The series is absolutely convergent for \x + 7| < 1 or on (8, 6). At x = 8, the series
00
V"
(-1)"
jL-
OO
j
converges by the alternating series test. At x 6, the series ^2 = is a divergent p-series. Thus,
the given series converges on [8, 6).
- 5)" +1 /10n+1
7. lim
ntoo
On+1
lim
n-oo
(x
-
lim
n-ooio
|x 5| = |x - 51
5)"/ 10" 10'
1 1 '
On (2
The series is absolutely convergent for |x 5| < 1, \x 5] < 10, or on {5, 15). At x = 5, the
^ (_ ^
00 k 00
=
l) ( 10)*
( l)*10 fc
series - = ^ 1 diverges by the n-th term test. At x = 15, the series -j
^(1)* diverges by the n-th term test. Thus, the series converges on (5, 15).
it=i
+ l)(x-4)" +1 /{rc + 2
(n+l)(n + 2
8. lim
n+l
On
= lim
n>oo
(n
n(i-4)/(n + 2) 2
3)
= hm ..
x(n
,
+
,,
3)
2
2)
111
,
-4 = i-4
x 1
^7
00
(-l) fc k
The series is absolutely convergent for \x 4| < 1 or on (3,5). At x 3, the series -r^
00
converges by the alternating series test. At x = 5, the series ^ fc
diverges by the limit
comparison test with ^ . Thus, the series converges on [3,5).
n+1 x n+1
On+1

(n + l)!2
= n =
9. lim lim lim 2<n + 1)1x1 00, 1 #
noo n'oo n\2 n x n
1 ' 1 1
too
On
The series converges only at x = 0.
fln+1 nx" +1 /{n + l)

2 <"+ 1 >
nn In
10. lim = lim lim
"OO ntoo - l)i n /n 2 " (n-l)(n + l) 2+ 2
'
Ti
On (n
2n
= lira x| lim
"-(n-l)(n+l) 2 Vti + I/
1 1
(u-l)(/i+l) 2
(^)T
= lim Ixl = -Ax\ =
n^(-l){ n+ l)2 [(l + l/ n )n]2
158
"
Exercises 6.2
The series is convergent on (-00, 00).
11. e
,
*
S1 nx=|l + x +y +
, x1 x3x
T -+ +
4
...j
\ (
-
X3
x
-7T
6
+
+ "

X5
x
120
"
\
+
,
+ _
x3 x5
3 4
X2 X4
T 5? . =!-, + ___ +
2 3 4
12. e
X
-=|l-x + T - X + X -.... \ /
l-
\
+
X X
_...) ...
T s z
x3 x5 x7 W X2
x
+ Xx24
4
X6
x \ 2x3 2x 5 4x 7
, w
13. sinxcosx
.

,
x
g
h
-r
12Q 504Q
h
-r
^ 1
2
H
720
h
^
x
3
1
15 315
1--
^ / , ^ *3 W X2
x X3
x X4
x \ 3x 2 4x 3 4
15. x- + - + V =z*-
3 5
2x
+
23x
45
X'
7
7
/
,
3
4 6

44x 8
105
+
_
16. 1-
x
2
x
+-
3
a 4
xe
4
r + '--
\
/
2
,
= l-x 2 +
llx 4
12
2x 6
+
3
Î= ^
x3 x5 x7
X
6+ + '
^ + 2* 5
I?* 7
17 tan = 120 5040 =x , ,
+ +
'
cosx
+
x^xjT+ '
3 15 315
2 24 720 "
~2 ~3 T4 5 _6
18. e* + e- = (l ++
T T s + + + ^+^+ .
x2 z3 x5 x6
-b [
1
1 X 4 1 ~
2 6 24 120 '
720
o 2 X4 X6
1 1 i2 5x 4 61x 6
+
ex + e- x 4 6
x x 2 4 48 1440
1
19- ~ + + '"
x2 x4 x6 2 12 24
1
-T + T"T + -
2 x4 x6
"
Exercises 6.2
= dx =4- ln|d = x + c => y = c\e~ x .
Substituting y = Lo CnX n into the differential equation leads to
y' + V=J2
oo
n=l
W 1 "1
+
oo
CnX" -
=0
^
oo
fc=0
+ l)ck+l x
k
+
oo
A:=0
CfeX*
oo
= [(* +
ft=0
l)Cfc+l +C fc ]x
fc
= 0.
it=n 1 kn
Thus {k + l)cjt + i + Cft = and ck +i = for Ar = 0, 1, 2, Iterating we find

k
,
+ 1 r>
Cl - -Q>
1 1
C2 - ~2 C1 =
C3 = "31 C2 = 1
1 1
Ci = - c3 =
5 24*
and so on. Therefore
y = co - cqx + 1
I
1
-cqx - -cox 3
2 i
6
1
+ ^cqx*4
24
= cq l
~ x+
1
2
x
Q
~r
1 ,
+
1
2i
x
4
= 2dx =^> ln|j/| = 2x +c = 3

cie *.
1/
= EL n
Substituting y CnX into the differential equation leads to
t/-2y='
n-l
* 2 cx" =
n=0 fc=0
(* + !)<*+!** ~ 2
k=Q
ck x
k
fc=n-l k=n
= f;[(fc + l)cfc+1 -2c fc ]x'

t
= 0.
*=0
160

Exercises 6.2
Thus {k + l)c fc+1 - 2ck = and Ck+\ = T~T7 ch> for = 0, 1, 2, Iterating we find
ci = 2co
C2 = = 2
c3 = c2 = -co

2 16
= 4
C3
= 24
y = co + 2cqx + -cox* +
2
-cox"
6
+
44
cox* +
= co [l + 2x + ^(2x)
2 l
+ -{2xf + -^(2x) 4 + --]= o i(2*) = ^ 2l
-
= x ax lnjj/| = ^
3
3
+c
1/
Substituting i/ = EJJLo cn
3,n
' nto tne differential equation leads to
oo 00 oo oo
j/ - x 2 y= E - E ^" +2 = E + 3)c t+3 x i+2 - E cfcx^ 3
fc=n-3 *=n
= ci + 2c 2 x + [(* + 3)c* +3 - c^*" 2 = 1

"
0.
Thus ci = C2 = 0, (fc + 3)c,fc + 3 Cj; = and -Cf., for k = 0, 1, 2, Iterating we find
C3 = 3~C0
C4 = C5 =
1 1 1
c7 = eg =
Exercises 6.2
V = co +
1
J
jcox +,
^
1 * 6
pCoZ" + 1 1
-^CQX 9 +
2
x3 1 /x 3 \ 1 fx 3 \
= + + + 2~3 +
1
T T
'
e-o
2 (t '
^- = -x 3 dx => ln\y\ = ~x 4
+ c => y = ce" 1 ^4 .
y 4
Substituting y = Y.=o n
xn ' nto tne differential equation leads to
OO QO CO 00
*/ + xHy =
n=l
nc^"" + 1
c^
n=0
3
=
fc=-3
(* + 4)c* +4 x* +3 -
it=0
ck x
k+3
= ci + 2c2 x + 3C3X 2 +[(* + 4)cfc+4 + c fc jx

fc+2
= 0.
it=D
Thus ci = C2 = C3 = 0, (k + 4)c k +4 + ct = and c*+4 = ~ c fe' & = 0, 1, 2, Iter)

fc ^4
find
1
C4 = --CO
C5 = C6 = C7 =
1 1 1
c
8 = -8 C * = 2-4^
Cg = Cio = Cn =
Cl2 = = -_._<:
1 t 1 1 s 1 1 12
4 i/4\2 , / 3
= +
CO 1
~T 2V4 2 3 V 4

dy _ dx
In = In |1 x\ +c =
-x |y| y
y 1 l-x'
162
Exercises 6.2
Substituting y = J^L cn xn into the differential equation leads to
oo oo oc
(1 - x)y' -y=" nenX*-
n 1
1
_
~ E
n=l
~ EW
n=0
n
*=u-l kn kn
00 oo oo
= (* + lJOfc+lZ* " fcCfcX* - cti*
OO
= ci -^+ EP+ iJpfc+i - (* + - o-
Thus ci-co = 0, (ft + l)c*+i - (* + l)cjt =
and a = co
Cjfc+i = c fc , A = 1,2,3
Iterating we find
ci = co,
>; = Cl = Co
C3 = c2 = Co
y = co + cox + cox 2 + cqx 3 + = co [l + x + z2 + 3

+
]
= co E = 7^-
y - T-7d
x
x
i ~\~
=> In|tf| = 21n|l+a:| + c => y = ci(l + z) 3 .
Substituting y = Eô c^x" into the differential equation leads to
(1 + x)y' - 2y = E
OO
n=l
tkwe"- 1
^
+ E
CO
n=l
- 2
oo

fi=0
^
Jc=rc 1 k=n kn
oo oo oo
- E(* +
fc=o
l)c fc+1 s* + E ***** - E
jfc=l
2
jfc=0
= C! ~ 2co + K* + l>*+i + - 2)c*)s* = 0.

Exercises 6.2
Then
ci - 2co =
{k + l)ck+1 + (k-2)c k =
and ci 2co
k 2
Cjfc+i = - jT^J c *> ft = 1, 2, 3, ... .
Iterating we find
ci = 2co
cA = 0c 2 =
c4 =
= co + 2coi + coi 2 = co (l + 2z + x2 ) = cq(1 + 1) 2 .
27. The auxiliary equation is m 2 + = 0, so y c\ cos X + C2 sin .

1 Substituting y ^
n=0
c3:
n int
differential equation leads to
oa oo oo oo
n=2 n=0 (
k=0 k=0
k=n-2 k=n
oo
= O* +
fc=0
2 )(* + l ) Ck+2
k
+ Ck\x = 0.
Thus (k + 2}(fc + l)cfc +2 +c - fc
and Cfc+2 = ___i__ Cic , fc = ,l,2,.
164
Exercises 6.2
Iterating we find
1
C2 = Co
2 _
1
C3 C
3-2 i
1 1
a= 4-3
C2 ~ 4-3- 2^
1 1
fc5
L <=1
5-4.3.2
1
C6 = =
-eV 4
-ei*
1 1
c7 -
"7^ C5 =
1 2 1 , 1 1 ,
!/ = CQ + ClX - -cox - cix J + ^ cox 4
= CO + C1
1 1 Is
=coc OS * + Cie n *.
-**i;
o
-(agr + iE (2n + 1)
,
i
28. The auxiliary equation is m2 1 = 0, so y = cje 1 + C2e s . Substituting y = ^2 Cn 1" ' nto tne
differential equation ieads to
CO 00 00
n=2 n=0 k=0 k=0

fc=n
k
= [<* + 2){fc + l)Cfc+2 " ck \x = 0.
fc=0
Thus {* + 2)(* + l)* +2 -cfc = 0, * = 0, 1, 2,

Exercises 6.2
Iterating, we find
CO 1
ci 1
C2 1
C3 1
Ci i
-
1
Cy = = Cl '
7-6 7-6-5-4-3-2
and so on. Therefore,
2
y = co + c\x + C2X + C31
3
+ . .
= co + c lX + \cox
2
+ ^x + ^cox + ^^J^* + 3 4 5
. . .
r 1 2
1 4 1 r 1 i 1 1
co
S
2 1
= + Cl x2n+1 = + Cl 9inh x
* 5 00 C03h 1
29. The auxiliary equation is m 2 m = m(m 1) = 0, so y = ci + C2C 1 , Substituting 3/ = Cn^"

into the differential equation leads to
y" - v' = E
n=2
00
n(n - iKx- 2 -
00

n=l
W 1 -1
00 00
= <* + 2)(* + l)c fc+2 z* - (* + l)c fe+1 x fc
= [(* + 2)(* + l)c* +2 - (fc + l)cfc+1 ]z

fc
= 0.
it=0
Thus (k + 2)(k + l}c M ~{k + l)c k+i =
166
Exercises 6.2
and c*+2 = cfc+i, * = 0,1,2

(k + 2)
Iterating we find
1
C2 = C1
2
1 1
C3 - C2 =
3 3-2
1 1
C4 = C3 = Cl
i 5i
1 2 1 t 1 4
1/ = co + c\x + -ctx* + gj-cia: + jjCi^ +
cq = Co + ci
1 1
-C + ci l + x + -x 2i + -x 3i + -x-'
1 4
+ .
0. The auxiliary equation is 2m 2 + m = m(2m + 1) = 0, so y = ci + cue x^2

. Substituting
V nô CnI int0 tne differential equation leads to
2y" + y' - 2 n(n - lW" + n=l

n=2
nc^xn-1 2
= k
2 {ft + 2)(fc + l)cfc+2 T
fc
+ ) (Jfc + \)ck+i x
*=0 k=Q
=
Jb=o
(2(fc + 2){fe + l)cfc+2 + (t + l)c i+I ]x
fc
= 0.
Thus 2(k + 2)(k + l)ck+2 + {k + l)ct + i =

1
and Ck+2 =- Cfc + i, k = 0,1,2,.
2{k + 2)
Iterating we find
1 1
C2 = C1
"2 2
1 1 1
C3 =
"2 C2 = Cl
3 22 3-2
1 1 1
C4 - ~--c 3 =
1
C1
2^4!
2
Exercises 6.2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
Co = Co 2ci
ci = -iCi
1 1 1 1
= C + Ci - -Cii + - - -CiaT - -Cix 3 +
2 '
2 2 2 222 3!
= Co + Ci
x 1 /xv2
/x\ 1 /x\ J3
l
-2 + 2U) -3iU) +
= ^^ | ^(|)" = c + | I(^)^c + c
l
o
Cl
o
1(
-2/2
Exercises 6.3
1. Substituting y = E^Lo Cn^" i nto the differential equation we have
j," - ^^ OO
n=Z
n(n - l)^" 2 - cx^
f
CO
n=0
1
=
oo
$> + 2)(* + l)<*+3** ~

fc=0
oo
Jt=l
c *-
k=n-2 fc=n+l
oo
= 2c 2 +E \{k + 2){k + l)c k+2 - c^Jx* = 0.
it=l
Thus
c2 =
(fc + 2)(* + l)c fc+a -c _i=0
fc
and ct+2 = __l_ ^ fc = 1 , 2 ,3,....
Choosing co = 1 and c\ = we find

I
C3 =6
C4 = C5 =
C8 =
Tio
168
Exercises 6.3
and so on. For cq = and c\ 1 we obtain

c3 =
1
C5 = Cg =
and so on. Thus, two solutions are
2. Substituting y Y%Lq Cn^" into the differential equation we have

CO 00 oo oo
y" + x 2 y=J:
n=2
n(n - l)^"" 2 4-
n=0
^x" +3 =
fc=0
+ 2)(fc + l)ck+2 x
k
+
k=2
C*_ 2 z*
k=n-2 jfc=n+2
oo
= 2c 2 + 6c3 x + + 2)(* + ljcu-a + c*_ a ]* - 0.
k=2
Thus
c2 = C3 =
(A + 2)(k + l)ct + 2+e*-2-0
^ Cfe+2 =~
(fc + 2)( fc +D
Cfc -2
'
*
= 2 ' M
Choosing Co = 1 and ci = we find
1
C5 = Cg = C7 =
and so on. For co = and ci = 1 we obtain

c4 =
C6 = C7 = Cg =
Exercises 6.3
m= + and B = , - 1*6 + Jj^ -

Y^=o n into the differential equation we have
.
Substituting y Ci^
y" - W + If =
n=2
CO
~ 1
2
~ 2
n=l
CO
W n
+
00
n=0
A=n 2 fc=n k=n
= (fc +
it=0
2 )<* + Oct+ai* ~ 2
fc=l
+ E
fc=0
c* x
*
oo
= 2c 2 + co +
k=l
[(A + 2)(* + l)c fc+2 - (2fc - l)ck ]x
k
Thus
(k + 2)(k + l)ck+2 -(2k-l)c k = Q
and

Ck+2=
(k
2k
+ 2)(k +
1
l)
Ck
'
k = 1 M--
Choosing q> = 1 and ci = we find
c2 = --
C3 = C5 = C7 = - =
1
7__
06 ~ 336
and so on. For cq = and ci = 1 we obtain
C2 = Ci = Cfi = - =
1
C3 =
6
1
C5 =
24
4
1
C7=
m
170
Exercises 6.3
m = l-- x __x and i = x + -J + - a* + -- x r +
4. Substituting y = Y.=a Cn^" i nto the differential equation we have
y" -xy' + 2y=Y,

n=2
n(n - l)^"" 2 - ncx" + n=Q
n=l
c^" 2
r
fc=n-2 4=n k=n

oo oo oo
= (* +
Jt=0
2)(* + l)c t+2 ^-
fc=l
+2
fc=0
QfcX*
= 2c2 + 2co + [{* + 2){* + l)ck+2 -(k- 2)ck \x k = 0.
Thus
2c3 + 2co =
(k + 2)(k+l)ck+2 -(k-2)c k =
and
c2 = -co
<
^ a
"
(*+*2)(ft+l)
'*' k=W
Choosing co = 1 and a = we find
ca = -l
C3 = C5 = Ct = - =
C4 =0
Ce = c$ = Cio = = 0.
For co = and ci = 1 we obtain

C2 = C4 = eg = =
C3 = "61
C5= .^120
Exercises 6.3
yi = 1 - x2 and y3 = x - \x* - ~x 5
5. Substituting y = Y^^Lq r-n xn i nt tne differential equation we have

on co oo
/ + *V + xy =
n-2
n(r, - l)^"" 2 + nc^ + c^
n=l
1
n=-0
1
fc=n-2 it=+l fc=n+l
oo oo oo
= (* + 2){* +
fc=0
l)c t+2 S* + (*-
fc=2 ,
l)cfc - 1 X
t
+ ^
ifc=l
Cfc.jX
oo
= 2c2 + (6c3 + co)x + + 2 )( fe + iJcfc+a + *Cfc_i]x = fc
Jc=2
Thus
c2 =
6c 3 + co =
(* + 2)(* + l)qt+ 2 + kcfc-i =0
and
C3
= -^
<
*+ a =
-(Jfe + 2)(Jfc + l)
< *- 1 '
*- 2 3 4
' ' -"
Choosing co 1 and c\ we find
1
<* = -g
^4 = C5 =
1
and so on. For co = and Ci = 1 we obtain
c3 =
1
C5 = C6 =
5
C7=
252
172
, 1
= 1 "6 I + 45 X
5 1 fi
""I
, 1 4
+232*
5 ,
-"
6. Substituting y = Y.=o cn I " i nto tne differential equation we have
00 00 00
n-2 n=l n=0
00 CC CO
= <* + 2)(* + l)a +2 ^ +
A;=0
fc
2
lfc=l
+ 2
k=0
C *x*
00
= 2c2 + 2co + Y, K* + 2)(* + l)c,t +2 + 2{k + l)ck ]x'
ft
k=l
Thus
2c 2 + 2co =
(ft + 2)(* + + 2(* + l)Cfc =
and
2
c*+2 = - j-jT^ c fc. = 1,2,3,... .
Choosing co = 1 and c\ we find
c3 = -l
C3 = C5 = C7 = '
1
=
and so on. For cq = and c\ = 1 we obtain

C2 = C4 = C6---- =
Exercises 6.3
y1 = l-^ + i^-ix 6 + -- and y2 = x

-l
x> + xS-JL x ?
+ ....
7. Substituting y = Y?=o Cn 1 " i nto tne differential equation we have

00 00 00
(x - l)y" + y' =
n=2
n (n - l^x"" 1 -
.

n=2
n(n - l^x"" 2 + n^x""'
n=l
fc=n-l it=n-2 it=n-l
oo oo oo
k k
= (* + l)kck+l x ~'{k + 2)(k + 1)^+2** + E(* + l)c k+l x
fc=l Jt=0 t=o
oo
= -2c2 + ci + ^ [(A + l)fcc t+ i - (A + 2){fc + l)c k+2 + (k + \)c M \x
k
= 0.
Thus
-2c2 + ci =0
2
(k + l) ck+l -{k + 2)(k + l)c k+2 =
and
1
^
fc + 1
cfc+2 = ^TjT2 Cfc +l' ft = 1)2,3,... .
Choosing co = 1 and c\ we find C2 = 03 = C4 = - - = 0. For Co = and ci = 1 we obtain

1
I

= C3 = _, C4 = ,
i
4"
1 1 1 1 1
(1/1 = 1 and y2 = a: + -x " + -x 3 + -2 * + .
8. Substituting y = Cnx" into the differential equation we have

00 00 00 00
(1 + 2)y" + xy' - y =
n=2
n(n - l)cnX
n_1
+
n=2
2n(n - l)cx"-
2
+ ncx" - n=0
n=l
t
k=n 1 fc=n 2 fc=n fc=n
00 00 00 00
= E (A + ljft^+jx* + 2(fc + 2)(fc + ljcfc+a** + E ***** - E
00
= 4ca -c + EP+ !)ftcfc+l + 2(fc + 2)(Jfc + l)c k+2 4- (ft - ljcjtjx* = 0.
174
.
Exercises 6.3
Thus
4c2 - co =
{k + l)Jfccfc+i + 2{k + 2)(k + l)c fc+a + (k- l)ck = 0, k = 1, 2, 3, . .
and
C2 =
^
= (fc + l)Acfc+1 + (fc-l)c fc
c *+2 w,. = 1, 2, 3, . .
.
.
2(k +,
2)(A +.
1)
Choosing co = 1 and ci = we find
-=1=0, C2 = \, <* = -^. ^4 = 0, C5 =

^
and so on. Fbr co = and C\ = 1 we obtain
c2 =
c3 =
C4 = C5 = eg = = 0.
Thus, two solutions are
1 2 If Is and j/2
= cix '
4 24 480
9. Substituting i/ = Z^Lq n xn into differential equation we have
oo oo oo ac
(x
2
- l)y" + 4xy' + 2y=Y,
Tt=2
n(n - lj^x" - nfn - 1)^"~
n=2
2
+4 ncnx" + 2'c
n-l n=0
nx
n
k=n k=n~2 k=n k=n

oo CO oo
= fc(fc
ifc=2
- l)cfci* - (* + 2 )( +
fe=0
fc +4
k=\
***** + k=0
2 ck x k
= -2c2 + 2co + {-6C3 + 6ci)a: +

fc=2
[(*
2
" * + 4k + 2 ) c* ~ (
k + 2 )( k + l)c*+a] = 0.
Thus
-2c2 + 2co =
6C3 + 6ci =
2
(fc + 3A + 2) c fc - (At + 2)(k + l)ch+2 =
175
.
Exercises 6.3
and
C2 = eo
c3 = Cj
Ck+2 = ck , ft = 2,3,4,. .. .
ca = l
c3 = c5 = c7 = =
C4 = C6 = Cg = = 1
For Co = and c\ 1 we obtain

C2 = c4 = ce = - - =
C3 = C5 = C7 = = 1.
j/i
= 1 4- x2 + x4 H and y2 = x + x3 + x h H .
= H^Lo n
10. Substituting y CnX into the differential equation we have
(x
2
+ l) y"
n=2
00
- Gy = Yl n ( n ~ Vcn*" +
oo
H n n " l)^"
n=2
(
2
~ 6
oo

n=0
^
OO CO oo
= *(*-
ft =2
+ E
t=0
(ft + 2)(* + l)c* +2 x
fc
- 6
t=0
cfc:c
*
oo
- 2c2 - 6co + (6c 3 - 6ci)x +
ifc=2
[(ft
2
- ft - 6) c* + (Jfc + 2)(ft + 1
Thus
2c 2 - 6co =
6C3 6ci =
(ft - 3)(ft + 2)c + fc
(ft + 2}(ft + l)c k+2 =
and
c2 3co
c3 = Cl
ft-3
= c *' = 2 3 -4,.
>
176
Exercises 6.3
Choosing Co = 1 and c\ = we find
c2 = 3
C3 = c5 = c7 = - - - =
Ci = 1
and so on. For Co = and cj = 1 we obtain

C2 = C4 = C6 = =
C3 = 1
C5 = C7 = Cg = - * = 0.
yi = l+ 3x 2 +x 4 -~x b + and y2 = x + x*.

5
= n
11. Substituting y T,^Lq cx into the differential equation we have
00 00 CO oo
(x
2
+ 2)y" + 3xy' -y=-n(n-
n=2
ljî" + 2 n(n - lfax"-
n=2
2
+3 nci" - n=0
n=l
cx n
fc=n fc=n-2 4=n kn

oo oo co co
= *(* "
fc=2
1><*** + 2 E(* + 2)(* +
k=0
l)<*+2** +3 E ***** - k=0
k=l
E cjt**
oo
2
- (4c 2 - co) + (12C3 + 2ci)x + Y, [2(* + 2)(fc + l) Clt+2 + (fc + 2* - l) cJ x* = 0.
k=2
Thus
4c2 - co =
12c 3 + 2ci =
2(fc + 2){fc + l)ct+2 + (fc
2
+ 2fc - l) cfc =
and
A:
2
+ 1
Cfr+2
= 2lfc
Cfc *- 2 >3,4,....
-2(fc + 2)(i + l)
'
Exercises 6.3
Choosing cq - 1 and ci = we find
c2 = -
C3 = C5 = C7 = " =
C4 = "96
and so on. For co = and c\ = 1 we obtain
C2 = C4 = C6 = -'- =
1
C5
= I^
12. Substituting y = 52%Lq Cn^" i Qto tne differential equation we have
W
oo oo oo oo
(x
2
- l) y" + xy' - J,
=
n=2
( - l)ci
B - j>(n - IK*"" 2 +
n=2 n=l
- c^"
n=0
jt n k=n2 k=n k=n
OQ CO CO OO
= *(* - lJCfcl* - (* + 2 )( fc + l)cfc+2** + to*** - C
- (-c 2 - co) - &3Z +

fc=2
[-(fc + 2)(* + l)ck+2 + (fc
a
- l) ck ] x*
Thus
-2c 2 - co =
-6c 3 =
-(* + 2)(fc + l)c fc+2 + (fc - + 1)q =
and
C3 =
fe 1
Cfc+2 = c *> ^ = 2,3,4
^j^
178
Exercises 6.3
Choosing cq = 1 and c\ = we find
C2 = --1
C3 = C5 = C7 = =
1
and so on. For cq and c\ 1 we obtain
C2 = c4 = eg = - =
C3 = C5 = C7 = - = 0.

1 1
! " = i 2 4 j
m=^
2 8
= n we have
13. Substituting j/ J^= o cx into the differential equation
f" - {x + l)y'
00
-y= n(n- l)c* n " 2 -
n=2 n=l
00
n
-
OS
W" - n=0
n=l
cn^ 1
OO
n
h=n-2 A=n fc=n 1 fc=n
OO OQ OO OO
= {fc + 2)(fc + l)cfc+2 ^ - Ac fe z* - (* + ljqt+i** - c*x fc
fc=0 fc=l it=0 fc=0
oo
= 2c 2 - a - co + p + 2)(k + l)ct +2 (k + l)ck+1 -(k + l) C(t ]x* = 0.
Thus
2c2 - ci - co =
(k + 2){k + l)c k+2 - (k - l)(ct +1 + Cfc) =
and
Cft+2 = ^1^^ fc = 2,3,4
Choosing qj = 1 and ci = we find
C2
= 2'
C3= 6' ^6
1
Exercises 6.3
VI = 1 + x2 + + |* +
V2 = x + \* 2 + \* 3 + \* 1 +
14. Substituting y = Lo CnZ" into the differential equation we have

CO OO CO GO
y
" _ xy _ ( T +
>
2)y =
n=2
(n - l)^"" 2 -
n=l

nci" - n=0 -
n=0
2c"*"
k=n-1 t=n fe=n+l k=n

OO CO oo oo
= (* + 2 >(* + 1)<*+2** - *^^ - fc
E c*-i^
fc
" E 2c*^
oo
= 2c2 - 2co + [(*; + 2)(* + 1
)
c *+2 ~ (* + 2 ) c* " ck-l]x k = 0.
Thus
2c2 - 2q, =
(ft + 2){k + l)ct+2 - (A + 2)c* - c fc _! = 0, * - 1, 2, 3, ... ,
and
C2 = co
Choosing co = 1 and ci
Cft+2
=
=
we
m
find
+
(^ + 2)(Jc + l)'
A = 1' 2 -
3 ---
1 1 11
Ci =0, C2 = 1, c3 = oj = -, Cs =
5f
and so on. For Co = and ci = 1 we obtain
C2 = CO = ,
= 5, C4 = ^, C5 = i
and so on. Thus, two solutions axe
yi = l+i 29 + -x
1 3i 1 a
+ -x 4 +
11 5
<;
+ --- and
.
ih
1 3
= x + -x +12+8
1 4 1 5
15. Substituting y = Lo Cnx" into the differential equation we have
00 00 00 00
(x - l)y" - xy' + y = ( " IK*""
n=2
1
-"(" l)^^"" 2 - E ncn^ + E
n=2 n=l n=0
t
fc=n 1 k=n 2 k=n k=r,
180
Exercises 6.3
00 OO 00 CO
= (k + l)kck+1 X
k - (Jfc + 2)(fc + l)Cfc +a i* - fcct Z* + c*x*
k
- -2c 2 + + E H* + 2)(* + l)c,t + 2 + (A: + l)fcct +1 - (k - l)c k ]x = 0.
Thus
-2c2 + Q) =
-(* + 2){k + l) CJc+2 + (k - l)*Cfc+i (A l)qt =
and
Ck+2
-JT2-(k + 2)(k + l)'
*- 1' 2 3 ' -"
C2 = \, C=l C4-0
and so on. For Co = and c\ = 1 we obtain c2 = C3 = C4 = - = 0. Thus,
= Ci(l + 3
+ i* 3 + ---)+Q
ff
^ i: c
and
The initial conditions imply C\ 2 and C% = 6, so
V = -2 (l + ^x 2 + ~x 3 + )+ 6x = 8x - 2e
z
.
16. Substituting j/ = 52%Lo Cn 1 " in*o the differential equation we have
(z+l)y" ~(2-x)y' +y
OO
= j>(n - l)^"" +
ti=2
1
OO
n(n - l^x"'
n=2
2
r
- 2
OO
n=l
W 1 "1
+
OO
ncx" + n=0
n=l
^
CO
k=n 1 k=n-2 fc=n-l fc=n A;=n
OO OO OO OO OO
= {* + l)kc k+l x
k
+ (* + 2)(* + ljct+ax* ~2^(H l)cfc +1 i* + *c x* + t ck x
k
fe=l fc=0 fc=0 t=l fc=0

CO
- 2c2 - 2ci + co + Y, P + 2 )( + fc l)t*+2 - (* + l}cfe+ i + (* + ljefclar* - 0.
Exercises 6.3
Thus
2c 2 - 2c t + co =
(k + 2)(fc + l)c t+a - (fc + ljcfr+l + (ft + l)cfc =
and
1
C2 = ci - -co
Choosing cq = 1 and C) =
Ct+2
we
=
find
^ Cfc+1 "^ Cfc
' *
= 1' 2 3
-
C2 = 1, C3 = 0, Q=
and so on. Thus,
y = C (l-lx 2 -lx 3 +
1 -x 4 + --)+C2 (x + x 2 -]x 4 + ---
12
and
j/ = Ci (-x - x
2
+ ^x 3 + ) + C2 (l + 2x - x z + ) .
The initial conditions imply C\ 2 and t?2 = 1, so
!/
= 2(l-^-^ + l^ + ...)-(x + ^-^ + -)
_ 2 x .
2r * ^+^+ .-.
17. Substituting = Y^?=o n

xn i nto tne differential equation we have
y" - 2xy' + 8y = n(n - l)^""

n=2
2
- 2 "ex" + 8^^"
n=l n=0
(
^ ^
k=n 1 k=n k=n
oo oo oo
=
fc=0
(fc + 2)(fc + l)c*+3S* - 2 fccfc** +8
fc=0
c t x*
GO
= 2oa + 8co +
fc=l
[(* + 2)(* + l)c k+2 + (8 - 2fc)c fc ]x
i:
Thus
2c2 + 8co =
(fe + 2)(fc + l)c t+2 + (8 - 2A)cfc =
182
Exercises 6.3
and
C2 = -4co
2k 8
C* +2= Ct = 1' 2 3
0fc + 2)(fc+l) ' * '
Choosing co = 1 and c\ we find
C2 = 4
C3 = c5 = c7 = =
4
C4 =
3
eg = eg = cio = = 0.
For cq and c\ 1 we obtain

C2 = C4 = eg = =
C3 = -1
C5 =
I5
and so on. Thus,
(x-x 3 + ^x 5 +--)
s/
= C (l-4x 2 +
1
^) + C 2
and
= C, (-8x + ^x 3 ) + C2 (l - 3x a + ~x 4 + -) .
The initial conditions imply Ci = 3 and C2 = 0, so
y = 3^1 - Ax 2 + ^x 4 ) = 3 - 12x 2 + 4x 4 .
18. Substituting y n into equation we have

T,%Lo Cn^ differential
00 00 00
(x
2
+ l)y" + 2xy' = n(n - l)cnX n + n(n - l)cx"" + 2nc x n 2
1
n=2 n=2 2=1

k=n kn-2 k=n
00 00 00
= *(*-
fc=2
l)c fc x
fc
+
fc=0
(fc + 2)(* + l)c* +2 x
fc
+
*=1
2fccfc x
fc
00
= 2c 2 + (6c3 + 2<n)x + J^[k(k + l)c k + {k + 2)(k + ljc^+a]** = <>
fc=2
Exercises 6.3
Thus
2c 2 = 0,
6c 3 + 2 Cl = 0,
k{k + l)cfc + {k + 2)(k + l)c k+2 =
and
e2 =
C3
= "3 C1
a+2 = "-j^2 C^ A = 2, 3, 4, ... .
Choosing co = 1 and cj = we find c3 = c4 = c5 = = 0. For Co = and c\ = 1 we obtain
1
C3 -3
c4 = ce = c$ = =
1
C5 = "5
1
C7 =7
and so on. Thus
and
,/ = Cl (l-x 2 + x
4
-x 6 + --).
The initial conditions imply qj = and Ci = 1, so
1 1 1
3 5 7
19. Substituting y = Jô dii" into the differential equation we have
y" + (smx)y = n(n - l)^' 2

+ (x- ^x 3 + ^-x 5
*
6 120 )
(co + ax + ca x 2 + )
= 2c2 + 6c3 i + 12ciX

2
+ 20c5 x' + i
+ cox + CiX 2 + - ^coj x 3 H
j
= 2c 2 + (6C3 + ca)x + (12C4 + ci)x 2 + (20c 5 + c2 - ^co) x

3
+ = 0.
184
Exercises 6.3
Thus
2c 2 =
6c 3 + cq =
12c4 + ci =
2flc5 + c3 - \cq =
6
and
c2 =
1
C3 - --CO
D
C4 = "12 C1
Choosing cq = 1 and ci = we find
1
C2 = 0, C3 = C4 =0, C5 =
120
c2 = 0, c3 = 0, C4 = c5 =
"IS'
Vi = 1 - ^+ 1
+ and J/2
x 4
+ - - .
20. Substituting j/ = J^L Cn^" into the differential equation we have
y + _ gn ( _ 1)^^-2 + _ Ix2 + ) (cq + c lX + c2 x 2 + c3 x

3
+ -)
= [2c2 + 6c 3 x + I2c4 x
2
+ 20c 5 x
3
+
+ CO + CiX + \
C2 - ^c ^ x
2
+ (c 3 - ^cj*j x3 +
= (2c2 + cq) + (6c3 + ci)x + (l2ci + c2 - ^cq) x 2 + - = 0.
Thus
+ + + '
Exercises 6.3
12c 4 + c2 - \cq =
o
and
C2 _ __1
C3 = -TCi
6
C4 = -12^ + C-
72
Choosing Co = 1 and 01 = we find
<S = ~. -3 = 0, C4 = i
and so on. For co = and q= 1 we obtain
c2 = 0, c3 = ~, C4 =
21. Substituting y = )n=o -n^" tne differential equation we have
l/' + e-^g^-lKx"- 2
n=2
+
i
1
~x \
x2
~ l x3 hx * )
+ Cix + C2x2 + 03x3 ' '
= [2c2 + 6c3 x + 12 Ci x 2 + 20c5 x 3 + ]+ [cq + (ci - cq)x + (c 2 - ci +
= (2C2 + Co) + (6C3 + ci - cq)x + {12C4 + c 2 - c\ + ^co)x

2
+ - - = 0.
Then
2c2 + co =
6C3 + ci - co =
12C4 + c2 - ci + ^Cfl =
186
Exercises 6.3
and
1 1
Choosing cq = 1 and ci = we find
C2 = 03 = c4 =
~r 6*
and so on. For cq = and cj = 1 we obtain
yi = l- -x* +
1
-x* + and y2 = x- -X s +
1
x 1
4
+
2. Substituting y 2n=o cn :c " into tne differential equation we have
00
-2
y" + e x y-y='n(n-l)cn x n
n=2
(11 + x + -x 2 + -x 3 +
1 \
J
[ci + 2c2 i + 3c 3 a:
2
+ 4ciX 3 + )-
00
cx
n=0
n
2
= |2c2 + 6c 3 x + 12c4 x + 20c 5 x 3 +
2
+ ci + (2c2 + ci)i + ( 3c3 + 2c2 + ^ci ) x + - [co + cjx + c-zx 2 H ]
= (2c2 + ci - co) + (6c 3 + 2c 2 )x + (l2c4 + 3c3 + c2 + ^ci) x

2
+ = 0.
Thus
2c 2 + cj - co =
6c3 + 2e 2 =
Uci + 3c3 + c 2 + -c l
=0
Exercises 6.3
and
02 = 2 ~ 2
C1
1 1 1
C44C3 + -C2--C,.
1 1
2. o
and so on. For co = and c\ 1 we obtain
and so on- Thus, two solutions are
1 o 1 o 1 2 1 1 ^
m= +
4
X ~ X + "'
.
V2 = X ~ X + X ~ X +
2 6 2 6 24
23. Substituting y = I^Lo Cnx" into the differential equation leads to
V" - xy =
n=2
n(rc - l)^"" 2 -
fc=n-S

n=0
^
A=n+1
=
fc=0
(* + 2)(* + l)c ft+2 x
fc
-
00

fc=t
= 2c 2 +
k=l
[(* + 2)(fc + l)c k+2 - ck ^)x
k
= 1.
Thus
2c2 = 1
(* + 2)(* + l)c fc+2 -<:*_!=()
and
C2 =
2
Cfc+2= fc=1 >

2 3 <'
>
(yfc + 2)(yt+l)'
188
Exercises 6.3
Let Co and C\ be arbitrary and iterate to find
C5 = C2 =
20 55
and so on. The solution is
= co + cix
2b
1
+ x +
, 1
-coi-
,1 1
+ cix* +
12
,
1
40
c5 +
!4. Substituting 3/ = "

Sn^=o Cn 1 ' nto the differential equation leads to
OO CO oo
- Axy - Ay = n{n - l)^' - 4nc*s* - 4c*x B 2
1
y"
n=2 n=0 ^
Ti=l ^
k=n~2 k=n kn
oo oo oo
=
=0
(A + 2)(i + l)c* +2 x* -
t=l
- 4
jfc=0
Cfc s*
oo
= 2c2 - 4cq +
k=l
[(A + 2)(fc + l)ct + 2 - 4(* + l)c k ]x
k
Thus
2c2 - 4c = 1
and
c2 = ^ + 2co
^^(TÂ^*' fc = l,2,3,..
Exercises 6.3
Let Co and ci be arbitrary and iterate to find
C2 = 2
+ 2c
C3 =
14
+ C1 =
14
+ C!
5! 3 3! 3
C4 = 14 11
+ C2= + +2C0=
13
+2CO
4! 4 4! 2 4!
14 4 1 16 17 16
5 3!
14 1 4 13 8 261 4
6 4!
C7 =
14
+s c5
1 4 17 64 409 64
7 5!
and so on. The solution is
(5 + a^y Qi
+ t^y - + **y ^y
/261 4 \ fi
/409 64 \ 7
16 , 64
15 105
1 13 i 17 * 261 fi
409
2" 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
25. Two power series solutions are
2
fe
n(u-2)-..(H-2fc + 2)
-, + Vf ,21c
Substituting n = 1 into the second series gives the polynomial solution j/2 = z> whereas substituting
n 2 into the first series gives yi 1 2i 2
.
26, If t = Lx
<w
then -p-
dx
and
'
de
dt
. <Pe
-p-^
dx*

d e

2
= and the boundary- value problem becomes
at*
in terms
of t,
dt 2
190
Exercises 6.3
Substituting B = ^ Cnf into the differential equation we obtain C2 = and
A2
Choosing cq 1 and ci = we find
c2 =
A2
C3
= "T
<=4 = C5 =
A4
C7 = Cg =
C2 = ca =
A2
C5 = C6 =
A3
C7=
504
CS = C9 =
and so on. Thus
Now the boundary condition S'{0) implies C2 = 0. Thus
or
Exercises 6.4
Exercises 6.4
1. Irregular singular point: x = 0.
2. Regular singular points: x = 0, 3.
3. Irregular singular point: x = 3. Regular singular point: x = 3.
5. Regular singular points: = 0, 2i.
7. Regular singular points: x = 3, 2.
8. Regular singular points: x = 0, i.
9. Irregular singular point: x = 0. Regular singular points: x = 2, 5.
10. Irregular singular point: x = 1. Regular singular points: x = 0, 3.
= Xô +r and we obtain

11. Substituting y cn^" into the differential equation collecting terms,
2 +r - 1
2xy" -y' + 2y= (2r - 3r) coz^ + 1
[2(ft +r- l)(fc + r)c k - (fc + r)c + 2ct _
fc 1 ]x* = 0,
which implies 2r
2
- 3r = r(2r - 3) = 'X - (
and (A + r){2fc + 2r - 3)cfc + 2cfc _i - 0.
The indicia! roots are r = and r = 3/2. For r = the recurrence relation is
-m?*j-
k = w
4
and ci - 2cq, c2 - -2co, c3 = -co-
For r = 3/2 the recurrence relation is
Cft
=
-(2TT^'
t
= 1- 2 3 - --
=-
and ci = C2 = ^. Cs
9l5
D0 -
The general solution on (0, oo) is
s -Oi( 1 + 2 ,-tf + | a!
- + ...) +p l ^(l-|, + ^-^ + ...).
192
Exercises 6.4
= HLo n+r
12. Substituting y CnX into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2 r_1 2 r
2xy" + 5y' + xy= (2r + 3r) cox + (2r + 7r + 5) c\x
+ P(* +
k=2
r)(k + r- l) Ck + 5{k + r)ck + c fc
_ 2 ]x
= 0,
which implies
2r
2
+ 3r = r(2r + 3) = 0,
(2r
2
+ 7r + 5) ci = 0,
and (k + r)(2k + 2r + 3)c* + c fc

_2 = 0.
The indicia! roots are r = 3/2 and r = 0, so c\ = . For r = 3/2 the recurrence relation is
C* = ^2,3,4,...,
-(2T3tjP
and C2 = -^co, cs = 0, C4 = ^co.
For t = the recurrence relation is
and c2 = ^co, c3 = 0, = gjgCo.
The general solution on (0, 00) is
,. Ci ^( _^ + ^ + I ...) + ft
(
l .^. +j ^. + ...).
= n+r into the differential equation and collecting
13. Substituting j/ ZSJLo Cn terms, we obtain
W + \v' +V= (*-

a
- jr) co^- 1 + [4(A + r)(* + r - l)c fc + + r)c k + c fc _i]x*
+r - 1
= 0,
7 f 7\
which imphes 4r
2
-r r ( 4r =
-J
and i(/c + r}(8fc + 8r - 7)q + Cfc_i = 0.

Exercises 6.4
The indicial roots are r = and r = 7/8. For r = the recurrence relation is
2 fc-l
_ i. _ i o i
Cfc " Jfc(8fc-7)'
2 4
and ci = -2co, C2 = -co, c3 = -^ggCO-
2ct-i . _ -.
q
Cfc " (8* + 7)*'
rt- 1 '"^'---'
and = -^> C2= = C0

ci
s|
C0 '
Ca
~m5 -
. 0i
(
1
- 1I + I
|
.-^. + ...) + ^/.(i-i, + ^- 5 s? l . + ...).
14. Substituting y = EfJL Cn B+r into tne differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2 r 2 r+l
2xV - zrf + (i + l) V = (
2r2 - 3r + l) cox + (2r + r) CiX*"
t
+ E[2( + r )( k + fc r - - (* + 0^ + cfc + ck . 2 ]x k+T

k=2
= o,
which implies
2r
2
- 3r + 1 = (2r - l)(r - 1) = 0,
2
2r + r) ci = 0,
and [(A + r) (2fe + 2r ~ 3) + l}c k + ct _ 2 = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1/2 and r = 1, so ci = 0. For r = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
= =
Cfc
-^h)> t 2,3,4,...,
and c2 = -~co, c3 = 0, C4 = 1
i^g^
For r = 1 the recurrence relation is
c*-2
Cfc
= fe = 2 3 4
"*(2fc + 1)'
* '
194
Exercises 6.4
and C2 = -tttco, c3 = 0, c4 = r^Q>.

10 360
,.cix(i-^ + 1 L^ + ...) + a,( I

-i I + L. + ...).
s
= n+T
15. Substituting y Z^Lo CnX into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2
3xy" + (2 - -y=* (Zr - r) co^"*
+ P(* + r - + r)c k + 2(k + r)c k - (k + r)^,]^" 1
= 0,
which implies 3r
2
r = r(Zr 1) =
and (Ar + r)(3fc + 3r - l)c k - (fc + r)c k -i = 0.
The indicial roots are r and r = 1/3. For r = the recurrence relation is
and ci =
1
-co, c2 =
1
JqCO' c3 = 1
co.
c ifc
, & 1,2,3,...,
and ci -
1
-co, C2 - 1
co, C3 -
1
"j^co-
,. ot
(
1 + ^+ ^^ + + ...) + ftl ./.( 1 +
J,
+ ^ +
5
^ + ...).
16- Substituting y = X)ô crt x" +r into tne differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
(2
x-Q)y=(r
\ / 2
-r+-)cffL T +
2\ ^ r
'52 [(* + r)(* + r - l)c*
2
+ -c* - ck ^
= 0,
which implies r
2
-r+\ = (r ^) (r - ~"\ =
, ,
Exercises 6.4
and <fc + r)(fc + r-l) + -j Cfc ~ *_i = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 2/3 and r = 1/3. For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
c* = , ft 1, 2, 3, ...
3k 2 +k
and Ci = ^CQ, CS = OD -
560
For r 1/3 the recurrence relation is
and C3 = Co -
l60
The general solution on {0, oo) is
1/3
= E^Lo +r and we obtain

17. Substituting y Cn%" into the differential equation collecting terms,
00
2xy" - (3 + 2x)y' + y= (2r
2
- 5r) eo*
r-1
+ [2(ft + r)(ft + r - l)c ft
- 3{fc + r)c - ft
2(fc +r- l)ct _! + ct.jjx^*- 1
= 0,
which implies 2r
2
5r = r(2r 5) =
and (ft + r)(2ft + 2r - 5)cfc - (2* + 2r - 3)ct_i = 0.
(2k - 3) Cfc _!
Cfc
- , = 1,2,3,...
fc(2ft - 5)
1
and ci = ô, C2 - -rco, C3 = - -CO.
o 6
2{ft+l)ct-i
Ck - ,
4 = 1,2,3,...,
fc(2fc + 5)
32
and ci = -co, C2 = ^CO, C3 =
693-
196
Exercises 6.4
,_ Ck 1 + |,.^_^ + ...) +ai w( 1 + | I+ +

(
18. Substituting y Lo CnX n+T into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2 r+1
2xy" + xy' + (x 2 - y = (r
2
- q,/ + (r + 2r + Cl z
f) jj)
+ [(* + r )( + r ~ fc !> c * + (* +r )
c* ~ 5* + Cfc-a]^
jt-2
y
= 0,
which implies
z
T + 2r+-)ci=Q,
and
The indicial roots are r = 2/3 and r ~~

2/3, so a -- 0. For r = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
* = 2,3,4,...,
3k(3k - 4) ,
9
and C2 = -jCo, C3
= ' C4 = 128*-
and C2 = ~C0, C3 = 0, C4 = j^<*.
19- Substituting y = J^Lo CnX n+r into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
9a: V V
+ 9x + 2y= for 2 - 9r + 2) cqx t
+ T, $( k + r )( k +r- + 2cfc + 9(* + r - l)c*_i]*

ifc=i
Exercises 6.4
which implies 9r 2 - 9r 4- 2 = (3r - l)(3r - 2) =
and [9(k + r)(k + r - 1) + 2}c k + 9(k +r - l)cfc _! = 0.
The indicia] roots are r = 1/3 and r = 2/3. For r = 1/3 the recurrence relation is
(3*-2)^ *-
Ct " 1 '
2 3
' '"-
fc(3fc-l) '
1 1 7
and ci = --co, c2 = gco, C3 ~ C'
~Y20
For t = 2/3 the recurrence relation is
and ci = --co,
1
c 2 == 5 cq, c3 = - 1
cq.
20. Substituting y = ZJJLo cn i

Tl+r
into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2
2x y" + 3ay + (2x - = (2r
2
+r- l) cox
r
CO
+
k=l
[2(fc + r)(fc + r - l)cfc + 3(fc + r)c k -ck + 2ck _ l
]x
k+r
= 0,
which implies 2r
2
+r- 1 = (2r - l)(r + 1) =
and [(jfc + r)(2fc + 2r + 1) - Ije* + 2c fc _i = 0.
The indicial roots are r = -1 and r = 1/2. For r = -1 the recurrence relation is
_ 2cfc_i _
4
and ci = 2co, <= 2 = -2c ,
C3 = qCq.
C *~" fc- 1 " "*'---'

2
*(2* + 3)'
198
Exercises 6.4
and c\ - --co,
5
02 =
35
Co, C3 - -
945
cq.
= n+r
21. Substituting y Yl^=o Cn% into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
2x 2 y" - x{x - l)y' -y= [2t

2 - r - l) cqx
t
+ E (2(* + T){k + r - l)ck + (k + r)ck -c k -(k + r- l) C*_!]x

fc+r
= 0,
which implies 2r
2
- r - 1 = (2r + l)(r - 1) =
and \{k + r){2k + 2r - 1) - l]c fc - (A; +r l)2c fc _! = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1/2 and r = 1. For r = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
Ck = ~,
Ck-l
2k
'
k= 1,2,3...
1 1 1
and ci = -co, c2 = -co, c3 = ^co.
For t = 1 the recurrence relation is
^ = 7^7;,
2k + 3
'
* = 1,2,3,.
and cô, Q-^co, c3 = ^cq.

V = C,X^(l + i, + ^+i I3 + ...) +CM ( 1 + i, + ^ + 3L I 3 + ...

)
.
= n+r and we obtain

22. Substituting y Y1%Lq CnX into the differential equation collecting terms,
r~l
x(x - 2)y" + y'-2y= (-2r 2 + 3r) cox
CO
- - k+r
+r- + 2r-
'
+ + l)c* 2c* (* +r+ l)(2fc l)ck+l ]x

ifc=0
Exercises 6.4
which implies -2r 2 + 3r = -r(2r - 3) =

and [(fc + r)(fe + r- 1) - 2]c t - (fc +r+ l)(2fc + 2r - l)cfc+1 =0.
= =
ill
The indicia! roots are r 3/2 and r 0. For r 3/2 the recurrence relation is
2k- 1
*0.1,2,....
j
and ci = --co, C2 = _ c' 03 ~ 00 '
32 "i^g
For r = the recurrence relation is
k-2~
Ck+i = ct A: = 0, 1, 2, ...
^k _ x
,
and ci = 2co, c2 - -2co, c3 = 0.
= +r
13. Substituting y Y,%Lo cn x" into the differential equation and collecting terms, we
r"
xy" + 2y' -xy= (r
2
+ r) c i 1
+ (r
2
+ 3r + 2) ax r
+ [{* + 0(* + r - l) CJt + 2(fc + r)c* - c fc _ 2 ]r

Jfc=2
which implies
r
2
+r = r(r + 1) = 0,
2
r + 3r + 2) ci = 0,
and (k + r)(k + r + l)c k - c k -2 = 0.

The indicial roots are ri = and r 2 = 1, so ci = 0. For n = the recurrence relatic
and c2 = gjCo
C3 = C5 = C7 = =
C2" = CO -
(2i^TIj!
200
Exercises 6.4
For r2 = 1 the recurrence relation is
<*= J,* \w A-2,3,4,...,

*(* - 1)
and
C3 = C5 = C7 = =
C4 = OD
4i
C2n =
(2n)!
OO i
to<2n + i)r
= [Ci sinha: + C^cosha;].
24. Substituting y = S^=o % +7- into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
x V + V + (V - 1) y = (r
2
- ) + (r
a
+ 2, + |) C^+l
+ [(* + r)(fc + r - l)cfc + (A + r)c -

fe
-c* + c*_ 2 ]z* +r
fc=2
4
= 0,
which implies
2
r + 2r + ^ ci = 0,
and Ck + Cfc_ 2 = 0.
The indicial roots are ri = 1/2 and T2 = 1/2, so c\ = 0. For r*i = 1/2 the recurrence relation is
, = 2,3,4,...,
*(* + 1)
Exercises 6.4
and c2 = -jjjco
C3 = c5 = c7 = =
C4 = C0
^!
(-1)"
C2n= C0 -
(2^TI)!
For T2 = l/2 the recurrence relation is
k ~ 2
c= l - 2 3 4
and C2 ^rco
2!
C3 = C5 = C7 = =
C4 = CD
5f
x 2n
x
1^2
[Ci sin x + C2COSX].
= n+T into the
5. Substituting y T.%Lo Cn% differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
x(x-l)y" + 3y'-2y
"- 1
= (4r - r
2
) cox
1
+ [(fc +r - +r- 12)c t _! - (k + r)(k + r - l)q
-
+ 3(k + r)ck - 2c k ~i}x k+r 1
= 0,
which implies Ar r
2
r(A r) =
and -(fc + rJffc + r- ^cjj + ttAr + r- l)(fc + r-2) -2]e fc _! = 0.
202
The indicia! roots are ri = 4 and ti = 0. For r<i = the recurrence relation
-fc{fc - 4)ct + k(k - 3)cj._i =0, k = 1, 2, 3, . . -
or
- 4)c* + (A: - 3)e*_i - 0, fc = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Then
3ci - 2cq =
2c2 - ci =
ca + 0c2 = =s- c3 =
Ocy + C3 = oj is arbitrary
and c,= ( *-^ , = 5,6, 7
Taking cq ^ and q= we obtain
c, = -co
C3 = C4 = C5 = - - = 0.
Taking cq = and C4 ?^ we obtain
ci = c2 = c3 =
cs = 2c4
ce = 3C4
C7 = 4c4 .
y = Ci (l + ^x + ix 2 ) + Ci (x
4
+ 2x 6 + 3x 6 + Ax 1 + .
=C 1 ('l
K
+ ^ + ^ )+C n=l
6 f nx"
6
2
'
2
+3
.
Exercises 6.4
= n+r into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

26. Substituting y X)^Lo n%
y" + -2y= (r
2
+ 2r) cox'- 2 + (r
2
+ 4r + 3) c,^" 1
-J
fe+r-2
fc=2
= 0,
which implies
r
2
+ 2r = r(r + 2) =0
(r
2
+ 4r + 3) cj =
{k + r)(k + r + 2)c k - 2cfc _ 2 - 0.
The indicial roots are n= and r% 2, so c\ 0. For r\ = the recurrence relation is
2c fc-2
_ ,-234
and
1
c2 = -co
C3 = C5 = C7 = - =
06
^li 00 '
The result is
A second solution is
-/(3/*).fe
_ f dx
(1+1^ + ^ + ...)'
f ^ r 1 /, 1 9 7 4 19 6 \
204
Exercises 6.4
f ( 1 1 7 19 3 1 1, ,7 2 19 4
1 7 , 19
-x* +
2x 2 96 2,304
The general solution on (0, 00} is
y = C\y\{x) +C2 y2{x).

I "+r into the
27. Substituting y
xy" + (1
which implies
=
- x)y' -y =
r
2
=
?|Lo
and
c,i
r W + E [(*
differential
+ r X* + r "
equation and collecting terms, we obtain
^ + + r)ck -(k + r)ck - 1 ]x

k+r - 1
= 0,
(*: + r) a Cfc-(* + r)i*_] =0.

The indicial roots are ri = f"2 = and the recurrence relation is
ck =
Ti - * = 1.2,3
One solution is
yi = cq (l + x + ^x 2 + ^x 3 + = coe*.
,-/(i/*-i>fa
2 = yi
y IS
-^/i('-* + -)*-'/(j- +
i*'-s*' + ?-s** + -)'
1
= e
1
L
Ins - x + --x 2 - --x 3 +
2-2 3-3!
-\
J
= e
x
lnx - e
x
T
^
K 1
n-nl ,
x
n
.
3, = Cie
1
+ C2 e x [lux - 1
n
J
n\
J"
= E^Lo +r
28. Substituting Cn^" into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
^
1/
xy" + y={?-r) + +r+ \){k + r)c k+l + = 0,

ifc=0
which implies
r
2 -r= r(r - 1) =
(fc + + t- l)(fc + r)c k +i +c k = Q,
Exercises 6.4
The indicial roots are n= 1 and 0. For r\ 1 the recurrence relation is
and ci = - ^co
C2 = C0
3T2
=
03
'm 00
C4 = W -
5!4!
The result is
1 1 1
2 1 3 4 5
_ f
-*J J-J + foa*-

dx
^ + ...-
_
yi
J
(
^(1-* + ^-^
dx
+ ...)
f 1 /, 7 , 38 , \ J r / 1 1 7 38 \ ,
/ 1 , 7 19 2 A
yi (x) =C m +C 2 yi + lnx + ~x + ^x 2
+ ...).
9. Substituting y = S^Lq cx" +r into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
V""
xy" + y' + y = r
1
oo
+ [(* + r )(* + r ~ ^ + (* +r )
c* + c t -i]x fc+r
-1
-
2
which implies r = and
(k + r) 2 c k + c k -i = Q.
The indicial roots are n = r2 = and the recurrence relation is
^-^fi1 ' * = 1. 2, 3
206
Exerc/ses.6.4
One solution is
VI = V\ !
dx = yi /

dx
= VlJ
f
.(l-^ + H-l^+H**-...)
5 o 23 i 677 .
-/J
,
/ Z 1 5 23 2 677 3 \ _,
= yi
[,
[
!riI + 2l +
5
_ l2
,
+
23
__ x3
,
+ _^ +
677 4
...j
1
/ 5 , 23 677
= VI In * + VI I
2x + + x
,
i
+ l^r>x* +
,
y =C 1 y l (x) + C2 y2(x).
'i+T
3. Substituting y $2%Lo Cn x lr^' tne differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
00
r"1
xy"-xy' + y= (r
2
- r) c a: + [{k +r+ l)(fc + r)ck +j - {k + r)ck + ck ]x k+r =
which implies r
2
r r(r 1) =
and {k +r+ l)(k + r)c k +i -(k + r- l)c k = 0.
The indicial roots are n= 1 and r% = 0. For ri = 1 the recurrence relation is

Exercises 6.4
and one solution is yj = cqx. A second solution is
dx
f ( 1 1 1 1 1 2 \ 1 1 1 1
, , 2 3
1 1 1
i 2 3 4
y = C\x + C2V2{x).
= T^Lo " +r
1. Substituting y cn ;C into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
xV + ~ +V= P- 2r + l
)
+ P+
k=l
r)(k +v- l)c k -{k + r-l)ck + (k + r- l)c*_i]z*
+r
which implies r
2
-2r + l - (r- l)
2
=
and [k + r- 2
l) c k + (k + r- l)ct _ 1 = 0.
The indicia! roots are r\ = r% = 1 and the recurrence relation is
ck = -^, *= 1,2,3,....
One solution is
yi = cox(\-x + ^x 2 - ^x 3 + - = c xe"
e-
f(l-l/x)dx /XG X f 1
^-^dx = y 1
x
j -e dx
1 1
1 +x+ + ^x 3 + etc = j/i
,
+ 1 + 2* +
2
+ dx
3! J 3!*
= yi \lnx +x+ -x* + x

1 J
+ >
V = Cm(x) + C2 y2(x).
208
Exercises 6.4
= n+r mio tae equation and collecting terms, we obtain

32. Substituting y Y.=o cnX differential
~1
xy" + y' ~ 4xy = 2
r cax
r
+ (r
2
+ 2r + l) cn r
+ EP+ r)(k +r- l)ck + (k + r)ck - ic^x^- 1
*=2
which implies
2
r = 0,
(r
2
+ 2r + l) ci = 0,
and (ft + r) 2 c k - = 0.
The indicial roots are n = ri = 0, so c\ ~ and the recurrence relation is
Cjc = ^, ft = 2,3, 4
One solution is
02 Vl I 5 ax = yi I ~
W l(1+2ia+ +tl . + ...) WK'-^r -?* +-> J 6
= M /(i-2, + *-fx' + ...) fa = n [in x - x2 + - gx 6 + ]
5 23
= yi In x + yi [-x +
8
A
-
^+ u
j/ = Ciyi(x) + C2y 2 (x).

Exercises 6.4
n+T into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain

33. Substituting y Yl^Lo <^x
xy" + (x- IV - 2y = r
2
^ 1
+ [(fc + +r- l)c fc
ft+r - 1
- (* + r)ct + (* + r - 3)^_ I ]^
=
which implies r
2
= and
(k + r)(k + t - 2)c k + (k + r- 3)ct _i = 0.
The indicia! roots are ri = T2 = and the recurrence relation is
fc(* " 2)c fc + (* - 3)cfc_i =0, k = 1, 2, 3
Then
-ci - 2co = => cj = -2co
0c2 ci = = ci = and C2 is arbitrary
3c 3 + 0c 2 = = c3 =
and
Since ci = and ct = 2co, we have co = 0. Taking C2 = we obtain eg = C4 = C5 = - -
Thus, yi = c%x
2
. A second solution is
n = ^7 ^ dx =x
J ^ dx ~ x
j ^V~ X+ 2 X y
x + 4i
x
)
a
, // 1 1 1 1 1 \ , 2 T 1 11, 1 1 2
= ^ln*-- + *--^ + -*<-....

= n+r and
34. Substituting j/ EJJLq Cn into the differential equation collecting terms, we obtain
"
-1 2 r
xy" -y' +x 3
y = (r
2
- 2r) cox
1
+ (r - l) c : x
2 r+l 2 r+2
+ (t + 2r) c 2 3: + (r + 4r + 3) c 3 x'"'
+
k=4
[(A + r)(fc + r - l)cfc - (* + r)cfc + c k ^)x jfc+r-1
-0
210
Exercises 6.4
which implies
t
2 - 2r = r(r - 2) = 0,
2
{r - l) c, = 0,
r
2
+ 2r = r(r + 2)c2 = 0,
(r
3
+ 4r + 3) c3 = 0,
and (A + r)(k + r- 2)ck +c fc

_4 = 0.
The indicia! roots are r = 2 and r = 0, so cj = C3 = 0. Also, when r = 2, ci = 0; but when r = 0,
C2 is arbitrary. For r = the recurrence relation is
* = 4,5,6,....
--*?Sri)'
Taking cq arbitrary and C2 = we find
C5 = Cfi = C7 =
eg = cio en 0.
One solution is
Taking co = and ci arbitrary we find
C3 = c$ = C5 =
_
* = 24 C2
C7 = C8 = C9 =
=
C10
1^ C2 -
tin
y2 = fr,
c 2 \x
/
2
-x 6 + --x 10. r
24 1,920
y = Ciyi{x) + C2 V2(x).
Exercises 6.4
35. Substituting y = Y,%Lq ^ into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
00
x 3 y" +y= cox
r
+
A=l
[c k + (k +r- l)(k + r - 2)c lt _ 1 ]x
fc+r
= 0.
It follows that co = and

Ck = -(k + r-l)(k + r-2)c k ^.
The only solution we obtain is y(x) = 0.
36. Substituting y = Enô Cn x7l+r into the differential equation and collecting terras, we obtain
CO
-
xV - if +V= rcox
1 1
+ ([ {k + r)(k + r - 1) + l]c k - {k +r+ l)ck+1 }x
k+r - 0.
fc=o
Thus r = and the recurrence relation is
Ck+1
=k + i
k
'
*- '
1' 2
-
1 1 7
Then Q =0, c2 = -co, c3 = -co, c4 = -co,
and so on. Therefore, one solution is
y(x) = Cf>
n+r
37. Substituting y = JZ^Lo Cn2 into the differential equation and collecting terms, we obtain
x*y" + 3xy' 8y = ^[{n + r)(n + r - l)c + 3(n + r)c - 8cn ]x n+r

71=0
00
= [r(r - 1) + 3r - 8]c +
71=1
[(" + r){n + r + 2) - 8Kx" +r
= 0.
Taking cq / and c = for n= 1, 2, 3, . . .

, we have
r{r - 1) + 3r - 8 = r 2 + 2r - 8 - (r + 4)(r - 2) = 0.
= Cjx -4 2
The genera] solution is y + C2^ -
38. Assume x == is a regular singular point so that

CO oo
n=0 7i=0
Multiplying both sides of y" + P(x)y' + Q(x)y = by x 2 we have
x V+ x (xP(x)) y
1
+ 2
(x Q(x)) y =
212
Exercises 6.5
*y PnA y' + (f: <hA * = o.

\n=0 / \n=0 /
~ J^Lq n+r
Substituting y On,x into the differential equation we obtain
CO / 00 \ / 00 \
x 2 Y,(n
n=0
+ r)(n + r- l^z"*" 2 + x
\n=0

px" \=0 /
(n + r)cn z+ '- 1
n+r
\n=0 / \n=0
CO
\n=0 / \n=0 / \Tt=0
\n=0 / Vi=0
= 0.
The coefficient of the lowest power of a:, obtained when n 0, is
r(r - 1)cq + porco + qoco = - 1) +Por + lojco-
The indicia! equation is then r(r - 1) + po^ + 50 = -
39. Identifying po = 5/3 and go = 1/3, the indicial equation is
The indicial roots are 1 and 1/3.
40. (a) Substituting w \/x, the differential equation becomes
w 2pLi + 2w %L- 4y =
dw aw
and we see that there is a singular point at co.
(b) Identifying P(w) = 2w and Q(w) = 4/u; 2 we see that oo is a regular singular point.
Exercises 6.5
1. Since v'1 = 1/9 the genera] solution is y = ciJy 3 (x) + c^J^îx).

2. Since v 2 = 1 the general solution is y c\J\{x) + C2Vi(x).
3. Since v
1
= 25/4 the general solution is y = c\Jb / 2 ( x ) + c ^-&/2l x )
Exercises 6.5
4. Since v
2
= 1/16 the general solution is y ciJi/ 4 (x) + c^J-iîx).
5. Since e2 = the general solution is y = ci Jq(x) + C2Yo(x).
6. Since i/
2
4 the general solution is y = ci + C2l^{i).
7. Since i/
2
= 2 the general solution is y = ci J2(3x) + C2V2(3x).
8. Since f 2 = 1/4 the general solution is y = ci ^1^3(63;) + C2^_jy a(6x). ,
9. If j/
= ar-V2 w {a;) then
y' = x-Wv'(x)-\ X -V%(*),
y" = x~ l
' 2 v"(x) - x- 3 ' 2 v'(x) + ~x- b l 2 v{x).
and
x2y" + 2xy' + X2x2y = a;
3/
V + x^v' + (aV - ^ 3 _1/2
) v.
1/2
Multiplying by x we obtain
2
x v" + xv'+(\ 2 x 2 -)v = 0,
whose solution is v = c\J-l 2 {^ x )

j
+ 92^-1/2(^3;). Then y = c\x~ x ^ 2 Ji/ 2 {Xx) + C2X~~ 1 /2
J_ 1 / 2 (\x).
10. FVojn y = x n Jn (x) we find
n~ l n - 2 J.
y' = z n j; + ni"" 1 ^ and y" = xn J% + 2nx J'n + n(n - l)x

n~ l
x n+l Jl + 2nxn J'n + n(n - l)x Jn + (1 - n
2n){x J'n + nxn ^Jn + x n+l Jn
)
- x
n+1
J% + (2n + 1 - 2n)x n J'n + (n
2
-n + n- 2n 2 )x n ~ l
Jn + x n+l Jn
= n+l 2 2
x [x
2
J + xj'n - n Jn + x Jn ]
-x n+1 lx 2
JZ + xJ^ + (x 2 -n 2 )Jn ]
= x""
1
* (since Jn is a solution of Bessel's equation)
= 0.
Therefore, x n Jn is a solution of the original equation.
11. From y = x~ n J n we find
-1
y' = x-"J'n -nx- n - Jn l
and y" = x~ n J'^ - 2nx~ n J'n + n{n + l)*""" 2 Jn .
214
Exercises 6.5
xy" + (1 + 2n)y' + xy = aT"" 1 {x

2
J% + x J'n + (x
2
- n 2 Jn
) \
n~ l
x~ (since Jn is a solution of Bessel's equation)
= 0.
n
Therefore, x~ Jn is a solution of the original equation.
12. From y = yfx J(\x) we find
l
y' = X^Jl(Xx) + -x- l'2
Ju {Xx)
and
l
y" = 2
X Vx~J'J(Xx) + Xx~ l '2
Jl{Xx) - -x-V 2 MXx).
x 2 y" + (aV - 2 + A) = ^ [X
2
x 2 J'J(Xx) + XxJl(Xx) + 2
(X x
2
- u2
)
J(At)]
= -Jx (since Jn is a solution of Bessel's equation)
= 0-
Therefore, -JxJ^Xx) is a solution of the original equation.
13. From Problem 10 with n = 1/2 we find y = x x l 2 J1/2 (i). From Problem 11 with n = -1/2 we find
14. From Problem 10 with n = 1 we find y = xJ\{x). From Problem 11 with n 1 we find
y = xj-i{x) = -xJi(x).
15. From Problem 10 with n = -1 we find y x~ 1

J-i(x). From Problem 11 with n = 1 we find
y = x~ J\{x) = -x~
l l
J_i(x).
16. From Problem 12 with A = 2 and v = we find y = *Jx Jo(2x).
17. From Problem 12 with A = 1 and e = 3/2 we find y = yfx Jyz{x) and y = yfx J-z/2( x )'
18. From Problem 10 with n = 3 we find y = x s Js{x). From Problem 11 with n 3 we find
y = 3
x J-$(x) = -x 3 J3 (x).
Exercises 6.5
19. The recurrence relation follows from
(-1)"" 2n+i> (-1)" 2n+f-l

-vju {x) + xJv -i{x) = -J2
n) (2)
00
(-l)V (x\ 2n+ g, (-l)"(y + n)
= -E ,
^nirfl + y + n) V2
(-l)"{2n + f) /x\ 2n+( '
= E
^Jn!r(l + y + n) V2
20. Using
n
(-D
M*) = E
"- 1
{2n + v)(-l) n 'x\ 2" +
= E
^ 2n!r(l + c + n)V2,
1
(
(_l)n /
x n 2n+f-l
W*) = E
we obtain
^[x"7,(x)j = z"Jj(s) + i^-VvM
+ i>)(-l) n / x\ 2 " +t -1
(2n
'
= *"E
ntj2n!r(l + +
n)V2 i/
(-1)" 2n+u
(2n + f)(-l) n /asN 2

^"" 1
tl2nl(y + n)r(i/ + n)V2

- (-l)2-i 2n+i/
(I)" (I)
"- 1
(2n + i/)(-l)
n /x\ 2 " +
E
~ 2n!(e + n)rff + n)V2
f(-l) n
+
1
E
^ 2n!( I/ + rt)r( + n)V2 l/
216
Exercises 6.5
_ r ,y (-1)"
pf"^-
1
Alternatively, we can note that the formula in Problem 19 is a linear first-order differential equation
in JJx). An integrating factor for this equation is x", so

ax
v
\x J(x)} x"Jir -i(x).
21. The recurrence relation follows from
22. The recurrence relation follows from Example 3 in the text and Problem 21:
2Jl(x) -- \2vJ*(x) - 2J +1 {x)\ = - \xJu+l {x) + xJ-i(x)] - 2J +1 (x) = J_i(x) - J+i(x).
23. By Problem 20 -^-fxJi(x)] = xJ (x) so that [* rJ (r) dr = rJi(r) = xMx).

dX JO r=0
24. By Problem 19 we obtain J'n {x) = J-\{x) and by Problem 22
2J (x) = J-t(x) - Mx) = JSC*) - Mx)

so that J'q(x) = Ji(x).
25. Using Problem 20 and 24 and integration by parts we have
n n n
Jx J {x)dx = j x -\xJa {x))dx = j x ^~{xJ^(x))dx
n- - (n- n-2
= x
l
xJi{x) I)
jx xJ]{x)dx
n-1
= x n h{x) - (n - 1)
ji (-Jo(*))
-1
- xVi(x) + (n - lja:" Jb(a=) - ( - I)
2
/ i""V (x) <*c
26. Using Problem 25 with n 3 and Problem 23 we have
jx
3
J (x) dx = x 3 yi(x) + 2a;
2
Jo(i) - 4 xJ (x)dx
J
= x 3 Ji(x) + 2x Ja (x) -
2
4xJi(x) + c.
J
Exercises 6.5
27. Since
2 J (n-l)!22"-l
we obtain
28. By Problem 21 we obtain Ji/ 2 (a:) = xJ3 / 2 (x) + xj_y 2 (%) so that
29. By Problem 21 we obtain - J_ 1 / 2 {x) = xJ 1(/ 2 (^) + xJ_ 3/ 2 (;z:) so that
. . pZ /cosx . \
j -*t*w--i{ +sm v-
30. By Problem 21 we obtain ZJj,ji{x)
JT
^H(^
,
we obtain -SJ_y 2 (x) = xJi/ 2 {x)

.
= xJ^j 2 {x)
/ 2 /3sini
+

2^1/2(2;) so that
3cosx
31. By Problem 21 + xJ_ 5 / 2 (x) so that
. , . / 2 /3cos:r 3sinx \
32. By Problem 21 we obtain 5J5 / 2 {x) = a:

7)/ 2
(x) + xj3 / 2 (x) so that
hiiW -
,
\
2 /15sina:
/15sina;
5 - -

15cosa;
s
6sinz
+COSX
\
.
33. By Problem 21 we obtain 5.7_ 5 / 2 (:e) = xJ_y 2 (x) + xJ_ij 2 {x) so that
^ ,
!(l)
,
=
feh / 2 / 15cosx

15sinx
+
6cosa:
^- + SiQX )-
\
34. Since
-viC \ - -^-^ {-l)"i 2n fx^+" ^ 1
the function is real.
35. If yi = Iv{x) = i~"J{ix) then

+1
S/i=i-" ^( l x),
218
Exercises 6.5
and
2 2 a 2 -
*V + aVi " (* + VI = i~" [(w) ^(w) + {) + (() - " ) M*c)] = i " = 0.
Similarly, t/2 = I-v{%) i"J- y (ix) satisfies the differential equation, and the general solution is
y = ciIl,(x) + C2l~v(x).
36. If t/i = Jo(x) then using equation (35) on Page 299 in the text gives
= Mx)
V2
Jrn^ dx
dx
= Mx) dx
j x2 x4 xe
, , . f (I x hx 3 23a:
5
,
,
, , J, x2 5x 4 23a:
6
= M*)lnx + (,
(l-
x2
T + --~ +
x* x6 \ fx
^_ +
2
_+_+
5a:
4
23x 6
.
2 6
3x* 11a:
= T
Jo(a:) In
, ,
,
a: +
a:
4-
4 128 13824
37. Using (8) with v =m we have
^- V (-1)" flN*"", " (-1)" /S^'"

7
mK )
,Jj!r(l-m + n ) V2> n^n!r(l-m + fl) W
= (-l)
m J (a;).
m
38. Using (7) with f = m we have
- d r (1
'
+ i + ,) (-5) i- i r ^ + i t ,| (-i )
=(-').
39. (a) Using the formulas on Page 315 in the text we obtain
P6 (x) =
16
(231a:
8
- 315x 4 + 105x 2 - 5)'
and
t
Exercises 6.5
Pj( x ) = A {429a;
7
- 693a;
5
+ 315a;
3
- 35a;) .
16
(b) P6 (x) satisfies (l - a;

2
)
y" - 2xy' + 42y = and Pi{x) satisfies (l - x 2 ) y" - 2xy' + 56y = 0.
40. We use the product rule for differentiation:
d_
+ n{n + l)y = (1 - z 2 )^| + (~ 2x )^. + n ( n +
dx
= (1 - x 2 )y" - 2xy' + n{n + l)y = 0.
41. If x = cos# then

dy dy
Sm0a
.
d9^- Tx'
de*
sin
9
Q-r-z
(fiy
dx*
cos
dy
dx
,
and
sin#S( +
do
cos(?^(
do
+ n(n + l)(sin0)y = sin# 1 -cos 2 S) ^ - 2cos$^ +n(n+ l)y = 0.
That is,
42. The polynomials are shown in (18) on Page 316 in the text.
43. By the binomial theorem we have

1/2 2
[l + (t
2
-2xt)y =l-(t 2 -2xt)+^(t2 -2xt) + --- = l + xt + (3x 2 -l)t 2 + ---.
44. Letting x = 1 in (1 - 2xt + t 2 )" 1'2
, we have
(1 - 2t + t 2 )- ,/2 = (1 - t)"
1
= jl = l+t + t 2 + t 3 + ... (\t\ < 1)
t
00
= '"
71=0
From Problem 43 we have

n
f;pn (i)t = (i-2* +t
a
r l/2 = t n -
Equating the coefficients of corresponding terms in the two series, we see that Pn (l) = 1. Similarly,
letting i 1 we have
(i +2t + 2
y 1 '2 = (i +1)-! = = i - t+t 2 - 3t
3
+ . . . (\t\<i)
L "T* i
= (-i)V=pn (-i) t ",
n=0 n=0
220
- . ,
Exercises 6.5
so that P(-l) = (-1)".
45. The recurrence relation can be wrtten
ft+iW = = 2, 3, 4, ... .
3 1
k = 1:
2
"2
2*
k = 2: w =
Mk-
FT ^ C
"2*
1
3
, n # ort
3
k = 3:
?)-!(?"- 8
k = 4: W = -?*-!)-! (1** - 1-) - f T 35 15

x+ T,
x
35 15 \ 5 /35 30 3^ 231 _315 105

k = P6 (x) = 3 4 2 ,
6
X4 + 1
5:
"fjUT T 8,' 16 16 IF
n 0: W = 1
1^/2
71 = 1: Pl(x) = (X l) = z
1 <P 3 1
n 2: ft(x) =
^
2 "
J ( -2x 2 + l) = ^(12x 2 a\
-- 4] = -x 2
Sdx 2 8 &x* '
2 2
"- 3:
- 35 ^ (l2 " ' " 5 5 " 3 *' + 312 " 3 = 48<
12to3 " 72l > = ?
3
" 5*
47. For n = 0, 1, 2, and 3 we obtain
^P a
2 (x) dx =
J
(9x
4
- 6x 2 + l) dx =
|
and
6 4
P${x) dx =j i (25x - 30x + 9x 2 ) = 2 .
j ^
In general,
P*(x) <ix =
2^ for n= 0, 1, 2, -
48. All integrals of the form Pa (x)Pm (x) dx are for n ^ m.

X
Exercises 6.5
49. Let
y2 = -x$n(l + x)-ln(l-x)}-l
that
1 1
J/2 = x + + -\ln(l + x)-ln(l-x)}
t:
l+x I-
and
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + +
(l + x)
2
(1-x) 2 2 l+x l-x 2 1 +x 1 -x\
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
r (l + x) 2 (l-x) 2 l+x + l-x
Then
(1 - x)(l + x)y'i - 2xy'2 + 2y2 = 0.
1 . The auxiliary equation is 6m m = 1 so that
y = cix
1/2
+ c 2 x~ lli .
2. The auxiliary equation is 2m 3 + 13m 2 + 24m + 9 = (m + 3)

2
(m + 1/2) = so that
y = cix~ 3 4- C2X~ 3 In x + ^x 3 .
3. The auxiliary equation is m2 5m + 6 = (m 2)(m 3) = and a particular solution is
yp = x4 x2 In x so that
2
y c\x + C2X 3 + x A x
2
In x.
4. The auxiliary equation is ro

2 2m + 1 (m l) 2 = and a particular solution is yp jx3 so that
y = c\x + c 2 x In x + -x .
5. Since
-2x 1
P(x) = and Q(x)
^
(x-2)(x 2 + 2x + 4) v
' (at - 2)(x 2
+ 2x + 4)
the singular points are x= 0, x = 1 + \^3i, and x 1 ^/Si. All others are ordinary points.
6. Since
P(x) = and Q(x) =

(x 2 - 4) (x
2
+ 4)
222
the singular points are x = 2, x 2, x 2i, and x = 2i. Alt others are ordinary points.
7. Since
=
afo - 5)' ^ Q ^ =0
the regular singular point is x= and the irregular singular point is = 5.
8. Since
P(,, = and <?(*) =
the regular singular points are x = and i = 5. There are no irregular singular points.
9. Since
the regular singular points are x = 3 and a: = 3. The irregular singular point is i = 0.
10. Since
ifa^+l) [X^ + lj
the regular singular point is x = 0. The irregular singular points are x = and x
i i.
11. Since P(x) = x and = 6 the interval of convergence is -co < x < oo.
12. Since P{x) = 2x/ (x 2 - 4) and Q(x) = 9/ (a:

2
- 4) an interval of convergence is -2 < x < 2.
13. Substituting ?/ = S^=o cn x

'i
mto * ne differential equation we obtain
oo
k~2
,k-2
y" + xy = 2c2 +Y, [*(* - 1)<* + c k ^\x =
it=3
which implies C2 = and

c k-3 , . c

c3 =0
1
Ca =
12
C5 = =
C7=
fk
and
14. Substituting y = Lo 1
dj^' into the differential equation we obtain
-2
y" - 4y =
k=2
[*(* - Ik* - 4ct _ 2 ]x
fc
=
which implies
Ck = 777 rr i
fc = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
-D'
Choosing Co = 1 and c\ = wc find
C2 = 2
C3 = C5 = = ... =
2
C4 =
3
4
C6 =
45
c2 = C4 = ce = =
2
C3=
3j
2
C5=
15
5
4
C7
=3i5
224
and
2 , 2 * 4 \
= C ( I+
I 7
X + X + a: + ---)'

3 YH 3i5
15. Substituting ?/ = Y5=$ into the differential equation we obtain

oo
~2
(x - l)y" + 3y = (-2c2 + 3q,) + (* ~ " 2 H-l ~ k{k - l)ck + 3ck _ 2 }x k =
which implies C2 = 3co/2 and
_ (fc - 1)(* - 2)0^1 + 3ck 2 _

ck - fc-3,4,5,...
k{k _
.
,
1}
Choosing cq = 1 and c\ = we find
C3=
C2
=2' 2' ^= 8
and so on. For en = and ci = 1 we obtain
1 1
c2 = 0, c3 = -, c4 = -
and
V2 = G2 {
I + ^x 3 + ^x 4 +
16. Substituting y = Cn* ' nt0 diiferential equation we obtain

CO
y" -x V + xy = 2c 2 + (6c3 + co)* +
it=i
[(* + 3)(* + 2)c*+ 3 - (* - l)c*]i
fc+1
=
which implies C2 = 0, C3 = cq/6, and

1
C * +3 C *' * =1 2 .3.----
=(A + 3)0t + 2)
.
Ci = C7 = C10 =" =
C5 = c8 = en = - -- =
225
obtain
C3 = ce = Cg = -
C4 = c7 = Cio = =
C5 = eg = cn = .. =
yi = Co (l - ^x 3 - ~x 6 )
and y2 = c Y x.
= n+r into the equation we obtain

17. Substituting y T,%Lo Cn% differential
2x 2 y" + xy'-(x+l)y
= for 2 -T-ijcox'+Y, |2(* + r)(A +r- l)c k + (k + r)c k -ck - c ft _i]x*

it=i
-
which implies
2r
2
- r- 1 = (2r + l)(r- 1) =
and
[(A + r)(2* + 2r - 1) - \\ck - ck ^ = 0.
The indicial roots are r = 1 and r = 1/2. For r = 1 the recurrence relation is
=
^mrry fc 1 '
2 3 '
SO CI = \co, c2 = ^co, c3 = ^co.

Ck = = 1 2 3 --->
fc(2* - 3)
' * 1 >
1
so c\ = -eg, C2
c = -~2 C <>'
c3 = "18*
Two linearly independent solutions are
and
226
n+T into the differential equation

18. Substituting y EJJLo cn x we obtain
CO
-1
2xy" + y' + y = (2r
2
- r) cqx'-
1
+ [2(* + r){k + r - \)c k + (k + r)ck + ck ~i}z k+r =
fc=l
which implies
2r 2 - r = r(2r - 1) =
and
{k + r){2k + 2t- \)c k + = 0.
Ck = ~k(2k~-1)' * =1 >
2 3
> -"
1 1
so Ct = -co, c2 = ^co, c3 = -c .
b 90
Cfe
= fc = 1' 2 3
~*(2fc + 1)'
'
Cl = -loo, C2 = Aco, C3 = -^CO.

Two linearly independent solutions are
yi = c ,(i-, +
1
-^-~,
1 , 1
3
+ ...)
and
?/2
V 3 30 630 /
= n+r into the differential

19. Substituting y EJ^Lo Cna: equation we obtain
i(l - x)y" -2y' + y= (r

2
- 3r) coaf'
1
+
it=i
[(* + r)(fc + r - l)c* - 2{fc + r)c k
- (* +r- l)(fc +r- 2) Cfc _! + c^]^" 1
=
which implies
r
2
- 3r = r(r - 3) =
and
(* + r)(k + r- 3)c fc - [{k +r- l)(k +t- 2) - l]cfc _! = 0.
The indicia! roots are n 3 and t-i = 0. For n= 3 the recurrence relation is
2
_ (* + 3* + l)c -ifc
so
5 11 209
Cl = -co, c2 = -co, c3 = co-
One solution is
, / 5 11 o 209 3 \
SI
= V1 |i| 3
-/ ^(l-2x + ^)(l + |x + f^ + x + ...)
=m
J
/ / 1 1
l?-2?-16?-3fe
1 1
V^" fl
\
_ 1,lni
r3? + 4? + lfa 36 + ""J
91
1 1 1
= -^ lnz + 1 yi (-^3 + ^+^+ ..-).
= +r
20. Substituting 3/ Cn^" into the differential equation we obtain
xV -xy'+(x 2
+ l)y= (r
2
- 2r + l) cox
r
+ r 2 cjx r+1
+
k=2
[{ft + r)(* + r - l)cfc - (A + + c + ^_ 2 1*
fc
=
which implies
r
2
-2r + l = (r-l) 2 =
r 2 cj =
[(ft + r){k + r - 2) + 1]^ +c fc
_2 = 0.
The indicial roots are n= = 1, so c\ = and
C* = -^T' * = 2,3,4
228
Thus
C2 - -4*
1-5 l*T
(-7
1
Ci - 61
C6 =
2,304
and one solution is
e^/ 1 f xdx
vi

- f
^
y
V x(l _l x 2 + ^__ _ l6 +
i f
...
)
/ /1 1 5 23 = -\
,
2 5 4 23 6
21. Substituting y = Lo c:r

n+r into the differential equation we obtain
T- 1
xy" - (2x - l)y' + (x - l)y - 2
r cox + {(r
2
+ 2r + l) ci - (2r + I)co] xT
-1
+ E
ifc=2
[(* + + r " 1)^ + (* + r)cfc - 2(k +r- l)ck ^ - ck . x + ct - 2 ]i fc+r
=
which implies
r
2
= 0,
(r + l)
2
ci-(2r + l)co = 0,
and
(fc + r) 2 c - fc
(2k + 2r- !)<;*_! + ck_ 2 = 0.

The indicia! roots are n = r2 = 0, so c\ cq and
Thus
1 1 1
C'2 = -Co, C3 = Co, C4 = Co
and one solution is
1ft = co (l + x + -x 2 + -x 3 + ii 4 + = Co e
x
.
y> = e
y^ dx = e
;^ = e
Jx
dx = e lnx -
22. Substituting i/ = =0 cn x"

+r
into the differential equation we obtain
i V - xV + (*
2
- 2) y = (r
2
- r - 2) CoX
r
+ [(r
2
+r- 2) ci - rco] x
r+l
r4
+
fc=2
[(* + +r- l)c fc - 2cfc - (A: + r - Ijcj^ +c fc
_ 2 ]z fc + r
=
which implies
r
2
- t- - 2 = (r - 2)(r + 1) - 0,
r
2
+r- 2) ci - rco = 0,
and
[(* + r)(k + r - 1) - 2}c k -(k + r- ljc^ + c k _ 2 = 0.
The indicial roots are ri = 2 and r2 = -1. For V2 = -1,
-2ci + Co and fc(fc - 3)c ft - (k - 2)c fc _i + ct _ 2 = 0, k = 2, 3, 4, ... .
Thus
1
ci = ^co
-2c 2 - c\ + co = => C2 = |co
cs c% + c\ = =? C2 = Ci = ^co and C3 is arbitrary
= (ft-2)cfc_i -c _2
and cfc
fc
,
A = 4,5,6,....
230
Taking cq = 1 and C3 = we have

1 1
Cl = -, C2=
C2 = - = CB = -^,
2' 2
and so on. Choosing co = and 03 = 1 we have

1 3
ci=c2 = 0, c 4=2> C5 = 20'
and so on. Two solutions are
and
1 3
Vi = Qx- 1
(x 3 + -x 4 + ~x 5
+
Substituting y n+r ' nto the equation we obtain

!3. J^nLo cnX differential
xy" + y' + xy = 2
r CQX
r
+ (r
2
+ 2r + l) Cl x
r+i
+ [{k + r)(k + r - l)c k + {k + r)ck + ck - 2 ]x k+r =
which implies
2
r = 0,
2
(t + l) ci = 0,
and
(k + r) 2 ck + cic-2 = 0.
The indicia! roots are r\ = ri = 0, so ci = and the recurrence relation is
c* = -^' ^ = 2,3,4
Thus
c2 = --co
C3 = = C7 = =
1
C4 C0
= 64
C6 =
-2^4 C0
and
?/i
3/1 = rs\
co 1
(
1
1 \x 2 + ^-x_ i -
- .
lx 6
+
4 64 2,304
e
7 Laplace Transform
Exercises 7.1
1. #{/(*)} - ~e~ st dt + e' st dt = - e~ at

s o
s
-St
S S \ S ) 3 S
2. 2{f(t)}= f Ae- dt =
JO
St
5
e" st
o s
~ St ~ St
= et
+ st
= -
3. %{f(t)}
J*
te- dt
J e- dt
(~l
te
^2
e
s
e
"s "s "s

e_s
-7 e - ie )
- ( -i) - ^ - e
> = - '.
s >
4. #{/(()} =
JO
/'(2t + l)e-
3t
dt - (--t e ~ s -
\ s
'
-|
s

e
- flt s
e
= e ;e e
5. #{/(*)} = {sint)e- st dt = (--^ye-^sinj- -ji-ye-^cost

J*
(e-" + l), s>0

s
2
+ l
6. {f{t)} =
Jn/2
r (cosi)e-
st
dt = (
\
-ie^'cost
+ S

+
1 S
;
+ 1
e~
st
smt
*/2
0-(o + ê-"' J
)=-Vrre" ,r ' /2
s >0
s + l'
2
a + l
.
0, < t < 1
7. /(() =
f, (> 1
00
1
#{/(*)} = Jte- St dt = (-\te~ at - ~e~ at = -e e~ a , s>0
1 s
0, <t< 1
8. f(t) =
2t - 2, t > 1
2
J?{/(t)} - 2 Hit - l)e~
st
dt = 2
st
(--{t - l)e~ - \ e -st = -je"', s>0
J\ \ 3 S
232
Exercises 7.
f 1
- 1, o < t< 1
9 -' (
Ho, t >0
/V -
*</<< - - - t)a-' + =
^ "2 e
f 0, < f < a
t
-st - --
10 - -(e" sa e-
si
so
, s >
0, t> b
+ V'dt
11. {/(*)} = e' = e
7
e^^'df = = 0- s > 1
/ 1 S S 1
,
oo -5
[ e
12. #{/(*)}=
1 WJ e-
2t
-h- st dt = e-* fe-t'+^dt = _- ll e -(+2)t , a > -2
Jo /o s + 2 o 3 + 2
13. #{/(()}
1
'
-
jo
[
te
4t
e-
st
dt = rte^'dt =
JO
!-^te^
\4- s
1
- ^ w)
(4 - s) 2
e
/
00
1,
, s > 4
(4 - s)*
3-s
14. #{/()} = jT t 2 e 3t e~ st dt = (
2
e( "<it
1 " 8 '* 2 X
-tV 3 - _JL~f e <
3 -')'
e P-)*
3-s (3-5)
2
, s > 3
(3-s) 3 (s-3)3
15. ^{/(*)} = t
e- (smt)e-" dt
t
= Jîsmt^+^dt
J
2
^(3 + l) + l (s+l) 2 + l
(s+ 1)
2
+ 1 s2 + 2s + 2'
16. = e t
(cmt)e-* dt t
= J^(cost)e^-'^dt
1-5
cosi +
(l-s) 2 + l* (l-s) 2 + l
1 -s a-1
- - ,
s> 1
(1 s) 2 + 1 s2 2s + 2
1
Exercises 7.
st
17. Jf{/(t)} = t(coat)e- dt
J
st s
2
-1
+ 1 (s 2
+ 1)
s
2
-l
-5 , S >
/ao
18. 2{f{t)} = jf t(8ini)e" 5C *
2s -*_ st s
2
-l
(c08t)e
2
'
+ (sint)e
1
+ 1 (s 2
+ 1)' 5 + 1 {s 2 + 1) ;
2s
7 , s>0
(P + l)
4!
19. if{2t
4
} = 2^ 20. *{t B } = 5
21. if{4(-10} =
4
4-
10
22. ^{7( + 3}-^ + -s
2 16 9
+ 4-- y{-4f 2 + + 9} = -44 + ^+^
2
23. ^{( + 6(-3} = ^
s J
s s i
24. 16f
25. ^{t 3 2
+ 3f + 3( + l} = ^ + 3-| + 4 + - 26 -
^{8i 3 -12( 2 +6i-l} = 8^-124 + 4-"
27. ^{l + e -"} = i +

s
-!-
s 4
28. ^-.- + 5}.^-^ + ^
29. ^{l+2e 2t +
*
e
4(
} = -
s
+ ^
s 2
+ ^-r
s - 4
so. y {
- a + .-.,_-i -2 + -i
5 5
31.
a
if{4t -5sin3[} = 4
2
3 -5-2s + 9 2
3
-
32. i? ( c s_5, + sin5, ) = -^_ + ?A-5
3
33. y{sinhA:(} = 34. %{coshkt} = ,
-
a
^
s
2 -fc 2
35. ^.,i h <) - if {e-

^} -* - i} - - i
234
Exercises 7.
37. i?{sin2tcos2f-} = if j^sin4fj =
2
s
38. i?{co S t}=i? + cos2t = +
{l l } Ys 2^
l +4
39. ^{costcos2r-} =if j^cos3f + ^cosfj =

Is Is
^ :
+ 9 2 s2 + 1
40. if{ Sin( S in2[} =J? {^cost - cos3f} = | -

\ \
41. ^{ S m(cos2t} =i? {|sin3t - în(} = -

^
42. y {sin 3
f}= ^{ sin(
(^l C0S 2 )}=^{i ( Si n t-i(ism3 i -i S mt)} = 5^_l^
a =
43. Let u= st so that du = s dt and %{t"} = / e~
st
t dt = (
- ) - du -^r{a + 1)
for a > 1.
r(i/2) In
V s
r{3/2)
r(5/2) 3^
s 5/2 4s 5/2
2
47. If we attempt to compute the Laplace transform of 1/t we obtain
*^ = for
atdt+
rk stdt
If s = then
which diverges. If s < then
which diverges. If s > then
2
which diverges. Thus, the Laplace transform of 1/f does not exist.
1 i ,
Exercises 7.
48. Since / and g are of exponential order there exist numbers c, d, M, and N such that |/(t)| < Mea
dt
and \g{t)\ < Ne for t > T. Then
= \f(t)\W)\ < Me<*Ne dt = A/TVe'^ 1
for t >T, and is of exponential order.
Exercises 7.2
24 s5 '
3! I 3,1,
. + At + 2t 2
8. if-lL.i +
s
i* +
4 s& s 8_
9. se-
Us + lJ \4 S+1/4J 4
xto
1 5s - 2 J \5 s - 2/5 J
5
ii. = ^ _1 = sin7t
si
'{?T49} {? ' 7
12. 2
236
Exercises 7.2
13. g-i/-il-} = ,y-iJ

2
I4s + lj \s 2i + l/4j 2
16. i?" 1 ! 1 = 10cosh5f

I a* 25 J
2
17.
U|^||
i?- 1 /
+ 9J 2
h
I s2 + 9
- 2 -
s2 + 9)}
= 2cos3i - 2 sin 3*
U 2
+ 2j \s 2 +2 \/2 s2 + 2j s/2
iy X
'
U 2
+ 3J U * 3 S + 3/~3 3
1*3 + *- 20 J \9 5-4 9 S + 5j"9 9
23
" ^1 (,-a^ + a2)
}-^"4 (a3) -^ ^-^}" ^ + ( ft
M + a8 '^'
^ X
\( s _2)( 5 -3)( 5 -6)J 12 s-2 s-3
+
2 S -6/~2 e 6 +
2
fl2 + 1
1-jf-if 1 1 1 1 1 5 1
26 1 1
\s(s-l)(s + l)(s-2)J 12 s s-1 3 s + 1 6 s-2j
G C
\(s-2)(s 2 + 4s + 3)J * 1 15 s-2 3 s + 1 5 s + 3J 15 3 5

Exercises 7.2
s+1 ,-5t
28. +
(s
2
-4s)(.s + 5)J ( 20 s
'
36 5-4 45 s + 5J 20 36 45
4) U s2 8 s2 + 4j 4
s-l 1 ... (11 s 1

30. J
s
i,i
2 2
{s + 1} J
MIs s
1
2
s
5
2
+
7
1
+ ~5
s
2
+
)
>
1 J
= 1 f cos t + sin t
s
_i 1 5 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 _
r^-4'^T2) = 4 COs2i+ 4
1 r f
+ -4 e
+ 4 )( s + 2 )}=^
S1Il2i
(s 2 l4"^?4
32. W U 4
*
-9J
Utf-J *
\6\/3
_^L_ J_.^L} = J_
s
2
-i 6i/3 s
2
3/ 6v3
sin hV3t- -Lsin^f
33. S- 1
! ,,
\(s 2 +
*
l)(s 2 + 4)j
.J = Û 13 -t^-t
s + l
2
- s
6 s2 + 4j
1 = -sinf
3
- - sin2t
6
+3 2-^ + ^-2
6* 2
34. 3? -if 1=^-1/ 3 1
\(s 2 + l)(s 2 + 4)J I + + 1
1 s 3
1 s
2
+4 2 s 2
+4}
= 2 cos t + sin f 2 cos 2t sin 2t
In Problems 35 and 36 we use the fact that //(x)di = Jog{x)dx if both integrals exist and
f{x) ^ g(z) for at most finitely many values of x.
35. 2{f(t)} = e~ st dt = - for a >

J
36. #{/(*)}=
jo
r e^- ^dt=-^~

3
s 3
fors>3
Exercises 7.3
1. =
^
(s - 10)
2
2. jf/ te -}
I J
= _J
+
s 4- 6) 2
fs
3! 10!
3. ^{(*
3
e-
21
4. ^{(
10
e-
7(
}
=
(
s + 2)4
5 -
y { etsin3( } = (73^ 1 > (s + 2) 2 + 16
238
Exercises 7.3
7.
^ S ioh3t} =
(fi
_ 5)2 _ 9
10.
11. y|L e -' sin 2 t} =

- I)*} - *{* -
V' - le-'costt) = 1 J- - 1 +
+ = ^ "
,
"
1
+
7^
,
J 12 2 2 + 2 (s+ J s 1 I)
2
+4
2 1 , 1 , 1 1 1 1 s-l
3t}=y|ê +
2s-l +
t
12. y{e t
coa
l
ê cos6t}
2 (s-l) 2 + 36
14 . W s-l) 4 J
i
Win * l = tV
\6(s-l) 4 J 6
it.
y-i
(
ls 2 +
*
4s
_}
+ 5J
= (,
\(s
't,
(
+ 2) 2 +
2)
l22
l
- 2
t
^2^1
(s + 2) 2 + l
2
/
= e_2t cos * - 2e_2t 9in(
18. W U 2 V
+ 6s + 34 J
5
^, }
= W [
2
,
(s +
(S
ot2
3)
2
3)
+ 5. 2 "I?
5 + 3) 2 + {.s 52 j
1 - 2e- 3t coS 5t- ê- 3t sin5t
5
"
-J * 1 _ v-J^ 1 1
! _ v-J* 1 I --t_ t -t
21 .
J-lJLi}
+
=
s 2 (s J
{
5
s
- I_
s+l
5 _
(s +
4
1)*
_ 3
2 (s
2
+ 1)
J
I
5 _ 1 _ 5e _,_ 4te _, 3
2
(2e
_
[ 1) J [ J
22 ^ + fe (C + 6
'
l(s + 2)^-^ \(s + 2)3 (s + 2)3 6(s + 2)V 6*
239
Exercises 7.3
23. a?{(t-i)qi(t_i)} = i^
S
24. if{e
2 -'
K (t - 2)1 = 1
2
J? /e-f" ' <3i (t - 2))
;
=
s + 1
25. # {tK (f - 2)} = 'X {(t - 2) m It - 2) + 2U (t - 2)} = ~

sl
+
s
+ - 3)} = 3 + - = - 3) * (t - -
26. ^{(3i lj'tt (t
^{ <U (t
3)} 3 3) + y* (t
3)}
3e~ 3a 10e-.
-
3s
+
27. if{cos 2t K (f - tt) } - 3? {cos 2(i - tt) It (t - tt)} = 4f=P
*H*(-!)}-*M'-i)K)}-j
29. ^{( ( -l)V- ^(t-l)} =
1
-^
-
(S
?
l)<
"5 "5 6 **
30. ^/(e 1
(* - 5)} = if f
(t - SJe
1
(i - 5) + 5e*" 5 * (i - 5)} = , _ +
33. = sin(i-7r)%((-7r)
yj
-28 p~ 2s
e" 2a e~ 25
^" = ^-
f 1 f e )
36 -
1
{ivrTyj
1
{- -- 55
- +
r^} = -'(*-2)-{*-2)K(*-2)+*->*(*-2)
S
37. y{icos2(} = --f ' ^
d$W + 4-J (s2+4)
2
240
Exercises 7,3
38. gft B mh3*} = -j.(-J'U ^ a
2 2
/ 1 ^ 6s + 2
39.
-^(p^)- (s 2
- 1)
3
1
' ds 2 Vs 2 + l/ ds\(s 2 + l)
2
y (s 2 + l)
3
41.
(s-2) 2 +
6
36,/
^ [( s
12 <- 2
_2) 2 + 36f
>
' ds \{s + 3) 2 + 9 J [( 5 + 3) a + 9] 2
2 2 V
\(s 2 + l) J I 2 (s
2
+ l)
J \2 'dsVs 2 + l// 2
5 + 1 1
- 2(3 + 1 1 1
j-cf-if ) l- if
44 -'f
1(^ + 2^ + 2)2/ ^ 1 2 [(5 + 1)
2
+ 1]
2
/ ^ -.f\2 -'f + i
45. (c) 46. (e) 47. (f) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (d)
''
51. 2{2-4<V(t-3)\ = ---e- 3

s s
52. 2{l-<V(t-4)+U(t-5)} = l-
s
s
+
s
53. 2{t 2ail(t - 1)} = y {[(( - l)

2
+ 2t - l] K (* - 1)} - ^{[(f - l)
2
+ 2(t - 1) + l] * (t - 1)}
/ 2 2 1\ _s
e 2e
55. J?{t-*qf(t-2)} = #{t-(t-2)(t-2)-2'W(t-2)}= s -^-
2 s s2 a
56. i?{sin t-smt<ft(t- 2tt)} - i?{sin t - sin(f - 2tt) K (t - 2tt)} - -^-y -

J-^-j-
57. if{/(i)} = -^{^(i-a)-^((-6)} =

p-as

,-6s
1
Exercises 7.4
4. X{y" - V+ by} = if {y"} - 4if{y'} + 5if{y}

= s
2
Y(s) - sy(0) - */(0) - 4\aY{a) - y(0}} + 5Y(s) - (s
2
- 4s + 5)Y(s) -s + 5
5. We solve %{y" -2y' + y} = if {0} = 0.
S
2
Y( S ) - sy(0) - y'(0) - 2{sY(.s) - y(0)\ + Y(s) =
(s
2
-2s + l)K(s)-2s + l =
2s- 1
Y(s)
- I)*
(s
6. We solve %{y" + y} = if {1} = 1/s.
2
s Y( S )- S y(0)-y'(0) + Y(s)
2
(s + l)Y(s)-2s-3
- 1 2s +3
VI
r(S} ~ >
+
,
S (s* + 1) sl +l
7. if{/VfT} = -if{ e
[Jo a
(
} = ^~
- s[s
) 1)
8. X{ tco&rdr) = -{cost} =
s(s 2 + l) s
2
+ l
t
1 s+l s+ 1
9. if|^ e-r cosrrfrj = ifje-'cosf} =
J J (s+l) 2 + l s ( s2 + 2s + 2)
d 1 1 2s 2
10. X\ fTsiRTdA = - if{tsint} = - (- ^
a \ cfes 2 +l,/ s (s 2 + l)
2
(s
2
+ l)
2
11. 2[j\e^dr} = m^} -^ =
12. if{
sinTcos(f-7-)dr[ = if {sin (} if {cosi} =
^
13. ifn/'sinrÛîf/rsinrdxU-A^.
o ds [Jo \s s 2 J
1
+ 1/
X
s
2
^ ++
(s 2 l)
2
14. ifU /
r* -t,
T
Te- <M
1
= - -f. <*
/ Te-
T
<M = d =-
(1
- 1 ^ 3s + l
'o
J
d \
Jo
f ds\s(s + l)2) a (s2
+ l)
3
Exercises 7.4

15. ^l^}-!* 16. ^{i*I
e
- 3t
)
J
= -ri
s(s + 2)
jif <s -I
5-1
I > (s + l)[(s-l) 2 + l]
20. *{ e * =
J
(s-2)(s 2 + l)
21. y- 1
{^F( 5 )} = e
- 5l
*/(t) =
|o
t
/(r) e
- 5(1 - T
W
22 . if- l {-j^F(s)} = cos2t*/(()= /Or) cos 2{( - r) dr
23
(s(s + l)J Jo o
24. y -1 j , } I = 1 *sini = / sinft -rWr = cos(t- t) = v

I 1 - cost
\s(s 2 + l)J JO ' ' lo
1
2t ~ 3T 1
25. g-*J ,
\=e-Ue = f eê^dr = f e
*
2i
dr = - (
,2t-3r
\(s + l)(s-2)J Jo Jo 3 o 3 ^ '
26. if-ifl-.}=e-
\(s + l) 2 f
t
* e -'= /V
Jo
r
e-<*-
T
>d7- = e"'
Jo
f dr^te"'
-1 S
27. i? j , = cos2f * isin2t = I /'cos2rsin2(t - tWt
(s 2
+ 4) 2 J 2 2/0
= -/ cos2r(sin2( cos2r cos 2t sin 2r) <ir = - sin2( / cos 2r dr cos 2t / -sin4r(ir
2 Jo 2 Jo Jo 2
1
1 rl l 1
= -sin2f y-T + -sm4r cos 2t - cos At
o 4 .
4
= -sin2i f-f
2 \2
+ - sin 4^ + cos 2((cos4t - 1)
8 / 16
= -( sin 2i
4
+
16
sin 2t sin 4t +
16
cos 2t cos 4t 16
cos 2t
2 2
= ^(sin2i + [sin2i(2sin2*cos2f) + cos2t (cos 2f - sin 2t) - cos2f]
= ^sin2i + -^cos2i [2 sin 2t

2
+ cos 2 2t - sin
2
2t - ll = -tsin2f
4 16 L J
4
244
}
Exercises 7.4
28. x f 2 + 4s
i* + 5) 2 } * '{[(TT^TTf e
2t
sin t * e
2t
sin t
2r ''" r -2 '
= j
e" 8inTe" s ' sin(t - t) dr = e sinr(smtcosr - cost sinr)dT
Tl 1 /' 1
sint / - sin2TdT - cost / -(1
V
- cos2t) dr
Jo 2 '
Jo 2
-2( -sin ((cos 2r)

= e - cos t [t ~ ~ sin 2t
o i \ 2
sini(cos2i 1) ^cos t ^ sin2t

^
-2i 2
- 2
-
= 6 ^ sint (cos t sin t - tcost + ^ cos t(2 sin t cost)
2
2
^sinf (-cos t + sin 2 t + l + 2cos 2 () -tcosf = ê" 2 '(sint - (cost)
29. Let u t~ t so that du dr and

rt
f*9=f - T )dr=- =
f{r)g(t
f f(t- u)g{u)du g*f.
= tf(rMt-r)+h(t-r)]dr=
30. f*{g + h}
JQ JQ f f(r)g(t - r) dr + JQ/' f(r)h(t - r)dr
= [f(TMt-T) + h(t-r)}dT = f*g + f*h
s /" 8t
(1-e-"8 ) 2 1 -e"
31- #{/(()} / e~ <dt- e- dt ~~
JO Jq s(l-e- 2as ) s(l + e-<")
32. *{/(()} 6 dt ~
- e" 2 "8 Jo s(l + e~ aa )
33. 2{f{t)} -r- / T te

at
dt = r
1 2 1 -e"
3t
- _s(
34. #{/(()} _ _-2a jf te~ <it + (2 t)e dt
^ "
s 2 (l-e- 2s )
W+ 2 ~"s/2
35.
-^y
1
o
fff
e
_ ee(
Bint A- J
^^
e
-
e j
coth 2
1 1 1
36. #{/(*)} s / e "sint rft = -
-e- 2"Jo s2 + l l~e-' s

Exercises 7.4
38- 2{f{t)) =
T^f\-costdt~ 1zLri
Exercises 7.5
1. The Laplace transform of the differential equation is
Solving for %{y] we obtain
s s 1
Thus, y = -1 + e'.
Solving for X {y} we obtain

. , 1-s 2 11 11 3 1
s {s + 2)
2
As 2s 2
As + 2'
l _3 e -a.
Thus,
^_J + (
1
*tf{}-|f(0) + 4i?{s} =
s +4
1 2
Solving for ?{y} we obtain t{y} = -.
-75 +
(s + 4) 2 s + 4'
Thus, y = te-
te~
u+ 2e
:
_4t
.
'
s
2
+ l
Solving for f{y} we obtain
vr 1
1 1 s+1 1 1
( 52 + l)( s _l) 2(' + 13j-1
246
.
Exercises 7.5
Thus, y = ~e* ^(cosf + sin().

a
2
X{y) - sy(0) - y'(0) + 5 [sX{y} - y(0)} + 42{y] = 0.
Solving for %{y} we obtain
s+b 4 1 11
a2 + 5s + 4 3s+l 39 + 4'
4 -t 1 -4t
Thus, j/ = - -e
2{y) - - 6 \s2{y) - 2,(0)] +

2
s sy(0) - y'(0) 13 X{y) = 0.
Solving for %{y) we obtain
3 3 2
s2 -6s + 13 2 (s-3) 2 + 22
Thus, T/ = --e 3t sin2(.
s
2
*{y} - *s(0) - j/(0) - 6 [s %{y] - j,(0)] + 9 X{y} = 1
Solving for ^{y) we obtain
, 1 + s2 2 1112 1 10 1
2
s (s ~ 3)
2
27 5 9 27 s - 3 9 (s - 3)
2 '
Thus,
2 1 2 10
^27 + 9 f
-27 e + T te
s
2
X{y} - sy(0) - y'(0) - 4 [s %{y) - y(0)} + 4 %{y} 6_
4
Solving for we obtain

5
s -4s 4 + 6 3 1 9 1 3 2 1 3! 1 1 13
3 4 (s - 2)
2
4 s 8 s2 4 s3 4 4 s _ 2 8 (s - 2)
2 '
Thus,
247
Exercises 7.5
6
s
2
2{y} - ay(0) ~ i/(0)
- 4 [s 2{y} - y(0)] + 4 = _
{3-2) ^ .
1 5! 1
Solving for %{y) we obtain Z{y} = ^ . Thus, y = jê 21 .
a
2
X{y} - sy(0) - y'(0) - 2 \sJ{y} - y(0)} + 5 X{y} = ~ + ^.
Solving for !{y} we obtain

2
_ 4s +s+1 _ 7_ 1 1 _1_ -7s/25 + 109/25
iVi ~ ~ + +
s 2 (s 2 - 2s + 5) 25 5 5 s
2
s
2 - 2s +5
7 1 1 1 7 s- 51 2
25 s
t
5 s2 25 (s - I) 2 + 2 2 |
25 (s - l)
2
+ 22
'
Thus,
y=
2l
+
^^ e
'
COs2t +
l
'
e Sin2 *-
a
2
X {y} - sy(0) - y'(Q) + X {y} = .
Solving for {y} we obtain

a
3 - s
2
+a s 1 1
2{v} = )2'
( s2 + 1 )2 a2 + 1 s2 + 1 ( a2 + 1
Thus,
y = cos t ^ sin t cos t.
s
2
2{y) - sy(0) - y'(0) + 16 2{y} = - .
2 W _~ s
2
+ 2a + 1 _ J_
1 15 a 1 4
~ + +
s( s 2 + 16) 16 a 16 a 2
+4 2
2 a 2
+ 42 '
Thus,
= 115
+ 00344
1
sin4(
V
16 16 + 2
"
- y'(O) - X{y) - =
3 " 1
s
2
2{y} - sy{0) [s 3/(0)]
-
(s l) 2 + 1
248
Exercises 7.5
Solving for % {y} we obtain

, _ 1 111 s-1 1 1
'
s
v
2 - 2s + 2) 2 s 2 (* - 1j
2
+ 1 2 (a - l) a + 1
Thus,
y = ^
- ê* cos r 4- ê' sin t.
s
z
X{y} - 53/(0) - j/(0) - 2 [s^{y} - S (0)] =
(s - l)
2 - 1
Solving for Z{y} we obtain
v/ ,
s 2 (s
1
- 2)2
1111
4 s 4 s
2
111
4 a - 2 4 (s
1
- 2)2
'
Thus,
=
11+ 74 ( - 74 e
1 it
+
1
te
2t
!/ 7
4 7
4
2 \s
3
X{y] - 2
s (0) - V(0) " 2
y"(0)]+3[ S i?{t/}-sj/(0)- !/'(0)l-3[ S if{j/ }- y (0)]-2^{y} = l .
7 T
w ,
2s +3 115 s-1
2s +
1 8
9s +
1 , 1 1
9s + 2'
(s + l)(s-l)(2s + l)(s + 2) l 18 l/2
Thus,
3
5
3
{y) -
2
s (0) - V(0) - y"(0) + 2\s 2 X{y} - sy(0) - y'(0)) - [s 2{y} - y(0)] - 2 <{y) =
^+
.
fl
a
2
+ 12
>-l)(s+l)(s + 2)(s2 + 9)
13 1 13 1 16 1
+
3 s 13 '
60 s - 1 20 s + 1 39 s + 2 130 s 3 + 9 65 s 2 +9
Thus,
13 , 13 , 16 3 1
^60 e -20 e + C +
l30
CO83( - Sin3t -
39 65
249
Exercises 7.5
s*X{y} - 3
s y(0) - *V(0) - sy"(0) - y"'{0) - 2{y} = 0.
g
Solving for %{y} we obtain %{y) = 2
. Thus, y = cost.
A
s
4
2{y} - s y(0) - sV(0) - V(0) - f"'(0) - 2{y) = \.
3
Solving for %{y) we obtain
~ ~
111
+
11 +
11
sV - 1) 4 s - 1 4 s + 1 2 a2 + T
Thus,
It 1
+ -e --e -t + -smi.
1
y = -t .
S X{y}-y(0)+2{y} = --*.
be-
= 5e" 1-
sts +1) S 3 + 1]
Thus,
y = 5%t-l)-5e-Û{t-l).
s2{y}-y(0)+Z{y} = \- V.
3 3
-2e -a
2e" 1 1 1 1
*{y} =
s($ + l) s(s + l) 8 s + 1 .3 3 + l]
Thus,
y = l- e -'-2[l-e-('- 1
']

W((-l).
o a
Solving for !{y) we obtain
_ 1 _s s+ 1 _ ii.ii _J 1 -t 1 1 1
+
2s !+ 4s + 2
1
l " ~ s 2( s + 2)
S
sHs + l)~ 4 s
6
4i 2
250
Exercises 7.5
Thus,
-"
=-i4 + k '-H<'- >-k
2 2<1
i
.2
s
2
X{y} - sy(0) - y'(0) + 4 X{y} = l-tl
s a
2{y} =
1 - s
e
1 Ills 12 e
c
_, ri i i s
s(a
2
+ 4) s(s 2
+ 4) 4s 4 s
2
+4 2 s2 +4 Us 4 s2 +4
Thus,
y = i - ~ cos 2t - sin It - r i-icos2(i-l) (t-l).

^
2* 8
s
2
2{y) - sy(0) - j/(0) + 42 {y} = e"
s2 + I
Solving for ?{y} we obtain

i i 1 2
.3 s2 + 1 6s 2 + 4
Thus,
y = coe 2f + \ Bin(f - 2jt) - sin 2(f - 27r) *tl (t - 2tt),
s
2
^{y} - aj,(0) - i/(0) - 5 [s - y(0)] + 6 <{y} =
1
X{y}=e +
a(s-2)(s-3) (s-2)(s-3)
= 1111 11 1
+ - 1
-2 + ^
e .
6s 2 s 3 s~3 3-2 s 3
Thus,
= + 6 - 1) + e
31
- e
2(
.
.6 2 3
g-jre g 2irs
s
2
2{y}-sy(0)-y'(Q)+X{y} =
Exercises 7.5
Solving for ?{y} we obtain

-
ITS
'1 3 1
- e~ 2 rl s
+
1
.3 S 2
+ l. .s s 2
+ l. s 2
+ l
Thus,
y = (1 - cos(t - n)\%t - it) - [1 - cos(t - 2ic)]tt{t - 2tt) + sint.

e~ 2a e~ is _6s
1 e
s
2
2{y) - S y(Q) - y'(0) + 4[s %{y) - 2,(0)] + 3 X{y] = - - +
Solving for ^{y} we obtain
%{y} = =
1 1
e -2s
11 11 +
111
3 s
tj
2 s + l 65 + 3 3 s 2 s + l 6 s + 3.
e
-4a 1111 +
11
- + ,-6s
e~
1111 +
11
T
3s 2s+l 6 s + 3 3 s 2 s + 1 6 s +3
Thus,
y
1 1 -i 1 -st i-A e -('- + Ae-"('- "!/((-
2)
3 2 6 A Z D
+ <tt(t-4) + A _ A--(t-B) + A P -3f'-8) <B(t-6).

3 2 6
27. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation and letting c = y(0) we
obtain
2{y"} + X{2y'}+X{y} =
8*2{y} - sy{0) - y'{0) + 2s 2{y) - 2y{0) + X{y} =
s
2
%{y} -cs-2 + 2s X{y} - 2c + %{y) =
(s
2
+ 2s + l)%{y} = cs + 2c + 2
+2
2c
( 5 + l)2 (a + l)3
s + 1-1 2c+2
(s + l) 2 (a + 1)3
c c +2
+ '
s + l
'
(s + l) 2
Therefore,
-
y{t) = c^" 1 { -1^} + (c + 2) if" 1
= OB '
+ (c + 2)te- (
.
1 (J^p}
252
Exercises 7.5
_1 _l
To find c we let y(l) = 2. Then 2 = ce + (c + 2)e = 2(c + lje^ 1 and c =e- 1. Thus,
y(f) = (e-l)e^ + (e + l)(e-'.
28. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the differential equation and letting c = y'(0) we
obtain
%{y") - + 2{2Qy) = ^{1}
s
2
X{y} - ay (0) - y'(0) - 9s %{y} + 9y(0) + 20if {y} =
J
s
2
X{y] r- c - 9s ^{*,} + 20if{y} = -
s
(s
2
-9s + 20).S?{i/} = - + c
s
s(s 2 - 9s + 20) s2 - 9s + 20
1 c
+
s(s-4)(s-5) (s-4){s-5)
1/20 1/4 c_ c
4
+
a a s 5 s 4 a 5
Therefore,
To find c we compute
B '(i) = _ e * + e - c (4 e *-5e Bt )
and let y'{l) = 0. Then
0=-e 4 + e 5 -c(4e 4 -5e 5
)
and
4
_ e- 1
5
- g ~ e
C
~ 4e 4 - 5e 5 ~ 4- 5e '
Thus,
W) 6 + + -
'
20 4 5 4-5e^ I 20 4(4-5e) 5(4 5e)
29. The Laplace transform of the given equation is
y{/}+if{t}i?{/} = y{(}.
Exercises 7.5
Solving for Jf{/} we obtain if{/} = . Thus, /(*) = smt.
#{/} = 2{2t} - 4%{smt}Z{f}.

Solving for %{f] we obtain
yrf1 _
2s 2 +2 _ 2 1 8 V5
XUJ s
2
(s
2
+ 5) 5 a2 5%/5s 2 + 5'
Thus, /(() = |* + sin \/5 t.
Solving for %{f) we obtain
^ M -
s
,2
113
+ - -
1
+
12
-
11
(s l)3( s + i) 8 s 1 4 (s l)
2
4 (a l) 3
8 a + 1
l
Thus, /(t) . e* + te * + J(V -
|
_t
2{f} + 2X{cost}%{f} -4J?{e } +2 {sinf}-
,
(S + 1)
3
5 + 1 (s + l)
2+ (s + 1)
3
'
Thus, /(*) = 4e~' - lte + 4iV % (
if{/}+if{l}y{/} = if{l}.
Solving for %{f} we obtain #{/} = . Thus, /(() = e"'.

S T 1
2{f} =
t
if{cosi} +if{e- }i!?{/}.
Solving for if {/} we obtain
254
Exercises 7.5
Thus, f{t) = cost + sint.

= #{1} +%{t} + 2{t 3 }2{f}.

|
Solving for X {/} we obtain
s^s +
s
4 -
l)
16
3
8s-2
1111,1 8s + 2 2s 2 + 4
2
4s 2 + 4'
Thus, /(f) = |e 2t + \e~ 2t + \ cos 2t + \ sin2t.

a a 2 4
Solving for if {/} we obtain

2 ~ 1 11 1 3!
^
jfr
U'
f1
2s" ~2s 2
12 5 4
'
Thus, f{t) = t - ^t 3 .
Solving for Ji? {/} we obtain
v/l
j3 ~ g2
+s ^ ,
1 2s
'
s(s 2
+ l)
2
fl* + l 2 (s 2 + l)
3
Thus, y = sin* ^ ( sin*.
sX{y} - 3/(0) + 6%{y} + 9y{l}^{j,} = Jtf {1}
Solving for if{/} we obtain %{y) = 7

+
(s 3)
. Thus, y = te~ 3t .
39. Prom equation (3) in the text the differential equation is
di ft
0.005 + i + 50 / i(r) dr = 100[1 -U(t- 1)], i(0) = 0.
The Laplace transform of this equation is
1 1
0.005[sif{i} - i(0)] +if{i} + 50 - = 100 e
5 s 3
Exercises 7.5
Solving for ! {i} we obtain
*-îU-.-U.
+ (s 100) 2
100i -100 " -1 -

Thus, i(t) = 20,000fe- - 20,000(t - lje ' K(t 1).
40. From equation (3) in the text the differential equation is
rf 1 r*
005 + +
*
i{T) dT = m[t - " 1) " * (* " 1)1. *(0) =
dt O02 Jo
or
+ 200i + 10,000 / i(T)rfr = 20,000[ - (t - - 1)], i(0) = 0.
1 1
s + 200 y {i} + 10,000 - = 20,000
200
^W 2(1 6 J (l-e" s ).
"s(s+100) s s + 100 (s + 100) 2
Thus,
_100 < t - l >
= 2 - 2e-
100t
- 200(e-
10Ot
- 2K(t - 1) + 2e <W(t - 1) + 200(t - lle"
100 ''- 1
'^ -
fl^ + lg= be-

ta
1 fl(O) -0.

EC E /R
'
> + k)(RCt + 1) (* + Jfc)(* + 1/ftC)
When 1/RC ^we have by partial fractions

W=^ (
V
l/(l/RC-k) _ l/(l/RC-k) \ _ Eo
s + a + l/RC
fe } R
1
l/RC-k\a + k
(J-
a + l/RCJ'
When 1/fiC = A we have

b 1
R (s + k) 2
256
1
Exercises 7.5
Thus,
R R
10^ + IO5 = 30e' - 30e'^/(f - 1.5).

OX
ls
3 3e _ liBa
Solving for if {q} we obtain
^-(-'i)-^T + i^"(^^)---
Thus,
2.5^ + 12.5 9 = 5 s!/(t-3).
Solving for %*{q} we obtain

2 1
X{q} = e
-3. _ ( . 1 _ H e" 3 *.
s(a + 5) 5 s 5 s + 5)
Thus,
g(t) = 3) e
-B(t-3)^^ _
f | 3 )_
5 5
or
50^ + 100$ = Eo[^(( - 1) -H(t - 3)], g(0) = 0.
50s 2{q} + 100 ^{5} =E (-e~ s - -e" 3a

\s 3
Solving for %{q) we obtain

-3 S
'
50 [s(s + 2) s(s + 2) 50 12 s + 2j 2 Is s + 2J J
Exercises 7.5
Thus,
" 2(t " 1, - 3)

? W= ll K -
1 e )*(* - !) - (! - ^ 2(
)^C " 3)]
= - ~j^(t - =
I + lOi sin t + cos (t
y) ,
t(0) 0.
1 se- 3 / 2
1 +
' (a 2 + l)(a + 10) (s
2
+ l)(a + 10)
'
+
W N 1 /_^ + W.
+
1
101 Vs + 10 s2 + 1 a
2
+ 1/ 101 Vs + 10 s
2
+ 1 s
2
+ 1
Thus,
i(t) = rjrr (e~

10t
- cos t + 10 sin t
101 ^
+ _1 (.uw-^ffl + 10 cs (<-|) + *. ( - - *) .
8<{i} + 22{i} = j-X{E(t)}.
Prom Problem 31, Exercise 7.4, we have
= 1-e - '
#{(()}
s(l + e
Thus,
I_e
(+!)*>-t a(l + e" s
)
258
Exercises 7.5
and
1 1-8- 1 -e 1 1
= -
L s{s + R/L){1 + e" s
) h s(s + R/L) 1 + e~*
i L/R
L s
L/R
+ R/L
(1 - e-")(l - e"
8
+ e~ 2a - e~ 3s + )
1 1 1 -3s
{\-2e~ 3 + 2e~ 2s -2e-'is
+ ).
R s s + R/L
Therefore
i(t) = -[1 -1%t- 1) + 2%t- 2) - 2%t - 3) +
I e
-Rl/L
+ 2e
-R(t-l)/L _ 1}
_ 2e
-R('-2)/t
^( ( _2
R )
I (l - e -/) + (-1)" (l - e -t-)/)^( t _ ).

| Tl=l '
f + fi=^( t ), i(0)-0.
s^{i} + |y{i} = -iy{(()}.
From Problem 33, Exercise 7.4, we have
=
1
-= + -
1 1
Thus,
/ R\ f .,
11 111
and
1
+- -
L s*{s + rt/L) L s(s + Jl/L) 1 e
s
1 fL/rt L 2 /fi2 L 2 /R2 \ 1 (L/R L/R

L \ s 2
|
s + R/L)
|
L s + R/L / 1 - e
A 1
_ L/R + L/R
R s s s + R/L
Exercises 7.5
Thus,
e_nt/L ~ fl!t " n)/L
i(t)
- + + 1 " e
)^ " )
5 (' " 5 I ) t
For < f < 2 we have
t(t) =
s (' - +
i
e_i!t/L
)
+
^ "e
~ fl( '~ 1,/L
)^ - !)
U('-*+* a_ * /L )+A( - - ,ltt - 1)/

1 e
). 1 ^*< 2 -
^+20^ + 200? = 150, g(0) = ?'(0) = 0.
s
2
Z{q] + 20s^{9} + 200^f{g} =
150
.
Solving for !{q} we obtain

150 3 1 3 3 + 10 10
s ( a2 + 20s + 200) 4 a 4(s+ 10) 2 + 10 2 4 (8 + 10)2 + 102'
Thus,
î =
q(t) LV
3
r
4
_ r3 e -i'
4
1K cos
lot .nx - 3__
cail0t-
lot
4,
^
e
.
- luc
10t
sin lOt
and
-10t
10t
Hcj
i(f) = 9 '(t)
5 (t; = I5e-
iur sinl0f.
If E{t) = 150 - 150 %t - 2) , then
150
(1-.-*)
s(s 2 + 20a + 200)
= - 3 _3 e -io( -2) _
| _ - ê" 10 t
9 (i) C o S lot ' sin lOt c03lo(( 2}
-lO(t-2) j_
_| e silll0( 2) <W(t-2).
^| + 20$- + 1009 = 120 sin 10*.

at* at
120
**X{q} + 20 S #{9} + 100i?{9} = -
260
Exercises 7.5
Solving for f{q} we obtain
vj \ 1200 3 1 1 3s
(a + 2
10) {s
2
+ 100) 5 a + 10 (a + 10)
2
5 s2 + 10 2
'
Thus,
5 5
and
= q '(t) = -60ie- 1O( + 6 sin lOt.
The steady-state current is 6sinl0(.
|f + 2AW 9 =f, 5 (0) = ,'(0) = 0.
S
2
2{q} + 2XsX{q} + uj 2 %{q} = ^b - s
or
2
+ 2As + W 2 )^{g} =
(
s
f i.
Solving for if {q} and using partial fractions we obtain
2
(l/w 2 )s + 2A/w 2 ^ _ E
2^ = Eo(l/u
L \ s s 2
+ 2As + w 2 J ImP \s
fl
s2
s + 2X
+ 2As + w 2 ;*
For A > w we write s
2
+ 2As + J1 = (s + A) 2 - (A 2 - J1 )
, so (recalling that w2 = 1/LC,)
1 S +X X
X{q} = E c{ -- -^
,s (s + A) 2 -(A 2 2
) ( s + A) 2
-(A2-w2);'
Thus for X > u,
q(t) = Ek,c(l- e-
Ai
cosh V'A 2 - w2 1 - f
sinh Â 2 - w 2 ^ .
For A < <j we write s

2
+ 2Xs + J1 = (s + A) 2 + (u>
2
- A
2
]
, so

'
,a {a + A) 2 + (w 2 - A2) (s + A) 2 + (u 2 X2 ) J
Thus for A < w,
= E C (l - e _A * cos i/w 2 - A2 t - ^ sin \/w 2 - A2 j .
1
Exercises 7.5
For A = w, s
2
+ 2A + w2 = (s + A)
2
and
E fl/X 2 1/A 2 1/A N b /l 1
Z, s(s + A)
2
L\ s s + X (s + A) 2 / LA 2 ^s s + A (s + A) 2 /'
Thus for A = ,
9(i) = -EoC(l-e- A( -A(e- At ).
^{ q } + X{ q = E
1
S }
L s + k
Solving for %{q} we obtain
2 2
E 1 E fl/(k 2 + l/LC) s/(k + 1/LC) */(* + 1/LC)\
+
,
)
L (s + k){s 2
+ 1/LC) L \ s + k s
2
+ 1/LC 1/LC
Thus,
Eq
?(*)
= [e~
kt
- cos [t/^/LC) + k^LC sin (t/y/l~C)] .
L(k 2 + l/LC)
52. Recall from Chapter 5 that mx" = -kx + f(t). Now m = W/g = 32/32 = 1 slug, and 32 = 2k
so that k = 16 lb/ft. Thus, the differential equation is x" + 16x /([). The initial conditions are
i(0) = 0, x'(0) = 0. Also, since
( sin t, < t < 2?r
and sin = sin(i 2tt) we can write
/(f) = sinf - sm(i - 2ir) il(t

a - 2tt).
The Laplace transform of the differential equation is
1
s
2
%{x} + 16X{x} = -2tT3
,2 + J s
2
+1
Solving for !{x} we obtain
-2tts
y+ 16) (s
2
+ 1) (s
2
+ 16) (s
2
+ 1)
-1/15 1/15 -1/15 1/15 _-2jts

+
s
2
+ 16 S2 + l s
2
+ 16 s2 + 1
262
.
Exercises 7,5
Thus,
x(t) = -^r sin At +

t>U
~
lo
sin t + ^-
bU
sin 4(t - 2jt)^ (t - 2tt) -
lo
sid(* - 27r) 1/ ( t - 2tt)
f -^sin4f + ^sint, <(< 2tt
\ 0, t > 2-jt.
53. Recall from Chapter 5 that mx" = -kx - 0x'. Now m - W/g = 4/32 5 slug, and 4 = 2k so
that k = 2 Ib./ft. Thus, the differential equation is x" + 7x' + I61 = 0. The initial conditions are
x(0) = 3/2 and x'(Q) = 0. The Laplace transform of the differential equation is
2r , ,3
+-s + 7si?{z} + + \&%{x)
_ , , 21
^{z} f
= 0.
Solving for !{x) we obtain
{X
_ -3s/2 - 21/2 _ _3 a + 7/2 _ 7^*15 VlE/2
' ~ s 2 + 7s + !6 + + +
'
2 (s 7/2)2 (715/2)2 10 ( s + 7 /2)2 (v^5/2)
Thus,
2 2 10 2
54. Recall from Chapter 5 that mx" = -kx + f(t). Now m = W/g = 16/32 = 1/2 slug, and k = 4.5,
so the differential equation is
^x" + A.bx = 4 sin 3t + 2 cos & or x" + 9x = 8 sin 3 + 4 cos 3f
The initial conditions are a:(0) = x'(Q) = 0. The Laplace transform of the differential equation is
Solving for Z{x] we obtain
^
VI \ -
~
4s
{s 2
+ 24 _ 2
+ 9)2-3
2(3)a
+
12
27 (77^5
2(3)
3
Thus,
2 4 2 4 4
x(t) = -ts'mZt + -(sin3t ~ 3tcos3t) = -t sin 3t + - sin 3t - -tcos3(.
y o y o
dx 4 dx 4 El
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides and using y(0) = j/(0) = we obtain
^M-V'(0)-/'{0) = |^
Exercises 7.5
Letting y"(0) = c\ and y"'(0) = C2 we have
v/. i
c\1 ,
i
c2^ ,
]
wou 1
so that
i i 1 ? 1 1 1 w 4
To find ci and C2 we compute
y"(a:) = ci + c2 + a: ^î 2
and = c2 + ^ x.
Then = y"'(L) = yields the system
Solving for ci and C2 we obtain c\ = ^v>oL

2
/EI and e2 = woL/EI. Thus,
From this we find y(^) - ^ Umax = y{L) = .
EI^ = vjo[H{x - L/3) -%x - 2L/3)].

Taking the Laplace transform of both sides and using y(0) = y'{0) we obtain
s*X{y] - sy"(0) - y"'(0) = (e~^ - -/) .
|J
Letting y"(0) = c\ and y"'(Q) c% we have
so that
y(x)
1
= -ax 2 + -c 1
3
6~*2 x +
1
'
1
24

WQ
EI
L\ 4 m ,/
3/
L\ ( 2L\\,f
3 y
2L
y
/i,
(a:)
,
= ci + c2 x +
1
-
wo
*-!) *H)-(*-?) *(-t)
and
El
264
Exercises 7.5
Then y"(L) = y"'{L) = yields the system

2 2
i ,
1 w <> 2i-j
_ ^L
1
r
1 w L2
6 /
DO 2L Ll 1 w L
c2 +
7
Solving for c\ and C2 we obtain cj = \wqL 2 /EI and c2 = ^woL/EI. Thus,
4
^ / ,
21,
~ x- - I B[a:
7 ^12" 18 24 3
E/^ = ti*o[l-<Sf(x-Z/2)].
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides and using y(0) = y'(0) = we obtain
4 w 1
Ls / 2
S ^{y} - sy"(0) - y"'(Q) =
^ \
(l - e" ) .
Letting y"{0) = c\ and y"'{0) = C2 we have
so that
,
y{x)
.
=
1
-c,x
2
+ -c2 x
1 1 1

10
y (x) = ci + c2 x + -
and
y"'(x) = C2
Then = y"'(L) = yields the system

21 2
1 w = Cl+C2Lr +
___
3 iu
r ,
L2 -f4 =0
w (L\ 1 j
Solving for ci and c 2 we obtain c\ = %woL 2 /EI and c2 = ^wqL/EI. Thus,

Exercises 7.5

d^y
El-rr
dx*
= mjo or =
d^y
dx*
r
El
. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides
and using j/(0) = y"(0) = we obtain
1
s^{y}~ S y^)-y"'{ Q = )
f I
-.
Letting j/(0) = C] and y"'(0) C2 wc have
" / + +
55 S2 S4
Then
To find c\ and C2 we compute
Then y{L) = = yields the system
^ = -w
Solving for cj and C2 we obtain c\ = wqL s /24EI and C2 = wqL/2EI. Thus,
-|[^M- y'(0)]-^M = ~
Then
and
+ = -4-
This is a first-order linear differential equation with integrating factor e/'
3 ^ ds
= a
3
. Thus,
s
3
^{y} = - (\ds = - + c,
J s s
so 5?{y} = 2 + c and
266
J
Exercises 7.5
~ \s
2
Z{y} - 2/(0)] - 2 ^[sX{y}\ + 2%{y} = 0.
Tlien
-S 2 (
- 2{y}\ - 2 S X{y} - 2s - Z{y} }
- 22>{y} + 2%{y} =
and
This a separable differential equation so
^
is
= ln^} = -21n( S + 2) + => = ce" 2 = ci^ + 2)" 1
^jjjy -~l c {}
-21
and y() = cife .
61. (a) The Laplace transform of the differential equation is (as

2
+ bs + c)l{y} = a. Solving for !{y}
we obtain
^ {V} = as 2
+ bs + c-
Thus,
Vl =i?_1 }-
{as 2 + fe + C
(b) Now if %?{g(t)} = G(s), the Laplace transform of equation (13) gives
\as 2 + &s + cj a I
w as 2 + 6s + cj a
by the convolution theorem.
62. From part (b) of Problem 61 the solution of the given initial-value problem is
1
/ sec ry\ (t - t) dr where y\=! 1
1 , } = sin t.
Jo L + 1
Thus,
f' 1 sin t
V2 I (sin t cos t cos t sin t) dT (sin i) / dr (cost) / dt
Jo cos t Jo jo cos T
t sin t -+- cos (In cost!. I

Exercises 7.6
Exercises 7.6
so that
2 p~ s
so that
i_1
S = 2e-
1
+ e-< ^(t-l).
" a
*<> = ?TT( + e 1 ")
so that
i/ = sinf + sini^((-27r).
*<>-
so that
3/
= ^sm4((-27r) fl
l/((-27r).
S -\" 1
bo that
J/
= sin( t -^(t-f) + sin( -f)^( -f)=-cos^(t-0 + co ^( -0
( i S (
so that
y = cost + sint^fi. - 2?r) +*U(t - 4w)].
268
Exercises 7.6
11
i
2
+ 2s
11
2 s 2 s + 2}
(l + O
so that
1 _ i e -2*-i) <?/{(- 1).
-2 8= 3 1 3 1 11 r 1
_1 111
e
- +
s 2
(s-2) s(s-2) 4 s 2 4s 2 s2 |.2s-2 2s\
so that
J Of O J.
-I]*(t-2).
-2tts
so that
!/
= e
-2(t-2,)
sini 9/(f-27r).
%{y} =
{s + 1)=
so that
~ 1)a
y = (t-l)e- {t U(t-l).
52 + 4s + 13 s2 + 4s + 13
s +2 1
-
+ +
3 (s + 2)1 + 3 2
(s + 2) + 3 2 2
3 (s + 2)
2
+ 32
so that
2 1
y = -e~ a sin 3t + e _2 cos 3t + -e _2((_,r) sin 3(f - tt)^ (t - tt)
+ ie- 2 *'- 3 "! S in3{t - 37r) (

c - 3jt).
-2s -is
1 e + e
X^ +
(s-l) 2 (s-6) (a-l)(s-6)
11 11 1 1
25 5-1 5 (a - l) 2 25 s-6 5 s-
Exercises 7.6
so that
l
_A e t-4 + e
6(t-4)
m{t - 4).
5 5
12,,,, 13
6 / s"
so that
.
3
Using y"(L) = and = we obtain
V X X + X X
A EI 6EI 6EI\ 2) \ 2]
14. FVom Problem 13 we know that
îv"(o), 2 + i/'(o)^ + i(x-f)\(,-f).

Using y{L) = and = we obtain
!^(lV
3
I2
x3 )' 0< a; < 4
15. Assume io > and g(t) = {

^ so that
^
FOB rO
JfOO'
e-
st
S{t - ) dt = / g(t)6(t - t ) dt - / 6(t
9(t)d(t-to)dt = g {t ) = e-
st
.
-co
f 0, * <
16. If /(0 = _3, then from (7),
{ (
j
e )
(>0
/
J-oo
/(*)*(* - 4) dt =
J0
f fV 3l
<5(f -4)dt = We' 12 .
270
Exercises 7.6
s
2
X{y} - sy(0) - y'(0) + 2{sX{y} - y(0)} + 2%{y} = -e" 3 "
so that
*M- (s+ + 8
1)2
1
+ 1 ( S+ l)2 + 1
and
~ 3w) - (t - 3,,)
y = e"'coB( - e~
(t
sin(( - 3ir)%t - 3jt) = e" cost
(
+ e sin tlt(t - 3tt).
* <> = i
so that
y eiiiwt.
w
Note that y'{0) = 1.
so that
Li
Note that i{0) = 1/L ^ 0.
s + 5 s +5
so that
V = S(t) - 5e" 5t .
1. 2{f{t)} =
jo
te'
,
6t
dt +
^
r ,12
(2-t)e~ et dt=-^-ê- s
2. %{f(t)}= f e-
et
dt = -U- 2a -e- i3 )
-1 ' 2
3. False; consider f(t) = t .
4. False, since /(() = (e

(
)
10
= e
10i
.
5. True, since lim e _, co F{s) = 1^0. (See Theorem 7.4 in the text.)
6. False; consider /() 1 and g{t) 1.
10. if(e- 3 'sin2(} = 7

1 1 (s + 3)
2
+4
4s
11. ^{tsin^^-l^ S2 + 4)2
(
12. .{flm2t V(t - tt)} = if {sin2(( - jr)H(t - tt)} = -e

-
~
17. if J Utf-i
^
f
s
2
5
|
5
? 1
Is 2 -103 + 29/ l(s-5) + 22 2 (s-5) 2 + 22 /
272
18
= cos7r(t - - 1) +sin7r{( - - 1)
20 ^{htÎ = H-^(t-^1 = ^^^t

+ nV
.
2s 2
L I + tmr i 2
J Z/ mr I s
2
(n 2 7T 2 ) /L 2 J
21. y{e~ 5( } exists for s > -5.
22. ^{(e 84 /^)} - "^(s " )

ka
23. ^{e<^*>/(( - k)%t - k)} = e~ %{e at f(t)} = e- k *F(s - a)
24. 1*1= f dr = t
Jo
25. (a) /{() =t- [((

- l) + i]H(t - !)+<(( - 1) -<U(t _ 4) =t- (t - l)*{t - 1} - *(t - 4)
(b) = _ I e --
-(a-l) _ _J_ e ~4t<-l)

<> ^/w}-(rh?-(rriji e s 1
26. (a) /(*) = sint"U(* - jt) - sin( %t - 3tt) = -sin(( - jr)<3f(t - jt) + sin(t - 37r)K(t - 3jt)
(b) *{/(,)} = --^- + -^-3-
27. (a) /{() = 2 - 2"tf(t - 2) + [(t - 2) + 2]*(t - 2) = 2 + (i - 2)<K(t - 2)
= -2s
(b) 2'
S 5
(C) *{* ,}.^ + (

( S
*
-l)2
l
28. (a) /(} =t- tU{t - 1) + {2 - t)K(( - 1) - (2 - - 2)
=i- 2(t - l)<B(t -!) + (*- 2) (t - 2)

(b) - +
29, Taking the Laplace transform of the differentia! equation we obtain
(s-l) 2 2 (a- l) 3
so that y = 5fe* + ^tV.
30. Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation we obtain
^ {y] =
(s-l) 2 (s 2 -8s + 20)
6
169 a
111
- 1 13 (a - 1)2 169
6
(s
s-4
- 4)2 + 22
5
338 {a - 4)
2
+ 22
so that
y
y = e< +
169
-I( e (
13
- e
169
4t
co S 2t +
338
e
4t
sin2(.
31. Taking the Laplace transform of the given differential equation we obtain
s(s 2 -4s + 6) V (s-2)2 + 2 (s-2) 2 +2

so that
y = 5W(t-*)- Be 2 *'"*) cos ^2 (( - jt) (f - tt) + 5 V2 e 2 <

( -*> sin
V2 (t - tt) %{i
s3 + fo2 + 1
My)
ws = I e
-2* ? e
2s
s 2 (s + l)(s + 5) s 2 (s+l)(s + 5) S (s + i)( s +5 )
6 1 1 1 3 1 13 1
+
5
'
s2 2 s + 1 50 s +5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2B
-+ + 4" ie-
so that
>
s
2
5
s+1
1
s2
+
H>
1
s +
W
1 100
2s
+ l e -(t~2)^( t _ 2) - A e -5('-2)^(( _ 2).
274
33. Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation we obtain
3
s (s-5) s 3 (s-5)
2 1 2 1 H 127 1 _37_1_12_1__1_2_
+
_37
125 a 25 s 2 5 s3 125 s - 5
'
125 s 25 s 2 5 s3 125 s
so that
2 2 , 27 ,,
y = ( _ -f
2
+ e
5t -
125 25 5 125
34. Taking the Laplace transform of the integral equation we obtain
s(s + 5) 5s 5 s +5
3 2 -
.
that
a
so that (0 = i +t+ |t .
(#{/})
2
= 6-^ or #{/} = :M *
so that /(*) = 6(.
37. The integral equation is
10i +2 2F + 2t.
Taking the Laplace transform we obtain
^ (s 3
A 2
^Wl0s + 2
s
2
s (5s
s +2
+ 2)
= +
9
s
'
2
s
2
+'
45
5.s + 1
= +"
s
-*
s
2
+
" a + 1/5
'
Thus, = -9 + 2t + 9e~' /5 .
+ 10^ + 1009 = 10- 10*(i-5).

Taking the Laplace transform we obtain
20
2(s 2 + 20s + 200)
1 1 3+ 10 10
(l-.-)
10 s 10 (s + 10j
2
+ 10 2 10 (s + lO) 2 + 102
so that
q{t) = e
~ l0t
cos 10( " e
~ M sin 10(
To~ To ô
2w (L 4! 15! 15!
2{y} = 5 6
EIL \48 s 120 s 120 s 2 s3 6 s4
so that
2wq 1 L ci Q2
V = ~\~
--) 2 , 3
EIL 48" 120" '
120 V 2/ 2
where y"{0) = cx and y'"(Q) = c2 . Using j/"(Z.) = and y"'(L) = we find
ci = u) L 2 /247, c2 = -woL/4EI.
Hence
wo 1 5 L 4 i2 3 L3 2 1 / L\* / L\
+ +
YIEIL ~H 2 ~ T T 5^2) n*-*)
4 wq
+
2 s4 +4 4 s4 +4 4EJ s4 +4
so that
y = sin a: sinhx + ^(sinxcoshx cos a: sinh x)
+ sin - ^ cosh - ^- cos - sinh ~ ^)]^ x

4El (
where j/"(0} cj and j/"'(0) = C2- Using j/(tt) = and y'(7r) = we find
_ wq siring WO cosh j
Cl
~ El sinhTr
2
sinhn -
276
Chapter 7 Review Exercise
Hence,
wo smh f*
y - =77 . ,
.
sib x smh j - wo cosh 5 (smxcoshx - coszsinhx)

,
27 sinliTr 47 smh ir
+ 8in - cosh cos x " I) siIl!l (* " x"

[ (* 1) ( 0] * ( I)
8 Systems of Linear
Differential Equations
Exercises 8.1
1. Prom Dx = 2x-y and Dy = x we obtain y = 2x-Dx, Dy = 2Dx-D 2 x, and (D 2 -2D + l)x = 0.

Then
x = c\e
l
+ C2te t
and y = (ci - c2 )e* + C2ie'.
2. From Dx = 4x + 7y and Dy = x - 2y we obtain y = ^Dx - fx, Dy = ^D 2 x - ^Dx, and
(D 2
- 2D - 15)x = 0. Then
x= cie
5i
+ c2 e~ 3 ' and y = ^c\e ht - c2 e~ 3t .
3. From Dx = -y + 1 and Dy = x - t we obtain y t - Dx, Dy = 1 - D 3 x, and (D 2 + l)x =1+ 1.
Then
x = ci cos t + C2 sin f + 1 + i
and
_^ y = ci sinf C2cosf +t 1.
4. From Dx - 4y = 1 and x 4- Dy = 2 we obtain y - \Dx - | Dy = \D2 x, ,

and (D 2 + \)x = 2. Then
x c\ cos t + C2 sin t + 2
and
V = -7 c
4
1
2Cos(
4
1.1
-ci suit
4
ci sin t 4
1
- .
5. From (D 2 + 5)x-2y = and -2x + (D 2 + 2)y = we obtain y = (D 2 +5)x, D2 y = (D 4 +5D 2 )x,

and (D 2 + l)(D 2 + 6)x = 0. Then
i = ci cost + C2 sinf + C300S VEt + C4 sin <Sfit

and
y = 2c\ cost + 2c2sint -C3C0S y/6t -C4 sin \/6t.

6. From (D + l)x + (D - l)y = 2 and 3x + (D + 2)y = -1 we obtain x = - {D + 2)y,

Dx = -\{D + 2
2D)y, and (D 2
+ 5)y = -7. Then
y = ci cos v^5 f + C2 sin V5 i \

and
278
Exercises 8.
1 = ( 2
Cl ~
^
~3~ C2
\
cos v5t+ I Ci -
2 \
-C2 J
.
smV5i + -
i- 3
.
l~3 I
7. Prom D2 x = 4y + e l and D2y = 4x - e' we obtain y = |D 2 x - ê 1 ,

ZJ 2 y = jP 4 - a: \e l , and
(P 2
+ 4){D - 2)(D + 2)x = -3e (
. Then
x = ci cos 2t 4- c 2 ain 2t + cê 21 + Cie~ 2t + -e l
5
and
y = -Ci cos2t- C2sin2f + c3 e 2c + C4e~ 21 - -e'.
8. + 5)x + Dy = and
From (D 2 (> + l)x + {D - 4)y = we obtain (D - 5)(D 2 + 4)x = and
(D-5)(D 2 + 4)y = 0. Then
a: = c\e
bt
+ C2 cos 2f + C3 sin 2t
and
y = C4e
5t
+ C5 cos 2t + eg sin 2t.
Substituting into (D + l)x + (D 4)y = gives
st
(6cj + c4 )e + {c 2 + 2c 3 - 4c5 + 2ce) cos 2t + (-2c2 +c3 - 2c 5 - 4ce) sin 2t =
so that C4 = 6ci, C5 5C2, and
1/ = -6cie
5t
+ cos 2t - ^C2 sin 2f.
9. From Dx + D 2 y = e 3t and (D 4- l)i + (D - l)y = 4e

3t
we obtain D(D 2 + l)x = 346 31 and
)(D 2 + l)y = -8e 3 Then '.
y = ci + C2 sin f + C3 cos t _4_ 3i

-re
15'
and
1 = C4 + C5 sin ( + ce cos f -+-
15
e .
Substituting into {D + l)x + {D - l)y = 4e 3t gives
{C4 - Cl) + (C 5 - C6 - C3 - C2)sin( + (C6 + C5 + C2 ~ C3)cost =

so that Ci = ci, C5 = C3, ce = C3, and
17
x = ci C2Cos( + C3S111 + 1
15
e .
10. from D 2 x - Dy = t and (D + 3)x + (> + 3)y = 2 we obtain D(D + + 3)x = 1 + 3t and
D{D + 1)(D + 3)y = -1 - 3t. Then
x = ci + C2e '
+ c3 e 3(
- + t ^t
2
and
1
Exercises 8.
2
y = ci + c5 e" + cee~ 3i + 1 -
!
-t .
Substituting into (D + 3)x + (D + Z)y = 2 and D 2

x - Dy = t gives
3(ci+c4 ) + 2(c2 + c 5 )e- = l

2
and
(ca + c s )- + 3(3 C3 + ce)e- 3t =
1
so that C4 c\, C5 = C2, ce = 3^3, and
y = -ci - c 2 e'
i
- 3c3 e~
3!
+t- ^t
2
.
11. Prom (D 2 -l)x-y = and (D - l)x + Dy = we obtain t/ = (>

2
- ljz, Zfy = (D 3 - D)x, and
{Z? - 1)(D 2 + L> + l)x = 0. Then
'
>/3 \/3
x = cie
l
+e 4/2
C2 cos -t + C3Sin --t
.
and
/ 3 \/3 \ _ tj2 3 \ _ (/2 . v/5
12. From (2D 2 -D-\)x-{2D+l)y = land (D-l)x+Z)i/ = -1 we obtain (2D+l)(D~l)(D+l)x = -1

and (2> + l)(D + l)y = -2. Then
x = c\e~
t/2
+ c 2 e~
l
+ c3 e' + 1
and
2
y = c4 e"
l ''
+ C5e" - 2. 1
Substituting into (U \)x + Dy = 1 gives
-1
(-|c 1 -^ )e' 4
1/2
+ (-2c 2 -c 5 ) e =
so that C4 3ci, C5 = 2c2, and

_t/2 _!
y - -3cie - 2c 2 e - 2.
13. Prom (2D~5}x+Dy = e

1
and {D-l)x+Dy = 5e t we obtain Dj/ = (5-2D)z+e and l
(4-D)a: = 4e*.
Then
^ = Cl e
4t
+ U
J
l
and Dy = -3cie
4t
+ 5e (
so that
j, = --cie 4t + c2 + 5e
l
-
280
1
Exercises 8.
14. FVom Dx+Dy = e* and (-D 2 + D+l)x+y = Owe obtain y= (D 2 -D-l)x, Dy = (D3 D 2 D)x,
andD 2 (D-l)x = e
(
. Then
x = ci 4- c2 t 4- C3e* + te'
and
y = -c\ C2 - c<it C3e' - te* + e
l
.
15. From (D - l)x + (D 2 + l)y = 1 and (D 2 - l)x + {D + l)y = 2 we obtain D 2 (D - 1)(D + l)z 1
and D 2 (D - 1)(D + l)y = 1. Then

_1 2
x = ci+C2t + c3 e* + c 4 e - ^(
and
y = c 5 4- cet 4- c 7 e' + cge"' - -f
2
.
Substituting into (D - \}x + (D 2 + \)y = 1 gives
_(
(c2 - ci - 1 + c 5 + ) (ce - C2 - l)i + (2c g - 2c4)e + (2c7)e
e
= 1
so that eg = C2 + 1, eg = C4, C7 = 0, C5 = c\ - C2 + 2, and
2
V = (ci - c2 + 2) + (ca + l)t + Qe" - 1
^t .
16. Prom D2 x -
2(D 2 + D)y - sin* and x + Dy = we obtain z = -Dy, D 2 x = -D 3 y, and
D(D 2 + 2D + 2)y = sint. Then
1 2
= ci+C2e -t cos( + C3e -i sml + 7 cos t 4- - suit
5 5
and
1 2
t = (c2 4- C3)e~ sint
t
+ (c2 - C3)e~ cost
c
+ -sint - - cost.
5 5
17. From Dx = y, Dy = z. and Dz = x we obtain x = D2 = D 3xt, so that (D - 1)(D 2 + D + l)x = 0,
x^de' + e"'/ 2 C2 sin t + C3 cos -t
y = Cl e
(
+ îc 2 - ~c^j e~'/ sin
2
^t + (^~c 2 -
^ e"'/ cos
2
^t,
and
z = cie
!
+ f-^c2 + ^cs^ e~
t/2
sin t + (-^-c 2 ~ \c-& \
e~
t/2
cos ^t.
18. From Dx + = e (D - l)i + Dy + Dz - 0,

z l
,
and x + 2y + Dz = e
l
we obtain 2 = -Dx 4- e 1
,
Dz = -D 2 x + e', and the system (-D 2 + D - l)x + Dy = -e 1

and (-D 2
4- l)x 4- 2y = 0. Then
1
Exercises 8.
y = \{D 2 - Dy = \D{D 2 - l)x, and [D - 2){D 2 + l)x = -2e* so that
x C\e
2t
+ C2 cos t + C3 sin( + e',
3
c l e2t c 2C0St cgsin t,
^
and
2 = 1c\e 2t a cost + C2sin(.
19. From Dx 6y = 0, x Dy + 2 = 0, and x + y Dz = we obtain
D -6 0-6
1 -D 1 D 1
1 1 -D 1 -D
so that {D + 1)(D - 3)(D + 2)x = 0. Then
x = c\e
t
+ c2 e 3f + c3 e 2(
,
y = --cie + -c 2 e dl - -C3e
and
z = --ae -t + -c 2 e,3t - -c3 e -2t
20. From (D + l)x - z = 0, (D + l)y - z = 0, and z - y + Dz = we obtain
D+l -1 0-1
D+l -1 X D+ l -1
1 -1 D -1 D
ao that D{D + l)
2
z = 0. Then
X= C\ + C2& *
+ C3te
_t
y = c\ + {c2- c3 )e + c3 te~ (
,
and
z = ci + C3e
21. Prom 2Da; + (D - l)y = ( and Dx + Dj/ = i1 we obtain (D + l)y = 2f
2 - t. Then
y = cie-
t
+ 2( 2 -5( + 5
and Dx = cie"' + t2 - 4f +5 so that
1
x - -cie"
c
+ c2 + -r - 2r + 5t.
22. Prom Da; - 2Dj/ = t

2
and (D + l)x - 2(D + l)y = 1 we obtain = It + f2 so that the system has
no solution.
282
e 1
Exercises 8.
23. Prom (D + 5)x + y = and Ax- {D + l)y = we obtain y = -(D + 5)x so that Dy = -(D 2 + 5D)x.
Then Ax + (D + 5D)x + (D + 5)x =
2
and (D + Z) 2
x= 0. Thus
x = ae~ 3t + c 2 Ie~ 3t
and
y = -(2ci + c2 )e~ 3! - 2c2 te~ M .
Using z(l) = and y(l) = 1 we obtain
cie
3
+ c2 e 3
=
-(2c,+C2)c- 3 -2c2 e- 3 = l
ci + c2 =
2ci +3c 2 = -e 3 .
Thus ci = e
3
and c2 = 3
. The solution of the initial value problem is
x = e
-3t+3 _ t(
,-3t+3
y = _ e -3 t+ 3 + 2ie -3 i+ 3
24. From Di-j/ = -1 and 3x + (D-2)y = Owe obtain x = -\{D-2)y so that Dx = -\{D 2 -2D)y.
Then -\{D - 2D)y = y -
2
1 and {D 2 2D + 3)y = 3. Thus
y = e
l
[c\ co3\^2* + c2 sin\/2t) + 1
and
1 2
x = -e l
[(ci - \/2c 2 ) cosV2i + (v^ci + c 2 ) sin\/2(] + -
Using x(0) = j/(0) = we obtain
C! + 1 =
1 2
- Cl - V2c 2 ) + - = 0.
(
Thus ci = 1 and c2 = V5/2. The solution of the initial value problem is
x = e
t
f-^cosv^f - sinvÂ + -
3 6 / 3
?/ = e' ^-cosv^f + ^sin vîj +1.

Exercises 8.
25. Differentiating the equation we obtain Dx = 2c2e 2t and Dy = 2c2 Thus Dx = Dy. Adding the
equations we have x -t- y = 2ae 2t = Dx. A system is
Dx - Dy =
{D-\)x-y = Q.
Exercises 8.2
1. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives
sie{x} = -2{x) + X{y}
s%{y}-\ = 2%{x}
so that
1 1111
>-l)(s + 2) 3s-l+ 3s 2
and
, 1 2 111 2
-
'
s s(s- l)(s + 2) + 3 s 1 3 s 2
Then
a; = -e s e ^ and y
y = -e' + -e .
3 3 3 3
1
s<e{x}-L = 2X{y}
s-1
s%{y}-l = 8Z{x}-^
so that
s
3
+ -s +
7s 2 8 173 53
eBI
2\Vt ~
,
777
s{s

-
777752
\){s
l
T7T7
-16)
=
1
16 7
77i
s
1
" 77 7
15 s -
1
7
1
+
96 s
1
- 4 160 s
1
+4
and
8 173 53 _ *\
y
1
e* H
t
e

4i
e
4(
16 15 96 160
Then
1,1 1 1 , 173 53 _ it
284
a X{x} + l-X{x}-2X{y}
sX{y}-2 = 5X{x}-X{y}
so that
-s-5 s 5 3
s2 + 9 s2 +9 3 s2 +9
and
5
x = cos 3t sin 3i.
Then
y = -x
11 -x' = 2 cos 3(
7
- sin 3t.
(s + 3)X{x} + sX{y} =
s
1
(s-l)X{x} + (s-l)X{y} =
s - 1
so that
. . 5s - 1
2
1111 4 1
3s(s- l) 3 s 3 s- 1 3 (s- l) 2
and
l-2s 1 1 _ 1
_1 1 1
3s{3 - l) 2 ~ 3 s 3s-l 3(s-l) 2

'
Then
1
I= 3"3 e -3 ,te
1 t
1 t
and
j
V = -+r +
1
3
1 , 4
3
t&
t
'
{2s-2)%{x} + sX{y} = -
3
(s-3)2{x} + (s-3)X{y} = Z
so that
-s-3 \L 1 5 1 2
X{x} h
s(s-2)(s-3) 2 s' 2 s-2 s-3
and
3s ~ 1 1 1 5 1 8 1
s(s - 2)(s -3) 6a 2 s - 2 3s-3'

Exercises 8.2
Then
y
2 2 6 2
{8 + \)2{x}-{8-\)2{y) = -\
sX{x} + (s + 2)2{y} = l
so that
wi = s + 1
/2 = s + 1
/2
S2 + s+l ( S + l/2) 2 + (V5/2)
:
and
~W ~ 3/ 2
<*r x]
11 2
+s+
s l (s + 1/2)2 + (^3/2):
Then
y
2 2
(s
2
+ l)2{x}-X[y} = -2
-X{x} + (s
2
+ l}X{y} = l
so that
X lx]
-2^-1 113 1
* ' S4 + 2s 2 2 s2 2 s2 +2
and
Then
y = x" + x = --( +
1
3
y= sin V2t.
2 2y2
{s + l)2ix}+<e{y} = l
4%ix}-(s + l)X{y} = l
so that
|X| +
~~
s2 + 2s + 5 " (s + l) 2 + 22 2 (s + 1)
:
and
286
Exercises 8.2
, -s +3 s + l
'
s2 + 2s + 5 (s + l) 2 + 22 (s + l)
2
+ 22
Then
a; = e~'cos2t + -e _t sin2( and y = -e~* cos2( + 2e" f
sin21.
9. Adding the equations and then subtracting them gives
Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives
n l 1 4! 13!
^> =
rr .
8
;
+
2i? + 3^
and
v, , 14! 13!
so that
1 3
(s
(s - 4) X{ X ] +
+ 2)if{x}-2s ^{?/}=0
3
3
=
^
so that
=
(a -
4
2)(s 2 + 1)
4
5 s
14,81
- 2 5 + 1 5i 2 + l
and
w \
23
s 3 (s-2)(s
+4
2
+ l)
1
s
2
s2
211
s3 5 s- 2
6
5 s2
*81 + 1
T
5 s2 + 1
'
Then
4 4 8
x = -e 2t -cost .
smt
.
5 5 5
and
6 8
y = 1 - 2t - 2ro + -e
1
-
>,
- cos i + - sint.
5 5 5
s
2
X{x}+3(s + l)X{y} = 2
Exercises 8.2
so that
sj + i) 1112 1_
Then
2
i = 1 +*+ ^f - e~*
and
1 t 1 1 -/ 1 -t 1
+
=3 te -r =r r -3-
2e"
-3tf{x} + (* + l)tf{} = i +
^
so that
-1/2 1
+ e"
(s-l)( S -2) (s-l)(s-2)
11 11 1
+
1 I
2 s-1 2a-2 ~7^T s-2]

and
_^ a/4-1 -s/2 +2
+
^ e"
s (s - \)(s - 2)
"
(s-l)(*-2)
_ 3 _i i i _ s ri _ 3 i i
i
Then
and
(*-!).
288
Exercises 8.2
13. The system is
Z" = -3ii + 2(x 2 -xi)
= -2{xi-xi)
H (0) =0
*',(0) = 1
*a(0) = 1
4(0) = 0.
Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives
-2%{x 1 } + (s
2
+ 2)X{x 2 } = s
so that
<fif
s
2
+ 2s + 2 _ 2 s 1 1 2 s 4 y/6
s4 + 7s 2 + 6 5 s2 + 1 5 s
2
+ 1 5s 2 +6 5\/6s2 +6
and
[0[ ,
=
s
3
+ 5s + 2 4 s
= 7 T5-nr
21 1 5 2 V6
r2 l)( s 2 + n
+ iv,2 5s 2 + 5s 2 + 6 5VSs 2 + 6"
IT
(s
2 , ,
6) 5s 2 + l l
Then
11 = % cos *
5
+ \
5
sin ( ? cos s/6
5
H
5\/6
~ sin V6
and
^2 =
4
- cos t
5
+ -
2
5
sin f +
1^2^-
- cos
5
v61
5V6
= sin v 6 f
14. In this system xi and x 2 represent displacements of masses mi and m2 from their equilibrium
positions. Since the net forces acting on mi and m 2 are
kixi + 2(^2 1) and k 2 (x 2 x\) k$x 2l
respectively, Newton's second law of motion gives
mix" k\x\ + k 2 (x 2 x\)

7712x2 = -^2(^2 ~ *i) ~ k3 x 2 .
Using ki=kt = ks = 1, mi = m2 = 1, xi(0) = 0, zi(0) = -1, x 2 (0) = 0, and x'2 (0) = 1, and
Exercises 8.2
taking the Laplace transform of the system, we obtain
(2 + a 2 )X{x }-X{x 2 } = -l 1
^{x }-(2 + S 2 )^{z 2 } = -l

1
so that
Then
xi = -^sinVSt and 12 = -^sini/St.
15. (a) By Kirchoff's first law we have ii = 22 + 83. By Kirchoff's second law, on each loop we have
E(t) - Rij + Lii'2 and E(t) = Jfci+Z^ or Lii'2 +Ri 2 +Ri 3 = E(t) and L 2 i'3 +Ri 2 +Ri 3 =
(b) Taking the Laplace transform of the system
0.01i 2 + 5i 2 + 5z 3 = 100
0.0125i 3 + 5i 2 4- 5i 3 = 100
gives
(s + 500) #{i 2 } + 5ooy{i 3 } =
,000
400y{i 2 } + (s + 400)i?{i 3 } =
s
so that
vr 1 _ 8.000 _ 80 1
_ 80 1
~ s2 + 900s 9 3 9 s + 900
'
Then
80 .
13 =
80
-3-
9
-
g
_BMt
c
-
and
, .
12 = 20 - -3
0.0025i 3 -
,
13 =
100
9
100 _,

9
e
90m .
(c) ii = i2 + i3 = 20 - 20e- 9001 .
16. (a) By Kirchoff's first law we have ii = i2 + 13- By Kirchoff's second law, on each loop we
have E(t) = Li[ + Rii 2 and E(t) = Lij + R213 + q so that q = CR\i 2 - CR2 i3- Then
i3 tf = CR\i'2 CR-iH so that the system is
Li'2 + Li'3 + Rii 2 = E(t)
-flii 2 + fi2i3 + î 3 = 0.
290
Exercises 8.2
(b) Taking the Laplace transform of the system
i'
2 + i'
z + 10i 2 = 120 - 120 U(t - 2)
-10i'2 + 5i'3 + 5i 3 =
gives
(s + 10) 2{i 2 } + sX{i 3 } = (l - e" 2s

)
-10s2{i 2 } + 5(s + 1) %{i 3 } -

so that
120(s + 1) 48 60 12
(i--)- +
(3s 2 + lls + 10)s s + 5/3 s +2 s
and
240 240 240
(i -.-*)- (i-.-).
3s 2 + lis + 10 s + 5/3 s +2
Then
- 5(i~ 2V3 -2
*3 = 12 + 48e- 6 "3 - 60e" 2 - [l2 + 48 e - 60e" 2 < l >] V(t - 2)
and
240e- a
- 5(t - 2 " 3
i3 = 240e" 5i /3 - - [240 e - 240e- 2 ~ 2 >] ll(t - 2).
-2 ' -2
(c) ij = i2 + 13 = 12 + 288e" 5 '/ 3 - 300e - [l2 + 288e- 5 " _2 ^3 - 300 e - 2 <
(
>] * (* - 2).
17. Taking the Laplace transform of the system
i'<2 + lli2 + 613 = 50sint
13 + 612 + 613 = 50 sin f
gives
50
(
S +ll)if{i 2 } + 6^{i3} =
s2 + l
50
6^{i2} + (s + 6)^{i 3 } =
s2 + l
so that
(s + 2)(s +
50s
15)(s a + 1)
= -tz -+
13 3 + 2
20
1 375
1469 s +
1

15
145
113 s +
s
+ TTT7 ^r-^r + 2
1
85
113 s 2
1
+ 1
Then
20 _,, 375 145 85
t2 e + e + COSt+ Slll(
^-T3 I469 113 Tl3
and
Exercises 8.2
I3 =
25
TS m (
1
--* 2
- , 11
V2 =
-
30
e
_, ( 250
+j^-9 e
_ 15t
- 280
IT
cos t +
810 .
mot.
18. By Kirchoff's first law we have ii i2 + '3- By KirchofF's second law, on each loop we havt
E(t) = Li[ + Rt2 and E(t) = Li\ + so that q = CRi 2 - Then i3 = q

1
= CRi'2 so that system is
Li' + Ri 2 = E{t)
CRi'^ + i2 - ii = 0.
0.5i[ + 50i 2 = 60
0.005i 2 + i2 - h =
gives
J?{il} + 100^{t 2 } =
120
-200if{i, } + (s + 200) ^{13} =

so that
_ 24,000 6 1 6 3 + 100 6 100

* 12 ' " s(s 2 + 200s + 20,000) "5s 5 (s + 100) 2 + 100 2 5 (a + 100) 2 + 100 2 '
Then
h= 5 _ 6,-iow cog 1M( _ 6 e _ 100i 1Q0(

5 5 5
and
ti = 0.005i'2 + i2 = I
- |e- 100t cos 100t.
2i[ + 50i 2 = 60
0.005i 2 + i2 -h =
gives
2si?{*i} + 50^{i 2 } =
s
-200^{ii} + (s + 200) %{i 2 } =

so that
Xin} =
s{s 2 + 200s + 5,000)
6 1 6 5 + 100 6\/2 50V2

5 s 5 (a + 100) 2 - (50V^) 2 5 (3 + 100) 2 - (50^2 } 2 '
292
Exercises 8.2
Then
5 5 5
and
h = 0.005i 2 + j 2 = | - ê- 100*cosh50\/2t - ê- 100

'sinh50v^(.
(a) Using KirchofF's first law we write ii = 12 + ^3. Since ii = dq/dt we have ii ^3 = dqjdt. Using
Kirchoff's second law and summing the voltage drops across the shorter loop gives
1
E{t)
E(t) = iRi
ifl, + -5, (1)
so that
Then
dq 1 , , 1
and
Summing the voltage drops across the longer loop gives
E<S)=i l R l + L^ + Rii*.
Combining this with (1) we obtain
hR\ + + R2 3 - hRi +
i
or
+ *2i3-^ = 0.
(b) Using L = R\ = R 2 = C = 1, E(t) = 50e-"W(t - 1) = bOeê-^^t - 1), q(0) = i 3 (0) = 0,

and taking the Laplace transform of the system we obtain
oil
(
S +l)J{i 3 }-^{9} = 0,
so that
_1
50e e- s
2{l} = 2
(a + l) + 1
and
_1 _l
= 50e e"
(t_1)
sin(i - 1) = 50e sin(* - l)<3f(t - 1).
293
1
Exercises 8.2
40? + 02 + 80i =
0? + 2
'
+ 202 =
gives
4 (s
2
+ 2) } +s
2
i?{02 } = 3s
+ 2)^{02} =
2 2
s i?{0,} + (s O
so that
-3s 3
2 2
(3s + 4) (
S + 4)^{02 } =
or
Is 3 s
2 s2 + 4/3 2 s2 +4'
Then
02
12
= -cos-7=t--cos2t
3
and 0" = -^'-20 2
2 %/3 2
so that
0i =
12
- cos ;=( +
3
- cos 2f.
4 V3 4
Exercises 8.3
1. Let xi = y, X2 - y', and y" = 3j/' - 4j/ + sin3t so that
x\ = xi
x'2 = 3x2 4tj + sin 3t.
2. Let n = y, x2 = y', and y" = 2y' + |y so that
x\ = xi
x'2 = -2x 2 +
3. Let xi = j,, x2 = y', x3 = y", and j/"' = 3y" - Qy' + 10y + f2 + 1 so that
x'j = x2
x'2 = 3
2
x 3 = 3x3 - 6x2 + 10xi + + 1.
294
Exercises 8.3
4. Let ii =y,X2 = y*, x3 = y", and y"' = -\y + |e' so that
x[ = x2
x'2 = 3
5. Let xi = y,X2 = y', x3 = y", Xi = y"r and j/ 4 '

,
= 1y" - Ay' -y+1 so that
x\ = i2
4 = ^3
X3 3:4
x\ = 2X3 - 4x2 Xi+t.
6. Let ii = y, x2 = j/, x3 = y", x4 = j/", and j/

4>
= -\y'" + Ay + 10 so that
x\ = x2
x'2 = Xi
x's = X4
x4 = -ix 1 + 4x + 1 10.
7. Let xi = j/, x2 y', and y" = y so that
x[ = X2
8. Let xi = y, x2 = j/', and y" = (-l/t)j/ + [(4 - (

2 2
)/( ]y so that
= X2
1 4~f 2
9. Prom
x' + 4x - u' = 7t
Exercises 8.3
we obtain
2x' + 4x - 2y = lOf
2y' - 4x - 2y = -At
SO that
x' = -2x + y + 5t
y' = 2x + y- It.
10. This is a degenerate system.
11. Adding equations, we obtain

Dx = t
2
+ 5 - 2
Dy = -x + 5f - 2.
12. From x" 2y" = smt and x" + y" = cost we obtain
3x" = 2cost + sint

3j/' = cost sint.
Let xi = x, i2 = i', 3 = y, and 24 = y'. Then
xi = x2
2 1
x2
<
= -cost* + -sint
x3 = X4
1 1
Xi
/
= -cost -sm(.
13. Since
Dx - Dy = 2 - -x and Si -
the system is degenerate.
14. Let yi = xi, w x\, y3 = 2, and j/4 = x 3 so that
y'\ = Wl
' mi mi
3/3 = 3/4
T712
296
Exercises 8.3
15. Let z\ = x, z2 = x', 23 = x", z4 = y, and 25 =^ so that
z'i = 22
A = 23
23 = 4zi - 323 + 425
4 = 25
2
4= 10i -42 2 + 3^5 -
16. Let 2] = x, 22 = Dx, Z3 = y, and
2> 2 x = y - 6t 2 + 4t - 10
2Dy =-y + 6f 2 + U + 10
so that
f 21 = 22
2
*3 = ^3 - 3f + 2t - 5
>23 = -^23 + 6t 2 + 4i + 10.
so that
, , 625(25s + 2) 25 1 25 1
(25s+l)(25s + 3) 2 a + 1/25 2 3 + 3/25'

Then
2 2
and
x2 = 50X1 + 4a:i = 25e-'/
25
- 25e
_3t/25
.
18. The system is
I1 =
'
2 .3 + lx 2 -lx I
-4
X2 =
^ -^ "5T 1
'
4 2 X2 -
3 -
Exercises 8.3
19. Let xi, X2, and #3 be the amounts of salt in tanks A, B, and C, respectively, so that
1 1 3
x[ = 2- 1
6 - 7^X 2 -"
T^ x l
100 100 50 50
1
4= 6 +
100
X3 -160*- 2 "Too 12 Too
12 +
ibo
X3
1
= 5- ~
*3
100
13 = h>
X2
h X3 -
20. Let
a\Dx + a^Dy = b\X + foy
a 3 Dx + aiDy = b3 x + b\y
so that if
ai a2
= 0.10,4 a2i3 = 0,
3 a4
then the system is degenerate.
21. Since Dx + Dy = x - y and Dx + Dy = \y we obtain y 2x and Dx = a:. Then x = c\e~ l
y = 1c\e~
l
and .
Exercises 8.4,
4-2 5+6 2 11
1. (a) A+B =
-6 + 8 9-10 2 -1
^-2-4 6-5 6
(b) B-A= f"
^ 8 +6 -10-9 \u 19
(c) 2A + 3B-
f-2-3
X + l\
-6
24 -30;
-5
18 >
=
1\
G
28
A-B =
(a)
^
4-0 1-2
7 +4 3 +- 2 y
( 11
4 --1
+ 2 -1-0^
f
3
f
5 i\
(b) B-A = 0-4 2-1 -4 i
[-4-7 2 3 > 5,
298
Exercises 8.4
(2 -2\
(c) 2(A + B) = 2| 4 3 8 6
\3 1/ 6 2)
'-2-9 12 -6\ -11 6
3. (a) AB = -30 + -22
,5 + 12 8) 17
'-2 -30 3 + 24^1 -32 27

(b) BA = -4 -1
,6-10 -9 + J
4 + 15 -6-12 19 -18
(c) A2 = -10 - 20 15+16 -30 31
1 + 18 -6 + 12\ _ M9 6
(d) B2 = ~
-3 + 6 18 + 4 ) \ 3 22
/ -4 + 4 6-12 -3 + 8 > / -6 5^
4. (a) AB = -20+ 10 30 - 30 -15 + 20 -10 5
,-32 + 12 48 -36 -24 + 24 J ,-20 12 0)
-4 + 30-24 -16 + 60-36\ 2 8

(b) BA = - 15+ - -2
1 16 4 30 + 24,/ 2
9 24'
5. (a) BC-
3
3 8
(b) A(BC) =
( -6 -16
/0 0^
(c) C(BA) =
U o,
6 5\ -4 -5
(d) A(B + C) =
5 5J 8 10
/ 3\
= (-16)
(b) BA
Exercises 8.4
18 21 (1 2 f 78 54 99 \
^
24 28 1 -1 104 72 132
6 -1} u 2 u {-26 -18 -33,
(d) Since AB is 1 x 1 and C is 3 x 3 the product (AB)C is not defined.
/ 4 \
7. (a) AT A ( 4 8 -10) = (180)

-10
/2\ / 4 8 10\
T
(b) B B = 4 (2 4 5) = 8 16 20
V5/ \ 10 20 25 /
4\ (2\ ( 6^
(c) A+ BT = + 12
10/ \5/ V-5/

/-2 5 -1 7
A + Br =
G :)
8. (a)
\ 3 7 5 11
4 -1
-( ::) "(1 1 1
/l 2^ 3 -3 -7
=
)
U 4y (- 3 -6 -14
T
'
7 10\
(AB) T =
9. (a)
,38 75 J -u
5 7 38
(b) BT A T = :*)(
10 10 75
2 -11
20 8
2 20 2 -11
(b) (A + B) T = -11 20 8
'-4' -6 -14
11. +
16 / V 9 1
300
Exercises 8.4
6f -t + l\ ( et ^
12. | 3f
2
| + -* a +t = | 2*
2
+t- i
-a, 3t-3 / V-iot/ 10* - 3
-38
-2
/-9* +3 (
2
\
-10* + 1^
14. -5
13* + 1 8 13* - 12
\-6f + 4 , 4/ {,-(>) ,-6* + 14/
15. Since det A = 0, A is singular.
16. Since det A = 3, A is nonsingular.
1/4-5
3 l-l 2
17. Since det A= 4, A is nonsingular.

1/-5 -8
4 I 3 4
18. Since det A = 6, A is nonsingular.
2 -10
A-i - -I
-2 7
19. Since det A= 2, A is nonsingular. The cof&ctors are
-411=0 Ai2 =2 A u = -4
A21 = -1 A 22 =2 ^23 = -3
^31 = 1 ^32 = -2 A33 = 5.
Then
/ 2 -4^ ( -1 n
-1 2 -3 2 2-2
1 -2 5 / -4 -3 5
20. Since det A = 27, A is nonsingular. The cofactors are
A u = -1 Au = 4 Xi3 = 22
421 = 7 -4 22 = -l 4 23 = -19
A Z - -1
\ A 32 = 4 ,433 = -5.
\
/
Exercises 8.4
Then
-1 22 \ f-\ 7 -1>
7 -1 -19
27
4-14
.-1 4 -5 / \22 -19 -5 J
21. Since det A= 9, A is nonsingular. The cofactors are
An = -2 = -13 Ai3 = S
Ai2
A 2l = -2 =5 A 23 = -1
Ai-i
,4.3! = -1 A i2 = 7 A 33 = -5.
Then
1-1 -13 8\ T / -2 -2 -1\
-S S -I -13 5 7
,-1 7 -5/ -1 5y
22. Since det A = 0, A is singular.

23. Since det A{f ) = 2e
3t
^ 0, A is nonsingular.
3e 4i -e 4t
A" = <T*
1
_(
-4e 2e-'
24. Since det A{t) = 2e

2t
# 0, A is nonsingular.
e* sin t 2e' cos f
A- - ie"
e* (
cos t 2e sin t
25. !
IT
cos2( + 8sin2t \
26. :
IF -6cos2(- 10sin2t /
2e* + 8e- 3t \ dX 4e 2( - 24e" 3i

27. X= .,
-2e 2( + 4e" 3t /
so that
A -4e 2t - 12e- 3 '
<iX
28.
dt 3t cos 3i + sin 3t ^
4e 4t irsinirA
t 2 6f J
302
Exercises 8.4
(=2
-i
t=o
s=t
(c) m*)**= =2 .3
s - s J (
2
(
3 - f
s=0
-2(/(t 2 + l)
2
3
30. (a)
~dt 2f 1
a 1-1
t-1 E 3
ri , /tan" 1 * *t \ / i 1
1
t=0 3 1
2
i=2
/2 / 3t 2 2( 9 2
( In 2 6
6s/(s 2 + l) +3 2/(s
2
+ l) + 12s 2
/3t + 3 ln(t
2
+ 1) - 3 - 3 In 2 4(
3
+ 2 tan' 1 * - 4 - jr/2
" (3/2) t
4
+ ( - (5/2) 2t
3 - 2
V
/I 1 -2 /l 1 -2 14 fl -1/3 14/3 \
J
^
31. 2 -1 1 0-3 5 |
-28
-
1 -5/3 28/3
,6 3 4 ,0 6 1 l) ,0 11 -55 )
1
/l |
3^
1 j
1
,0 1 I -5,
Thus x = 3, y = 1, and 2 = -5.

.
Exercises 8.4
/5 -2 4 1 un l\ 1 1 j
9\ fl 6/7 |
4^
32. 1 1 1
I
9 -7 -1 j
-35 1 1/7 |
5
V4
-3 3 1, VO -7 -1 -35/ VO 0/
Letting a = t we find j/ = 5 ijt, and x =4 |t.
fl -1 -5 |
7^ /l -1 -5 7 \ fl -4 2\
|
33. 5 4 -16 j
-10 1 1 -5 1 1 -5
|
,0 1 1-5/ \ ij 9 9
|
-45 J 0,
Letting 2 = -5 f, and x = 2 + 4f
(1 1 6^ /l 1 -3 6 /l 5/2 -5/2 \
j )
34. 4 2 7 --2 11 j
- -17 1 17/2
\3 1 4/ ,0 --2 10 |
-
-14, ,0 - 1 3,
/l |
5\
1 j
-8
^0 1 -3,
Thus x = 5, y = 8, and ^ 3.
(
2 1 1 /i 1/2 1/2 2 \ (1 2/7
| |
35. 10 -2 2 -1 -7 -3 -21 1 3/7 3

| |
k 6 -2 4 8j -5 1 4 ,
22/7 11,
fl | -1/2^
10 3/2
\0 1 7/2 J
Thus x = -1/2, y = 3/2, and z = 7/2.
fi 2 1
8^ HO 2 |
8 \ H 2 |
8\
36. 1 2 - -2 j
4 2 -4 j
-4 1 -2 |
-2
V2 5 - -6 6 \ 5 -10 -10 \0
Letting z t we find y = 2 + 2(, and 2 = 8 2(.
304
Exercises 8.4
n 1 -1 -1 n 1 -1 -1
|
-1\ /l -1 1\
i 1
i
1 1 2 2 4 1 1 A 2
37. =! =*.
i _1 _1 o 2 2 I
1 4 n
u <j 2 9 4
\4 1 -2 1 \o 3 2 5 4^ \0 -1 5 -2/
|
/l o - 1 1\ /l 1\
1
[
1 1 1
1
j
1 1 2 1 2
| 1
U 6 I o) ,0 1 1
0/
Thus ii = 1, x2 - 0, i3 = 2, and 14 = 0.
n 3 1 1
o\ n 3 1 1
o\ 2/5 1 o\
38. 2 1 1 1
-5 -1 1 1 1/5
f
7 1 3 I 07 \Q -20 -4 1
0/ \Q J
y
Letting 13 = t, we find X2 - 5* and x\ =
/l 2 4 j
2^ /I 2 4 j
2^ (\ 2 -2/5 ^
39. 2 4 3 1 5 j
3 1 3/5
I
VI 2 -1 7/ -5 I 5 7 \0 7
I
There is no solution.
/I 1 -1 3
I
1\ /l 1 -1 3 1\ n 7 1\
1 -1 -4 1 -1 -4 1 -1 -4
I
40.
1 2 -2 -1 6 1 -1 -4 5 5
I
V4 7 -7 9 >o 3 -3 -12 5/ ^0 5,
I
There is no solution.
41. We solve
-1 - A 2
d et (A - AI) = = (A-6)(A- 1) - 0.
-7 8-A
For Ai = 6 we have
-7 2 1 -2/7
I I
-7 2
Exercises 8.4
so that ki = %k2 . If k2 = 7 then
For A2 = 1 we have
-2 2 1 -1 j
I
-7 7 I
so that ft] = fo- If Aa = 1 then
K2 =
42. We solve
2- A 1
det(A - AI) = = A(A-3) =
2 1 - A
For Ai = we have
2 1
j
1 1/2 j
2 10 I
so that ki = -\ki. If k2 = 2 then

-1
Ki =
For A2 = 3 we have
-1 1 1 -1 j
I
2 -2
so that fci = ^2- If 2 = 1 then
K2 =
43. We solve
8 A -1
det(A - AI) = = (A + 4) 2 =
16 -A
For Ai = A2 = 4 we have
-4 -1 0\ f\ 1/4
I I
16 4 0/ U I
so that k\ = -3*2- If Jfc2 = 4 then

-1
Ki =
306
Exercises 8.4
44. We solve
1 A 1
det(A - AI) = = (A - 3/2)(A - 1/2} = 0.
1/4 1 - A
For Xi = 3/2 we have

-1/2 1 |
1 -2)0
1/4 -1/2
so that k\ = 2&2. If ho, = 1 then
If A2 = 1/2 then
1/2 1 |
1 2 |
1/4 1/2 I
so that k\ = 2&2- If Afc = 1 then

-2
K2 =
45. We solve
5-A -1 4- A -1
det(A - AI) = -5-A 9 4- A 5-A 9 = A(4-A)(A + 4)
5 -1 -A 4- A -1 -A
If Ai = then
/5 -1 01 (\ -9/25 0\
-5 9 1 -9/5
s5 -1 o) 0/
so that k\ = and k% = 3. If 3 = 25 then
9\
K, = I
45
.25
If A2 = 4 then
fl -I 0\ (I -1 j
01
I
0-9 9
I
1 -1 ]
\5 -1 -4 0/ 0/
Exercises 8.4
so that kj = and k^ k$. If k$ = 1 then
K2 = 1
If A3 = -4 then
/9 - 1 ON l\ -1 0\
- 1 9 1 -9
U - 1 4 o) 0/
so that k\ k$ and k 2 9&3 If *3 1 then
/1\
K3 = 9
w
46. We solve
3- A
det(A - AI) = 2 - A (3 - A)(2 -
4 1 -A
If Ai = 1 then
(2 |
0\ n | 0\
1 |
1 j
,4 0, 0,
so that k\ = and kt = 0. If &3 = 1 then
If A2 = 2 then
/l | 0\ (\ | 0\
o 1
1 j
,4 -1 j
\o o o o;
so that &i = and k% = 0. If 1 then
K2 =
308
A
Exercises 8.4
If A3 = 3 then
/O fl\ fl -1/2 I 0\
0-1 |
1 j
\4 ~2 \0 o I
so that it i = md *2 = 0. If *3 = 2 then
K3 =
47. We solve
-A 4
det(A - AI) = -1 -4 -A = -(A + 2) 3 = 0.
-2 -A
For A! = A2 = A3 - -2 we have
/ 2 4 |
0\
-1 -2 |
V | 0J
so that ki = -2fe. If *a = 1 and fc3 = 1 then
/-2
48. We solve
1 -A 6 1 - A 6
-A 3 -A = (3 - A}(1 - A)
2
=
det{A - AI) = 2- A 1 3
1 2 - A 1 2-
For A = 3 we have
3
j -2 6 | 0^ (1 I
0>
j
1 1 j
o i 1
oy ,0 I
.
that ki = 3*3 and k 2 = Ag. If A3 = 1 ^ n
A
Exercises 8.4
For A 2 = A3 = 1 we have
6 0\ (0 1 0\
1 1 1
.0 1 1 oj ^0 0,
so that k2 = and 3 =0. If k\ = 1 then

/1\
K2 =
/
49. We solve
-1 - A 2
det(A - AI) - = A2 + 9=(A-3i)(A + 3i) = 0.
-5 1 -A
For Ai = 3z we have
-1-3* 2 1 -{1/5) + (3/5)i
I
I
-5 1 3* I !
so that ki = (5
- |i) If fc 2 = 5 then
1 3t
K, =
For A2 = Si we have
-1 +3i 2
J
1 -5-1*1
-5 1 + 3i I
so that fci = (5 + |i) h- If k2 = 5 then
l + 3i
K2 =
50. We solve
2-A -1
a
det(A - AI) = 5 2-A 4 = -A 3 + 6A 2 - 13A + 10 = (A - 2)(-A +
1 2-
= (A-2)(A-(2 + i))(A-(2-i)) = 0-
For Ai = 2 we have
to -1 0\ (\ 4/5 0^
I I
5 4 1 j
V0 1 I
0/ \0 0/
310
Exercises 8.4
so that kj = -1*3 and k2 = 0- If 3 = 5 then
K, =
5/
For A2 =2+ i we have

f-i -1 0> /l -i j 0>
I
5 -i 4 I 1 * I
\ 1 -i / Vo oy
I
so that fcj = ife and &2 = *&3- If fca = * then
K2 = -1
For A3 2i we have
/i 10 0) / i 0\
5 i 4 1 i
,0 1 i 0, {0 0/
so that fe] = ~ik<i and A:2 = -i&3- If A3 = i then
K3 = 1
51. Let
an 112
A=
tt2i a 22
Then
' x\\ d f a\Xi + a2%2\ _ ( + a'i%i + &2X2 + a 2 x,2 \
>>*^C :)( x2j K
dt\ (13X1 + 0.4x2 J \ a3x\ + a'3 x\ + 0.4x2 + a'4 X2 J
a-i 0,4
52. Assume det A^ and AB = I, so that
'an ai 2 \ /fen hi 1
(
a2 i 022/ \ ^1 ^2 1
Exercises 8.4
Then
Oll6ll + Oi2&21 = 1 ttll6l2 + 112&22
and
021611 + ^21621 = 121612 + 021622 = 1
and by Cramer's rule

_ = -au
022
611
" det A 6l2
deTA
_a 2i
,
021 = ,
"22 = an
,
det
.
A
.
det A
Thus
A-_j =
1 / 022 -ai2
B=
1
det A \ -a21 an J
53. Since A is nonsingular, AB = AC implies A _1 AB - A _1 AC. Then IB = IC and B= C.
54. Since
_1 _1
(AB)(B _I A _l ) = A(BB )A = ALA -1 = AA" = I 1
and
(B
_1
A _1 )(AB) - B _1 (A _1 A)B = B'lB = B _1 B = I
we have
(abj-^b-'a- 1
.
55. No; consider
B = (
1 \
f
A=
.
andj t,
Vo 0/ ll
Exercises 8.5
1
1. Let X= I 1. Then
X
2. LetX= [ \ . Then
312
Exercises 8.5
3. Let X=
f-Z 4 -9\
6 -1 X
10 4
/x\
4. LetX = y . Then
W 1 -1 0\
X' = 1 2 X
-1 1,
5. LetX = Then
/ o
X' = X+ -3t 2 I +
6. Let X= . Then
x'=r5 3 4
9/)
x+ f
e
Ue-'cos2W) r 2t
dx _
'
~kt
~ 4x + 2y + e (
; ^
at
= -x + 3y - e
l
8.
dx
di
= 7x + 5y - 9z - ^-=4x + y + z + 2e5
dt
'; ~ = -2y + 3z + - Se'
dt
e
5t 21
dx dv
9.
dt
~_ x - y + 2z + e
_t,
- Zt; -f
at
= 3i - Ay + z + 2e

c
+
dz
t;= ~2x + 5y + 6z + 2e~' -
dt
t
t
dx _
10.
dt
~ 3i - 7i/ + 4sinf + (t- 4)e*
(
; ^= a; + y + 8sin + t (2f + l)e
41
11. Since
-5 _5t -5t
X' = e and
-10
we see that
3 -4
Exercises 8.5
12. Since
/ 5 cos t 5 sin t \ -2 5 cos t 5 sin A
X' = e<
,
and X - (5 (
^ 2 cos f 4 sin f / -2 4 2 cost 4sint /

we see that
13. Since
X' =
3/2
-3 - - n ^y-a -3J/2
we see that
14. Since
5 4 2 1 4
X' =
-1 -4
te* and
-1
X= -1 -4
we see that
2 1
15. Since
/ 1 2 1 \
(\ (0
x' = and 6 -1 X=
Ul -2 -1, ,0
we see that
i 1
X' = 6-10 X.
-1 -2 -1
16. Since
cost \ cost
i sin 5 cos (
* and X= ^ sin t 5 cos t
^
cos t sin ( J \ cos t sin t J
we see that
f i o n
X' = 1 1 X.
-2 -1 /
17. Yes, since = -2e~ sl / and Xi and X2 are linearly independent on -00 < t < 00
IVfXi.Xa)
Yes, since W(Xi,X2) = 8e ^ and Xi and X2 are linearly independent on 00 < t < 00.
2t
18.
19. No, since W(Xi,X2,X3) = and Xi, X2, and X3 are linearly dependent on 00 < t < 00.
314
Exercises 8.5
20. Yes, since W(Xi,X2,X3) = Me 1

^ and Xi, X2, and X3 are linearly independent on
oo < t < 00.
21. Since
2
-1
we see that
*-G i)
22. Since
2 1 -5
X +
1 -1
we see that
23. Since
2 2 1
^ e* + I
* ) te* and e = ie
1
3 4
thatt
l
1
/n
K =
c
24. Since
/ 3cos3t\ f
1 2 3\ / / 3 cos 3^
and -4 2 Xp + 4 [ sin 3t =
,
3sin3t / V-6 1 V 3 -3 sin 3i /
we see that
1 1 2 3^ /-1\
-4 2 xp + 4 sin 3t.
,-6 1 oj I 3/
25. Let
/ 6 /2\ /O 6 0\
X = 1
-1 I
e-\ Xa = 1 1 e
3t
, and A= 1 1
V-5 V 1/ VI/ Vi 1 0;
Exercises 8.5
Then
/-6\
xi = 1 p
_t AX,
\ ^
6
( )
-2 p" 2t - AX,
V-2J
3i
= AX 3
F
,
and W(Xi,X2, X3) = 20 ^ so that Xi, Xa, and X3 form a fundamental set for X' = AX on
00 < t < 00.
26. Let
Xi =
-1- y/2
X2 =
1 2 1
x = I U2 + ( )t+
.0,
and
-1 -1
-1 1
Then
x; =
-2- V2
e^' = AX lt
x2 =
-2-y/2j
2\ /-2\ l\
and W(X],X2) = 2^/2 ^ so that Xp is a particular solution and Xi and X2 form a fundamental
set on 00 < t < 00.
/
e
2t
e
7t\
j /3 e " - e "'\
316
Exercises 8.5
5'
1 e -e 5t
28. *(()
[
-e' -fe< 1 /3te -e' fe
29. #(t) "
- l " K !
3e' 3te
(
e } e 2t \ -3e*
/ 2 cost -2sint "\

( 3sint + cost 2sint\
# -1 (t)
1
30. #(f) and - '
\ 3 cost + sint 3sin( + cost / 2 \ -3cosf - sinf 2cosi I
31. We have
7t
x(*)= CI
[
;2
so that
and
which give cj = 3/5, c2 = 2/5, and c\ = 1/5, C2 = 1/5. Then
M+ ^d V 2 = -i
Vl =
5
e =C}e 7*
(
*
] e + I
5 \,3
] e ,
so
6 a 2t,fi7t 22(,3 = 7l
32. We have
X(t) = Cj e '
+ c2 j I e
5t
so that
X(0) = ci + C2
and
X(0) - ci + C2
which give c\ = -1/2, c 2 = 1/2, and c\ = 1/2, c2 = 1/2. Then
1 /-I 1 /I 1 /-l
Vl = -;r e
5t
and V2 = e
5t
2 W ,
Exercises 8.5
i fi -t + lJ>t _I eP -t _l
+ Ie
P 5t
H,(t\ f
2 ^2 2 2
33. We have
3 / V 3 / V-l
so that
'
X{0) =d
and
'
X(0) = Cl
3 J
which give 1, c 2 = 3, and ci = 0, c% = 1. Then

'Sie' +e 1
fe'
'
9te< -3ie ( + e'
34. We have
2cosi \ / -2sinf
X(i) = ci + c2
, 3 cos i + sin t J \ cos ( 3 sin t
so that
and
which give ci = 3/2, C2 = 1/2, and ci = 1, ci = 0. Then

' 3cost + sinf 2cos(
*(*) = ,
5 cos t 3 cos ( + sin t
-1
35. Since X(t D ) = (to)C = Xo we have C= ff-^toJXo and X(t) = *()* (to)Xo.
36. Since the column vectors of 9(t) solve X' = AX we know that X= 4"(t)Xo solves X' = AX, and
X(to) = *(to)X = IXo = Xo.
-1
37. Since X = *(t)* (to)Xo and X= *(t)X we see that [*(t)*~ l (to) - (()] Xo = 0. Since Xo
is arbitrary it follows that S^)*" 1
^ - = 0.
318
Exercises 8.6
1. The system is
and det(A - AI) = (A - 5)(A + 1) = 0. For Ai = 5 we obtain
'-4 2 I ON /l -1/2 I
so that Ki
4 -2 0/ V0 0,
For A2 = 1 we obtain
'2 2 I 0\ /l 1 I
so that K2 =
4 4 10/ V0 [
'
Then
X = Cl I
^ e
M + c..Hi.
5!
a e
-t
,
2. The system is
and det(A - AI) = (A - 4) (A + 4) = 0. For Aj = 4 we obtain
/-4 2 I 0\ /l -1/2 I ON
=> so that Ki
\ 8 4 0/ Vo j 0/
I
For Aj = 4 we obtain
'A 2 I 0\ /l 1/2 I
so that K2
4 0/ Vo 0.
Then
3. The system is
V-5/2 2J

-5 2 I 0\ /-5 2 |
(
so that Ki
-5/2 10/ V 0/
Exercises 8.6
-1 2 I
0\ /-l 2 I
so that Ko
-5/2 5 07 V 0,
Then
x=o m,. + c ! r],-
1
4. The system is
1/2 9
x'=[ IX
.1/2 2,
and det(A - AI) = (A - 7/2)(A + 1) = 0. For Ai = 7/2 we obtain
-3 9 I 0\ /I -3 I
0'
so that Kr
1/2 -1/2 07 Vo 0/
'3/2 9 I 0\ fl 6 I
so that K2
1/2 3 07 V0
Then
5. The system is
V 8 -12 J
'2 -5 I 0\ (\ -5/2 I
so that Kj
8 -20 I 07 V0 I 0/
For A2 = -10 we obtain
'20 -5 I
0\ /l -1/4 I
so that Kq
8 -2 I
07 V0 I
0,'
Then
6. The system is
2
x'=[- |x
320
Exercises 8.6
and det(A - AI) = A(A + 5) = 0. For Ai = we obtain

'6 2 ON /l -1/3
Ki =
j |
so that
,-3 1 |
o) \Q |
For A 2 = 5 we obtain
2 I 0\ /l 2 I
so that K2 ,
-3 6 I
Oj V0 0/ VI
Then
7. The system is
/l 1 -V
X' = 2 OX
Vo 1 -1/
and det(A - AI) = (A - 1){2 - A)(A + 1) = 0. For Ai = 1, A2 = 2, and A3 = -1 we obtain
f
1
) (2) /1\
Ki = 3 , and K3 =
,V
so that
(') (A /1\
X = ci e* + c2 3 e
2t
+ c3
,2/
8. The system is
12 -1 0\
X' = 5 10 4
^0 5 2)
and det(A - AI) = (2 - A)(A - 5)(A - 7) = 0. For Ai = 2, A2 = 5, and A3 = 7 we obtain
4 (~ 7 )
( ) f-7\
,
K2 = 3 , and K3 = 5
,-5 J I 5/
so that
/ 4\ / _ 7\
f-7
X = ci 3 e
5t
+ c3 5
Exercises 8.6
= -(AH -3)(A + 2) =
/l
K =L ,
K2 = -i
,3 \ 3/
so that
/-1> / i\
X = ci 4 -1
I iy U/
10. We have det(A - AI) = -A(A - 1)(A - 2) = 0. For Aj = 0, \2 = 1, and A 3 = 2 we obtain
/ 1^ /0\ fl\
1 and K3 =
W
,
U/
so that
/ 1^ /0\ f 1
^
X = ci + C2 1 e' + c3
11. We have det(A - AI) = -(A + 1)(A + 1/2)(A + 3/2) = 0. For Ai = -1, A 2 = -1/2, and A 3 = -3/2
we obtain
4 ^ f-12^ 4
( f \
K[ = ,
K = 2 6 , and K3 = 2
1-1/ I 5^ 1-1/
that
4\ / 4\
X = ci j e *
+ c2 6 2
-1/ \ 5/ V-i/
12. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 3) (A + 5)(6 - A) = 0. For Ai = 3, A2 = -5, and A 3 = 6 we obtain
(
1
\ ( ^ ( 2 \
1 -1 , and K3 = -2
,0/ ^ 0/ I 11/
so that
2'
/1\ ( M
X = ci 1 e
3t
+ c2 -1 e-
5(
+ c3 -2 6f
W 11
322
t
Exercises 8.6
13. We have det(A - XI) = (A + 1/2)(A - 1/2) = 0. For Xi = -1/2 and A2 = 1/2 we obtain
Kj= r J
and K2 = f
j
that
X = C! t/2
If
X(0) =
then ci = 2 and C2 = 3.
14. We have det(A - XI) = (2 - A)(A - 3)(A + 1) = 0. For Ai = 2, A2 = 3, and A3 = -1 we obtain

5 ^
/2\ -2\
f
-3 , and K3 = | ,
{ *) ,1/ 1/
so that
l-T
X = ci -3 e
2t
+ c2 | e
3t
+ c3 |e-
\ 2/
If
X(0) = 3
then ci = -1, C2 = 5/2, and C3 = -1/2.
In Problems 15-28 the form of the answer will vary according to the choice of eigenvector. For example,
in Problem 15, if Ki is chosen to be | _ .

| the solution has the form
-2t,
cost sine
X = c\ e
4t
+ c2

e
4t
.
2 cos t + sin f 2 sin t cos t
15. We have det(A - AI) = A2 - 8A + 17 = 0. For Ai =4+ i we obtain
so that
x = 1 l
2 +i
\ e
6
<4+0* = /2eost-8int\ 4
l
/ cosi + 2 sin i
' 5 J \ 5cos( J \ 5sin(
Exercises 8.6
Then
.'2 cost sint\ ., /2sint + cosf\ .,
X = ci e
4t
+ c2 e
4(
.
5 cos* / V 5sint
16. We have det(A - AI) = A2 + 1 = 0. For X\ = i we obtain
'-l-i
Kl
2
so that
I 1 i\ it
/sini cos*\ / cost sin*
8 +
1
\ 2 J \ 2cos( j H 2sini
Then
(sin f cos f \ / cos ( sin t
+C2
2cos( / \ 2sin(
17. We have det(A - AI) = A

2
8A + 17 = 0. For Ai - 4 + i we obtain
'-l-i'
Ki-.
2
so that
- cost /-sint-cosf
X, = f'"
1
1
"'^^'^ (
siRt
) e

2 y I 2cosi J \ 2sin*
Then
.' sin t cost \ ,, { sint cosf\ ,,
X = ci U 4i
+ C2 e
4t
.
18. We have det(A - AI) = X 2 - 10A + 34-0. For A] = 5 + 3i we obtain

'1 -3T
so that
1-3 = /3t + 3Bin3t\ a /'sin3(-3cos
X 1
= [
2
^J e <5+30<
I 2cos3( /
.
I, 2cos3t
Then
cos 3t + 3 sin 31 ^ ( siti3t 3cos3t^
X = ci I '
}e
ot
5(
+ c2 \ '
5 '.
)e S(
V 2cos3t J I, 2cos3t
19. We have det(A - AI) = A2 +9= 0- For A t = 3i we obtain

'4 + 3i'
324
Exercises 8.6
so that
4cos3f - 3sin3t\ + 3cos3t (
. /4sin3i
1
5cos3( / \ 5sin3r.
Then
,'4cos3i - 3sin3t\ / 4 sin3f. + 3 cos3(
X = Cj + c2
5cos3( I \ 5sin3i
20. We have det(A - AI) = \2 + 2A + 5 = 0- For Ai = -1 + 2i we obtain
so that
/2 + 2t\ _ 1+M)( 2 cos 2f - 2 sin 2t 2 cos 2t + 2sin2C

Xi ( = e '
+ i
1 cos2t sin 2t
Then
2cos2( - 2sin2i 2cos2t + 2sin2f
X = ci e
_t
+ c2 -t
cos 2f sin2t
21. We have det(A - AI) = -A (A 2 + l) = 0. For A] = we obtain
/1\
\/
For Aj =i we obtain
f-i\
K2 = i
so that
/ sini \ / - cos (
x2 = i sinf +i cosi
,
cos t
j \ sint )
Then
(1)
/ sini ( ' cos t 1
X = cj + c2 -sini + c3 cost
COS t j , sin (
,
22. We have det(A - AI) = (A + 3)(A 2 - 2A + 5) = 0. For Ai = -3 we obtain

/ n \
\
Exercises 8.6
For A2 = 1 + 2i we obtain
( -2-i
K2 = -2 - 3i
V 2
that
( -2cos2( + sin2t \ I -cos2t- 2sin2f >
X2 = -2 cos 2t + 3sin2t e
l
+i -3 cos It - 2 sin 2t
y 2 cos 2t I \ 2 sin 2t
Then
0\ -2cos2f + sin2 \ I -cos2i - 2sin2(
X=a I
-2 e" 3( + c2 I
-2 cos 21 + 3 sin 2t e +c 3 -3cos2t - 2 sin 2t
1/ 2 cos 2f \ 2sin2t
23. We have det(A - AI) = (1 - A)(A

2
- 2A + 2) = 0. For Ai = 1 we obtain
Ki = 2
U/
For A2 =1+ i we obtain
so that
m '
cos f
1
faint \
x2 = i e<
1+i >< = sint e
(
+i cost
(
sin f , s
cos t j
Then
{ cost > / sint \
X = ci 2 e' + c2 - sint e
[
+ c3 cost
V sin f / \ cos t /
24. We have det(A - AI) = -(A - 6)(A 2 - 8A + 20) = 0. For Ai = 6 we obtain
Vo/
For A2 = 4 + 2i we obtain
K2 =
V 2^
326
Exercises 8.6
so that
sin 2* ^ / cos 2t y
X3 =
\ 2/ ,2cos2i / (
2 sin 2i
Then
sin2f \ '-cos 2t'
X = Cl 1 e
6
+ c2 ] e
4t
.
2 cos 2*7 2sin2f ,
25. We have det(A - AI) = (2 - A)(A 2 + 4A + 13) = 0. For Ai = 2 we obtain
7 28 \
K = 1
-5
\25j
For A2 = 2 + 3t we obtain
/4 + 3A
K2 = -5
)
so that
McosSt-Ssin 3^ f4sin3i + 3cos3t\
X2 = -5 p (-2+3i)t = 5cos3t -5sin3( e"
2t
.
/ /
Then
/ 28
,
\ /4cos3f - 3sin3t^ /4sin3( + 3cos 3^

X = c, -5 e
2t
+ c2 -5 cos 3f e"
2(
+ c3 5 sin 3t --2t
V 25 / V / \ )
26. We have det(A - AI) = -(A + 2)(A 2 + 4) = 0. For Ai = -2 we obtain

t 0\
K, = -1
For A 2 = 2i we obtain
(~2-2i\
K = 2 1
1 /
so that
f-2-2i\ '-2cos 2( + 2sin 2t\ /-2cos2(-2sin 2^
X 2 = cos 2t + i sin 2i
\ 1 J cos 2t sin 2t
, "
Exercises 8.6
Then
( ^ '-2cos2( + 2sin2f\ /'-2cos2t-2sin
1
X=a -1 e- 2t + Oz cos 2t + C3 sin 2t
,
I) s
cos 2( , \ sin2f
27. We have det(A - XI) = (1 - A)(A 2 + 25) = 0. For Ai = 1 we obtain

25 ^
K, = |
-7
6 /
For A2 = 5i we obtain
K = 3 1
V 1 J
so that
( 1 + 5A '
cos5( 5sin5i^ '
sin5f + 5cos5f s
x2 = 1 e
5,(
= cos 5( +i sin5t
I 1 J 4
cos 5t ) (
sin 5t ,
Then
/25 s
,
1
cos 5t 5 sin5t
N '
sin 5t + 5 cos 5t
X = ci -7 e
l
+ c2 cos 5t + C3 sin 5t
, 6) K
cos 5t , sin 5i ,
If
( 4\
X(0) = 6
V-7/
then ci = C2 = 1 and C3 = 6.
28. We have det(A - AI) = A2 - 10A + 29 = 0. For Ai = 5 + 2i we obtain
1
Ki =
1 -2i
that
5!
sin2t\_
e +i
1
1 - 2ij Uos2( + 2sin2f sin 2( - 2 cos 2t
cos2t \ ct / sin2t 1
X = ci 1
2M
e +c 3 - 2 cos 2*
e
5i
.
, cos 2t + 2 sin V sin 2t
If
-2
X(0) =
328
then ci = 2 and c-i 5.
29. We have det(A - XI) = A2 = 0. For Ai = we obtain

'1
K=
A solution of (A - AiI)P = K is
P=
so that
x = Cl ( i + ca
3
30. We have det(A - AI) = (A + l)

2
= 0. For Ai = -1 we obtain
K
1
P=
1/5
so that
X = c, |
le-' + ca te-* +
x
31. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 2)

2
= 0. For Ai = 2 we obtain
K
1
A solution of (A - A,I)P = K is
-1/3
P=
so that
X = ci )c
a+ c2 (e
2'
+
[
1
32. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 6)

2
= 0. For A] = 6 we obtain
K-
_ /l/2\
Exercises 8.6
so that
1/2
X = ci 1
"
I e
6(
+ c2 , te
6t
+ I ] e
2/
33. We have det(A - AI) = (1 - A)(A - 2)

2
= 0- For A] = 1 we obtain
/1\
Ki =
\1/
For X2 = 2 we obtain
K2 = and K3 = 1
VI/ V0
Then
m /1\
X = ci 1 e' + c2 e
2t
+ c3 1
uJ W
34. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 8)(A + I)
2
= 0. For Aj = 8 we obtain
(2\
1
\2/
For X2 = 1 we obtain
/ 0\ ( 1\
K2 = -2 and K3 = -2
V 1 V 0/
Then
^\ ( \ f 1\
X = c\ 1 e
Si
+ c2 -2 e
!
+ c3 -2
U, I 1/ V 0/
35. We have det(A - AI) = -A(5 - A)

2
= 0. For Ai = we obtain
f-4\
Ki = -5
\ 2/
/-2\
K=
V 1/
330
P 2
so that
T
'-2'
X-d -5)+^^ j
Je
5(
+ C3 U 5l
+
We - =
36. have det(A AI) (1 - A)(A - if = . For A, = l w obtain
'1'
K. = I
For \ 2 = 2 we obtain
0\
K=|-l
1/
A solution of (A - A 2 I)p = K is
/ 0\
P= -1
0,
ao that
'1^ '
(
^ )
j
(
X = ci I e' + c2 -1 e
2t
+ c? -1 te
2c
+
^ 1/
37. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 1)3 =a For Al = 1 we obtain
-(!)
Solutions of (A - AiI)P = K and (A - AiI)Q = P are
/0\ (1/2"
1 I and Q=
\0/ I
Exercises 8.6
so that
/0\ 0<
(Q\ f l 2
i
X=q
r
t
1 1 1 1 +
ay w
38. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 4) 3 = 0- For Ai = 4 we obtain
/1\
K =
Solutions of (A - AiI)P = K and (A - AjIJQ = P are
/0\ /0\
P= 1 and Q=
\0/ \1/
so that
m (0\
X = ci e
4t
+ c3 r. e
4t
+ 1 1 te
4t
+
/
39. We have det(A - AI) (A 4)

a
= 0. For Ai = 4 we obtain
K=
F-
.1,
so that
X = Cl | e
4t
+ c2 te,,+ ,e
'
(
i T; ii
If
X(0) =
then ci = 7 and ci 13,
40. We have det{A - AI) = -(A + 1)(A - l)

2
= 0. For Ai = -1 we obtain
K, =
V i
332
Exercises 8.6
/0\
K2 = and K3 1
so that
(-1} /1\
e"
1
+ c2 e
(
+ c3 1
uJ
If
X(0) = 2
then ci = 2, C2 = 3, and C3 2.
W
41. We have det(A - AI) = (A - 5){A + 5) = 0. For Ai = 5 and A 2 = -5 we obtain
K =
1 n and K2
=(~l
so that
3e
5t
_ e -5t^ ___ __
/
3e -5t g
-5(
* _1 (t)=io
1
*(*) = and
_ ]
E
5t
3e- 5 ' e 3e
5t
Then
x = *( f )*- (o)X(o)
l
=
^ e5[ + ^_ 5[ j.
42. We have det(A - AI) = (A + 3/25) (A + 1/25) = 0. For Aj = -3/25 and A 2 = -1/25 we obtain
so that
/_.-31/25 p -t/25\ 1 / 9 P -t/25 -(/25 \
Then
25 -(/25
e -3t/25
, 25
X = *(t)*" 1
(0)X(0)= (
2
ow 2
.,.
43. Using X = x K in t i
'
1
tX =l - IX
l 5
333
,
Exercises 8.6
we obtain
For nonzero solutions K we must have (A 4)(A 2) = 0. If Ai = 2 then

'3'
Ki =
and if A2 = 4 then
K2 =
so that
X = at*
44. Using X = x K in
t
we obtain
2-X -2N (0
2 7-X \0
For nonzero solutions K we must have (A - 3)(A - 6) = 0. If Ai = 3 and A3 = 6 then
K,H and K =(
2
^
so that
Exercises 8.7
1. Solving
2- A 3
= A
2
-1 = (A-1)(A + 1) =
-1 -2 -A
we obtain eigenvalues Ai = 1 and A2 = 1. Corresponding eigenvectors are
Ki= |
and K2 = (
J J J
Thus
334
Substituting
into the system yields
2ai + 3h = 7
- ai - 26i = -5,
from which we obtain ai 1 and b\ = 3. Then
2. Solving
5 A 9 2
= \ 2 - 16A + 64 = (A - 8) -
-1 11 -A
we obtain the eigenvalue A = 8. A corresponding eigenvector is
'3'
K=
Solving {A - 8I)P =K we obtain
Thus
Substituting
5oj + 9&i = -2
-ai + llfr 1 = -6,
from which we obtain ai 1/2 and bi = 1/2. Then
B
X(t) = ei |
]e '+c 2 +
1
3. Solving
1 - A 3

= A2 -2A-8 = (A-4)(A + 2)
3 1 A
335
7
Exercises 8.
we obtain eigenvalues Ai = 2 and A2 = 4. Corresponding eigenvectors are
K, = |_M and K 2 =(|

Thus
Substituting
03 + 363 = 2 (12 + 3&2 = 2a3 ai + 3f>i = 02
3a 3 + b3 = 3a 2 + b2 + 1 = 2& 3 3o! + fci +5= 62
from which we obtain 03 = 1/4, ^3 = 3/4, 02 = 1/4, 63 = 1/4, 01 = 2, and (>i

= 3/4. Then
4. Solving
1 - X -4 ,
= A + 2A 17 =
4 1 A
we obtain eigenvalues Ai = 1 + Ai and A 2 = 1 Ai. Corresponding eigenvectors are
Ki= and K2 = (~*

(J)
Thus
cos 4f + [
^ I sin 4f e
1
+ c2 cos 4f sin At
^ J \l
sin 4 cos 4t
= d| .. | +c 2
cos 4t / V sin At
Substituting
as 4&3 = 4 <i2 4fcj = (13 5ai 46i = 9
4<i3 + 63 = 1 4d2 + 62 = i>3 4ai 56i = 1
336
Exercises 8.
from which we obtain 03 = 0, 63 = 1, aa - 4/17, 62 1/17, 01 = 1, and fi = 1. Then

sin 4( mi
+ ^-'
'
i/17
X(*) = ci e' ')e- + ( ) t+ ( _) + (]) C -
cos4( sin At 1/17
5. Solving
4 - A 1/3
= A
2
- 10A + 21 - (A - 3)(A - 7) =
9 6 A
we obtain the eigenvalues Ai = 3 and A2 = 7. Corresponding eigenvectors are
K '=L and Ka=

3) (g
Thus
xe =c 1( -+
_;)
e c2 ri^.
Substituting
3i + ^1 = 3
9ai + 56j = -10

from which we obtain ai = 55/36 and 61 = 19/4. Then
6. Solving
-1 - A 5
= A
a
+4=
-1 1 -A
we obtain the eigenvalues Ai = 2i and A2 = 2i. Corresponding eigenvectors are
5 5
Ki = ) and K2 = [
+ 2i J \l -
I
'
1 2i
Thus
5cos2t \ / 5sin2t
X = Ci
c
-
+ ^2
cos2( 2sin2f / \ 2 cos 2f + sin 2t
Substituting
^ = C) cost+ {Z ]sint
Exercises 8.

02 + 562 aj =
-oa + 62 - 61 - 2 =
-oi + 56i + a 2 + 1 =
-ai + bi + b2 =
from which we obtain 02 = -3, 62 = -2/3, ai -1/3, and bi 1/3. Then
/ 5cos2f \ / 5sin2i \ / -3 \ /-l/3\
X(t) = ci +C2 + , cost + ' sint.
Vcos2(-2sin2t/ V 2 cos 2t + sin 2t / \-2/3 J \ 1/3
7. Solving
1 -A 1 1
2- A 3 = (1-A)(2-A)(5-A) =
5 -A
we obtain the eigenvalues Ai = 1, A2 = 2, and A3 = 5. Corresponding eigenvectors are
(1} m
Ki = 1 and K3 = 2
,2,
Thus
/1\ f
1\
X c = ci e' + c2 1 2
-St
Substituting
W
x = 61 e
41
\ c l/
-3ai +bi + ci = -1
-26i + 3c! = 1
ci - -2
from which we obtain cj = 2, 61 7/2, and ai = 3/2. Then
f
1
^
fl\ m /-3/2\
X(t) =d e
(
+ c2 1 e
2l
+ c3 2 e
5<
+ -7/2 4(
I -2 ,
338
A 7
Exercises 8.
8. Solving
-A 5
5 - A = -(A-5) 2 (A + 5) =0
5 -A
we obtain the eigenvalues Ai = 5, Aj = 5, and A3 = 5. Corresponding eigenvectors are
1
/ 1
Ki = I
,
K2 = 1 and K3 =
U) \
Thus
/1\ ( 1
e
0l
+ c2 \
1 e
5t
+ c3 I e~ 5t
Substituting
bi
\ c i/
5ci - -5
56i = 10
5ai = -40
from which we obtain ci = -1 = 2, and 01
/I f-8\
5( 5t - 5t
X(t) = Cl e + C2 1 e + C3 e + 2
u V-l/
9. Solving
-1-A -2
= A 2 - 3A + 2 = (A - 1)(A - 2) =
3 4-
we obtain the eigenvalues Aj = 1 and A2 = 2. Corresponding eigenvectors are
*
K,= [_M and K = 3
(
Thus
-4
Xc =
2i
Ci e' + C2
-1
339
7
Exercises 8.
Substituting
-ai - 2f>i = -3
3ai + 46i = -3
from which we obtain a\ 9 and 61 = 6. Then
1 4 + (- 9
X)^ I
(_ i
)e + ra (-
6 )
e
6
Setting
we obtain
c\ - 4c2 - 9 = -4
-c\ + 602 + 6 = 5.
Then c\ = 13 and c% = 2 so
1
X(() = 13^_ ê + 2 t
10. (a) By KirchofFs first and second (on each loop) laws, we obtain i = is + 13, E =
E= ij Ri + + L2 i'
3 so that
+
dt \i 3 j {-ft/Li -(Ri + R2)/L 2 ) \i 3 ) \E/L 2 .
12
(b) Let I = ( ]
so that
'.-2 -5 1 60
and
2
X = ci[ .)^ + ^(t)e-
t 6t
c
-1/ U
If XD = ( then Xp = ^ ) so that
^j ^
340
Exercises 8.
For I{0) = we find c\ = -12 and C2 = -6.

^ j
(c) h{t) = i2 (t) + i 3 (() - ~12e- - (

lSe"61 + 30.
11. Solving
_ \
1-A
i _i
-1
= 2
A - 2A = A(A - 2} =
-1 1 -A
we obtain the eigenvalues Aj = and A2 = 2. Corresponding eigenvectors are
Ki = I
M and K 2 -= (
Thus
2t
Substituting

2 - &2 = 11 - &1 + 2 = (X 2
-a 2 + b'i = -01 + 61 - 5 = 62 -
From the first system we have 0,2 = 62- The second system becomes
oj 61 = a2 2
ai 61 = 02 5.
If we let b\ ~ 1, then 01 = 02 1 and a\ = 02 4. This gives 02 = (>2 = 3/2 and ai = -5/2.

Thus
-3/2 -5/2
X(t) = Cl
,2*
-3/2 1
Exercises 8.8
Exercises 8.8.
1. From
we obtain
Then
,'1 3e'\ , (-2 3
*= , and =
1 2e jl
U"' -e" (
so that
and
2. Prom
,
X' =
j'2 -n X + /o\
It
3 -2
we obtain
Then
C
2
so that
-2(e~^ t
(2te~ t + 2e-
u=/*- F*=/(-^; )*-(
i
2te* - 2e
l
and
Xp = *u=[*) +(_ t
4
3. FVom
3/4 -\j \-l

we obtain
342
Exercises 8.8
Then
/
10e 3t/2 2e t/2v e -3t/2 _l
"2 e
-3t/2
J
_3 e - ( /2 5
5
so that
U Fdt = 13 /
*- | \z t
and
4. From
2 sin2t
x' =
['
.4
-Mx + f\2cos2f/
2
)
we obtain
V2cos2f/ \2sm2t)
Then
~ 2t
-e 2t sin 2t 3 e_a 008 2t
2t
/ e cos2i \
-if ~2 " e 9111 2f
Ue 2
'cos2t 2^3^12(7 ^ ~V le 2(
cos 2*
B -aiii2t
so that
5 cos 4t ^ ^ sin 4t ^
U Fdf = ^^ ^
and
S sin2icos4f
I cos2f cos4i \
X P = *U=( 8
e
2 '.
^ cos 2t sin 4! - 5 sin 2t cos 4t /
5. From
we obtain
Xc = cl et
+ C2 ,e
21
(l) (l
Then
( 2t
2e e
and # 1
=
_ e -2< -2(
2e
so that
and
Exercises 8.8
6. From
we obtain
Then
so that
2e- ( -e-
e
4
\ /-2e-* + Je-**
'
u -/*" ip *-/(-^"
+ r-)*-( at _ 2-5t
and
1
e" 3 - 3
e A
20
H
7. From
1
we obtain
* (!)" + -("iV-
Then
so that
"-/-"-/( 61e 3, )*-( 2(e 3,_i, )

and
12 4
x' = * u ,+
='"o ) (: 4/3r
8. From
we obtain
4^ ,3t , f" 2 ^
344
Exercises 8.8
Then
- 4e
3'
-2eat 6 36
4>
3i -3(
and *-!=f ,
so that
t fi^^ lit'
c
U= /#- 1
Frf(= /
6 3
df = 24 12
T3 e + S
te
2I
e
and
-te* - e<
9. From
3 2
X' = X+i " \--t
-2 -1
we obtain
Xe = Ci| _ Je
l
+ c2 te'
-1 1/2
Then
e
l
te* e~* - 2ie" 1 -2te _l
*- and * 1
= _t -'
2e 2e
so that
U PA - di =
6e -2t
and
1/2
-2
10. Prom
we obtain
1
e' + c2 -1
te* +
-1 1/2
Then
_t - _(
e 2ie~' -2(e
(
and $ 1
=
-e Ae'-te' 2e"' 2e~*
so that
e
_i - 4te _t 3e-' + 4ie _( \
U= Fdt = df -
2e -2e -i
345
Exercises 8.8
and
11. From
,'0 -1\ /sect
x ,
x+
='i o
we obtain
,'cosi\ / sint
sin t I \ cos t
Then
cos sin t \ / cos ( sin t
#= i
| and # _1 = ,
sint cost! \sint cost

so that
1 t
U= / *-'Fd= /( )dt =
lnj sectl
and
,'t cost + sintln I sectl
X = *U = |
cos t m
s
t sin i |
sec t]
12. From
we obtain
, sint \ , / cost i .
cos t J V sin t
Then
sin t cos t \ / sin t cos t \ .
* _1 =
, ,
( e' and e~*

cost sint / \ cost sint /
so that
t
*" F(ft= r ( -3 sin f + 3 cos t \ / 3 cos t + 3 sin t \
U= J
,
H* =
1
/ /
J V 3 cost + 3 sint J V 3 sint
- 3 cost/
and
13. From
1 1\ / cost
X' = X
11/ \ sin t
346
Exercises 8.8
we obtain
.'-sint\ , /cost', t
cos t i \ sin. i
Then
sin t cos t / sinf cosi
*- e
l
and *
_]
' -t
cos t sin t cos t sin f
so that
and
. cost i (
sin t
14. From
we obtain
2' 1/2 -2t
,
te" +| | e
2/ U/2
Then
1 2t+ 1"\
1
,-i 2t+n
2 4f lj
e
-2t
^ ,
* = ( 2 -1 J
,2t
so that
2t + 2 In
u=y *- i
Ptft=
j -lnt
t
dt
and
+ lnt - 2tln!
2t -2(
4t + 3lnf-4tlnt
15. Prom
X--I
10/
Mx + f
\ sec t tan t
we obtain
, cos t \ / sin (
.
- sin t / V cos t
Then
cos t sin t \ / cos t sin t
t and * _1 = ,
-sini cost/ Vsint cost
347
(
Exercises 8.8
so that
/ , [I tan 2 \ /( tan t\
J J \ tant J Vln|9eci|7
and
cos(\ / sinf \ /sinf.
X = #U = |
. sinf
+ + ]
ln|sec|.
/ \ sin tant/ \cost.
16. From
-1 Wotf
we obtain
cos t \ / sin t
X = ci
,
c +c 2
.
sin / \ cos t
Then
i cost sin\ _, /cost sint
*= I and * = I
sin t cost I V sin cos
so that
./ J \csc / \ In csci |
cot t\
j
and
'
sin t In esc t|
cot |
\ cos In I
esc cot |
17. From
1 2\ _ /csct
-1/2 1 J \sect
we obtain
i 2sint \ , / 2cos ,
X = C1
C ,K + C2
- sin Je* .
cos / V
Then
/ 2 sin 2 cos \ / k sin cos \ ,
*= * -1 =
, ,
le* and ? e~<

\ cos ( sin t } \ j cos sin /
so that
U= J/#" 1
Fd= /f, *
J \%cost-tant
W(l,
J \ In sintj
,
j
?*,
- ,
In sect| J
|
,)
and
/3sint\ / cos\ /-2cost\,
X p = #U= , ,
t
+ +
, ,
, \te . In sint In sect .
1
|cosy \-smt) \ sin '
348
1
Exercises 8.8
18. From
we obtain
. cos t - sin f \ / cos + sin t \
Xc-Cl | 1 + C2 I
1
cosf sint /
Then
cos ( sin t cos f + sin ( \ sin ( cos + sin f \
*= ) and * 1
= I I
cos t sin ( J \ cos t sin f cos t J

so that
^2cosi + sini - sect ^ 2 sin - cos! - In secf + tani| \

^ _ y ^-lp^ _ y"
^ ^_ t |
2 sin t cos t 2 cos f sin t
and
3 sin (cost - cos 2 ( - 2 sin
2
* + (sini - cost) In sec t + tanf|
X p = *U = 2 2
|
sin 1 cos f cos ((In [sect + tan(|)
19. From
(
/ 1 / e \
x' = 1 1 X+ e
2t
,o 3^
we obtain
( ^ H 2t
(0\
-1 + C2 1 e + c3 e
3t
W
.
Then
I 1 e
2t
0\ 4 o ^
*= -1 e
,2i
and 3>
1
lp
2
e
-2( l-2t
5e
e*/ e- 3t /
,3*
so that
/ie
c
-|e 2 '\
u = j * _1 Fd = dt =
j
i /
>
and
xp = *u = -e + \e 2t +
(
\te 2t
2 3t
ht e
e
Exercises 8.8
20. From
/S -1 -1\ I o \
X' = 1 1 -1 t
2e'7
we obtain
i\\
Xc = ci 1 e< + c2 1 e
2(
+ c3
Then
W a)
2* 2( -(
e* e e \ 2"' \
and $ 1
= a -2f
-2t
v e- 2t - e -
so that
/-te- t -e~ t + 2t\
-2e~ (ft =
and
-1/2 ^ -3/4 \ 2
) f
2
\
f
X B = *U = -1 -1 + 2 2 ie
4
.
"1/2^ -3/4,
21. From
we obtain
_ e 4t c
2t
2t i
e 4( J
and
e- ai + 2i -
X = *$- 1
(0)X{0)+*^'*- Fds = *- 1
^Jj
+* e
2t
+ 2t-
^
-2 .4; 4f
fe
22. Prom
MI :l)
x+
i/t
we obtain
i i +t -t i + t
i t i -l
350
J
Exercises 8.8
and
x . --.( w , + ./r'F* -
(-j) +
(
ln
;) - G) '
-
(l) + (!)
^
23. From
/4 1\ /50e 7t \
X' = X+
s) ( o )
we obtain
and
t 5 2ot+6e 6
w)+ */A
x=*x(o *-^=*.f^-5/u*.fl,60t-12e:;-+ I2/) 5t
24. Prom
3 -2\_. /2
we obtain
/sin ( 3 cost 2cosf \ . /sint + 3cost 2cosi \
*= 5 cost sinf + 3cosi/
> * =
5 cost sinf 3 cost/
.
^ \
and
~ 2c03t
f 9~
X = *X(tt/2) + * h/2 Fda = * + *- \
l
-
(
(
\0J
)
\sint - 3cos( - 1
COSt 8[Rt -
l)-{l) -{i)
25. (a) By Kirchoff's first and second (on each loop) laws, we obtain i 12+13, E = iiR\ +13/^2+ 2''i>
and E= i\R\ + L\i'2 + L 2 i[ so that
d_
fh\ f-(Ri + Ra)/L 2 R2 /L2 \ (E/L 2
dt(i 2 j { Ri/Lj -R2/L )\i 2 ) l {
11
(b) Let I = f ) so that
V *2 /
, /-ll 3\ ZlOOsinA
351
Exercises 8.8
and
Then
*= I - ... ,< I , * = ,
J J \3Qe
12t
ant J \ &e 12t
(12sin( - cost) J
and
=*Ti= ^ sin
*-I cos(
T I
I fat coat
so that
If 1(0) = ( ] then ci = 2 and c 2 = ^.
Exercises 8.9.
;o r.
1. For A= |
^
| we have
^
'0 s
Aa = i

Ji i ; : i
= i ;
-
1 = i
(o
a3 = aa = 2
i
1
>-= ra
: 1 1
1
'
i
= a
A4 = (A 2 )
2
= I
A 5 = AA 4 = AI = A
and so on. In general
,A, *=1,3,5, ...
A*k -
'.I, fc = 2, 4, 6,...
352
Exercises 8,9
Thus
(A A A 2
2
A3 ,
= I + At+ilt 2 + |A* 3 + ---
= I (l + ^+^+ ...) +A ( t+ *, + l, + ...)
/ cosh t sinh (
= I cosh t + A sinh t =
\ sinh t cosh f /
and
/cosh(-I) sinh(-f) \ _ { coshi -sinhfA
V sinh(-t) cosh(-t) / \ sinh t cosh t
J
1
0'
2. For A= (
^
| we have
^
A2 = =
I)
i
(o
1 u
a 3 = aa 2 = { ) ir "Uf'J
(i 4
A 4 = AA 3 = '
1
"
Wi ^
dG 8 16
and so on. In general
A*=[J 2J for A=l ( 2,3
Thus,
1 0\ 1 (l 0\ 1/1 0\ , 1 /l 0\ ,
+^+i+ _(
et
}
and
'
e" 2t
353
Exercises 8.9
3. Using the result of Problem 1
(cosh ( sinh f _ cosh t\ I sinh
sinh t cosh f sinht / \ cosht
4. Using the result of Problem 2
e" I
X= = Ci + =2
e
5. To solve
1
X' = x+
1
we identify to = 0, F(s) = and use the results of Problem 1 and equation (3) in the text.
X(() = e
tA
C + e tA /' e-* A F{s)ds
/
I cosh t sinh t f' cosh t sinh t cosh a sinh s

+
\ sinh t cosh t sinh t cosh t a sinh s cosh s
ci cosht + cjsinhf (cosh t sinh t ' / cosh s sinh s

+
c\ sinh t + C2 cosh t sinh f cosh t 'o
V - sinh 3 cosh s
c\ + C2 sinh t
cosh t / cosh t sinh t sinh s - cosh s
+
ci sinht + C2 cosht \ sinh t cosh t cosh s + sinh s
ci + C2 sinh
cosh t (cosht sinht sinh t cosh t
+
ci sinh t + c2 cosh t sinh f cosh t - cosh 1 4- sinh t
2
c\ cosht+ C2sinh( / sinh ( cosh
2
1
+ 2
- 2
c\ sinh f + C2 cosh t \ sinh 1 cosh 1
(cosht sinht 1
= ci + c2
sinht cosh t 1
6. To solve
1\ /cosht
X' = +
1 J 1 sinh t
354
'
Exercises 8.9
( coshf \
we identify tn = 0, F(s) = | , and use the results of Problem 1 and equation (3) in the text.
\ sinh ( j
X(() = e
tA
C + e tA f* e" sA F(s) ds
Jtn
(coshf sraht\/ci\ /coshf sinhf\ rt ( coshs sinhs coshs\

ds
sinht coshi/ \C2/ \ sinht cosh(/ Jo \-sinhs coshs sinhs /
/cicoshi + C2sinh ^ t /cosht sinht

da
\ c\ sinh t + C2 cosh f / \ sinht coshi/JO \0
1
I c\ cosh t + C2 sinh t\ I cosh i sinh t \ /s
ci sinh f + C2 cosh t / \ sinh t cosh t / \ (
{ c\ cosh ( + C2 sinh t \ ^ f csh * sinh f ^ ( i

=
V ci sinh t + C2 cosh t J \ sinh t cosh t J \
(ci cosh t + C2 sinht \ /i cosh A /cosh A /sinht*\ /cosh A

2
ci sinh i + C2 cosh ( / I, t sinht/ \ sinht/ \cosht/ \ sinht/
7. To solve
At
2
= = and equation
we identify fo 0, F(s)
M I'
and use the results of Problem 2 (3) in the text.
(A sA
X(t) = e C + e tA /' e~ F(s) ds
l
e
2i
ds
,4s
e o 1
1
cie se
,2t
+ 2t 2s
C2e e
cie' e' -se 3

- e
2f
+ 2t
e 2
e
e' -ie"* - e"' + 1
it
+ 2(
c2e e e 2
. 2
cie
1
-t - 1 + e

,2i
+ I4( _ l2t
C2e
355
A
Exercises 8.9
8. To solve
x-i
1
V +1
we identify to = 0, F{s) = ( ^ )
, and use the results of Problem 2 and equation (3) in the text.
X(t) = e
tA
C + e tA f e~ sA F( S ) ds
e' \ / c\ \ I e
' 1 ( tr
2* 2t -2s -1
e C2 e JJo \
t
E
+ lis
C1Z
21
e
2t
\ -e -2s
Cie' -3e- a
C2e e21 2
e
-3e~* -3
2t
+ ,2t IP -2( _1
C2C e e
2 2
c\e
l
-3 - 3e*
2<
-3
,2i
+ = 3 e' +Q e + l
e
5 2 2
9. Solving
2- A 1
- A2 - 8A + 15 = (A - 3)(A - 6) =
-3 6 A
we find eigenvalues Ai = 3 and A2 = 5. Corresponding eigenvectors are
K, and Ka =
u u
Then
- 1/2
1 3/2 3
P=
1
P"l=f V
1/2/'
and D=f\0
5
1 3 V -1/2
2 1
PDP" = 1
-3 6
10. Solving
2 -A 1
= A 2 - 4A +3= (A - 1)(A - 3) =
1 2-
356
)
Exercises 8.9
we find eigenvalues Aj = 1 and A2 = 3. Corresponding eigenvectors are
Ki = I
M and K3 = '
J
Then
so
2 1
PDP 1
=
1 2
11. From equation (2) in the text
,-1
e
iA = e ePDP- = j + ((PD p-l) + I f 2( PD p-l)2 + i.(3(p D p-l)3 + ,
2!
= P H. D + i(iD) 2 + i((D) 3 + .
P -i = p e 'D P -i.
12. From equation (2) in the text
n - \ \
lD
1
A2 -
1
x\
e = + +
7
2!<
,0 - 1, I K) I
xl)
/A? \
A|
+ 1" +
VO - A^y
/l + Ai( + ^(Ait) 2 +
l + A 2 ( + ^(A 2 i) 2 +
1 + Xn t + ^{X n tf +

>
A2t
e .
Xnt
< e j
357
Exercises 8.9
13. Prom Problems 9, 11, and 12, and equation (1) in the text
X = e fA C = Pe^P^C
33t _ 1 Q 5I _I e 3' 4. Ig5t
3
e
3t_| e 5( _l e 3( + 3 e 5 t/ y C2
14. Prom Problems 10-12 and equation (1) in the text
X = e tA C = Pe iD p- C J
1
e \
Z)(.o e
3t
J
4* U )
1. True
3. A -1 = -A
4 -2N/-2 1
-3 1
~ \3/2 -1/2,
j
4. True, since AB = AC, A _1 AB = A _! AC, and B = C.

5. True, since X' = X' + XJ, = AXi + AX 2 + F = A(Xj + X 2 )F = AX + F.
:
6. True, by Theorem 8.8.
7. False; they are the zero and nonzero solutions of det(A AI) = 0.
8. True, since if AK = AK then A(cK) = cAK = c(AK) = A(cK).
9. True, by the definition of an eigenvector.
10. True, since complex roots occur in conjugate pairs.
V
11. False; consider A= ,
\-l 2
358
12. False;
n i i 2\ (1 1 1
-1\
i 3 1 3
J
U 1
0,
13. Prom (D - 2)x + {D - 2)y = 1 and Dx + (2D l)y = 3 we obtain (D - 1){D - 2)y = -6 and
Dx = 3 - (2D- l)y. Then
y = cie
21
+ C2e - c
3 and x = -C2e l - -cje
2t
+ 03.
Substituting into (D 2)x + (P 2)y = 1 gives C3 = 5/2 so that
* 3 ft 5
x = -c 2 e - !
-cje
zt
+ - .
14. From (D - 2)x -y=t2 and -3a; + (D - 4)y = -At we obtain (D - 1)(D - 5)x = 9 - St. Then
3
and
y = (D - 2)x -t+ 2 = -cie* + 3c 2 e 5( + _ + *.
15. From (D-2)x-y = -e* and -3x + () - 4)?/ = -7e' we obtain (> - 1)(D - 5)x = -4e* so that
x = cie
1
+ c2 e 5 + ie' '
Then
y = (> - 2)x + e* = -cje' + 3c2 e
51
- te* + 2e (
.
16. From (D4-2)a: + {D + l)y = sin2f and 5x+(D+3)j/ = cos 2t we obtain (D 2 +5)y = 2 cos 2i - 7 sin 2t.
Then
2 7
y = ci cos t + ci sin ( - cos 2i + - sin 2i
J o
and
x= -i(Z> + 3)j/ + ^cos2(
=
/13\

- ci - c2 sin i
/
+ -C2
1 3 \
-ci cos I i
5
- sin 2f - cos 2t.
1
\5 5 / V 5 5 / 3 3
1
S y{x}+^{y} = ^+ l
12{x} + s2{y} = 2
359
that
^{x} =
s
2 - 2s +1 1111 9 1
s{s-2)(s + 2)
+
~4s~ 8s-2 + 8 s +2
Then
9 1
x = -] + \e 2t + %" 2t
and 2/ = -x' +1 = 2t
4 o o 4
s
2
X{x} + 2
s 2'{y} =
s-2
1
%{y} = -
2
2 S X{x} + s
s-2
so that
2{x}
11 11 +
1
s(s-2) 2 2 s 2 s-2 (s-2)

and
-s-2 = _3 1_lJ_ 3 1
- 2 2
+ - - 2
3 2 {s 4 3 '
2) 4 s 2 s 2 {s 2)
Then
x = l-le 2t + te 2t and y = -\ - \t + ê 2t - te
2t
.
2 2 4 2
2
( 3t + 6t + 5
19. (a) X= |
-f -( + 2
3
(b) X' = -Zt 2 - 1
, 4f
3
+ 12f 2 + 8t + 1 } 12(
2
+ 24f + 8 }
20. Let xi =y, x 2 = y', x3 = y", and 14 = y'" so that
Dx\ = X2
Dx 3 = x 4
>X4 - ^3 - 3xi + 2e' - |f.
21. Let xi = x, X2 = y, 2:3

= >, and X4 = Dy so that
Dxi = X3
DX2 = X4
Dx 3 = x4 - 2x 3 - 2x! - lnt + lOf -4
>X4 = -X3 - Xi + 5* - 2.
360
22. If
x= c\e
l
+ C2te + sint andt
y = c\e
l
+ c2 (te + e') +cos(
l
then
x' = cie* + c 2 (te' + e') + cos t = y
and
j/' = cie' + C2(ie + 2e - sin t
l f
)
= ~(cie* + c 2 te' + sini) + 2(cie' + c 2 (ie + e*) l

+cosi) - 2cosi
= x + 2y 2 cost.
23. We have det(A - AI) = (A - l)

2
= and K= A solution to (A - AI)P = K is P=
so that
^ j.
^
r/ n . /o
1
24. We have det{A - AI) = (A + 6) (A + 2) = so that
x ""
-(-i)^ + (0 e
1
25. We have det(A - AI) = A 2 - 2A + 5 = 0. For A = 1 + 2i we obtain Ki = j and
^
Xl -fV \i J
+a0f
-(\-sin2tJ ^WJÛ \cos2t)
Then
v
X = c,
t coa2(\ ,
e' + c2
/sin2(\
e*.
,
V,-sin2t/ \cos2t/
3
26. We have det(A - AI) = A 2 - 2A +2= 0. For A = 1 +i we obtain Ki = ^
*
and
j
^
^3 - (
1+f j ( _ ^3 cost + sint ^ ( ^ ^
- cost + 3 sint
^ t
1
" '
V 2cost j \ 2 sint j
Then
(3cosf + sint\ , / cost + 3 sin (A ,
2cost / V 2sinf J
361
27. We have det(A - AI) = A 2 (3 - A) = so that
/1\
,31
1 1
\ 1) ,1,
28. We have det(A - AI) = -(A - 2)(A - 4)(A + 3) = so that
f~2\ (o\ f
7 \
X = Cl 3 e
2'
+ c2 1 e
4t
+ c3 12
-3t
u, {-is)
29. We have
Then
e
2t
4g 4( ;~2( _4 e -2t
4t
e
and
- 2<
2e~ 2t - 64te~ 2t \ ( 15 e + 32te~ 2t
dt
Wte -it -e- 4i - Me -4t
so that
p 1
-1 - 4t
30. We have
/2cosf\ , /2sin(\
Xc = ci e
1
+ c2
\ $\tit}
{
\ cost J
Then
/ 2cosi 2sint A cos t sin t
*= I
V-si
sin t cos I ; sin f cos t
and
cos t sec t sin t - In sec t + tan i| \
dt = |
sin f J V cos f
so that
2 cos (In |
sect + tant| \
\ 1 + sint In |
sect + tan(| /
31. We have
/ cos t + sin t \ I sin t cos f
+t
^""H 2cos ( ) *{ 2sint
362
e
'
cos t + sin t sin t cos t sin t j cos t j sin t \
'
2 cost 2sin( -cosi A,cos(+ A,sint /
2 sin ( 5 cos t + 5 esc t
Asini - A cos t + A. csci
5 cost ^ sinf + 1 1" csc( I

cot f|
'
2 cost ^ sinf + 5 In I
esc t cot t| /
-1 sint \
In esc t cot f|.
-1 sin i + cos f /
I
X c = c,| )e
2t
+ c2 te
2t
+ 2i
-I
e
2t
te
2i
+ e
2t
\ . ( -te -2t -te
- _ e
-2t
, * = -21
,2t
-te ,2 -2t
u = /*-^ ss ^ -1- U=^t 1 i2 - t
1/2
xP = *u=| )tV' +
1 /2 (
9 Numerical Methods for
Ordinary Differential Equations
Exercises 9.1
5. Setting x +4= c we obtain x = c 4, a family of vertical lines.
6. Setting 2x + ?/ = c we obtain y = -2x + c; a family of lines with slope -2.

2
7. Setting x 2 y = c we obtain a family of hyperbolas.
8. Setting y x2 c we obtain y = x2 + c; a family of parabolas with veritces on the j/-axis.
9. Setting \Jx 2 + y 2 + 2y + 1 = c we obtain x 2 + (y + l)

2
= c
2
; a family of circles centered at (0, 1).
10. Setting (x 2 + y 2 )~ = c we obtain 2 + 2 = 1/c; a family of circles centered at the origin.
l
j/
11. Setting y(x + y) = c we obtain 2 + xy c = or y = ^x ^Vx 2 + 4c; a family of hyperbolas.

j/
1 x
12. Setting y +e = c we obtain y c e \ a family of exponential curves.
13. Setting (y l)j{x 2} = c we obtain y = cx + 1 2c; a family of lines.
14. Setting (x - y)j{x + y) = c we obtain y = (1 - c)x/(l + c); a family of lines passing through the
origin.
364
1
Exercises 9.
15. Setting x = c we see that the isoclines 16. Setting x + y = ewe obtain the isoclines
form a family of vertical lines. y = x + c.
\ y V,
/
/
\
.X.
**
\
V 41
V /
\
s
17. Setting x/y = c we obtain the isoclines 18. Setting l/y = c we obtain the isoclines y = 1/c.
y = -x/c.
y
19. Setting 0.2x 2 +y =c we obtain the 20. Setting xe y c we obtain the isoclines
y = In c In x.
21. Setting y cos |x = cwe obtain the 22. Setting 1 y/x = c we obtain the isoclines
isoclines y = cos ^x + c. y = (1 - c)x.
V
Exercises 9.
23. Solving
ax + By
T~ = c
yx + oy
for y we obtain
cy a
a family of lines through the origin.
24. y = cx is a solution of the differential equation if and only if
' _ _ oix + Bex

^ jx + 5cx
if and only if
[6c
2
+ (7 - 0}c - a]x =
if and only if
6c
2
+ (7 - 0)c -a=
if and only if
8-7^{3- 1 )l + 4a6
26
if and only if
2
{0 - f) + 4aS > 0.
25. The isoclines of y' = 3i + 2y are 3x + 2y = c or
3 c
If we choose c = 3/2 then 3k + 2y 3/2 is a solution of the differential equs
26. The isoclines of y' = 6i - 2y are 6x - 2y = c or
= -3* + |.
If we choose c = 3 then 6i 2y = 3 is a solution of the differential equation .
27. The isoclines of y

1
= 2x/y are 2x/y cor
2
y = ~x.
c
Setting 2/c = c we obtain c = y/2. Thus y = \/2 are solutions of the differ*
28. The isoclines of y' = 2yj{x + y) are 2yj{x + y) = c or
c
y
y
= x.
2-c
366
Exercises 9.2
Setting c/(2 c) = c we obtain c = or c = 1 . Thus y and y x are solutions of the differential
equation .
29. The isoclines of y' = (4i + 3j/)/j/ are (4x + 3y)/y = c or
4
c 3
Setting 4/(c-3) - c we obtain c

2
- 3c- 4 = (c-4)(c + l) = 0. Thus c = 4 and c = -1 and y = Ax
and y x are solutions of the differential equation .
30. The isoclines of y

1
= (5x + l(h/)/(-4:r + 3j/) are (5x + 10j/)/(-4a; + 3y) = c or
4c +5
a
3c - 10
Setting (4c + 5)/(3c - 10) = c we obtain c = 3c 2 - 14c - 5 = (3c + l)(c - 5) = 0. Thus c = -1/3
and c 5 and 3/ = ^x and 3/
= 5x are solutions of the differential equation .
Exercises 9.2
All tables in this chapter were constructed in a spreadsheet program which does not support subscripts.
Consequently, x n and yn will be indicated as x(n) and y(n), respectively.
1. Let u x+y 1 so that y' = (x +y l)

2
becomes
u2 +
du dx
1
-1 = 1 x + tan(i + c)
and tan u=x+ c. Then y and j/(0) = 2 gives c = 7r/4, so
j/
= 1 x + tan(x + J.
2. EULER IMPROVED EULER

EXACT h=0.1 h=0.05 h=0.1 h=0.05
.00 2 .0000 2 0000
. 2 .0000 2 0000
. 2 .0000
.10 2.1230 2 1000
. 2 .1105 2 . 1220 2 .1228
0.20 2 .3085 2 .2440 2 .2727 2 . 3049 2.3075
0.30 2 .5958 2 .4525 2 .5142 2.S858 2 .5931
0.40 3 .0650 2 .7596 2 .8845 3 0378
. 3.0574
0.50 3 .9082 3 .2261 3.4823 3.8254 3 .8840
367
Exercises 9.2
n = . .05
xln) vln) xln) vfnJ
1 . UU D uuuu
. 1 UU. 3 UUUU
.
i in 1 UD. 4 4UUU
.
1.20 2 .9800 1 1U. J . isy bU

1 c
1.30 2 .4260 1.1b
1
j . 4 / lis
1 .40 2 .0582 1.2V "J 1 1 C 1
1:50 1 .8207 1 . Zzs

1.30 2 .5702
1.35 2.3647
1.40 2.1950
1.45 2.0557
1.50 1.9424
h = 0.1 h = 0.05
x(n) vln) xln) Wn>
0.00 2 0000 .00 2 0000 .
.10 1. 6000 .05 1 .8000

.20 1 .3200 0.10 1.6300
0.30 1 1360 . 0. 15 1. 4870
0.40 1 .0288 0.20 1. 3683
0.50 0.9830 0.25 1.2715
0.30 1.1943
0.35 1.1349
0.40 1. 0914
0.45 1.0623
.50 1 .0460
h = 0.1 h = .05
xln)
0.00
YW
0. 0000
xln)
.00
Vln)
0.0000
.10 0.1000 0.05 0.0500
.20 0.2010 0.10 0.1001
0.30 0.3050 0.15 0.1506
0.40 0.4143 0.20 0.2018
0.50 0.5315 0.25 0.2538
0.30 0.3070
0.35 0. 3617
0.40 0.4183
0.45 0. 4770
0.50 0. 5384
368
Exercises 9.2
h = . h - . 05
x(n) v(n) x(n) V(n)
1.0000 uu 1 A f\ f\ A
. 00 .
. 10 1 10UO
. 0.05 1.0500
0.20 1.2220 0.10 1 1053
.
0.30 1.3753 .15 1 1668

.
0.40 1. 5735 0.20 1 .2360

0.50 1.8371 .25 1 .3144
0.30 1.4039
0.35 1.5070
0.40 1 6267
.
0.45 1.7670
0.50 1.9332
h = 0.1 h = 0. 05
x(n) v(n) x(n) V(n>
0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000
0.10 0.1000 0.05 .0500
0.20 0.1905 0.10 0.0976
0.30 0.2731 0.15 0.1429
0.40 0.3492 0.20 0. 1863
0.50 0.4198 0.25 0.2278
0.30 0.2676
0.35 0.3058
0.40 .3427
0.45 .3782
0.50 .4124
h = 0.1 h = 0.05
x(n)
0.00 0.
YW
0000
xln)
0.00 0.
V(n)
0000
0.10 0.0000 .05 0.0000
0.20 0. 0100 0.10 .0025
0.30 0. 0300 0.15 .0075
0.40 0.0601 0.20 .0150
0.50 0.1005 0.25 .0250
0-30 0.0375
0.35 .0526
0.40 0.0703
0.45 0.0905
0.50 0.1134
1
Exercises 9.2
h - . h - . 05
xln) vln) xln) Vin)
0.00 0.5000 0.00 0.5000
u . 1U U.c
f\ 1CA
bzbu 0.05 5125
.
0.20 0. 5431 0.10 0.5232

0.30 0. 5548 15 . 0.5322
0.40 . 5613 0.20 0.53 95
0.50 0.5639 0.25 0.5452
.30 5496
.
0.35 0.5527
0.40 .5547
0.45 0.5559
0. 50 0.5565
h = 0.1 h = 0. 05
xln) Y(n} xln) vln)
0.00 1. 0000 .00 1.0000
0.10 1. 1000 0.05 1.0500
.20 1.2159 .10 1 .1039
0.30 1 .3505 0.15 1.1619
0.40 1.5072 0.20 1.2245
0. 50 1 .6902 0.25 1.2921
0.30 1.3651
0.35 1.4440
. 40 1 .5293
0.45 1.6217
0.50 1.7219
h = 0.1 h = 0.05
x(n) vln) xlni Vln)
1 .00 1 .0000 1. 00 1.0000
1 .10 1.0000 1.05 1. 0000
1.20 1 .0191 1.10 1.0049
1.30 1.0588 1.15 1 .0147
1. 40 1.1231 1 .20 1 .0298
1. 50 1.2194 1.25 1 .0506
1. 30 1 .0775
1. 35 1 .1115
1.40 1 .1538
1.45 1 .2057
1. 50 1 .2696
)
Exercises 9.2
12. h = 1 h -
v(n) x in " n> <
1 .00 .5000 1 . 00 . 5000

1 . 10 .5250 1 05 M ~> 5
1.20 0.5499 i in n ^^^n
1
-1- . ^0
V
-J 0.5747 1 15 j
fl . ^^75 i _>
1.40 0.5991 1 20 u J * ^ ^
1 50 0.6231 1 ?5
1.30 5746
.
1 .35 0. 5868
1.40 0.5989
1.45 0. 6109
1.50 .6228
13. (a) h - 0.1 h = 0.05

X V x(n) V(n)
1.00 5.0000 1.00 5.0000
1.10 3 .9900 1. 05 4 .4475
1.20 3.2546 1.10 3.9763
1.30 2.7236 1 .15 3.5751
1.40 2 .3451 1.20 3.2342
1 .50 2 .0801 1.25 2 .9452
1.30 2 .7009
1.35 2 .4952
1 .40 2 3226 .
1.45 2.1786
1.50 2 0592 .
(b) h = 0.1 h = 0.05

xln) V(n) x(n) V(n)
.00 .0000 .00 0.0000
0.10 0.1005 .05 0.0501
0.20 0.2030 0.10 0. 1004
0.30 0.3098 0.15 0. 1512
0.40 0.4234 0.20 .2028
.50 .5470 0.25 .2554
0.30 0.3095
.35 0.3652
.40 0.4230
.45 0.4832
.50 0.5465
1
Exercises 9.2
h = . h = 0.05
x In) vln) xln)
/I^ f\ fl
. 00 0.0000 . 00 0.0000
n in U . Uo U U400 .
0.20 0.1822 U . U u uysj .
0.30 0.2622 0.15 0.13 97

0.40 0.3363 a ^
ZU.
r\
1823
.
0.50 0.4053 0.25 0.2231

0.30 .2623
0.35 0.3001
.40 0.3364
.45 0.3715
.50 0.4054
h = 0.1 h = .05
xln) vln) xln) Vln)
0.00 0. 5000 0. 00 0.5000
0.10 0.5215 0. 05 0. 5116
0.20 .5362 0. 10 0. 5214
0.30 0.5449 0.15 0.5294
0.40 0.5490 0.20 0.5359
0.50 0.5503 .25 .5408
0.30 .5444
0.35 .5469
0.40 .5484
0.45 0.5492
0. 50 0.5495
h = 0.1 h = 0. 05
x(n) V(n) xln) Y(n>
1. 00 1. 0000 1.00 1. 0000
1. 10 1. 0095 1.05 1. 0024
1.20 1. 0404 1.10 1. 0100
1.30 1.0967 1.15 1.0228
1 .40 1 .1866 1.20 1 .0414
1.50 1.3260 1.25 1.0663
1.30 1 .0984
1.35 1 1389.
1.40 1 1895.
1 .45 1.2526
1 .50 1.3315
372
Exercises 9.2
h = 1 fl ns
xln) v In x In 1 v In >
. 00 2 000(1 o on
. 10 1.6600 n os
0.20 1.4172 10 X . U J I X
(1 30 1.2541 U.J ? 1 7
0.40 1.1564 0.20 X . ** J. & *
0.50 1.1122 ?5 1 3? 1 7
0.35 1.1916
.40 1. 1499
0.45 1.1217
0.50 1. 1056
h - 0.1 (1 OS
xln)
0.00
YW
1.0000
x In ) y i 11 '
-
.00 1 0000
.
.10 1.1110 . 05 1.0526

.20 1.2515 . 10 1 1113
.
0.30 1 .4361 15 X
1 1 77S
X 1 '
40 1.6880 X J^ u
SO 2 .0488 n ?s X
1 7 IRQ
J.J oo
X . o/
0.35 1. 5556
0. dO 1. 6939
0.45 1.8598
0. 50 2.0619
a
h - 0.1 n
A 1 11 1 vln) illili
. 00 0.0000 n on V . U \> Vu
fl
\J .
1
_L fl
\t 0.0050 O - VJ
0.20 0. 0200 . 10 0050
.
.30 0.0451 . 15 0113

.
.40 0. 0805 0.20 0.0200

.50 0.1266 0.25 0313
U V J XJ
.
.30 0451
.
0.35 0.0615
0.40 .0805
0.45 .1022
0.50 0.1266
373
Exercises 9.2
12 0.1 h = a
U .Ob rtc
V(n) x(n> v(n)

A AA 1 0000 00 1 .0000
U 10. 1 1079 05 1.0519
A 1A
0.20 1 2337 10 1 1079
.
A TA 1 3806 1 C A
15 1
1.1684 ft
a <in
1 5529 20 1.2337
n
.
en
5U 1 7557 25 1 AA O
1 3043
.
7>
30 1 . J OU /
35 1.4634
40 1.5530
45 1 .6503
50 1.7560
(e) = 0.1
xl h = A AC
Yin) .
x(n)
i aa 5000 1 00 U 3UOU
.
1.10 5250 1 05 0.5125

i nn 5498 1 10 f\ cTc f\
a
1. JU 0. 5744 1 15 r\
U .
*i
/4
1 4a
1
. 0. 5986
>i
1 20 0.5498
1.50A
1
0. 6224
IT
1 25 0.5622
1 30 A CI A A
1 35 .5866
1 40 0.5987
1 45 .6106
1 50 0.6224
15. IMPROVED
h=0 . EULER EULER
x(n)
1. 00
YW
1.0000
Vin)
1.0000
1. 10 1.2000 1.2469
1.20 1.4938 1. 6668
1.30 1.9711 2.6427
1.40 2.9060 8.7988
16. Integrating y' = f(x, y) we obtain
/ y dx= I f(x, y) dx
Jin Jx
so that
y(*n+l - y(zn) = f{Xn,yn){Xn+l ~ %n) = hf{x n ,yn )
or
Vn+i =Vn + hf{x n ,yn ).
374
Exercises 9.3
17. FVom y1 = f(x, y) and f(x, y) m \[f{x, yn ) + f(x n +l , Vn+i)] we obtain
n+> ^Tl+l
n+l 1,
{ y'dx^ I \[f(x n} yn ) + f{x n +i,yn+1 )]dx
'it. 'In
so that
y(x+i -y{x n ) (x n+i - x n )^[f{x,y) + f{x n+ i,yn+ i)\

or
Vn+l - Vn + ^[f{x n ,yn} + f{Xn+l,Vn+l)],
where
Vn+l = yn + hf(x n ,yn ).
Exercises 9.3
1. We use h = 0.1 h = 0.05

xln) Vlnl x(n) vln)
y" = 2 - 3y' 1.00 5 0000. 1.00 5. 0000
1.10 3 .9900 1.05 4.4475
= 2-3(2x-3y+l) 1.20 3.2546 1.10 3 .9763
1.30 2 .7236 1. 15 3 .5751
= 9y-6x-l 1.40 2.3451 1.20 3 .2342
1.50 2 .0801 1.25 2.9452
so that 1.30 2.7009
1.35 2.4952
1.40 2.3226
lfn+i = yn + (2x n - 3yn + l)h + {9yn - 6x n - l)^h 2 . 1.45 2.1786
1.50 2.0592
2. We use
h = 0.1 h = 0.05
y" =4- V xln)
0. 00
Vin)
2 0000.
x(ni
00.
v(n)
2.0000
= 4 - 2(4a; - 2t/) 0. 10 1. 6600 0. 05 1.8150
0.20 1.4172 10. 1 .6571
= 4y - 8x +4 0.30 1.2541 15. 1.5237
0.40 1. 1564 0.20 1.4124
so that
0.50 1. 1122 0.25 1.3212
0.30 1.2482
0.35 1.1916
- + - 8x + 4)-h 2 0.40 1.1499
J/n+l =Vn + (ten 2yn l)k + (4yn .
0.45 1.1217
0.50 1.1056
Exercises 9.3
h ft 1 h = . 05
3. We use
x. \ni x In v(n 1
o noon 00 0000
y" = 2yy'
0.10 0.1000 05 0.0500
2 0.20 .2020 10 1003
= 2y(l + 510
!/
0.30 0.3082 V 15
X -J V . 1
J- J -L U
0.40 0.4211 0.20 0.2025
= 2y + 2y 3 0. 50 0.5438 75 0.2551
T090
so that 0.35 0.3647
.40 0.4223
.45 0.4825
.50 0.5456
yn+l - yn + (l+yl)h+ (2y n + 2yl)~h 2 .
4. We use
h = 0.1 h = 0.05
xln) vln) xln) vtn)
0.00 1.0000 .00 1.0000
y" = 2x + 2yy' .10 1 .1100 .05 1.0525
2 2 0.20 1.2490 .10 1.1111
= 2x + 2y(x +y )
0.30 1.4310 0.15 1.1770
2 3 .40 1.6783 .20 1.2519
= 2x + 2x y + 2y .50 2 .0300 .25 1.3378
.30 1.4372
so that 0.35 1.5535
0.40 1 .6910
0.45 1.8557
2 0. 50 2.0561
yn+i = Vn + (4 + Vl)h + (2x n + 2x n yn + 2yl)\h 2 .
5. We use
h = 0.1 h = 0.05
xln) Vln) xln) Vln)
0.00 .0000 0.00 0.0000
y = - .0950 .05 0.0488
.10
0.20 1818 . 0.10 0.0952
e- y (e- y ) 0.1397
0.30 .2617 0.15
-2y 0.40 0.3357 0.20 0. 1822
= 50
. 0.4046 .25 0.2230
0.30 0.2622
so that 0.35 0.2999
.40 0.3363
0.45 0.3714
0.50 0.4053
yn+l =y n + e-y^h-{e-^)\h i .
376
J
Exercises 9.3
6. We use n n 1 nh
^f^J YAHl x (n >
-wr / ri 1
y" = 1 + 2yy' v . uu \j uuuu

* U uu U . UUUU
n
U ,
n
J. u
n u UUJU
. U . UD u . UU1J
0.20 0.0200 U U n nn n
= l + 2y(x + y 2 .
)
0.30 0.0451 U . ISc
1
U . U11J
0.40 0. 0804 U A\J U . UÛU
= 1 + 2xy + 2y 3 .
.50 0.1264 U . ZD U . VJ 1
U . Ju A AAC1
0.0451
that 0.35 0.0615
0.40 0.0805
0.45 0.1021
0.50 0.1265
Ifh+i = yn + (in + + (1 + 2a:jfr, + 2yl)-h 2 -
7. We use h = 0.1 h = 0.05

x(n)
0.00
V(n)
0.5000
x(n)
00 0.5000
YW
y" = 2(x - y)(l - y')
.
0.10 .5213 0. 05 0.5116

= 2(x-y)[l-(x-y) 2 .20 .5355 0. 10 .5213
}
0.30 0.5438 0.15 0.5293
0.40 0.5475 .20 0.5357
= 2(x~y)-2{x~yf
0. 50 0.5482 .25 .5406
0.30 0.5441
so that 0.35 0.5466
0.40 0.5480
.45 0.5487
0.50 0.5490
8. We use h = 0.1 h = .05

x(n) V(n) x(n) V(n)
0.00 1 .0000 0. 00 1. 0000
y" = xy' +y+ ^ 0.10 1.1075 0.05 1.0519
.20 1 .2327 0.10 1. 1078
xy + y/y
0.30 1 .3790 0. 15 1.1682
= x{xy + y/y) +y+ .40 1 .5504 0.20 1.2334
2^y .50 1 .7522 0.25 1.3039
0.30 1.3802
= x 2 y+ -Xy/y + y+ -
0.35 1.4628
0.40 1.5524
that 0.45 1.6495
0.50 1.7551
1/n+l =yn + (XnVn + \/V n )h + {
x nV. + Xi\/V +
^
Vn +
+
Exercises 9.3
h = 0.1 h

9. We use 11 \J . Uj
xy -V
x(n)
1 00
y<">
1. 0000 nn
YSRl ir/n 1
+y - 2 i
y" = 2xyy'
. J. \J\J KJKJ
x2 1 .10 1.0100 1 fTi J. Uua j

1 20
. 1. 0410 1
J- . 10
X V i mm
= 2xy (xy 2 ~~)+P 2
1.30 1. 0969 X
1 K
J. J 1
J. \J *aJ
1.40 1.1857 1 on i nd t t;
1. 50 1. 3226 1 m 1
j. .
ncci
y ddj
X \ X) X* 1 in VjOJ
J. *
1.35 1.13 87
= 2zV-2y 2 + % 1.40 1. 1891
1.45 1.2518
so that
1.50 1.3301
10. We use
= y- +
M _
)
h +
{
2xlvl - 2vl
h = 0.1
If)
h = 0.05
x(n) YW x(n> WnJ
y" = ri- W 1.00
1.10
0.5000
0.5250
1.00
1.05
0.5000
0.5125
= y-y 2 - 2y(y - y 2 )
1.20 0.5499 1.10 0.5250
1.30 0.5745 1.15 0.5374
= y-3y 2 + 2y 3 1.40 0. 5988 1 .20 0.5498
1.50 0.6226 1.25 0.5622
so that
1.30 0.5745
1.35 0.5866
1.40 0.5987
1.45 0. 6107
yn+i =Vn + (v - vl)h + 2(y - Zyn2 + 2y 3 )-h 2 l
.
1.50 0.6225
11. We use IMPROVED 3 -TERM

h=0 .1 EULER EULER TAYLOR
y" = 2x + 3y 2 y' x(n) Vln) Vln) V(n)
1. 00 1.0000 1. 0000 1.0000
= 2x + 3y 2 (x 2 + y 3 )
1. 10 1 .2000 1.2469 1.2400
1.20 1.4938 1.6668 1.6345
= 2x + 3xV + 3y 5 1.30 1 .9711 2 6427
. 2 .4600
1.40 2 .9060 8.7988 5.6353
so that
1
a
yn+\ = yn + [*t + vt)h + (2x n + 3ai + 3i)ft .
12. Let f(x, y) = ax + 0y so that fx = a,fv = 0, and all higher derivatives are 0. Using the Taylor
378
Exercises 9.3
series expansion for f(x, y) we have
- f(x n: yn ) +fxixn,yn)h + fy (x n ,yn )hf(x n ,yn )
- f(x n ,yn ) + ah + @hf{x n ,y n ).
Since f(x n yn )
,
= y'
n wd a + 0y'n = y we have
Vn+l - J/n + ^M/fan, !/n) + fn+1 )]
= + ^[/(^n.fn) + fi^Vn) + ah + f}flf(x n , y)]
= yn + \h[2y'n + h{a + 0y'n )\
2
= ft. + V* + ^ i-
13. To solve the initial-value problem analytically we note that the differential equation is linear with
x
integrating factor e~ . Then
and
1
y = ce - x.
x
From = 5 we find c = 6e~ so that
= x- 1 -
y &e x.
For Taylor's method we use IMPROVED 3 -TERM

h=0.1 EULER TAYLOR EXACT
y" = l + y' x(n) V(n) V(n) V(n)
1. 00 5 .0000 5.0000 5.0000
=\+x+y -\ 1 . 10 5. 5300 5.5300 5.5310
1.20 6. 1262 6 .1262 6 .1284
= x +y 1.30 6.7954 6.7954 6.7992
1.40 7.5454 7.5454 7.5509
so that 1.50 8 .3847 8.3847 8.3923
I/n+i = yn + {x + yn - l)h + {x n + yn )-h 2 .

Exercises 9.4
Exercises 9.4
x{n) X V(n)
1 .00 5.0000 00 2 .0000
1 .10 3.9724 10 1. 6562
1 .20 3.2284 20 1 .4110
1.30 2 6945
. 30 1.2465
1.40 2.3163 40 1.1480
1.50 2 .0533 50 1 .1037
x(n) V(n) X n) V(n)

.00 .0000 00 1 .0000
0.10 .1003 10 1.1115
.20 .2027 20 1.2530
0.30 .3093 30 1 .4397
0.40 0.4228 40 1.6961
0. 50 0.5463 0. 50 2.0670
xln) Y(n) X (n) V(n)

.00 0. 0000 00 0.0000
0.10 0. 0953 10 .0050
0.20 . 1823 20 .0200
0.30 0.2624 30 0. 0451
0.40 .3365 40 0.0805
0.50 0.4055 50 0.1266
x(n) Yin) X V(n)

0.00 0.5000 00 1 .0000
0.10 0.5213 10 1 .1079
0.20 0. 5358 20 1 .2337
0.30 0. 5443 30 1.3807
0.40 0. 5482 40 1 .5531
0.50 0.5493 50 1.7561
x(n) V(n) X n) Y(n)

1. 00 1.0000 00 0.5000
1.10 1 .0101 10 0.5250
1.20 1.0417 20 0.5498
1.30 1.0989 30 0. 5744
1.40 1.1905 40 0. 5987
1 .50 1.3333 50 0.6225
380
Exercises 9.4
11. Write the equation in the form 1 n) <n\

lill
o o OOOC
= 32 -0.025v
OA
2
= f{t, v). 1
.
.0 25 2570
2 .0 32 9390
3 .0 34 9772
4 .0 35 5503
5 .0 35. 7128
12. Separating variables and using partial fractions we have

1/1
2^32^v^- VomBv
+
+
1
Vfr025
dv = dt
and
2^32^0.025 (
iD 1
^ ^^ + v \
- h - VO025 v\) = t + c.
Since v(0) = we find c 0. Solving for v we obtain
W5( -1)
and v{5) a 35.7678.

13. See the table in the following problem.
14. Let a= 2.128 and = 0.0432. Separating variables we obtain

dA - dt
A(a - (3 A)
dA = dt
a\A a- 0A
-[\iiA- \n(a- A)} =t+c
In a(t + c)
a-pA
A ,a(t+c)
e
a- 0A
A= ae a < i+c > - pAt a ^
1 + 0e a(t+c )} A = ae al t+cl <
Thus
= Q a
A(t)
1 + /?e a t+c < > + e-*(t+0 /3 + e" ac e
Exercises 9.4
From A(0) = 0.24 we obtain

0.24 =
+ e-
so that e~ ac = a/0.24 - 8.8235 and
2.128
A{t) '
0.0432 + 8.8235e- 2128 '
t (dava) 1 2 3 4 5
A (observed) 2. 78 13. 53 36.30 47. 50 49. 40
A approximated
( 1.93 12.50 36.46 47.23 49.00
A (exact) 1.95 12.64 36.63 47.32 49.02
15. X (n) v(n)

1 00 1. 0000
1 10 1.2511
1 20 1. 6934
1 30 2.9425
1 40 903 .0282
16. Simpson's rule on [i n > in + h\ is
r x+h
f(x n )+Af[x n + -h)+f(xn + h)
Jx n O
For f(x,y) = f(x) the Runge-Kutta method gives
ki = hf(x n ),
k2 = hf[x n + -h ) ,
fc3 = hf[ n + -h]
fc4 = hf(x n + k),
and
f(x n ) + Af(x n + + f{x n + ft)] .
382
Exercises 9.5
Exercises 9.5
1. For y' y = x 1 an integrating factor is e = e

x
, so that
and
j/ = e^-ze" 1 + c) = -x + ce*.
From y(Q) = 1 we find c = 1 and y = x + e

x
. Comparing exact values with approximation!
obtained in Example 1, we find y(0.2) 1.02140276 compared to yi = 1.02140000, y(0A) a
1.09182470 compared to y 2 = 1.09181796, y(0.6) 1.22211880 compared to y3 = 1.22210646, anc
j/(0.8) fts 1.42554093 compared to y4 = 1.42552788.
2. 100 REM ADAMS-BASHFORTH/ADAMS-MOULTON

110 REM METHOD TO SOLVE Y'=FNF(X,Y)
120 REM DEFINE FNF(X,Y) HERE
130 REM GET INPUTS
140 PRINT
150 INPUT "STEP SIZE=", H
160 INPUT "NUMBER OF STEPS (AT LEAST 4)=",N
170 IF N<4 GOTO 160
180 INPUT "X0 =",X
190 INPUT "Y0 =",Y
200 PRINT
210 REM SET UP TABLE
220 PRINT "X","Y"
230 PRINT
240 REM COMPUTE 3 ITERATES USING RUNGE-KUTTA
250 DIM Z(4)
260 Z(1)=Y
270 FOR 1=1 TO 3
280 K1=H*FNF(X,Y)
290 K2=H*FNF(X+H/2,Y+Kl/2)
300 K3=H*FNF(X+H/2,Y+K2/2)
310 K4=H*FNF(X+H,Y+K3)
320 Y=Y+(Kl+2*K2+2*K3+K4)/6
330 Z(I+1)+Y
Exercises 9.5
340 X=X+H
350 PRINT X,Y
360 NEXT I
370 REM COMPUTE REMAINING X AND Y VALUES

380 FOR 1=4 TO N
390 YP=Y+H*(55*FNF(X,Z(4))-59*FNF(X-H,Z(3))+37*FNF(X-2*H,Z(2))
-9*FNF(X-3*H,Z(l)))/24
400 Y=Y+H*(9*FNF(X+H,YP)+19*FNF(X,Z(4))-5*FNF(X-H,Z(3))+FNF(X-2*H,Z(2}))/24
410 X=X+H
420 PRINT X,Y
430 Z(1)=Z(2}
440 Z(2)=Z(3)
450 Z{3)=Z(4)
460 Z(4)=Y
470 NEXT I
480 END
3. x(a) vinl 4. x(a) Yin)
0.00 1 0000
. initial condition 0.00 2.0000 initial condition
.20 0.7328 Runge-Kutta 0.20 1.4112 Runge-Kutta
0.40 0.6461 Runge-Kutta .40 1.1483 Runge-Kutta
O.GO 0.65B5 Runge-Kutta 0.60 1 .1039 Runge-Kutta
0. 7332 predictor 1.2109 predictor
O.BO 0.7232 corrector 0.80 1.2049 corrector
5. x(n) Yin) xfn) Yin)

0.00 0.0000 initial condition 00 0000 initial condition
0.20 0.2027 Runge-Kutta 10 .1003 Runge-Kutta
0.40 0.4228 Runge-Kutta 20 .2027 Runge-Kutta
0.60 0.6841 Runge-Kutta 30 3093 Runge-Kutta
1 0234 predictor 4227 predictor
0.80 1.0297 corrector 40 4228 corrector
1.5376 predictor 54 62 predictor
6S40 predictor
60 6842 corrector
8420 predictor
70 .8423 corrector
1 0292 predictor
80 1 0297 corrector
1 2552 predictor
90 1 2603 corrector
1 5555 predictor
1 00 1 5576 corrector
384
Exercises 9.5
x{n) Wn) x(n) WnJ

00 1 0000 00 1 .0000 initial condition
.20 1 . 4414 10 1 .2102 Runge-Kutta
f\ Aft 1 . 3 1 J. 3 20 1 .4414 Runge-Kutta
0.60 2 .6028 Runge-Kutta 30 1 .6949 Runge-Kutta
3.3433 pr edict or 1 9719 predi c t or
0.80 3.34B6 corrector 40 1 . 9719 corrector
4.2276 predictor 2 2 740 predictor
1.00 4.2230 corrector 50 2 .2740 corrector
2 6028 predictor
60 2 .6028 corrector
2 9603 predictor-
3 3486 predictor
80 3 3486 corrector
3 7703 predictor
90 3 7703 corrector
4 2280 predictor
1 00 i .2280 corrector
x(n> v(n) xfn) y(n)

0.00 .0000 initial condition 00 0000 initial condition
0.1362 predi c t or 0201 predi ctor
. 80 1360
. corrector 40 0200 corrector
0.23 79 predictor 0379 predictor
0630 predictor
60 0629 corrector
0956 predictor
70 .0956 corrector
1359 predictor
B0 1360 corrector
1837 predictor
90 .1837 corrector
2384 predictor
t
Exercises 9.5
x(n) WnJ x(a) WnJ

0.00 1.0000 initial condition 0.00 1.0000 initial condition
0.20 1.2337 Runge-Kutta 0.10 1.1079 Runge-Kutta
0.40 1.5531 Runge-Kutta 0.20 1.2337 Runge-Kutta
0.60 1.9961 Runge-Kutta 0.30 1 .3807 Runge-Kutta
2.6180 predictor 1.5530 predictor
0.80 2.6214 corrector 0.40 1.5531 corrector
3.5151 predictor 1. 7560 predictor
1.00 3 .5208 corrector 0.50 1.7561 corrector
1.9960 predictor
0.60 1.9961 corrector
2.2811 predi c t or
0.70 2 .2312 corrector
2. 6211 predictor
3.0289 predi c t or
3.5203 predi c or
V<n)
0.00 1.0000 initial condition
0.10 1.0052 Runge-Kutta
0.30 1. 0499 Runge-Kutta
1. 0918 predictor
Exercises 9.6,
1. Since the improved Euler method is a second-order Runge-Kutta method, the formula agrees with
the Taylor polynomial through k = 2. The local truncation error is thus
V "'^3\ Wher6 x n<c<x n+ i.
2. Since the three-term Taylor formula is the Taylor polynomial through k = 2, the local truncation
error is
y"'(c) -gj- where xn < c < x n+1 .
3. Since the fourth-order Runge-Kutta formula agrees with the Taylor polynomial through k = 4, the
local truncation error is
y
(5|
(
c) where xn <c< x n +i.
4. (a) Using the Euler method we obtain j/(0.1) =s yi 1.2.
386
Exercises 9.6
(b) Using y" = Ae

21
we see that the local truncation error is
s/'(c)y= 4^^=0.02^.
2 ' 01 '
Since e
2x
is an increasing function, e
2e
< e = e
2
for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound
for the local truncation error is 0.02e 2
= 0.0244.
(c) Since y(0.1) = e

2
= 1.2214, the actual error isy(O.l) -yi = 0.0214, which is less than 0.0244.
(d) Using the Euler method with h = 0.05 we obtain y(0.1) ^y2 1.21.
(e) The error in (d) is 1.2214 - 1.21 = 0.0114. With global truncation error 0(h), when the
step size is halved we expect the error for h = 0.05 to be one-half the error when h = 0.1.
Comparing 0.0114 with 0.214 we see that this is the case.
5. (a) Using the improved Euler method we obtain y(0.1) ?w y\ = 1.22.
1
(b) Using y " = Se 21 we see that the local truncation error is
y"'(c) ^6 = 8e M!
6
= 0.001333e
2c 2c
2
Since e 2* is an increasing function, e
2c
< e
2'
= e for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound
02 = 0.001628.
for the local truncation error is 0.001333e
(c) Since y{0.1) = e

2
= 1.221403, the actual error is j/(0.1) - j/i
= 0.001403 which is less than
0.001628.
(d) Using the improved Euler method with h 0.05 we obtain y(0.1) s= 3/2 = 1.221025.
(e) The error in (d) is 1.221403 - 1.221025 = 0.000378. With global truncation error 0{h 2 ), when
the step size is halved we expect the error for h = 0.05 to be one-fourth the error for h = 0.1.
6. (a) Using the three-term Taylor method we obtain y(0.1) y\ 1.22.
= 21
(b) Using y"' Se we see that the local truncation error is
y "\c) ^6 = 8e 2c
6
= COOlê 2 ".
Since e 2x
2
is an increasing function, e
20
< e
2' ,1
' = e
'
for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound

' 2
= 0.001628.
(c) Since y(0.1) = e

' 2
= 1.221403, the actual error is y(0.1) - yl = 0.001403 which is less than
0.001628.
(d) Using the three-term Taylor method with h = 0.05 we obtain y(0.1) as y2 = 1.221025.
Exercises 9.6
(e) The error in (d) is 1.221403 - 1.221025 = 0.000378. With global truncation error 0(/i 2 ), when
the step size is halved we expect the error for h = 0.05 to be one-fourth the error for h 0.1.
7. (a) Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method we obtain y(0.1) = y\ = 1.2214.
(b) Using j/ '(x) 5 = 32e

2ir
we see that the local truncation error is
pW( c J- =
)
32e
2e
= 0.000002667e
2c
.
2c 2 ( 01
= 02 <
Since e 21 is an increasing function, e < e ) e for c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound
02 = 0.000003257.
Since y(0.1) = e
02 = 1.221402758, the actual error y(0.l) - = 0.000002758 which
(c) is yi is less
than 0.000003257.
(d) Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta formula with h 0.05 we obtain

y(0.1)tti = 1.221402571.
(e) The error in (d) is 1.221402758 - 1.221402571 = 0.000000187. With global truncation error
0(/i 4
), when the step size is halved we expect the error for h = 0.05 to be one-sixteenth the
error for h = 0.1. Comparing 0.000000187 with 0.000002758 we see that this is the case.
8. (a) Using the Euler method we obtain j/(0.1) ~ yi = 0.8.
_2x we
(b) Using y" 5e see that the local truncation error is
5e
-acM! = .025e-
3c
_2c
Since e~
2x
is a decreasing function, e < e = 1 for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound for
the local truncation error is 0.025(1) = 0.025.
(c) Since y(0.1) = 0.8234, the actual error is t/(0.1) - yi = 0.0234, which is less than 0.025.
(d) Using the Euler method with h = 0.05 we obtain y(0.1) y% = 0.8125.
(e) The error in (d) is 0.8234 - 0.8125 = 0.0109. With global truncation error O(h), when the
step size is halved we expect the error for h = 0.05 to be one-half the error when h = 0.1.
9. (a) Using the improved Euler method we obtain y(0.1) y\ = 0.825.

-21
(b) Using y'" = -10e we see that the local truncation error is
-2c (0^L = 0.001667e- 2c

10e .
o
2c
Since e~ 2x is a decreasing function, e~ < e = 1 for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound for
388
Exercises 9.6
(c) Since j/(0.1) = 0.823413, the actual error is y(0.1) -yi = 0.001587, which is less than 0.001667.
(d) Using the improved Euler method with h = 0.05 we obtain g/(0.1) as y2 = 0.823781.
(e) The error in (d) is |0.823413 - 0.8237181| = 0.000305. With global truncation error 0(h 2 ),
when the step size is halved we expect the error for h 0.05 to be one-fourth the error when
h = 0.1. Comparing 0.000305 with 0.001587 we see that this is the case.
10. (a) Using the three-terra Taylor method we obtain ^(0,1) =; y\ = 0.825.
-21
(b) Using y'" = 10e we see that the local truncation error is
l 0e -^M!=0.001667e- 2c
6
Since e _2x is a decreasing function, e~ 2c < e = 1 for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound for
(c) Since y(0.1) = 0.823413, the actual error is j/(0.1) j/i = 0.001587, which is less than 0.001667.
(d) Using the three-term Taylor method with h = 0.05 we obtain y(0.1) y2 = 0.823781.
(e) The error in (d) is |0.823413 - 0.8237181| = 0.000305. With global truncation error 0(/i 2 ),
when the step size is halved we expect the error for h = 0.05 to be one-fourth the error when
h = 0.1. Comparing 0.000305 with 0.001587 we see that this is the case.
11. (a) Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method we obtain y(0.l) r; = 0.823416667.
(b) Using y^(x) = 40e -2T we see that the local truncation error is
40e
- 2c M! =
120
0.000003333.
_2c
Since e _2x is a decreasing function, e < e = 1 for < c < 0.1. Thus an upper bound for
(c) Since y(0.1) = 0.823413441, the actual error is |y(0.1) - yi\ = 0.000003225, which is less than
0.000003333.
(d) Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with h 0.05 we obtain

y(0.1)m y 2 = 0.823413627.
(e) The error in (d) is |0.823413441 - 0.823413627| = 0.000000185. With global truncation error
0(h 4
), when the step size is halved we expect the error for h 0.05 to be one-sixteenth the
error when h = 0.1. Comparing 0.000000185 with 0.000003225 we see that this is the case.
_3 ^ I_1 '
12. (a) Using y" = 38e we see that the local truncation error is
y
"
{c ) % = 38e-^-') % =
Exercises 9.6
(b) Since e^ -1 ' is a decreasing function for 1 < x < 1.5, e

-3 < c-1 >
< e
-3 ' 1-1 )
= 1 for 1 < c < 1.5
and
*/"(c)y <19(0.1) 2 (1) = 0.19.
(c) Using the Euler method with h = 0.1 we obtain y(1.5) 1.8207. With h = 0.05 we obtain
1,(1.5) 1.9424.
(d) Since y(l.5) = 2.0532, the error for h = 0.1 is .l

= 0.2325, while the error for h = 0.05 is
#0.05 = 0.1109. With global truncation error 0(h) we expect i?ci.l/b.05 5:3
2. We actually have
Eo.i/ .05 = 2.10.
13. (a) Using y'" = lHe -3 ^ -1 ' we see that the local truncation error is
h3
= IHe" 3 ^" 1
' ^6 = 19ft
3
e- 3 ( c -'.
-3 * 1-1 " 3 < c_1) _3(1_1)

(b) Since e ' is a decreasing function for 1 < x< 1.5, e < e = 1 for 1 < c < 1.5
and
3
v'"(c)
-
h
< 19(0.1) (1)
3
= 0.019.
(c) Using the improved Euler method with h = 0.1 we obtain y(1.5) = 2.080108. With k 0.05
we obtain y(1.5) =a 2.059166.
(d) Since y(l.5) = 2.053216, the error for h = 0.1 is Em = 0.026892, while the error for h = 0.05 is
^).05 0.005950. With global truncation error 0(h 2 ) we expect So.l/^0.05 * 4. We actually
have Uo.l/ô.05 = 4.52.
14. (a) Using y'" = 114e _3 ^ -1 we ^ see that the local truncation error is
y"'{c)
h3
= i 14e
-3(-i>^
6
mV 3 (c- ,
>.
(b) Since e"

3 ^" 1
' is a decreasing function for 1 < x < 1.5, e
-3 ^ -1
* < e" 3 ' 1
"" 1
' = 1 for 1 < c < 1.5
and
y"'(c) ~o < 19(0.1) (1)

3
= 0.019.
(c) Using the three-term Taylor method with h = 0.1 we obtain y(1.5) w 2.080108. With h = 0.05
we obtain y(\.$) w 2.059166.
(d) Since y(1.5) = 2.053216, the error for h = 0.1 is Eq A = 0.026892, while the error for h = 0.05 is
fl,05 = 0.005950. With global truncation error 0(h 2

) we expect Eq.\/Eq.q$ fa 4. We actually
have .Eb.i/b.05 = 4 -52.
390
Exercises 9.6
5
= -1026e 3<- x
15. (a) Using j/ ' we see that the local truncation error is
3 <c- 1
y w 120 = 8.55fe
B
e- >.
3
(b) Since e~ <
1_1
> is a decreasing function for 1 < x < 1.5, e
-3 ^ 1
' < e^ 3 ! 1
* 1' = 1 for 1 < c < 1.5
and
y
(5)
(c) < 8.55(0.1) (1)
5
= 0.0000855.
(c) Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with h = 0.1 we obtain y(1.5) = 2.053338827.
With h = 0.05 we obtain 3/(1.5) f 2.053222989.
(d) Since j/(1.5) = 2.053216232, the error for h = 0.1 is b.i = 0.000122595, while the error for
h = 0.05 is b.05 = 0.000006757. With global truncation error 0(h 4 ) we expect b.l/fl.0S
16. We actually have Eo.i/Eom = 18-14.
1
16. (a) Using y" =- we see that the local truncation error is
(x + If
1 h2
(c+1) 2 2"
(b) Since is a decreasing function for <x< 0.5, -,

<
~ ,
*
= 1 for < c < 0.5
(x+l) ( c+ l)2 (0 + 1)2
and
y"(c) < (1)^^ = 0.005.
(c) Using the Euler method with k = 0.1 we obtain y(0.5) 0.4198. With h = 0.05 we obtain
y(0.5) w 0.4124.
(d) Since j/{0.5) = 0.4055, the error for h = 0.1 is .i

= 0.0143, while the error for h = 0.05 is
0.05 = 0.0069. With global truncation error 0(h) we expect i?o.i/b.05 ^ 2- We actually have
b.i/fl.05 = 2.06.
17. (a) Using y"' we see that the local truncation error is
(ar+l) 3
1 h3
'
3
6 (c + l) 3
(b) Since
*
is a decreasing function for <x< 0.5, -, 3
<
- ,
*
. ,
3
= 1 for < c < 0.5
(l + l) (c + 1) (0 + 1)
and
ft
3
m i) 3
y"'(c)~< (1) = 0.000333.

Exercises 9.6
(c) Using the improved Euler method with ft = 0.1 we obtain y(0.5) as 0.405281. With ft = 0.05
we obtain y(0.5) 0.405419.
(d) Since j/(0.5) = 0.405465, the error for ft = 0.1 is Boa = 0.000184, while the error for ft = 0.05 is
E 05 = 0.000046. With global truncation error 0(ft

2
) we expect Eo.i/Eom 4. We actually
have Eo.i/Eom - 3.98.
2
18. (a) Using y'" -.
-tj we see that the local truncation error is
(x + I)
v
>
ic)
1 = _J_ !t
(b) Since -,
(x
+^ 3
is a decreasing function for < x < 0.5, -.
(c+
^^ <1)
J
(0
V,,J =
+ 1)
1 for < c < 0.5
1)
and
y"'{c) ^6 < (1)

A
= 0.000333.
(c) Using the three-term Taylor method with ft = 0.1 we obtain yf0.5) 0.404643. With ft = 0.05
we obtain j/(0.5) & 0.405270.

(d) Since t/(0.5) = 0.405465, the error for ft = 0.1 is Eb.i = 0.000823, while the error for h = 0.05 is
^0.05 = 0.000195. With global truncation error 0(h 2

) we expect o.l/b.05 4. We actually
have *. t /t.o5 = 4.22.
19. (a) Using j/ 5 ' = ^

+\) 5
We See t ^ at ^ e ' Ca ' truncat ^ on error ' s
V W 120 (c+1) 5 5
'
(b) Since
^ '
-,
(x
+ 5
is a decreasing function for < x < 0.5, r
(c
+ ^tt
1)
5
< -ttt =
t:
+ 5
1 for < c < 0.5
1) (1 1)
and
y
i5)
(c) <
5
(1) ~^ =5
0.000002.
(c) Using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with ft = 0.1 we obtain y{0.5) = 0.405465168.
With ft = 0.05 we obtain y(0.5) 0.405465111.
(d) Since j/(0.5) = 0.405465108, the error for h = 0.1 is B .i = 0.000000060, while the error for
ft = 0.05 is 0.05 = 0.000000003. With global truncation error 0(ft 4 ) we expect b.i/b.05
16. We actually have Eo.\/Eqx>5 = 1T.64.
392
7
Exercises 9.
Exercises 9.7,
1. The substitution y' u leads to the iteration formulas
=Vn+ hu, u n+1 =u n + h(4u n - 4yn ).
The initial conditions are yo 2 and uq = 1. Then
yi = w + 0.1o = -2 + 0.1(1) = -1.9
ui = ii + 0.1(4u -4y ) = 1 + 0.1(4 + 8) = 2.2
V2 = tfi + O.ltii - -1.9 + 0.1(2.2) - -1.68.
The general solution of the differential equation is y c\e 2x + C2xe 2x from . the initial conditions
we find c\ = -2 and c2 = 5. Thus y = -2e 2x + 5xe 2x and y(0.2) ss 1.4918.
2. The substitution y
1
u leads to the iteration formulas
The initial conditions are j/o

= 4 and uo = 9. Then
2/1 =i/D + O.I1/0 -4 + 0.1(9) = 4.9
U1 = uo + 0.1 (Ju - ^w) = 9 + 0.1(2(9) - 2(4)] = 10
m = yi + O.Imi = 4.9 + 0.1(10) = 5.9.

The general solution of the Cauchy-Euler differential equation is y = c\x + C2X 2 FVom
. the initial
conditions we find a 1 and ci = 5. Thus y = x + 5x 2 and y(l.2) = 6.
3. The substitution y' u leads to the system
y' w, u' = 4u 4y.

Using formulas (5) and (6) in the text with x corresponding to f, y corresponding to x, and u
corresponding to y, we obtain
ml m2 m3 n\4 kl k2 k3 k4 X y u
0.00 -2 0000 1 0000
0.2000 4400 5280 9072 2 4000 3 .2800 3 .5360 4 8064 0.20 -1 .4928 4 4731
Ruiwe -KuttB method wi th h= 0.1

ml m2 ml m4 kl k2 k3 *4 X y u
0.00 -2 0000 1 0000
0.1000 1600 1710 2452 1 2000 1 4200 1 4520 1 7124 0.10 -1 S321 2 4427
0.2443 3298 3444 4487 1 7099 2 0031 2 0446 2 3900 0.20 -1 4919 4 4753
7
Exercises 9.
4. The substitution y' = u leads to the system
, 2 2
x xl
Using formulas (5) and (6) in the text with x corresponding to (, y corresponding to x, and u
corresponding to y, we obtain
Runqe-Ku^ta method with h=0.2
ml m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4
1.00 4.0000 9.0000
1.8000 2.0000 2.0017 2.1973 2.0000 2.0165 1.9865 1.9950 1.20 6.0001 11.0002
Runge-Kutta method with h-0.1

ml m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 X y u
1.00 4 0000 9. 0000
0.9000 0.9500 0. 9501 0.9998 1 .0000 1.0023 0.9979 9996 1.10 4 9500 10 .0000
1.0000 1.0500 1. 0501 1. 0998 1.0000 1.0019 0.9983 9997 1.20 6 0000 11 .0000
5. The substitution y' = u leads to the system
y' = u, u' = 2u 2y + e' cost.
Using formulas (5) and (6) in the text with y corresponding to % and u corresponding to y, we
obtain
ml m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t y u
0.00 1.0000 2 0000

.4000 4600 .4660 5320 6000 6599 6599 0.7170 0.20 1.4640 2 6594
Runqe-Kutta method with h= 0.1

ml m2 !tl3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t y u
0.00 1.0000 2 0000

.2000 2150 2157 2315 3000 3150 3150 0.3298 0.10 1.2155 2 3150
.2315 2480 .2487 2659 3299 3446 3444 0.3587 0.20 1.4640 2 6594
^- Runge-Kutta method with h^Q.l

ml m2 m3 !t>4 kl k2 k3 k4 t il i2
00 0000 0000
10 0000 0000 12 5000 -20 0000
. 0000 5 0000 -5 0000 22 5000 10 2 SOOO 7500 3
8 .7500 -2 5000 13 .4375 -28 7500 -5 0000 4 3750 -10 6250 29 6875 20 2 8125 5 7813
10 1563 -4 3750 17. 0703 -40 0000 -8 7500 5 07 81 -16 0156 10 .3516 30 2 0703 7 4023
13 2617 -6 3672 22. 9443 -55 1758 -12 7344 6 6309 -22 5488 55 3076 40 6104 9 1919
17 9712 -8 S867 31.3507 -75 9326 -17 7734 8 9856 -31 2024 75 9B21 50 -1 .5619 11 4877
394
Exercises 9.
Runoe-Kutta method with h=0.2

ml m2 m3 mi kl kZ k3 k4 t x y
0.00 6.0000 2.0000
2 .0000 2 2800 2 3160 2 6408 1 2000 1 .4000 1 .4280 1 6632 0.20 8.3055 3.4199
Runae -Kutta method with h=0.1

ml ra2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t x y
0.00 6.0000 2.0000
1 .0000 1 0700 1 0745 1 1496 6000 .6500 .6535 7075 0.10 7.0731 2.6524
1 .1494 1 2289 1 .2340 1 3193 7073 .7648 .7688 8307 0.20 8.3055 3.4199

ml m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t x y
0.00 1.0000 1.0000
.6000 9400 1 1060 1 7788 1 4000 2 .0600 2 3940 3 7212 0.20 2.0785 3.3382

171] m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t x y
0.00 1.0000 1.0000
3000 3850 4058 5219 7000 8650 9068 1 1343 0.10 1.4006 1.8963
5193 6582 6925 8828 1 1291 1 4024 1 4711 1 8474 0.20 2.0845 3.3502
Runge-Kutta method with h-0.2

ml m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t X y
0.00 -3 0000 5 0000
-1.0000 -0.9200 -0. 9080 -0.8176 -0.6000 -0.7200 -0.7120 -0.8216 0.20 -3 9123 4 2857
Runqe- Kutta method with h= 0.1

ml m2 ia3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t X y
0.00 -3 0000 5 0000
-0.5000 -0.4800 -0.4785 -0.4571 -0.3000 -0.3300 -0.3290 -0.3579 .10 -3 4790 4 6707
-0.4571 -0.4342 -0.4328 -0.4086 -0.3579 -0.3858 -0.3846 -0.4112 0.20 -3 9123 4 2857
Runoe-Kutta method with h=0.2

ml m2 ra3 in4 -
kl k2 k3 k4 t X y
O.00 5000 2000
6400 1 27 60 1 7028 3 .3558 1 3200 1 7720 2 1620 3 5794 0.20 2 1589 2 3279
Runge -Kutta me thod with h= 0.1

ml m2 m3 m4 kl k2 k3 k4 t X y
0.00 5000 2000
.3200 4790 5324 .7816 6600 .7730 8218 1 0195 0.10 1 0207 1 0115
.7736 1 0862 1 1929 1 .6862 1 0117 1 .2682 1 3692 1 7996 0.20 2 1904 2 3592
Exercises 9.8
Exercises 9.8,
1. We identify P{x) = 0, Q{x) = 9, f(x) = 0, and h = (2 - 0)/4 = 0.5. Then the finite difference
equation is
yi+l +0.25^ + ^1 =0.

The solution of the corresponding linear system gives
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

4.0000 -5.6774 -2.5807 6.3226 1.0000
2. We identify P(x) = 0, Q(x) = -1, f(x) = x 2 and h

,
= (1 - 0)/4 = 0-25. Then the finite difference
equation is
2
W+i - 2.0625yi - 0.0625a:, .
X 0.00 0.25 0. 50 0.75 1 . 00

Y 0.0000 -0.0172 -0.0316 -0. 0324 0.0000
3. We identify P(x) = 2, Q(x) = 1, f{x) = 5x, and ft = (1 - 0)/5 = 0.2. Then the finite difference
equation is
1.2w + i - 1.96?/; + 0.8yi_i - 0.0400-

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0000 -0.2259 -0.3356 -0.3308 -0.2167 0.0000
4. We identify P(x) = -10, Q(x) = 25, f(x) = 1, and h = (1 - 0)/5 = 0.2. Then the finite difference
equation is
-Vi + 2Vi-l = 0-04.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 o.a 1.0

1.0000 1.9600 3.SB00 7.7200 15.4000 0.0000
5. We identify P(x) = -4, Q(x) = 4, f{x) = (1 + xje 2", and h = (1 - 0)/6 = 0.1667. Then the finite
difference equation is
0.6667yi+i - 1.8889yi + 1.3333yt _i = 0.2778(1 + Xi)e 2x '.
X 0.0000 0.1667 0.3333 0.5000 0.6667 0.8333 1.0000

y 3.0000 3.3751 3.6306 3.6448 3.2355 2.1411 0.0000
396
Exercises 9.8
6. We identify P(x) = 5, Q{x) = 0, f(x) = Ay/x , and ft = (2 - l)/6 = 0.1667. Then the finite
1.4167jfc+i - 2 W + 0.5833yi_! = 0.2778(4^).
X 1.0000 1.1667 1.3333 1.5000 1.6667 1.8333 2.0000

Y 1.0000 -0.S918 -1.1626 -1.3070 -1.2704 -1.1541 -1.0000
7. We identify P(x) = 3/a:, Q(x) = 3/x 2 , f{x) = 0, and ft = (2-

difference equation

is
1 +
0.1875\
Xii J
Vi+i
-
\
-2-
0.0469
x%
Vi + (
1
0.1875\
J
tt-i = o.
X 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.375 1.500 1.625 1.750 1.875 2.000

y 5.0000 3.8842 2 .9640 2.2064 1.5826 1.0681 0.6430 0.2913 0.0000
8. We identify P(x) = -1/x, Q(x) = x~ 2 f(x) = lnx/x 2 and

, , ft = (2 - l)/8 = 0.125. Then the finite
/ 0.0625\ 0.0156\ /, 0.0625N

^1 ) K+l + /
(
"2 + W+ (l + ^-J W~l = 0.01561a a*.
X 1. 000 1.125 1 .250 1.375 1 500 1 625 1.750 1.875 2.000 . .
Y 0.0000 -0.1988 -0.4168 -0.6510 -0.8992 -1.1594 -1.4304 -1.7109 -2.0000
9. We identify P(x) = l-x, Q{x) = x, f(x) = x, and ft = (1 - 0)/10 = 0.1. Then the finite difference
equation is
[1 + 0.05(1 - Xi)]yi+ + i [-2 + O.OliilK + [1 - 0.05(1 - Xj)l-i = 0-Olxi.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0.0000 0.2660 . 5097 .73 57 . 9471 1 . 146 5 1.3353
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.5149 1.6855 1.8474 2.0000
10. We identify P{x) = x, Q(x) = 1, f{x) = a:, and ft = (1 - 0)/10 = 0.1. Then the finite difference
equation is
(1 + 0.05xi)yi+i - l.Wtf, + (1 - 0.05a:i)!K-i = O.Olarj.

Exercises 9.8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

1.0000 0.8929 0.77 89 0.6615 0.5440 0.42 96 0.3216
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
.2225 0. 1347 . 0601 0.0000
11. We identify P(x) = 0, Q(x) = -4, f(x) = 0, and h = (1 - 0)/8 - 0.125. Then the finite difference
equation is
tt + i-2.0625j + J _ l = 0.
X 0.000 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000

Y 0. 0000 0.3492 0.7202 1.1363 1.6233 2 .2118 2.9386 3.8490 5.0000
12. We identify P(r) = 2/r, Q(r) = 0, f(r) = 0, and h = (4 - l)/6 = 0.5. Then the finite difference
equation is
('l + Û +1 -2u,+ fl-Û_ 1

=0.
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

50.0000 72.2222 83.3333 90.0000 94.4444 97.6190 100.0000
13. (a) The difference equation
1 + yt+ i + (-2 + h 2 Qi) yi

^ _! = h 2 fi
is the same as the one derived on page 530 in the text. The equations are the same because
the derivation was based only on the differential equation, not the boundary conditions. If we
allow i to range from to n 1 we obtain n equations in the n+ 1 unknowns y-i, ya, j/i, . .
.
jfo-i- Since yn is one of the given boundary conditions, it is not an unknown.
(b) Identifying j/o

= y(0), y~i y(0 ft), and yi = y(0 + h) we have from (5) in the text
1
[yi ~ V-i] = if'(0) = 1 or j/i
- y-i = 2ft.
2ft
The difference equation corresponding to i = 0,
2
1 + ~Po) yi + (-2 + h 2 Qo)ya + (l - \p \ V-i = ft /o
becomes, with y-i = yi 2ft,
(l + ^Pbj yi + (-2 + h2 Q ) yo + - (in - 2ft) = h?fo

Jp )
or 2i + ("2 + h?Qo)yo = h a /o + 2h~ Pq.
398
Alternatively, we may simply add the equation 3/1 y-i = 2h to the list of n difference equations
obtaining n + 1 equations in the n + 1 unknowns y_i , yo> 2/i> - - - , I/n-l-
(c) Using n = 5 we obtain
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 O.B 1.0

-2.2755 -2.0755 -1.8589 -1.6126 -1.3275 -1.0000
h- 0.1 IMPROVED 3 -TERM RUNGE

X (n) EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
1 .00 2 0000 2 0000
. 2 0000 2 .0000
1 .10 2 1386 2 1549
. 2 1556 2 .1556
1 .20 2 3097 2.3439 2 3446 2.3454
1 .30 2 5136 2 .5672 2 5680 2.5695
1 .40 2 7504 2 .8246 2 8255 2 8278
.
1 .50 3 0201 3 .1157 3 1167 3.1197
h=0.05 IMPROVED 3 -TERM RUNGE

x(n> EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
1.00 2 0000 2.0000 2 0000 2 0000
.
1 .05 2 0693 2.0735 2 0735 2 0736

.
1.10 2 1469 2 .1554 2 1555 2 1556

.
1 .15 2 2328 2 .2459 2 2460 2.2462

1.20 2 3272 2.3450 2 3451 2.3454
1.25 2 4299 2 .4527 2 4528 2 .4532
1.30 2 5409 2.5689 2 5690 2.5695
1.35 2 6604 2.6937 2 6938 2 6944
.
1.40 2 7883 2.8269 2 8271 2.8278

1.45 2 9245 2.9686 2 9688 2 9696
.
1.50 3 0690 3 . 1187 3 1188 3 .1197

4. O u J. . 3 -TERM
EULER FTTT CTJ TAYLOR iqupa
x(n) Iff
un uu
nn
. 0000 ft ft ft ft n 0000 ft n ftft
ft 1ft 1000 1000 1001

0.20 2010 0.2030 2025 0.2026
0.30 3049 0.3092 3087 0.3087
0.40 4135 0.4207 4202 0.4201
. 50 5279 0.5382 5377 0.5376
h=0. 05 IMPROVED 3 -TERM RUNGE

x(nl EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
0.00 0000 0.0000 .0000 0. 0000
.05 0500 .0501 .0500 0.0500
0.10 1001 .1004 .1003 0. 1003
0.15 1505 .1512 0.1511 0. 1511
0.20 2017 .2027 0.2027 .2026
0.25 2537 .2552 0.2551 0.2551
.30 3067 0.3088 .3088 .3087
0.35 3610 0.3638 0.3638 0.3637
.40 4167 0.4202 .4202 0.4201
.45 4739 0.4782 0. 4782 0.4781
0.50 5327 .5378 0. 5377 0. 5376
. IMPROVED 3 -TERM RUNGE

X fW EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
.50 5000 .5000 5000 .5000
60 . 6000 .6048 6050 .6049
.70 7095 .7191 7194 .7194
80 . 8283 0.8427 8429 0.8431
.90 9559 0.9752 9754 0.9757
1 00 . 1 0921 1.1163 1 1166 1.1169
h=0 .05 IMPROVED 3 -TERM RUNGE

x(ni EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
0. 50 5000 0.5000 5000 0. 5000
55 . 5500 0.5512 5513 0.5512
0. 60 6024 0.6049 6049 0.6049
65 . 6573 0.6609 6610 0.6610
.70 7144 0.7193 7194 0.7194
.75 7739 0.7800 7801 0.7801
.80 8356 0. 8430 8430 0. 8431
0.85 8996 0.9082 9082 0. 9083
.90 9657 0.9755 9756 0. 9757
.95 1 0340 1. 0451 1 0451 1.0452
1 .00 1 1044 1 .1168 1 1168 1. 1169
400
6. h- . TMPROVRD 3 -TERM RTTWHR

XViyi VJ 1
! L-<
j In)
ILL- EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
1 00 . 1 0000 1 .0000 1 0000 1 0000 .
1 10 . 1 2000 1 .2380 1 2350 1.2415

1 .20 1 4760 1.5910 1 5866 1. 6036
1 .30 1 8710 2 .1524 2 1453 2 1909 .
1 .40 2 4643 3 .1458 3 1329 3 .2745

1 .50 3 4165 5 .2510 5 2208 5 .8338
h=0.05 IMPROVED 3 -TERM RUNGE

x(n) EULER EULER TAYLOR KUTTA
1 .00 1. 0000 1.0000 1.0000 1 .0000
1.05 1. 1000 1.1091 1.1088 1.1095
1.10 1 .2183 1.2405 1.2401 1.2415
1. 15 1.3595 1.4010 1.4004 1.4029
1.20 1.5300 1.6001 1.5994 1 .6036
1.25 1.7389 1 .8523 1 .8515 1 8586
.
1.30 1.9988 2.1799 2.1789 2.1911

1.35 2 .3284 2. 6197 2 6182
. 2.6401
1.40 2.7567 3.2360 3.2340 3.2755
1.45 3.3296 4 1528
. 4.1497 4.2363
1 .50 4.1253 5 .6404 5.6350 5. 8446
7. Using
Vn+\ = Vn + hu n , yo = 3
= + h(2x + l)y, u = 1
we obtain (when h = 0.2) yi = y(0.2) = y + hu = 3 + (0.2)1 = 3.2. When h = 0.1 we have
Vl=IfO + 0.1uo = 3 + (0.1)l = 3.1
ui = u + 0.1(2xo + l)yo = 1 + 0.1(1)3 = 1.3
VZ = pi + O.lwi - 3.1 + 0.1(1.3) 3.23.
8. xlnl Yin,
0.00 2.0000 initial condition
0.20 3 17E1
. Runge-Kutta
6.7689 predictor
9. Using xq 1, yo = 2, and h = 0.1 we have
xx = xa + h{x Q + yQ = 1+0.1(1+2) -
) 1.3
10 - yo + h(x - y ) = 2 + 0.1(1 -2) = 1.9

and
'
x2 = xi + h(xi + yi) = 1.3 + 0.1(1.3 + 1.9) = 1-62
V2 = Vi + /i{x! - yi - ) 1.9 + 0.1(1.3-1.9) = 1.84.
Thus, i(0.2) 1.62 and 3/(0.2) 1.84.
10. We identify P{x) = 0, Q(x) = 6.55(1 + x), f(x) = 1, and h = (1 - 0)/10 = 0.1. Then t.
K+i + [-2 + 0.0655(1 + Xi)]vi + yi-i = 0.001
or
y i+ i + (0.0655xj - 1.9345)^ + yi_i = 0.001.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

. 0000 4.19B7 8.1049 11.3640 13.7038 14.7770 14.4083
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
12.5396 9.2847 4.9450 0.0000
402

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1 Introduction to Differential Equations

2. Third-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dx) 4 .

3. First-order; nonlinear because of yy'.

6. Second-order; nonlinear because of sin y.

7. Second-order; nonbnear because of (Sy/dx2^ .

12. From y = 8 we obtain y 1

so that ~2y/x = 2x~

20. From y = x + 1 we obtain i/ = 1, so that (y')

21. Implicitly differentiating j/

24. Differentiating P= ac\e at / (l + fccie"') we obtain

25. Implicitly differentiating In

for y' we obtain

2c\ (x + y)- e<J/z 2s _ ^ x 2 - xy

that y" -6y' + 13y = 0.

30. From y - e^+se 21 we obtain ^ = 3e 2t

33. From y = In Is + c\ I + c2 we obtain y = 1

39. From y = x 2 e x we obtain j/ = x 2 ex + 2xe x ,

that y'" - 3y" + 3y' -y = 0.

(-x 2 x<0 f-2s, x<0

f0, s<0 f0, a;<0 ,,9 f- x<0

43. From y = cx + c2 we obtain y' c so that xy' + (y')

44. From y = cx 4- \/l 4- e2 we obtain y 1

y' = -xjy. Then for y # 0, xy' +

47. From y = we obtain y' = me" 11

m 2 e mx _ 5me mz + fe m* = (m _ 2 )(m - 3)e

48. From y = e we obtain j/ = rae

49. Using y' = mx m~ l

so that + ~~ = ~^-x 2 ji y for c 2 / and c2 ^ 1. If 3/

y' = ~x + 2 so that xy' + ^ = + 2^y. Thus, none of cm ,

53. (a) y = (b) no real solution (c) j/ = 1 or y 1

2. from Newton's second law we obtain m = kv 2 + mg.

Part (b) becomes

R = and = the equation part (b) becomes = which

6. By Kirchoff's second law we obtain R^- + ^-q = E(t).

7. The differential equation is ~=

dt 100 6000 750

8. The differential equation is ^=_ 0.6j4o

and 5 = 32 this becomes

9. The differential equation is = Aw

10. The differential equation is A'(t) = kA(t) where k > 0.

11. The differential equation is x'{t) = r - fcx(i) where > 0.

13. Prom Newton's second law in the x-direction we have

In the y-direction we have

see from the figure that rfi = 20, tan <j>

16. We have from Archimedes' principle

upward force of water on barrel = weight of water displaced

= (62.4) x (volume of water displaced)

m ^f" = ~ &i '

Dividing by m gives ^-f

19. By the Pythagorean Theorem the ^

20. (a) We have M r =

21. The differential equation is

22. The differential equation is

Chapter 1 Review Exercises

Chapter 1 Review Exercises

2. Third-order; ordinary; nonlinear because of tAnxy.

4. Second-order; ordinary; linear.

6. From y = c\ cosfrnz) + C2sin(lni) we obtain y' = [c2Cos(lnx) ci sin(lnx)j and

y" j [ci cos(lnx) + C2 sinflnx) + ci cos(ln x) c\ sinflna;)]

15. y = sinx, y = cosx, y = 16. y e

r corresponding to Aw satisfies r = rr- Thus r = ^ and A w = ^r-- Then

20. From Newton's second law we obtain

in any rectangular region of the plane where y ^ 0.