Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

(A Government of India Enterprise)

JTO PHASE-II
NSS -GPRS
(NORTEL)

Rajiv Gandhi Memorial

Telecom Training Centre
(ISO 9001 : 2000 CERTIFIED)
Meenambakkam, Chennai 600 027.
Objectives

After this lesson, you will be able to

Describe all the MSC external interfaces in the NSS
Draw the DMS architecture and its main internal
interfaces
Explain the principles of the Nortel Networks time-switch
and recognize its configurations
Identify the SuperNode, the Size Enhanced hardware
layout
Describe the XA-Core hardware layout
Describe the GSM Passport Platform hardware layout
Nortel Networks NSS Solution

DMS-MSC HLR-AUC

VLR

HLR AUC

DMS-MSC

HLR

AuC
DMS-MSC-HLR
DMS-HLR
VLR

Nortel Networks offers a full of part of a solution of the NSS with the DMS (Digital Multiplex
System). These are:
DMS-MSC: This includes the actual MSC with the VLR
DMS-HLR: This includes the HLR and the AuC
DMS-MSC-HLR: Also known as the trinode. It represents the full solution of the NSS and
includes the MSC, VLR, HLC and AuC.
NSS Architecture
Site 1 Site 2
HLR
VLR
VLR
BSS D D BSS

G-interface
H C
B-interface
interface B-interface
A-interface MSC A-interface
AUC
GMSC
Other GSM,
E-interface Other GSM,
PSTN, ISDN
F PSTN, ISDN
F
EIR

Billing VMS Billing

IWF Server IWF
Server

SMSC

The distributed architecture of the NSS is organized with MSCs, servers and databases, linked by
standard interfaces (B to G).
There are two types of MSC to provide switching services to a defined part of the PLMN:
an MSC, used to establish traffic channels and to switch signaling messages between PLMN
entities and other GSM networks or fixed networks,
a Gateway MSC (GMSC), a specialized MSC managing the central data base HLR, containing
permanent and dynamic subscriber data.
All the information requested by the different functions is stored in four types of database connected to
(or included in) the MSCs:
HLR or Home Location Register: permanent data specific to each subscriber, including service
profile, location and billing options,
VLR or Visitor Location Register: in order to minimize access to the HLR, the MSC uses this
database, which contains working data for subscribers moving within its coverage area (LAs),
Network security and access control are provided by the Authentication Center (AUC) and by
the Equipment Identity Register (EIR):
AUC: to ensure that only authorized users have access to the network,
EIR: to maintain a list of stolen, faulty and valid equipment identities.
The NSS also includes specific equipment such as:
an Inter-working Function (IWF): to provide the different bearer services offered by the
network,
a Short Message Services Center (SMSC): used to store and forward point-to- point short
messages,
a Voice Mail System (VMS),
a Billing Server.
Nortel Networks MSC: DMS Switch
DMS - Digital Multiplexer Switch

Proven DMS SuperNode MSC and HLR Platform Low - High

Capacity Systems - Scalable/Modular

SuperNode
(SN)
SuperNode
Size Enhanced
(SNSE)

The Nortel DMS-MSC performs the

following functions:
the basic switching function of the Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) within a GSM
PLMN,
mobile voice call handling,
mobile data call handling,
emergency call handling,
supplementary services,
enhanced services,
intelligent networks (IN),
external interfaces,
Gateway MSC function.
The DMS SuperNode is the Nortel Networks state-of-the-art switch that supports advanced network
services as well as customer needs for customized network management functions. The DMS is a
software-controlled, large-scale switching system that is capable of handling up to a theoretical value of
58,000 trunks with the SuperNode processor.
The architecture of the DMS uses modular concepts in both hardware and software.
The DMS SuperNode switch is easily adaptable to new and more powerful microprocessors as
technology evolves. This ability to expand increases the processing and call-handling capacity.
The DMS SuperNode switch provides an interface with fiber transmission systems and establishes the
technology platforms upon which a host of advanced network services and applications can be
deployed.
Digital Multiplexer Architecture
Processor: DMS Core Storage:
Computing Module System Load Module
or or
XA-Core Processor XA-Core disk & tape

DS512 (CM)
or OC-3 (XA-Core)
MS 1
DMS-Bus MS 0

DS512
DS30

Input/Output
ENET Controller
DS30/ ENET
DS512
DS30
DS
Link 512
PCM
Peripheral Digital Trunk
Processor Controller
Integrated
Service To
PCMs PSTN
DSx channels access message Module (ISM) To BSSs /ISDN
DSx channels (voice, data, and signaling)

Nortel Networks Digital Multiplex System (DMS) is a basic unit made up of the following:
the DMS-Core, made up of two units:
the processor unit: Computing Module, or XA-Core processor,
the storage unit: System Load Module, or XA-Core disk&tape,
the DMS-bus, the messaging component,
the switching matrix, Enhanced NETwork (ENET),
the Link Peripheral Processor (LPP),
the PCM Digital E1/T1 Trunk Controller (PDTC),
the Input/Output Controllers, (IOC), now replaced by the Input Output Modules (IOM).
For reliability, the DMS-Bus features two Message Switches (MS) that route messages and allow direct
communication between the different modules of the DMS-Super-Node (Switching Matrix ENET, Link
Peripheral Processor, PCM Digital Trunk controller). The DMS-Bus also houses the system clock, used
by both the Bus and the DMS Core to carry out general timing functions. The
system clock, which receives the network synchronization from the PSTN, provides synchronization for
the DMS and can serve, in turn, as a master clock source to allow the entire network (the different BSSs)
to run at the same frequency.
The DMS-Bus access port can be configured as either DS30 copper interface or DS512 fiber-optic
interface:
DS30 consists of 32 channels (2.56 Mbps).
DS512 consists of 512 channels (49.15 Mbps) equivalent to 16 DS30.
 SuperNode SN
FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP
FSP
MTD
LMS 0 LMS1
PP P P P Maintenance P
P P P P P P P P PP P PP
MS 1 SS S S SS
P
SS
P
S S
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
SS
UU
S
U
SS
UU
UU
PCM30 Digital
UU
ENET 0.0 UU Trunk Module
Trunk Controller
PP P P PP
PP PP MS 0 PDTC 1 PP Maintenance P
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
PP
SS
LIS SS
UU
SS
UU
SS
UU
S
U
S
U
SS
U ENET 0.1 SS P S

U U U U U U U U UU
UU U Trunk Module U

PP PP
P PP
CM 1 CM 0 SS P P
P P P P P P P P P LIS S SS S S 12345 678 9 11 123456 SS ENET 1.0 PP
S UU UU UU U P P P Maintenance P
S S S S S S S S PCM30 Digital SS U IOC U S S
U U U U U U U U U
Trunk Controller UU Trunk Module
PP PP
SLM 0 SLM 1 P P PDTC 0 P PP
LIS SS SS S
U
S S SS
UU
ENET 1.1
P P P P P P P P P UU UU
123456 7 10 9 1123456 PP P P P Maintenance P
S S S S S S S S S
U U U U U U U U U SS S DDU S S S
Cooling Unit Cooling Unit Cooling Unit UU Trunk Module U
Cooling Unit
Cooling Unit
Cooling Unit Cooling Unit
Cabinetized Link Peripheral Dual-Plane Cabinetized SuperNode Data Enhanced Cabinetized Cabinetized
Power Processor (LPP) Combined Core Digital Manager (SDM) Network Input/Output Trunk
Distribution Trunk (ENET) Equipment Module
Center Controller equipment Equipment
for
OR Offshore OR
ISDN FSP
Equipment
Integrated Not Used
Service
MS.0
Module
MS.1 2

Filler
1
XA-Core
0

The SuperNode consists of the following cabinets:

The Cabinetized Power Distribution Center (CPDC) which provides the power for the DMS
SuperNode (row by row).
The SuperNode (SN) cabinet, or DPCC, which contains two Message Switch (MS) shelves, a
dual plane Computing Module (CM) shelf, and a dual plane System Load Module (SLM) shelf.
The Cabinetized Trunk Module Equipment (CTME) which contains up to four Maintenance
Trunk Modules (MTM).
The Cabinetized Input/Output Equipment (CIOE) cabinet which contains the Input/Output
Controller and suitable devices (DDU, MTD).
The ENET Cabinet (ENC) which contains the Enhanced NETwork (ENET).
The Cabinetized Digital Trunk Equipment (CDTE) which may contain two PCM-30 Digital
Trunk Controllers (PDTC).
The SuperNode Data Manager (SDM) may house storage devices.
The Link Peripheral Processor (LPP) cabinet, which contains SS7 and Ethernet coupling
devices.
The SuperNode (SN) cabinet, or DPCC can be replaced by the new DPCC XA-Core.
The Cabinetized Input/Output Equipment (CIOE) and the Cabinetized Trunk Module Equipment
(CTME) can be replaced by the new Integrated Service Module (ISM) cabinet.
The DMS

The slide shows a DMS used as Nortel Networks NSS.

DMS Core Module (CM/SLM)
MS 1
DMS-Bus MS 0
MS Links

DMS Core
Memory CM 0 CPU 0 CPU 1 CM 1 Memory

MEB
RTIF 0 RTIF 1

SCSI Crossover SCSI

buses

Local and Local and

Remote Remote
Reset Reset
Terminals Terminals
Disk Disk
SLM 0 Tape SLM 1 Tape

MEB: Mate Exchange Bus (redundancy communications),

RTIF: Reset Terminal Interface
SCSI: Small Computer System Interface (hard disk interface)

Features:
The DMS Core Module is a dual macro synchronized module working in duplex mode (both
CPUs are on-line and running simultaneously, one is designated as active and the other as hot
standby). Thus Both CPUs are instep, executing the same sequence of instructions. If an
inequality is detected, a mismatch interrupt is generated and the faulty CPU is isolated. The
standby CPU becomes active.
Coordinates call processing activities of system components.
Serves as control component for the DMS-MSC.
Can house some application processes like the MSC, the VLR, the HLR, the STP (Signaling
Transfer Point), and MSC/HLR combinations.
The DMS Core Module consists of:
The Computing Module (CM), which manages high-level call processing functions with up to
256 Mbytes (SR70 processor) of memory per plane.
The System Load Module (SLM), which stores and loads system images from hard disk and
tapes. Each SLM is made of one cartridge tape drive of 525 Mbytes and one disk of 1 Gbyte.
The Mate Exchange Bus (MEB), which ensures operations of duplication. This medium allows
the two Computing Modules to routinely check each others mode of operation.
There is one RTIF paddle board for each CPU of the CM and each one interfaces a pair of Reset
Terminals (local and remote).
DMS Core Module (XA-Core)
MS 1
DMS-Bus MS 0

Processor Elements Shared Memory

MS
Links
PE PE SM SM SM

Input/Output DMS Core

IOP Processors IOP

CMIC RTIF Disk Tape

Local and
Remote
Reset
CMIC: Computing Module Interface Circuit
Terminals RTIF: Reset Terminal Interface

The XA-Core (eXtended Architecture) extends the call processing capacity and mass storage of the
DMS SuperNode.
The nodes in the switch architecture of a DMS SuperNode XA-Core are the same as those in the
original SuperNode with the following exceptions:
XA-Core processing components replace the Computing Module (CM),
XA-Core disk and tape drives replace the System Load Module (SLM).
The CM and the XA-Core processing complex use different types of links to communicate with the
Message Switch:
the CM uses DS512 links,
the XA-Core uses OC-3 links to provide future bandwidth capability. The
XA-Core consists of the following components:
Processor Elements (PEs) boards, process program store and dynamic data.
Shared Memory (SM) boards, store and retrieve dynamic data. The SM cards are collectively
referred to as Shared Memory.
Input/Output Processors (IOPs) transfer dynamic data between their dependent packlets and
Shared Memory.
Packlets are modules plugged into a host motherboard, used to interface links with CMIC or RTIF and
to provide mass storage: Disk drive packlets provide hard disk drive mass storage. Digital audio tape
(DAT) drive packlets provide magnetic tape mass storage.
There is one RTIF packlet (with a backup) for all the processors and each one interfaces a pair of
Reset Terminals (local and remote).
SuperNode Configuration
Dual Plane Combined Core Cabinet
DPCC (CM/SLM) DPCC (XA-Core)

FSP

PP PP
SS MS 1 SS
UU UU

MS.0
PP PP
SS MS 0 SS
UU UU MS.1

PP PP
SS CM 1 CM 0 SS Filler
UU UU

XA-Core
PP PP
SS SLM 0 SLM 1 SS
UU UU
Cooling Unit

Cooling Unit

The standard SuperNode platform is used for large GSM networks. The DMS-
Core is housed in the DPCC (Dual Plane Combined Core Cabinet). In this
cabinet, there are three shelves:
one shelf per MS,
one shelf for the CMs,
one shelf for the SLMs.
There is up to 960 Mbytes of memory per CPU Plane.
Enhanced NETwork Matrix (ENET)
ENET
X8 Time Slot
Fiber
interface Interchange Unit
In V
#0
e
X 64
r
Fiber t
In interface i
#7 c Fiber
a interface Out
#7
l

B
u Horizontal Bus X8
s

Fiber
interface Out
#0

The ENET (Enhanced NETwork) is a single stage, non blocking, time switch capable of switching
131,072 one-way digital circuits or 65,536 two-way digital circuits (2048 PCM 30):
Single-stage switch, means that connections are established at a single cross point rather than
through a series of switching stages.
Non-blocking switch means that any input channel may connect to any output channel.
The switching network, consists of eight Vertical buses for input, and eight Horizontal buses for
output.
A Time Slot Interchange Unit (TSIU) is located at each of the 64 crosspoints:
unswitched channels entering onto the Vertical bus are written into a double-buffered memory of
the TSIU board,
the appropriate cross-point circuit takes unswitched channels from the Vertical Bus and feeds
them to the suitable Horizontal Bus in the right time-slot,
from the H-bus, the time-slot goes back through the V-bus, where it is transmitted to the
appropriate terminating peripheral,
each TSIU board (16K x 16K time-switch) stores 16,384 TSs in a double-buffered configuration
so that the delay through the TSIU board is always a fixed 125 micro seconds.
The Nortel Networks ENET time-switch is available up to 128K (2 cabinets of 128K, one plane in
each cabinet) channels configuration.
The SuperNode DMS currently uses an ENET of up to 64K channels (one cabinet of 2 planes, each of
64K).
Enhanced NETwork Matrix (ENET)
FSP

PP P P
SS ENET 0.0 S S
UU UU

PP P P
SS ENET 0.1 S S
UU UU

PP P P
SS ENET 1.0 S S
UU UU

PP P P
SS ENET 1.1 S S
UU UU

Cooling Unit

ENET = Enhanced NETwork matrix

The ENET Cabinet (ENC) contains four Enhanced NETwork matrix (ENET) shelves.
 LPP: Channelized and Direct Access
XA-Core
XA-Core

DMS BUS (MS)

DMS BUS (MS)

LPP ENET

LMS 0 LMS 1
DS30 DS30, DS512
LIS 1 L E
I I
U U PDTC
Direct access
V.35 LIS 2
EIR/HLR/VLR
Channelized access
from BSS
LIS 3 N N TCP/IP
LLL
I I III
U U UUU
0 1
4215/MRP

The Link Peripheral Processor (LPP) equipment provides the following functions:
Terminates a number of link types and implements a number of protocols, to connect the DMS
to external operating and signaling networks (PCM, Ethernet, V.35).
Receives and transmits all CCS7 messages to/from switch into PLMN and PSTN either in direct
(V.35) or channeled access (PCM30 link).
Interfaces DMS-Core and CCS7 through DMS-Bus.
Allows for increased message handling by connecting the CCS7 network to the DMS-Core
(through the switching matrix).
The Link Peripheral Processor consists of several units:
LMS: Local Message Switch, controls the messaging between LPPs equipment and DMS-Bus.
NIU: Network Interface Unit, acts as a switch for channeled access and manages CCS7 signaling
coming through PCM30 trunks from BSS. A NIU handles up to 10 LIU7s.
LIU7: Link Interface Unit, performs the necessary routing functions on the signaling messages
thereby relieving DMS-Core of this function or coming from other nodes such as VLR, HLR,
(V.35).
EIU: Ethernet Interface Unit, interface between DMS-bus and any Ethernet LAN.
PCM-30 Digital Trunk Controller (PDTC)

PCM-30
#0 Processor
ENET
Fiber DS512
Shelf 0 interface

PCM-30
#7
PCMs PCM
To BSSs Digital Trunk
& Controller
PSTN
/ISDN PCM-30
#8 Processor

Fiber DS512
Shelf 1
interface

PCM-30
# 15

The PCM-30 Digital Trunk Controller (or PDTC) is designed to provide the necessary functions for
supporting trunk termination to the outside world.
The Dual-shelf Digital Trunk Access (DTA0, DTA1) processor operates in hot standby mode. One
shelf's processor is active, providing the necessary processing and control functions, while the
adjacent shelf's processor is in a standby mode that is able to takeover if a fault occurs on the active
shelf's processor.
PCM-30 Digital Trunk Controller (PDTC)
FSP

PCM30
Digital
Trunk
Controller
PDTC 1

PCM30 Digital
Trunk Controller
PDTC 0

Cooling Unit

CDTE = Cabinetized Digital Trunk Equipment

The Cabinetized Digital Trunk Equipment (CDTE) contains up to two PCM-30 Digital Trunk
Controllers (PDTC).
Peripherals: ISM
ISM = Integrated Service Module

FSP
The ISM Shelf contains:
-Maintenance and service
circuits:
Not Used
-Enhanced Digital
Recorded
Announcement IOM Packs
Machine (EDRAM)
-Conference Trunk ISM Shelf # 2
Module (CTM)
P
-Special circuit packs for: O
-alarm cross-connect R
T DAT
shelf +
-Office Alarm Unit ISM Shelf # 1 D
D
-IOM pack U
ISM Dimensioning: P
3 shelves per cabinet O
R
-Up to 18 test and service ISM Shelf # 0 T
circuits +
D
D
Cooling Unit U

IOM = Input Output Module

The Integrated Service Module (or ISM) accommodates up to 18 test and service circuit packs used in
switch and facility maintenance like:
the Enhanced Digital Recorded Announcement Machine (EDRAM), the
Conference Trunk Module (CTM),
and, with special circuit packs,
an alarm cross-connect shelf,
an Office Alarm Unit.
The Input/Output Module (or IOM) is a DMS pack that replaces the functionality of the Input Output
Controller (IOC), disk drive, tape drive units and Enhanced Multi-Protocol Controller (EMPC), which
were provided by various boards in the Input/Output Controller shelf.
In addition, the IOM provides new functionality:
support of V.32, V.FAST, V.42 and asynchronous communications of up to 28.8 kb/s,
support of an optional Digital Audio Tape (DAT) drive for removable storage of up to 1.3
Gbytes.
The IOM is housed in the new Integrated Services Module (ISM) shelf. A
second IOM can be provisioned in a different ISM shelf, for redundancy.
Super Data Manager

Workstation SDM

Fault Mgt OMC-S

Configuration Mgt
HLR-PS
DMS
Performance Mgt
CIPC

Windows NT SBA

The Super Data Manager (SDM) is located in one of the cabinets of the DMS and has following
functionalities:
OMC-S - Interfaces with the OMCS for fault, configuration and performance management.

HLR-PS - The HLR Provisioning Server is used to add subscriber in the HLR. A HLR-VI UNIX
interface is used for that purpose.

CIPC - Call Intercept is used by security agencies to localize and intercept a subscriber and his
call. This functionality is used in accordance to laws of the local country.

SBA - The SuperNode Billing Application manages and stock billing records.
SuperNode Size Enhanced (SNSE)
FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP
FSP

MTD
P P P P P P P P P P PP PP PP Billing Server P P Maintenance P
SS
S S S S S S S S S Maintenance S SS MS MS UU
SS S S S
U U U U U U U U U Trunk Module U UU 0 1 UU File Processor U Trunk Module

PP
P P P P P P P P
Optional LIS P Maintenance P
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
P Maintenance P P UU PP PP S S
S S
(up to 12 LIUs) US SS U Trunk Module U
U Trunk Module U U

P P P P P P P P PP
S S S S S S S S UU
U U U U U U U U
PP 16K ENET PP 16 PCM30s Storage PP P P P Maintenance P
P Maintenance P
UU SS SS S IOC S S S
S S
U Trunk Module U UU Devices UU U Trunk Module U
PP
P P P P P P P P
S S S S S S S S S S SS
UU
U U U U U U U U PP
SS L CPU 0 CPU 1 L
P Maintenance P UU M M PP Storage PP P P P Maintenance P

Cooling Unit
S S
SS Devices SS U DDU U S S
Trunk Module UU 16 PCM30s UU Trunk Module
Cooling Unit
Cabinetized
Power Cooling Unit SuperNode SE
Cooling Unit Cooling Unit Cooling Unit
Distribution SCC cabinet
Cabinetized Applications File Cabinetized Cabinetized
Center Trunk Module Processor cabinet Input/Output Trunk
Equipment OR Module
Equipment Equipment
FSP
OR
PP
SS
UU
PP
SS MS MS OR
UU 0 1
SuperNode SE PP
SS
SCC cabinet PP Optional LIS
UU
Integrated Not Used
(XA-Core) SS
Service
UU (up to 12 LIUs)
PP
SS Module
UU
2
PP
SS 16K ENET
UU

1
XA-Core

Cooling Unit
0

As an alternative option, the DMS SuperNode Size Enhanced (SNSE) gives network providers
greater flexibility (footprint) in deploying advanced capabilities in small offices.
The Supernode Combined Core (SCC) cabinet contains:
the DMS SuperNode processing and messaging platform (CPU/SLM or XA-Core),
the Enhanced Network switch matrix (ENET),
the Link Peripheral Processor (LPP) platform.
In the SuperNode version, this equipment requires three or four cabinets.
Nevertheless we have much less capacity in term of LIU7 and PDTCs than the SuperNode (SN).
If more than 16K switching capacity is required on an SNSE configuration, the SNSE ENI shelf can be
replaced by a full ENET cabinet which allows for 64K with a single cabinet and is expandable to a 128K
configuration.
SNSE: SCC Cabinet
1 - CM/SLM Version PP
FSP

PP
SS LMS 0 LMS1 SS

Supernode Combined Core cabinet UU UU

replaces 3 cabinets PP
SS
UU LIS
PP
SS
UU

FSP PP PP
SS SS
UU LIS UU

PP PP
FSP SS SS P PP

PP PP UU MS0 MS1 UU S
U LIS
SS
UU
SS MS 1 SS
UU UU

Cooling Unit
PP PP

SS MS 0 SS
UU UU
PP PP Link Peripheral
SS Optional LIS SS Processor (LPP)
CM 1 CM 0
PP
SS
PP
SS UU (up to 12 LIUs) UU
UU UU

FSP

PP SLM 0 SLM 1 P
SS S P PP
UU U
PP PP S SS

ENET 0.0
SS 16K ENET SS
U UU

Cooling Unit
UU UU
P PP
S SS

U ENET 0.1 UU

Dual-plane
Combined Core PP S PP
PP
ENET 1.0 PP

S SS
U
SS
UU

(DPCC) SS L CM 0 CM 1 L SS
UU M M UU PP ENET 1.1 PP
SS SS
UU UU

Cooling Unit
Cooling Unit
Enhanced Network
(ENET) equipment

The different components in the SCC cabinet are:

Message Switch shelf (DMS Bus): this is a fully redundant, high speed transaction switch, which
is the hub joining all peripheral modules, devices and processors that are connected to its ports.
It is located on either the SNSE or the SuperNode cabinet.
Link Interface shelf: LIUs process SS7 signaling messages between the DMS-Core, the DMS
Bus and the SS7 signaling Network. The LPP is a stand-alone cabinet. This functionality is also
provided by the LIS (Link Interface Shelf) shelf, which is located in the SNSE cabinet.
Max NB V.35-LIU/EIU = 12; Max NB LIU Channelized Access = 10.
ENET and Interface shelf: this provides voice and data connections between peripheral modules
and message paths to the DMS Bus. It is fully redundant, non-blocking switching matrix. It is
located on either the SNSE or as a stand-alone cabinet. The ENET Shelf can also support 2
standard LIU7s for CCS7 links.
DMS-Core: this is a fully redundant Processing Unit with Computing Module and System Load
Module.

PSU = Power Supply Unit

SNSE: SCC Cabinet
2 - XA-Core Version
FSP

Supernode Combined Core cabinet PP

SS
UU
LMS 0 LMS1 P
S
U

replaces 3 cabinets
PP PP
SS
UU
LIS SS
UU

FSP
P PP
S
LIS SS
PP PP U UU

SS SS
MS0 MS1 P
S
LIS
PP
SS
UU UU U UU

MS.0 Cooling Unit

MS.1 PP
SS Optional LIS PP Link Peripheral
SS Processor (LPP)
Filler UU (up to 12 LIUs) UU
FSP
XA-Core
PP PP

PP PP SS

UU ENET 0.0
SS

UU

SS 16K ENET SS
UU UU PP PP
SS SS

U ENET 0.1 UU

Dual-plane
Combined Core PP
SS
P
S

(DPCC) XA-Core U ENET 1.0 UU

PP PP

SS ENET 1.1 SS
UU UU

Cooling Unit Cooling Unit

In the XA-Core version of the SCC cabinet, the CM/SLM shelf is replaced by the XA-Core shelf.
 InterWorking Function
Mobile
Switching
BSS Center
PSTN

MS Modem

Data +
DTE signals

Rate
adaptation
Modem

DTE
signaling
IWF
Land-DTE

DTE

Because of GSM providing a wide range of data services to its subscribers, GSM interfaces with the
various public and private data networks currently available. It is the job of the Interworking
Function (IWF) to provide this interfacing capability. Networks to which IWF presently provides
interface as follows:
PSTN,
ISDN,
Circuit-switched public data networks (CSPDN),
Packet-switched public data networks (PSPDN).

It provides the subscriber with access to data rate and protocol conversion facilities so that data can be
transmitted between GSM Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and a land line DTE (the recipient).
Furthermore it allocates a suitable modem from its modem bank when required. This is the case when a
GSM DTE, or a Fax machine, exchange data with a land Fax machine which works over an analog
modem (V.32). The IWF also provides direct connect interfaces for customers provided with equipment
such as X.25 PADs.

Different protocol conversions may be required for signaling and traffic messages. This includes data
rate adaptation and the addition of signaling bit reformatting.

The IWF is a part of the Mobile Switching Center.

Nortel IWF: GSM PassPort Node
The Magellan cabinet
can host 2 GPP nodes

0 12 34 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415

LDE 1 1
A 1 p p
N S or C D or E
S 1 C
C 1 1
P C MM P
v v
p p

Cable management

Function and control

processor boards

Power converters

Air filter

Cooling unit

The Inter-Working Function (or IWF) is situated in a Gsm PassPort (GPP) node.
The Magellan cabinet can contain two GPP nodes.
This node is used in the PassPort family of data switches: i.e. PassPort 160.
Each GPP node is composed of:
the cable management assembly,
the function and control processor boards,
the DC power converters,
the cooling unit.
The GPP shelf can contain up to 16 boards:
slots 0 and 15 are reserved for CPs boards (one redundant CP board may be optionally
provisioned),
slot 1 is reserved for Ethernet board,
slots 2 to 14 can contain Function Processor boards (E1C and E1MVP).
GPP Node Architecture

Function Processors (FP)

Control
Processor (CP)

Control LAN Function DS1C/E1C MVP Interface

Processor
Munich 32 DSPs Module
Processor LAN Processor Chip Processor
Interface (IM)

i960 32M
Processor
i960 32M i960 32M i960 32M
Module
Bus Bus
Controller Controller
Bus
Controller
Bus
Controller
Bus
Controller
Bus
Controller
Bus
Controller
Bus
Controller
(PM)

Dual 800 Mbps Cell Buses

Each GPP node is composed of four blocks:

Control Processors (CP) and Function Processors (FP) are the processing elements for
performing and managing Magellan PassPort functions.
In most cases, the software providing a service is split into Control and Function parts: the
Control part runs on the CP and the Function part, on the FP.
Function Processors (FP) provide interface ports that physically connect network
communications facilities and PassPort switches. They switch data from external sources
through the bus and out of the switch through other FPs. FPs have been designed specifically to
accommodate high data throughput. Their computational resources support and execute only
those real-time processes critical to rapidly delivering a service. These processes include
protocol handling, call routing, and packet forwarding.
Ethernet card is a specific FP that handles IP connectivity (signaling MIP link).
PassPort bus is the bridge which allows data to be switched across different types of processor
cards. It is fully redundant and consists of two synchronous 32 bit 25 MHz cell buses, operating
in a load-sharing capacity, which can communicate with up to 16 function and control
processors.
Each bus operates at 800 Mbps for an aggregate speed of 1.6 Gbps. When both buses are active,
traffic is distributed across both buses (dual-bus mode); should one bus fail, the other continues,
although capacity is reduced to 800 Mbps (single-bus mode).
Echo Canceller
GSM network PSTN
4 wire circuit

Base Mobile Switch

Echo
Station Switching
Canceller 4 wire
SubSystem Center
circuit
(PCM)

Talker Echo Four wire

circuit

4w to 2w
transformer

Two wire circuit

(Local loop)

Land telephone

When the mobile establishes a circuit to the PSTN, an Echo Canceller (EC) is used at the
MSCPSTN interface to reduce the effect of the GSM delay.
GSM introduces a round-trip delay (which results of speech encoding, decoding, and signal
processing) of the order of 180 ms.
Normally this delay would not be an annoying factor to the MS, except when communicating with the
PSTN, as it requires a two-wire to four-wire transformer in the circuit.
This transformer (so called hybrid) is required at the toll office because the standard loop is a twowire
circuit.
Some of the energy at its four-wire receive side is re-transmitted to the MS and causes the echo,
which does not affect the land subscriber but is annoying for the mobile user.
Note that during a normal PSTN call, no echo is apparent because the delay is too short and the land
user is unable to distinguish between the echo and the normal telephone side tones.
Short Message Service Centre
Send Routing Information VMS
Alert-SC
Set MW Data
HLR
Voice trunks:
R2, ETSI ISUP... Voice Mail alerts
SS7 MAP
Note MS SMPP
Present SS7 MAP (X.25 or TCP/IP)
SME
DTMF

Voice trunks:
MSC X.25
R2, ETSI ISUP... SS7 MAP SME
PSTN
SMSC
SME
SS7 DTAP Forward Short Message
Delivery Report
Various applications
Submitting
BSC Short Messages

The Short Message Service is performed by a specific network element called Short Message Service
Center (SMSC) or Service Centre (SC) which is commonly implemented on a server.
This SMSC is functionally separated from the GSM network although this does not preclude an
integrated implementation.
More than one SMSC may be connected to the GSM network.
For both MO and MT services the SMSC acts as store and forward center. All GSM point-to-point
Short Messages are either to or from the SMSC.
A message from one Mobile Station to another must pass through an SMSC.
Messages may be input to the SMSC from a fixed network customer by means of a suitable
telecommunication service, either from the fixed network or from a mobile network customer. The
SMSC will then reformat the message into that provided by the short message service, for delivery to the
mobile telephone.
PCUSN and SGSN
Description
Objectives

After this lesson, you will be able to: Describe Nortel

Networks GPRS products Passport for PCUSN
Passport for SGSN
Passport Cabinet

A Passport Cabinet can host two Passport nodes. Each node can host the PCUSN or the SGSN
function.
The Passport switch cabinet dimensions are:
Height 197 cm (77.5 in.)
Width 60 cm (24 in.)
Depth 60 cm (24 in.).
Passport Shelf

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 78 9 101112131415

F FF F FF FF FF F F F F
P PP P PP PP PP PP P P

C C
C CC CCC CC CC CC C C
P P
a aa a a a a a aa a a a a
r r r r r r r r r r r r r r
d dd d dd dd dd d d d d

The shelf assembly can contain up to 16 function and control processors. Each processor card slides
into its allocated shelf slot, labeled 0 to 15, where its connector engages with a connector on the
backplane.
function processors can occupy any of slots 1 to 14,
control processors can occupy slots 0 or 15 only.
Ejector latches at the top and bottom of each processor cards front panel secure it in place. Slots not
occupied by a function or control processor are fitted with blank cards to ensure proper cooling of the
switch, and for electro-magnetic interference (EMI) protection and safety compliance. Blank cards are
labeled Blank. Access to the function and control processors is from the front. The faceplate of each
processor card contains connectors and an LED status indicator.
 Passport Architecture

Backplane BUS

MASTER
BOARD

CP Control FP Function FP Function

Processor Processor Processor

Interface CARD
Interface CARD For example,
For example, Frame Relay or
Frame Relay ATM, ...
 Control Processor Card
CP2 model
7K CP card

RJ45 connector
Hard disk

The control processor is in charge of:

function processor (FP) startup,
downloads new software onto FPs,
performs memory-intensive tasks for services delivered by FPs,
provides system timing for all other processors connected to the backplane, ensuring
synchronous bus operation,
manages and monitors the status of FPs, the bus, and other Passport hardware in the switch,
monitors and processes alarms and the performance of real-time clocking interfaces with a
network management system or a text interface device, which is used for network operator
access, network monitoring, provisioning, and maintenance. Text interface devices are
connected directly to a port on the faceplate of a control processor,
provides sparing ability. When you install two control processors a shelf, one is active and the
other is on standby. If the active control processor fails, the standby control processor becomes
active.
 PCUSN Shelf

0 12 34 5 6 789 101112131415

EE EEE E
3 3 11 1 1
P P CC CCC BBB B
C C C
/ / / / / LLL L
C U U DD DDD / C
P S S SS SSS AAA A
P P D P
3 3 11 1 NNN N
CC CCC S
KKK K
1
C

A PCUSN shelf is composed of the following cards:

Control Processor card (CP) which manages the shelf,
PCUSP (PCU Server Processor) card which mainly deal with the RLC/MAC protocol toward the
BSSs,
E3C cards that make the physical link toward BSSs,
E1C cards that handle the frame relay Gb interface.
PCUSN Boards

BSC1
backplane

BSC2
PCUSP E1C E1C E1C E1C
DS1C DS1C DS1C DS1C
SPM 1
MUX
E3 SPM2
E1/E3
/
or DS3
SPM n
T1/T3

Gb interface
(Frame relay)
towards SGSN

BSC n
 E3C/DS3C Card E3 TERMINATION PANEL

2-PORT E3C/DS3C BOARD

FACEPLATE

The 2 port E3C AAL (TDM) function processor interfaces the BSC via a multiplexer. This type of
card is to be used in countries where E1 PCM transmission (between the BSC and the multiplexer) is
used.
Board Features
The 2 port E3C AAL TDM board:
has two fully channelized E3 ports,
supports 2*16=32 E1 tributaries,
provides a gateway between a TDM (Time Division Multiplex), networks and ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) backbone,
supports up to 128 AAL1 virtual channels connections (VCCs) towards the PCUSP boards (each
of these VCC conveys a PCM link).
E3 Termination panel
The 2 port E3 FP uses the E3 Termination Panels. These panels provide a break-out for multiplexer
connections and supports one-for-one sparing for 2 port E3C AAL TDM boards.

E3 Termination Panel Cable

A cable terminates two BNC connectors, 3 meters in length, is required to interconnected the 2 port
E3C AAL TDM card to the termination panel.
PCUSP Card

SPMs

The PCUSP function processor is a two-slot FP wide which uses virtual ports. Therefore, this
FP has no ports on its faceplate and requires no external cabling or termination panel.
The PCUSP uses two full-size Passport-type Functional Processor (FP) cards, termed the PCUSP
Mothercard and the PCUSP Daughtercard. The two cards are physically joined to form one
doublewidth sized card which occupies two PCUSN card slots. Communication to the PCUSN shelf is
achieved through the PCUSP Mothercard only.
One PCUSP card can have up to 12 SPM integrated. Each of the SPM manage one Agprs link.
PCUSP card supports one-for-one sparing through provisioning.
E1C/DS1C Card

Gb board - E1C/DS1C Function Processor: The E1C board supports Frame Relay services;
Frame Relay is the OSI layer 2 protocol that is used to interconnect the PCUSN and the SGSN on the
Gb
interface.
Board Features: The E1C/DS1C board has the following features:
has four ports, each of them operating at 2.048 Mbps, operates up
to 124 separate Frame Relay services.
E1C Unbalanced Termination panel: When the PCM type is E1 75 ohms (coaxial), as the
connector the E1C FP uses the E1 termination panels. These panels provide a break-out for
customer-equipment connections so that each E1C port has its own termination point and access. The
E1C termination panel exists in two flavor, depending on the type of transmission to be used from the
customers E1s distribution panel:
E1C unbalanced termination panel (when 75 ohms coaxial cables with straight BNC connectors
are used).
E1C Termination Panel Cable
A cable terminates two DB15
connectors 3 meters in length
is required to interconnect the
E1C board to its termination
panel.
The PCUSN-6 and PCUSN-12

Termination
panel

Agprs
multiplexor

12 Agprs PCMs to the BSCs

The PCUSN-24 for USA

Termination panel

Agprs multiplexor 1

24 Agprs PCMs to the BSCs

The PCUSN-24 for EMEA/Asia/Australia

Agprs multiplexor 1 Agprs multiplexor 2

Agprs PCMs to the BSCs

Passport 15K VSS

Scalable Platform allowing for GPRS market

growth and higher end-user throughput
SGSN capacity increase
Passport Scaling flexibility, more cards more subscribers
7000

Offers smooth migration path to UMTS and

Unified Networks
3G SGSN, Media Gateway, RNC, Packet Voice
Gateway, Core ATM/IP switch based on
Passport Passport 15K
15000
PP15K 2.5G SGSN cards can be re-used on
3G SGSN
Economies of scale through simplified network
engineering, unified spares management,
single support

The Passport 15K-VSS cabinet allows for a smooth migration from Passport 7K to Passport 15K
capabilities. The Passport 15K-VSS:
is scalable up to 40 Gbps and beyond
offers a simple, versatile platform that meets the service providers immediate network
requirements
adds switch capability, end-user terminations, or high-speed interfaces as the demand for
services grows.

The Passport 15K-VSS is composed of:

a PP 8K shelf with a PP 15K shelf in the same equipment frame
a combination of a multiservice switch and high capacity switch in a single NEBS/ETSI
compliant footprint
a common management system (Preside) for both PP 8K and PP 15K.
Passport 7K Layout
19 16 Slot Shelf

Redundant
Control Processors

Functional Processor

Redundant backplane buses

Redundant power supplies

Dual fans
Passport 15K Layout

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cable Management
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cable Management

16 slots per shelf

2 slots for redundant CPs
14 slots for FPs
Redundant fabrics per shelf
56.3 Gbps redundant switch capacity per shelf
Up to 40 Gb/s user bandwidth per shelf Fabric
Modules at the rear of the shelves Redundant 48/60 V
dc power supply
Two Power Interface Modules (PIMs) per shelf
Distribute power to all components.
 SGSN Cards for GPRS4.0

ATM GTL GTL GSD ETH GGSN

C
P SGSN 7K
PCUSN CGF

Gn, Gp
Ga

Core Network
(public or public/private)
DNS
GSC GSC Gr, Ge, X1
CP CP Gs, Gd
(Gx)

User Plane LIG

SIG
Control Plane ATM ATM SAS SAS MAP MAP SGSN 15K
File Transfer

GSD cards: GPRS Subscriber Data

Handle the active users (SNDCP, LLC,).
GTL cards: GPRS Transport Layer
Handle the Gb interface.
Lan Cards
Handle the connection to the Ethernet backbone (DNS, ).
Intershelf cards
To connect the Passport 7K to the Passport 15K by optical fibers.
GSC cards: GPRS subscriber Control
Manage the attached subscribers (GMM/SM).
SAS cards: SGSN Accounting Server
Manage the accounting CDRs.
MAP cards: Mobile Application Part
Handle the MAP signaling to the SIG.
 Ethernet Card

The 10/100BaseT autosensing ethernet board handles:

the OA&M interface on the PCUSN and,
the same type of board is used on the SGSN to interface with the GGSN and the OA&M
platform.
Board Features
has two Ethernet 10/100Base-T ports (the RJ45 connectors are in the boards faceplate, and then
this board do NOT require an ethernet termination panel),
is capable of software-controllable auto-negotiation: that allows an 100baseT board to establish
link operating conditions with its partner by sending Fast Link Pulses (FLP). By exchanging
FLPs, the board and its partner advertise their capabilities to each other and agree on the highest
common denominator as the link operating mode. In parallel with the auto-negotiation, the board
also detects 10baseT Normal Link Pulses (NLP). This allows the 10/100Base-T board to
communicate with 10baseT devices that do not support auto-negotiation,
supports software-configurable Media Access Control (MAC) addresses,
provides large number of counters for statistics gathering.
ATM Card

The 2-port OC-3 ATM function processor for the SGSN:

Has two SONET ports and is available in multi-mode format. The single mode version of this
card is not supported for the SGSN.
Provides the functions of the GSD application.
Supports either one OC-3 ATM User-Network-Interface (UNI) or one ATM Interface (PPI) for
each port. These can operate from either side of the user/network boundary, and can provide
access to and from a public network. They can also be used to provide an interface between
Passport switches within a private network.
MSA32 Card

Cardtype: 32pE1MSA

Component GPRS 1.0 GPRS 1.5 GPRS 2.0/2.1/3.0/4.0/5.0

SgGTL E1C E1C MSA32

DS1C DS1C

The Multi-Service-Access card (MSA) is used to provide external frame relay connectivity from the
SGSN to the BSS on the Gb interface and for some SGSN ETSI models, the GTL (GPRS Transport
Layer) function. The main characteristics of this card are:
Processor PowerPC 266 MHz - RAM 128 MB
The MSA function processor is a double-wide (2 slot), 32-port E1/T1 card.
32 ports DS1 MSA, 24 TS per port, link speeds (56 - 1544 Kbps)
32 ports E1 MSA, 32 TS per port, link speeds (64 - 2048 Kbps)
It should be noted that the DS1 and E1 interfaces are not mixed on the same MSA32 FP. Each interface
requires its own type of MSA32FP. The DS1 MSA32FP provides DS1 interfaces, while the E1
MSA32FP provides E1 interfaces.
The MSA32 card exists with or without the optional optical port. For SGSN functionality, only the
version without optical port is used.
From an Engineering perspective, the MSA cards are installed in slot 3 to 6, possibly in slot 7&8, if 3
MSA cards are required.
 WPDS Card

Cardtype: WPDS
(Wireless Packet Data server)

Wireless Packet Data Server

The wireless packet data server (WPDS) provides data encryption and authentication for wireless
applications. The WPDS card hosts a daughter card with a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).
The daughter card provides a GPRS encryption engine for the GPRS Encryption Algorithm 1 (GEA1),
and also provides the CRC machine.
The WDPS in the SGSN provides the functions of the GSD application and performs encryption and
decryption of data packets to and from the mobile. The WPDS and the 2PortOC3ATM cards are not
supported concurrently on the same shelf for the GSD application. For a given shelf, the GSDs can be
located either on the WPDS or the 2PortOC3ATM card only. The GprsIpServer component is also
supported on cards where the GSD component is supported.
The WPDS provides its state; it is either enabled or disabled. (If the wpds component is locked, the
WPDS is disabled; otherwise, it is enabled.)
A standby WPDS option supports one-for-one sparing. All traffic goes through the active FP. The
standby FP is idle but ready to assume traffic should the active FP fail. This FP requires no cabling,
therefore, you must provision sparing. This slide shows the faceplate for the wireless packet data server.
The WPDS does not require external cabling, and therefore has no ports on the faceplate. An LED
shows the operational status of the FP.
For more information, see 241-5701-600 Passport 7400, 15000 Configuration Guide.
CP Card (Passport 15K)

Cardtype: CPeE

The CP3 is the control processor for the 15000 shelf. The CP3 performs nodal management in the
multishelf SGSN.
The CP3 has two 100 BaseT ports on faceplate, one is used for OA&M.
For more information on the CP3, see NTP 241-1501-200, Passport 15000 Hardware Description.
2pGPDsk Card (GSC, MAP, SAS)

Cardtype: 2pGPDsk
(2 ports General Processor Disk)

2-port General Processor with Disk (2pGPDsk): The 2-port general processor with disk
(2pGPDsk) is a Passport 15000 function processor with the capability of automatically spooling data to
its internal 20 gigabyte hard drive. The 2pGPDsk line rate supports asynchronous data transfer.
The data transfer rate varies with the services being offered on the FP. On the SGSN, the 2pGPDsk can
be used for:
GSC
MAP
SAS (SGSN Accounting Server) and LIAF (Lawful Intercept Access Function)
Ethernet interface for Gn
2pGPDsk cards can be spared.
2pGPDsk components: The 2-port general processor with disk consists of a motherboard, a memory
daughter card, and a power supply daughter card, with a hard disk mounted on the motherboard. The
2pGPDsk connects to the shelf backplane, providing an interface to both fabric modules. The 2pGPDsk
interface supports these functions:
disk interface
1 Mbyte FLASH memory
512 Mbyte DRAM memory
V.24 DCE port for Preside Multiservice Data Manager connectivity
The 2-port GPDsk has a 10Base-T Ethernet debug port, and two 100Base-T Ethernet ports. These ports
are for future use and are not supported. The hard drive has data automatically spooled to it by the
applications running on the 2-port general processor.
 4pOC3MM/SM Card

Cardtype: 4pOC3MmAtm

4-port OC-3 ATM function processor

The OC-3 function processor on the 15000 shelf provides an ATM interface to the SGSN. It is used to
provide connectivity between the 15000 shelf and the 7400 shelf of the SGSN. The OC3M for the
15000 shelf is a 4-port multi-mode card.
This FP may also be used to provide ATM (Gn interface) connectivity instead of the 100BaseT
Ethernet FPs on the 7400 shelf.
This slide shows the 4-port OC-3 ATM FP faceplate.

For more information on the 4-port OC-3 ATM FP, see NTP 241-1501-200, Passport 15000
Hardware Description.
GGSN Description
Objectives

After this lesson, you will be able to: Describe Nortel

Networks GGSN products Contivity Extranet Switch
Shasta
Contivity GGSN
GGSN REAR VIEW

GGSN FRONT VIEW

Physical interface
In general, the CES provides the following hardware components:
6 available PCI slots + 1 fixed 10/100 Mb ethernet port,
dual port E1/T1 boards, no limit (theoretically 12 interconnections to PDNs),
single port E3/T3, limit 2,
single port 10/100 Mb ethernet, no limit.
Customer configure according to their requirements within the
above limits. The GGSN on the CES supports these physical
interfaces:
GGSN01 release
one Gn interface - 10 or 100 Mb Ethernet,
one Gi interface - 10 or 100 Mb Ethernet.
GGSN02 release
T1/E1 and T3/E3,
Frame Relay,
multiple physical Gi interfaces.
Many configurations are possible depending on customers needs. For example, in the case
where a dedicated physical connection is required per PDN a GGSN can be connected to:
2 PDN (one PDN per Ethernet port) and 6 PDN (one PDN per T1/E1 port).
Or another example:
3 PDN (one PDN per T3/E3 port) using the 3 of the PCI expansion slots.
 Contivity 4500/4600 (Rear View)

Five PCI slots for add. Ethernet, E1/T1

or E3/T3 interfaces

Default 10/100 Mbps Gi Ethernet interface Default

10/100 Mbps Gn Ethernet interface

Default means automatically provided

with the base configuration

One power plug for each

power supply unit. RS232 console port
The GGSN comes with
two power cords

Supported Users
The GGSN will support an increasing number of active users with each incremental product release.
While the number of active users supported is highly dependent on the call model, targets for the
number of total active users shall be derived based on the low cost call model, i.e. 100% transparent
traffic, large data packets and low bit rates per user. Note that transparent equates one active GPRS user
to one active PDP context, or one GTP tunnel. The number active users to be supported by the GGSN
shall increase from GPRS02 through GPRS04 as follows:
50,000
75,000
100,000 (on Shasta).
Tunnels
The GGSN shall support a maximum number of tunnels relative to the mixture of tunnels used for
transparent and non-transparent modes of Internet access. This is due to the relative processing costs of
GTP vs. IPSec, in which encryption and/or compression is done. The maximum number of tunnels shall
incrementally increase with increasing performance capability.
The range of maximum tunnels in the initial release shall be 50,000 tunnels.
Tunnel limits are defined within the GGSN relative to available memory, due to the context related
information stored per tunnel. The GGSN shall increase memory from the 128M available on the
CES 4500 to over 300M for 50K tunnels, with further upgrades envisioned for 75K and 100K tunnels in
later releases.
As it relates to tunnel limits, throughput capability of the GGSN become relevant during peak
conditions in which user behavior diverges greatly from the call model, specifically either the
average user throughput or data packets transmitted.
GGSN Based on Shasta Platform
High Subscriber High-touch IP services without
Densities and throughput performance degradation:
-100,000 per chassis
400,000 per 7ft. Rack High Packet Processing
-640 Mbps -112 CPUs per chassis
-Over 45,000 MIPS
-24 HW Encryption Engines
-Over 10 GB of State Memory
High Level of
Redundancy & Fits in any network architecture:
Full Range of Interfaces
reliability
-Frame Relay: DS-3, E3

Over 100 CPUs Over 100 -ATM: DS-3/E3, STM-1/OC-3,

OC-12
CPUs -Channelized DS-3, OC-3
to power high to power -Ethernet: Fast and Giga
high
touch services Ethernet
touch services -Packet over Sonet: OC-3,
OC-12

Scalable, robust and high performance platform for

subscriber aggregation and service delivery

The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the node that is accessed by the packet data network due
to evaluation of the PDP address. It contains routing information for attached GPRS users. The routing
information is used to tunnel packets to the MS's current point of attachment, i.e., the Serving GPRS
Support Node. The GGSN may request location information from the HLR via the optional Gc interface.
The GGSN is the first point of Public Data Network interconnection with a GSM PLMN supporting
GPRS (i.e., the Gi reference point is supported by the GGSN).
Shasta BSN 5000

14 slots
2 Control Management
Cards (CMC)
2 Switch Fabric Card
(SFC)
10 remaining slots with
Up to 6 Subscriber
Service Cards (SSC)
Up to 10 Line Cards
W: 19 H: 19.25 D: 18

In general, the Shasta provides the following hardware components:

Up to 112 CPUs on SSCs
Up to 7 GB of state memory
Up to 42,000 MIPS
Maximum of 4x, 8 port Fast Ethernet and STM-4 ATM cards. Fully redundant and hot swappable
NEBS 3 compliant
Full hot swap
DC/AC power
Customer configure according to their requirements within the above limits. The Shasta supports
these physical interfaces:
Gn, Gi & Gp interfaces
4 port ATM STM-1 / OC-3, single mode and multi mode fiber
8 port Fast Ethernet
Interface to DHCP, RADIUS and SCP
Gi interfaces
2 port 10/100BaseT Ethernet on CMC card
Interface to CGF
Gn interfaces
2 port 10/100BaseT Ethernet on CMC card
Shasta BSN 5000 Shelf Layout

Slot 5 & 6 or Slot 9 & 10:

Line card up to 1.2 Gbps

Slot 7 & 8: Switch Fabric Card (SFC)

Slot 13 & 14: Control Management

Cards (CMC)

Fan Assembly
Remaining 10 slots (Slot1-6,9-12)
Subscriber Service Card (SSC)
Line Cards (LC)

The following cards are supported on the Shasta GGSN:

Switch Fabric Card (SFC) - provides ATM interconnect and queuing between cards
Control and Management Card (CMC) - responsible for system management functions
Subscriber Service Card (SSCII) - delivers scalable processing for high touch services
Line Cards - provides physical connectivity into and out of the shelf

The recommended configuration for the Shasta GGSN consists of the following components:
2 Shasta 5000 BSNs (for packet processing)
1 SCS server and client (for GGSN configuration)

The recommended Shasta GGSN configuration is:

1 Shasta 5000 BSN Chassis
2 CMCs (1 GBytes)
2 SFCs (10 GBytes)
6 SSCs with 4 SSMII each
2 or more lines on each interface (Gn and Gi interface)
 Shasta GGSN Architecture
Subscriber Service Card (SSC)
Redundant (2N),
Control/ Mgt Card Perform high touch services and policy
(CMC) services on a per subscriber basis
Redundant (1+1),
Responsible for:
SSC- 1 SSC- 2 SSC- 3 SSC- 6 ATM Switching Fabric (SFC)
-Subs. Assignment to
Modularity: 2.5, 5, 10 Gbps
processor cards
Redundant (1+1),
-IP routing: RIP, OSPF,
BGP-4 ATM layer interconnection
Queuing between line cards
-GGSN Accounting
and the SSC cards
-GTP Control Path

Switching Fabric GTP-U path

GTP-C path

CMC-A
Gn Gi
10/100 Ethernet
Server Ports
Trunk Line Cards (xLC)
PDN
Provide physical connectivity in and
SGSN out the GGSN
GGSN Management and Software

JAVA SMP

SCS
Client Shasta GGSN
iSOS software

SCS
Server

GGSN software consists of the following major components:

Service Creation System (SCS)- a system that allows centralized management and provisioning
of GGSNs. The SCS software includes several cooperating servers that can be run off single or
multiple workstations.
SCS Client - a graphical user interface used to access the SCS. There are client versions for
Win95/98/NT/2000,Solaris,and Linux platforms.
IP Services Operating System (iSOS)- the GGSN s operating software. It is used to control the
individual circuit pack in the GGSN chassis and to manage mobile users traffic according to the
defined models
Netscape directory server - the server manages the LDAP directory database used by the SCS to
store data and is collocated with SCS servers.
OSS
Objectives

After this lesson, you will be able to

Explain why we need an OMC-R, OMC-D and an OMC-S
List the main O&M functions dedicated to the BSS, PCN
and NSS
Explain the OMC-R architecture and locate the Q3
interface
Show what elements are controlled by an OMC-R and an
OMC-D
Show the hierarchy of the OMC-R objects
Show the various solutions for implementation of the
OMC-R network
OSS Presentation
Stage 1
Stage 2
WS WS NMC
WS

Server Server
Server

OMC/R OMC/S

Q.3
OMN

Q.x Q.x Q.x Q.x MD MD MD

BSS BSS BSS NSS NSS NSS
OMN
Q.x Q.y Q.z
Q.x : Proprietary interface
WS : Work Station
MD : Mediation Device
BSS BSS NSS Transmissionetwork
NMC : Network Management Center
NE : Network Element NE NE NE NE NE NE

The Operation SubSystem (OSS) is in charge of the control and management of the GSM Network.
The OSS contains Operation and Maintenance Centers (OMC).
There are two types of OMC:
the OMC-R, which is able to manage several BSSs, the OMC-S,
which is able to manage several NSS components.
One OMC mainly consists of a Server and WorkStations connected through a Local Area Network
such as Ethernet.
The link between the Server and the BSS or NSS named OMN Interface (Operation and Maintenance
Network), is an X.25 public or private Network.
In a first stage, the operation and maintenance functions for the different BSS or NSS equipment, are
carried out through a dedicated OMC.
Each OMC dialogues with managed entities through the Q.x interface which is a proprietary
interface.
In a second stage, it is possible to manage the BSS or NSS from different suppliers via specific
Mediation Devices at a central position: the Network Management Center (NMC).
The interface between the NMC and the different MD is named Q.3 and is standardized.
Preside Management for GSM/GPRS
PSTN/ISDN

Preside Preside servers

Client

OMC-S HLR

Preside
Desktop GUI
MSC

OMC-D
OMC-R
IWF

SIG

GGSN EMS

FR
backbone ATM
backbone
BTS
BSC/PCUSN SGSN Internet/
Intranet
(Application & Services)
DNS
DHCP/
Radius
LIG CGF

The GSM/GPRS network architecture can be divided into three domains:

For each of these, there is a specific Nortel Management system.
BSS/Access Network - The Radio Access Network consists of the base station RF interface, the
BSC and the PCUSN. The BSS is responsible for managing the RF interface, including setup,
take-down, bearer channel assignment, paging, handoff (in all its many forms), as well as for the
signaling back toward the core network for GSM (voice call). The PCUSN does the same for
GPRS (data call).
The OMC-R management system manages the Access Network radio elements.
Circuit Core Network (CCN) - The Circuit Core network includes telephony circuit switches
(the MSC/VLR), and subscriber information databases (Home Location Register or HLR),
The OMC-S management system manages the Circuit Core network elements.
Packet Core Network (PCN) - The Packet Core network includes routers and switches (not
shown), a gateway to external networks (the GGSN) and the SGSN dedicated to managing data
transport to the subscriber via the Radio Access Network. The SIG (SS7/IP Gateway) is an
interface between the SGSN and the HLR/VLR.
The OMC-D management system manages the Packet Core network elements.
Application and Services can be a fourth domain, composed of servers (WAP, IMS, etc.) managed by the
EMS solution.
Network Management
1 - Telecommunication Management Network
BTS Site
Coupling device
Operation
Hybrid coupling device
System
Functions
Cavity coupling device

Data TRX
Communication
Functions TRX A

TRX B

TRX C
Mediation
Functions

BCF

NSS TMN Functions

BTS Object Classes

The operation, maintenance and administration functions follow standard telecom management
principles.
The GSM Recommendations use object management similar to the Telecommunication Management
Network TMN developed by the ITU/T.
Dialogues between management entities pertain to modeled abstract representations of the network to
manage, which is defined and stored in a management data base.
This model must list the different components of the network (objects), their relationships and their
attributes.
Examples of managed objects are:
sites,
machines (MSC/VLR, BSC, HLR),
hardware modules,
transmission links,
software,
observations, tests.
The detailed specifications of the GSM architecture give the ability to identify object classes that will
apply to all GSM networks.
Network Management
2 - Network Object Tree Example
OMC-R

BSC BSC BSC BSC BSC

Radio Radio Radio

Site TCU TCU TCU
Site Site

TUC TCB TCB

BCF Cell Cell board board board

TRX TRX TRX

DRX PA

Channel Channel
0 7

Each entity has a software representation. One entity can be a piece of hardware, for example an
electronic board (PCMI board), a cabinet, a functional entity (cell, TCU) or a piece of software.
This software representation is an object model representation known as the Management
Information Base (MIB) or Management Information Tree (MIT).
To manipulate these objects, we use UNIX commands, not directly, but through a Graphical User
Interface on an OMC-R WorkStation.
For example, to access a specific object, we double-click on its representation on the screen.
OMC-R Functions

BSS Internal
Management Functionality

Security Server Administration

Configuration
Human Common Functions
Machine
Performance
Interface

File Transfer
Management
Fault

The OMC-R is made up of servers and stations. Each WorkStation or X-terminal provides the
operating staff with a Graphical User Interface, called Human Machine Interface.
The server centralizes the O&M functions dedicated to the BSS network elements and thus allows
consistent management of the BSS network elements.
The following O&M functions are provided:
Security management: to manage user profiles in order to control the users access to functions

provided by the OMC-R.

Configuration management: to manage the resources to be supervised. Examples of resources

that can be managed: PCM links, SS7 and traffic channels on A interface, cells, list of
frequencies allocated in each cell, list of adjacent cells of a given cell, frequency hopping laws
implemented in the cells, TDMA frames.
Performance management: values of counters are collected from the BSS network elements

and reports are generated and displayed to the users. Thresholds can be defined and associated
with the counters to generate alarms for maintenance purposes.
Fault management: the OMC-R handles event reports received from the network elements and
related to anomalies. Alarm messages can be generated with a severity from these reports by
using criteria defined by the user.
The following internal functions are provided:
Server administration: supervision, switch-over and backup of the servers and stations.
Common functions: inter-user mail (running within an SMS-C server), management and
execution of commands file, calendar for the deferred or periodic execution of a command or a
command file, on-line help.
File transfer management: downloading and activation of the software releases dedicated to

TCU, BSC, BCF and TRX is centralized via the OMC-R.

Security Management
Command Classes:
Configuration
Fault Commands:
Performance Create
Password Delete
BDE/BDA Set
FTAM and EFT Display Modify
Command files and jobs Lock
SMS/CB
Inter-user message

Zone of
User profile Interest

Security Management aims to manage user profiles in order to control the access users have to
functions provided by the OMCs.
Security Management handles authorization and control of access of the users to the OMC
functionality.
A user profile file is created for each OMC user.
Users profile:
user name and password (and password validity duration),
user work timetable (inactivity time-out and scheduled access time), a
set of command classes,
a zone of interest.
Configuration Management
1 - OMC-R Data Bases
OMC-R
User OMC-R
MMI User view

Objects Q.3 Manager

MIB Q.3 view
Part

Q.3
Software Q.3 Agent Part
Mediation
MD-R BDE view

OMN Interface
Dynamic
Attributes BSS BDA BSC view

Managed objects are spread over three databases stored on hard disks: MIB
(Management Information Base) located in the OMC-R (Q.3 level), BDE
(Exploitation Data Base) located in the OMC-R (MD-R level), BDA
(Application Data Base) located in the BSC.
MIB:
Is under OMC-R management control and is progressively built as long as objects are created. Is
automatically updated whenever a relevant operation is performed.
Contains BSC related objects and other specific OMC-R objects (in Q.3 format).
BDE:
Is under OMC-R management control and is progressively built as long as objects are created. Is
automatically updated whenever a relevant operation is performed.
Contains BSC related objects and other specific OMC-R objects (unknown to the BSCs).
BDA Data base building is not automatic and is controlled by user.
In order to operate correctly, these two data bases must remain consistent:
Audit transactions check the state of the BDA compared to the BDE. Users
are warned when discrepancies occur.
Configuration Management
2 - BSS Software Management
OMC BSC BTS

BCF
TRX

TCU

BDE BDA TCB

OMC software BSC software

BTS software TCU software

The main functionalities of this sub-function are:

Management of the software on the OMC-R disks.
Downloading management (MD-R level).
Software version change.
The downloading operation consists of sending a set of files correctly identified on the target BSC
disk. These files are stored in specific partitions of the disk, according to the type of the concerned
entities:
BSC.
BTS: btsSiteManager (BCF) or transceiver Equipment (TRX).
TCU: Transcoder board.
Software management is also in charge of MD and OMC software.
Performance Management

Counter values
Start of high
threshold crossing
End of high
threshold crossing
End of low
threshold crossing
Start of low
threshold crossing Time

Alarm start Alarm end

Threshold crossing detection for preventive maintenance

Performance data monitoring allows network usage patterns and trends to be identified, enabling
informed network design and engineering decisions to be made to optimize network resource
utilization.
Performance Management relies on counters collected by the OMC-R and OMC-S (observations),
followed by the analysis and subsequent storage of resultant data.
Main functions are:
Reception of measurements (counters) transmitted by the BSS or the NSS. Report
building, to be displayed or printed in a readable format, for the end user. Reporting
the crossing of thresholds (counter values, etc.).
Fault Management

Failure
Alarm detection
reception Fault
recovery
Days/
Nights Week-ends
Manufacturer Day off

S
E Immediate
V intervention Alarm
Alarm
E Deferred
R intervention Configuration Acknowledg.

I No
T intervention
Y

Fault Management enables the network operator to maximize the availability of the GSM network,
through rapid response to failure conditions, by performing fault isolation and fault recovery.
Alarms should be acknowledged and may be configured differently in terms of severity, according to
alarm criterion configurations.
Severity configurations are:
Immediate intervention
Deferred intervention
No intervention outside normal working hours.
Alarm criterion configurations are:
Manufacturer
Days/Nights
Special (week-ends and holidays).
Server Administration
Supervision
Startup

Shut down

OMC

Switch-over

Active Backup
Server Server

The following services are provided to the user:

Powering-up and the powering-down of the OMC servers.
Automatic purging of files deletes old data files in order to avoid overfilling of the disks.
Automatic switch-over of the active server.
Backup accomplishes a monitoring and supervision task as well as management of its own tasks.
Supervision includes software and machine operations monitoring.
Backup management can send event messages to Fault management. It can
also restart, reboot or switchover to the backup server if necessary.
Common Functions
Reference
Command Time
File Consulting Data Archival
Management

Documentation

Calendar Management
?
HELP
1 2 3 4 On-Line
5 6 7 8 9 1011
12131415161718
19202122232425
262728293031
TX Mail RX Mail
User 1 User 2
User Mail

This functional area provides the user with the following services:
Command files management that enables the creation and the execution of sequences of user
commands.
The archiving and restoring of notifications and observations.
A job scheduler that enables requests for deferred and/or periodical execution of a user
command or a command file.
The data & time provides services to read data/time of MD functions and update. A
user mail facility enabling the exchanges of messages between users.
An on-line help.
The display of product documentation stored on CD-ROM.
Preside OAM PCN Hardware Architecture
Preside
Desktop client
PC Windows
2000 or SUN Blade 150
Windows NT or SUN Ultra 5 Backup &
Restore server
CORBA
Ethernet LAN SUN E250/E450
(OAM LAN)

Performanc Main Server

e Server
Optional
servers
(Metasolv)

SUN Fire 4800

SUN Fire 4800 PS MG
SCS
SUN E250 SUN E250/E450

WG SIG
Passport LIG CGF GGSN BG
backbon D
e A&S NE
(BS 450, layer
DNS Radius Juniper,
Cisco)
DHCP
 Configuration Management Toolset
Software Download

Component
Provisioning
Backup & Restore

Network
Activation

Service Configuration
Provisioning
Management
Toolset

Nodal
Provisioning

Network Reporting
System

Preside MDM Configuration tools

The Passport configuration tools support the activities required to configure a Passport network. The
tools handle both initial configuration and ongoing administrative changes. The configuration tools can
be used to define the nodes, the software, and the services that make up a Passport network.
The Preside MDM Configuration tools include the following applications:
Passport Nodal Provisioning tool is a graphical user interface (GUI) application for provisioning Passport
components and selected services. The Passport nodal provisioning application provides the following
capabilities:
forms-based component provisioning
forms-based service provisioning
drag and drop service provisioning templates
The Passport Component Provisioning tool provides the necessary functionality to present
provisioning data in a hierarchical structure. The tool allows you to query, change, add, delete,
update, validate, and download provisioning data through a graphical user interface. The Component
Provisioning tool can be used to provision items, such as node security, and to access services, such as
frame relay.
PWI for Packet Core Network
Fault Management (FM)
Preside Configuration Management (CM)
Desktop GUI
Accounting
(NSP client)
Performance Management (PM)
Security Management (SM)
FM
Preside PM
servers CM
R-T PM
Main Server

Performance
Server
SNMP
Fmip
snmp

FTP GGSN
snmp
WG Passport http
backbone
telnet
snmp
SNMP
BG IP
DNS Radius backbone
SIG
DHCP A&S
(BS 450,
Juniper,
Cisco)

IP&ATM Network Elements: configuration tool

Contivity Extranet Switch (CES) 1500, 2500, 4500 web-based GUI (Cobweb)
Passport backbone (7440, 7480, 8780, 15K, 15K-VSS) MDM or CLI
Junipers CLI
Shasta 5000 SCS or CLI
Passport 1200 CLI
Passport 8600 CLI
BPS 2000 web-based GUI
Baystack 450 web-based GUI or CLI
Application & Services network elements:
IMS web-based GUI
Alteon 184 CDS web-based GUI
eLC (e-Mobility Location Center) web-based GUI
CMG WAP web-based GUI
Openwave WAP web-based GUI
Comverse MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services) MMS Manager
Comverse UMS (Unified Messaging System) web-based GUI + CLI
Comverse Nex2me web-based GUI + CLI
Logica SMS-C (Telepath Short Message Service Center) web-based GUI
Net Guardian web-based GUI + CLI
Service Builder network elements (IN-SCP devices):
IN-SCP SMS (Service Management System) SMS
IN-SCP SMS
IN-SCP IP (Intelligent Peripheral) web-based GUI
OMC-S Functions
NSS OMC-S

Configuration
MSC/VLR

Fault

HLR/AUC Security

Facilities

Performance

The Operation and Maintenance Center of the NSS part (OMC-S) may be able to achieve different
kinds of functions.
NSS configuration management:
BSCs, Location Areas, Cells.
Terrestrial links, etc..
Software configuration (downloading, file transfer).
MSRN and handover number management.
Fault management:
Detection.
Presentation.
Re-configuration.
Performance management:
Traffic control.
Service quality monitoring.
Security management:
User profiles.
Session monitoring.
OMC-S operation:
System management.
OMN management.
File transfer operations.
Hierarchical Arrangement of NMC and OMC
X-terminal
Commercial Network
Level 4 GSM network Management
Management Center (NMC)

Q3 Q3

Level 3
X-terminal
OMC-S OMC-R OMC-R OMC-S OMC-R OMC-R

Level 2 O & M communication network

X.25

HLR MSC
Level 1
BSS BSS

The Network Management Center (NMC) has a view of the entire GSM Network and is responsible for
network management as a whole. The NMC resides at the top of the hierarchy. It receives its
information from the network equipment via the Operation and Maintenance Centers (OMC) which
have previously filtered the suitable data.
The NMC can thus focus on issues requiring national coordination regarding interconnection to other
networks, such as the PSTN / ISDN.
The features of the NMC are as follows:
a Single NMC per network.
Provides traffic management for the whole network. Monitors
high-level alarms such as failed or overloaded nodes.
Performs responsibilities of an Operation and Maintenance Center when the latter is not staffed.
Provides network planners with essential data for network performance.
The Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC), in turn, is considered as a "regional manager" for the
network hardware and software. It supports the day-to-day operations as well as providing a database for
long-run network engineering and planning tools. The OMC handles a certain area of the GSM network,
thus providing regional network management.
OMC-R Architecture
Configurations
TML/RACE

BSS X.25 Network BSS RACE

BSS
BSC-MD Interface BSS PSTN
BSS BSS TML/RACE
Monitoring link
RACE

Monitor Servers Sun

Enterprise Monitor
4000

Sun
Terminals Server ETHERNET

StorEDGE A5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16

Storage Unit A5000

LAN
Ethernet AUI SERIAL SERIAL CONSOLE AUX O

AUI Router SERIAL SERIAL CONSOLE AUX O

AUI SERIAL SERIAL CONSOLE AUX O

X Terminal Local WorkStations (SUN Sparc 5)

Router X.25 Network Router

AUI SERIAL SERIAL CONSOLE AUX O
AUI SERIAL SERIAL CONSOLE AUX O

Remote LAN Remote LAN

CD Rom CD ROM
Ethernet Ethernet
Unit Unit

Remote WorkStations (SUN Sparc 5)

The central OMC-R site is composed of the OMC-R servers, the WorkStations (WS), the Terminal
Server and the printers. All these platforms are interconnected via an Ethernet LAN.
The OMC-R server (duplicated for redundancy purposes) centralizes the O&M function as well
as the database. It is connected to the BSC via X.25 links. An automatic switch-over is
undertaken between the servers when needed.
The WorkStations (up to 16) supporting a Graphical User Interface called Man Machine
Interface (MMI).
X terminals: physically connected to the LAN and which communicate with one WS.
One or many printers can be shared between the WSs and X terminals.
The Terminal Server concentrates the PSTN connections from BSS Local Maintenance
Terminals used in the field in RACE mode (Remote Access Equipment) during maintenance
interventions.
At least one local OMC-R WorkStation should be provisioned in order to support the
connections from the ROTs used in the field and to support X terminals.
Routers that support X.25 links to OMC-R remote sites if such sites exist in the OMC-R
configuration.
A remote OMC-R site is composed of WSs and printers only, and is connected to the OMC-R server of
the central site via an X.25 link.
Therefore, routers are to be used in the remote OMC-R site, as well as in the central OMC-R site, in
order to concentrate the connections from a remote site to the central site.
Implementation of the OMC-R Network
Three Solutions
1 2 3

WS WS WS WS WS WS WS WS WS

OMC-R Server OMC-R Server

OMC-R Server
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 V.35
48 kbps

X.25 Switch X.25 Switch

48 kbps V.35-PCM conversion
Automatic or
Manual

Leased Lines PCM

X.25 network
PSPDN 19.2 kbps

NSS

BSC
19.2 kbps A interface

BSC BSC BSC BSC BSC BSC

The OMC-R manages the BSCs, TCUs and BTSs.

TCUs and BTSs communicate with the OMC-R via their respective BSC.
The OMC-R interfaces with the BSC via X.25 links.
The OMC-R/BSC link can be based on various communication supports:
X.25 PSPDN,
X.25 switches and dedicated lines,
or the use of PCM timeslots of the A interface. The
use of the A interface is interesting:
if there is no reliable X.25 network in a given country, if the
operator wants to be independent from a third-party carrier, if he
wishes to reduce the leased-line cost,
if he wishes to establish OMC-R and OMC-S units in the same location.
The main advantage of that solution is that the OMC-R/BSC connections are supported by PCM links of
the managed GSM network itself.
Hardware Architecture
New Storage Unit (from V12)
Normal capacity
=
1600 cells, 6400 DRXs and 20 BSCs
Enterprise
4500 High capacity
=
(Agent + 2400 cells, 9600 DRXs and 30 BSCs
Manager)

Active

Sun StorEDGE

Enterprise A5000

4500
StorEDGE A5000
(Agent +
Manager) Storage Unit

Passive

Two types of server are available, according to the network configuration:

SPARCserver 1000 with 16.8 Go disk (less than 800 cells), Enterprise 4000
(less than 1600 cells).
The high capacity OMC product is achieved with the Enterprise 4000 platform and its associated
storage unit SPARCstorage Array.
This high capacity OMC-R will be able to manage a great number of cells allowing its use for:
micro-cell networks,
networks with numerous but small sites.
From V12, for the new OMC-R configurations, the new StorEdge A5000 storage unit is proposed, to
take the place of the two SSA112 disks.
Each server is a SUN Enterprise 4xxx.
OMC-R operating capacity depends on the number of objects it manages but not on the traffic it
monitors:
Maximum number of BSC = 20 (30).
Maximum number of cells = 1600 (2400).
Maximum number of TRX = 6400 (9600).
The physical OMC-R equipment limitations and software requirements are:
Two servers to enable data redundancy.
Sixteen WS with no more than thirteen Remote WS.
One router per group of three Remote WS.
Human-Machine Interface

The major HMI characteristics are:

separation of the physical and logical views,
clear network logical view,
separation between alarms and object status,
mapping of the physical view of the network on a geographical map,
graphical views of real time counters.
HMI: Logical View

TCU Level

Full Network

BSC Level

Site Level

A-Interface

Each type of display of the logical mode shows different objects:

the first logical view (Full Network) shows all the Network Elements, from the MSC down to
the site level,
the BSC level includes the BSS objects (Signaling Point, Signaling Link) for one BSC,
the Site level describes the BTSs belonging to one site, as well as the TDMA frames,
the TCU level displays the LAPD Link and the TCBs belonging to one TCU. This level is the
only way to access the A Interface level,
the A Interface level mainly shows the XTPs used for MSC-BSC exchanges.
HMI: Topological View

Full Network Sub Network

BSS

All the topological views show the geographical backgrounds of the network:
in the Full Network view, all the sub-networks are shown,
in the Sub Network view, all the BSSs of the different sub-networks are displayed, in the
BSS view, all of the equipment belonging to one single BSS are shown on the map.

Note
There is always a relationship between the logical/physical display level and, on the other side, the
topological level.
HMI: Alarm Window

Customizable
columns
organization

Sort
& filter
display

Alarm list
management

Complete
alarm
description

Access to
notifications
windows
On-line help

The alarm monitor has the following features:

The alarms in the list are sorted according to the column order, which may be modified by the
user.
The user may select the type of columns (i.e. of information) he wants to be displayed in the
minimized alarm summary.
More than 30 criteria are available to filter the alarm list. A
current alarm carries the following information:
A serial record number for the alarm message identification.
A serial record number of the notification that triggered the alarm and prompted the alarm
message.
The date and time at which the notification was sent.
The type of spontaneous event.
The fault number which identifies its type and therefore its cause. The
priority of alarm: immediate (IM), deferred (ID), no action (SI). The
alarm title.
The identity and the location of the object and/or equipment from where the alarm is originated.
The alarm acknowledge state, if the alarm is acknowledged, and the identity of the user or the
OMC-R.
If the alarm is cleared, the date and time that the original notification was sent, and the identity
of the user.
The notification is also included, apart from the additional information.
Remote ACcess Equipment (RACE)
1 - HTTP/RACE Server on an OMC-R WorkStation
OMC-R
Site RACE Terminals
Server
ETHERNET
1 3 5 6 7 9 10 1213 14 16

Server
OMC-R
Server Modem Modem

PSTN
IP Network
Intranet/ TML/RACE TML/RACE BSC Site
Internet BSC
RACE RACE
Modem
Modem
Firewalls

BTS Site
TML/RACE
TML/RACE TML/RACE

Modem

TML BTS RACE TML/RACE

S8000/ BTS TML Modem
S12000 S4000/ RACE
S2000E
RACE client
is a Web browser

The Remote ACcess Equipment offers a Web interface to the OMC-R.

It provides the users with a convivial interface similar to the one of Graphic MMI and all the
functionality of the ROT is available on this new feature.
The RACE was first developed to replace the ROT, but it could also be used as a particular OMC-R
WorkStation.
The advantages of this new product are the following:
The interface is user-friendly, it is close to the interface of the OMC-R. Thus, the tool is easy to
manipulate for the user used to the OMC-R interface.
Compared to the ROT, which has been developed with tools that are now obsolete, the RACE is
implemented using new technologies, object oriented.
The RACE is able to ensure a secure access to the network, which was no longer guaranteed
with the ROT.
Thanks to the Web-oriented conception, operations and maintenance of radio subsystems can be
done from a remote site without requesting an OMC-R on-site operator:
by using PSTN and any kind of secured connection system,
via BTS or BSC equipment using the BSC-OMC link within the BSS,
through LAN.
Remote ACcess Equipment (RACE)
2 - Overview

Real time information

JAVA

OMC-R
Mmi
Kernel
WWW
Server
HTTP
server
Web
browser

RACE Client OMC-R WorkStation / RACE server OMC-R Server

This new application is composed of Web pages and Java applets that can be run through a Web
navigator (Netscape or Internet Explorer).
This new application is adapted to individual operator needs: when the operator must work from
home, or when operations from BTS or BSC sites are required.
A better presentation of the data allows the customers to save time: for instance, an operator had to
modify a list of parameters and could make a mistake:
with the ROT, it was mandatory to re-enter all the information,
with the RACE, using the Back button of the navigator, he just has to modify the wrong
parameters.
The unique requirement to let this feature run is to have a Web browser, which brings two
advantages:
All data are stored on the server and are downloaded at connection, so the installation of a
RACE client is done very quickly and then there is almost no upgrading to be provided on the
client side,
The operator can use a PC to connect to the OMC-R; such an OMC-R station is cheaper than a
Unix station.
Finally the RACE can run on either an OMC-R WorkStation or an OMC-R server, with a standard
Internet browser for Unix.
BTS On-Site Maintenance with TML
1 - S8000/S12000 BTSs
BIST
+5 V
RDY
ON
O&M
TIL S8000
ABIS DRX
MRQ
SERV
TIL
RESET
Stand-alone
mode Private PCM bus
CSWM
T
E
S TIL Gateway
T Connected
0 TX mode
1 RX TIL Internal PCM bus
2 LNK
LC COL

E BCF
T
H

J
6 10 Mbps
4
Ethernet link TML/TIL
CKI PC 486 +
GND
CKO Ethernet board
GND /PCMCIA
BCF CBCF

Maintenance operations are performed on-site via a special terminal called TML (Local Maintenance
Terminal).
On-site maintenance provides a set of functions that give the operator information on the state of BSS
elements that is not always available at the OMC-R level.
This terminal is a PC-like computer including one standard Ethernet board and TCP/IP protocol,
running TML tools (under Windows 95 environment).
A special cable: cross Ethernet (cross RJ45-RJ45) connected to the Ethernet connector allows dialog
with the BCF or a DRX module.
TIB is the application part of the TIL (Terminal for Local Intervention) dedicated to the testing and
checking of the BCF.
The TIL S8000 software of the TML is designed to:
validate the BTS in factory,
install the BTS site,
diagnose a hardware problem,
check equipment substitution or extension.
On the screen, a color button resumes the BIST status of each device.
For each device (or main function), a popup menu proposes a list of tests, each performable in its
specific window.
This tool can be used with a BTS, in On-line or in Standalone mode.
BTS On-Site Maintenance with TML
2 - S2000 H/L
TIL COAM /Window

DRX SBCF

S2000
IN
SERVICE

Ethernet

TML
(PC/Windows 95
+ Ethernet board)

8-31
BSC 2G On-Site Maintenance with TML

MODE
BIST
RUN R B
Option NORMAL MAINTENANCE
SCSI U I Partition contents
N S
T Software markers
Board slot numbers
Acces to MB II boards
J5
PROM markers
Logical disk check
CPU Physical disk check
66SE Disk initialisation
J4 J3

COM1
J3 CPU
120

J2
J2

J1 J1 Serial port
asynchronous link
19.2 kbps

8-32

The TML/BSC is an on site BSC 2G maintenance tool that is connected to the CPU - OMU
through an asynchronous serial link at a rate of 19.2 kbps.
Various tests are available on a given BSC 2G chain depending the selected mode:
Normal mode is used when the BSC is running.
Maintenance mode is used to isolate the chain from the system.
Logical disk, physical disk check and disk initialization are not authorized in normal mode.
TCU 2G On-Site Maintenance with TML
Audit
BIST Complete automatic
+5V
RDY Clock
R1
R2 TDTI boards number
R3
RL PC 486 TCB boards number
EXT
Markers
RESET
All boards
TUC
TUC TDTI
TCB
T
E BIST
S All boards
T
Serial port COM1: TUC
asynchronous link TDTI
TCB
J Alarms
6
4 Straps configuration
TEI configuration
TDTI boards configuration
Continuity test
All boards
TML/TCU TDTI
TCB
test tree structure
Internal PCM states
External PCM states
TUC Board All boards
TDTI

The TML/TCU is the TCU 2G maintenance tool that runs on the local tool TML. It is connected
to the TCU 2G board through an asynchronous serial link at a rate of 9.6 kbps. All tests are
performed in a standalone mode.
BSC/TCU e3 On-Site Maintenance with TML e3
1 - Overview
BSC/TCU e3

HTTP HTML
Server JAVA Physical
path
Manager

LAN
Test Test S/W ATM
server Management Bus Manager

Hardware
TML e3 Manager

Interface Transcoder
Node Node
access access

The TML e3 application is a Java applet stored in the BSC e3 disk (MMS). The TML
hardware is a PC: it works under Windows and behaves like a Java browser.
The TML can be connected to the OMU module of the BSC e3 through Ethernet connections. The
operator can plug into the active or passive module, if the LED status is correct.
The TML can also be plugged into a hub that could be hosted in the SAI of the BSC e3.
The TML e3 interface is independent of the BSC e3/TCU e3 software evolutions.
The TML e3 allows a first BSC e3/TCU e3 installation to be performed.
It allows the customization parameters of the BSC e3/TCU e3 to be read and modified:
BSC number,
IP address,
PCM type, etc..
The configuration information on the different hardware modules can be read from the TML:
board identification and states,
software version,
software and patch markers.
BSC/TCU e3 On-Site Maintenance with TML e3
2 - Principle

TML PC BSC e3 Platform

http://mmm.ii.jjj.kk/BSCe3. html
WEB
Browser
HTTP
Server
Download html page
and Java applet
HTML
JAVA

Try connection
TML e3 Send USER and PASSWORD
Application
Send commands Test
server
Receive answers

Using a web browser, the TML operator loads an HTML page (through HTTP) holding the TML
applet.
The TML applet is then downloaded to the TML PC using the HTTP server.
Once the TML e3 software is loaded in the TML PC, it is possible to start a test session.
The messages exchanged between the TML and the BSC e3 are then done through a TCP/IP
connection.
The TML e3 communicates with the Test server software module.
The TML e3 accesses the MIB for:
modification of commissioning data:
OMC-R link definition (IP, direct, ),
PCM trunk setup,
physical location definition (name, floor),
consultation of software and hardware marking information.
BSC/TCU e3 On-Site Maintenance with TML e3
3 - Main Windows

The BSC e3 is able to inter-work with and manage TCU 2G (TCB2). This means that the transcoding
resources of a given BSC e3 can be made of TCU 2G only or TCU e3 only or a mix of TCU2G and TCU
e3.
The support of TCU2G by BSC e3 allows protecting the customer investment on TCU2G (TCB2)
done for EFR.
The flexibility offered by this feature allows different product deployment scenarios:
When new BSC e3 are added in the network for capacity extension, naturally TCU e3 will be
installed with those BSC
When installed BSC 2G are replaced by BSC e3, the existing TCU 2G can be kept as EFR
transcoding resource, and possibly TCU e3 can be added for capacity reason for AMR
When installed BSC2G are replaced by BSC e3, the customer may replace the TCU 2G as well,
for capacity reason, floor space saving and operational simplification of the network.
Each TCU (2G & e3) will require LAPD link for communication with the BSC e3.
OMC-S

Q3

FM agent FM agent
PM agent PM agent

The OMC-S is associated with Fault Management and Performance Management agents running on the
SuperNode Data Manager/Fault Tolerant (SDM/FT) platform.
These agents interact with the network elements internal operations and maintenance functions,
receiving and storing fault and performance data which are transferred to the OMC-S or external
NMC/OSS when required.
The Open Q.3 interface requires interoperability testing and is between the SDM/FT and external
OSS for Fault Management application. The open Q.3 interface for Performance Management
application will be available in GEM09 release.
This separation of management and agent functionality, allows the O&M processing to be efficiently
deployed by minimizing the amount of information required to be transferred to the management
system.
The OMC-S applications may be run on both PCs.
The OMC-S Man Machine Interface provides user access to:
Configuration management.
Fault management.
Performance management.
SDM-FT Platform
1 - Architecture
SuperNode Data Manager- Fault Tolerant

-48 V dc Maintenance and Power Bus A

A Feed
I/O Domain 0
Computing Core
Disk Comm & I/O
Subsystem

CPU 0

Dual Fault Tolerant I/O Buses

CPU 1
Disk Comm & I/O
Subsystem

I/O Domain 1
-48 V dc
B Feed

Maintenance and Power Bus B

The SDM/FT (SuperNode Data Manager/Fault Tolerant) platform, introduced in GEM08 release, is
based on Motorola FX open system Series and is housed in a standard DMS-MC or DMS-HLR
cabinet (C28).
This platform is fully integrated into the DMS power (-48 V) and alarm subsystems:
up to 512 M RAM and 22 GB Disks on each I/O domain,
high speed DS-512 optical connections to CM cabinet.
This platform collects and processes data to/from the managed MSC and HLR.
The SDM/FT is necessary to support all OAMP applications, apart from Billing Management which is
supported by GSM Billing Mediation Device (GBMD):
FM and PM agents,
provisioning server,
service quality.
SDM-FT Platform
2 - Cabinet and Software Components

MSP

MSC

Shelf 2
I/O Expansion Chassis
(Optional)
12345 678 9 10 11 121314156

Shelf 1
Main Chassis
123456 7 9 1121314516

Cooling Unit
OMC-S Element Manager Main Window
Menu Bar

Tool
Bar

Fault Management
Area

Configuration &
Performance
Area
Network Configuration Manager

OMC-S Configuration Management covers:

Displaying Configuration Management Window in List or Graphic mode.
Displaying Information on Elements.
Displaying Log files.
Performance Management

Performance data monitoring allows network usage patterns and trends to be identified, enabling
informed network design and engineering decisions to be made to optimize network resource
utilization.
The OMC-S PM contains two main components:
Data Selection allows the user to control performance data retrieval. The user can define studies
by selecting measurements to be retrieved, as well as using pre-defined measurements. The user
can also define the start and stop time when measurement data is to be retrieved along with the
retrieval frequency.
Data Display allows the user to view the performance data either as a graph, which can have
several measurements superimposed, or in raw data format. As well as displaying current data,
the user can access archived data for historical performance analysis. The user can even export
the raw data selected, for use with external processing packages.
The Performance Management Agent running on SDM/FT supports the collection, processing and
delivery of operational measurement data for its associated network element to the OMC-S by
providing the following capabilities:
Reception of the Operational Measurements (OM)s from the Network Element at the end of
each transfer period (every 15, 30, 60 minutes, daily, weekly or monthly).
Filtering and correlation of the Operational Measurements.
Accumulation of OMs allowing the user to create new OMs by summing or processing existing
ones, e.g. generating a summary measurement.
Storage of raw and processed OMs which can be used directly by the manager or exported for
use by other applications.
Notification to the management layer of the arrival of new OM data.
Fault Management

Fault Management enables the network operator to maximize the availability of the GSM network,
through rapid response to failure conditions by performing fault isolation and fault recovery.
The OMC-S FM provides control of all fault management alarm information for the monitored
Network Elements (NE) including:
Displaying of received alarms where each alarm contains the name, date and event that occurred,
and the affected components. The alarms displayed can be filtered, depending on user-defined
criteria.
Alarm alerts, enabling alarm changes on each NE to be received by the current alarm list. New
alarms are added to the list. If the change means that a previous alarm has been cleared, it is
removed from the list.
Advanced fault filtering, allowing the operator to define the alarm criteria and create any
alerting actions. The alerting actions can be programmed by the operator to trigger external
alarm systems or more sophisticated procedures such as paging or e-mailing the support staff.
The Fault Management Agent monitors the state of the resources in its associated Network Element
(NE), providing two main functions:
Resource Discovery allows the agent to retrieve and maintain information about the NE
resources, e.g. signaling links, traffic circuits within the associated NE.
Event Notification controls the updating of the NE resources from fault logs received for the
NEs. The logs are converted into standardized TMN operations, and the relevant notification
message indicates the event is transmitted to the OMC-S and/or NMC via Open Q.3 Interface.
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

Section 4

Glossary, Web Sites,

Technical Books

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

8PSK 8 Phase Shift Keying: radio modulation used by GSM/EDGE.

A Interface between MSC and TCU

Abis Interface between BTS and BSC

Access class Parameter stored on the SIM, (16 values) used to specifically bar certain types of
subscribers.

AC Alternative Current

Absolute Characteristic: Subset of attributes which define an operational

database managed by the OMC-R Configuration Management function.

ACCH Associated Control CHannel: dedicated Slow (SACCH) or Fast (FACCH) radio
signaling channel.

ACE Auxiliary Control Element

ACFA Advanced CMOS Frame Aligner: Integrated DDTI board circuit enabling external
PCM frame alignment.

ACM Address Complete Message

Authentication Center Management

ACSE Association Control Service Element: service element providing the exclusive
ability to set up and terminate application associations.

ACU Air Conditioning Unit (S8000 outdoor)

ADM ADMinistration function enabled by OMC-R

ADM_MASER Main BSC administration processor functional unit

ADM_SLAVE Auxiliary BSC administration processor functional unit

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line: network access technology on copper pair.

AF Audio Frequencies: low audible frequencies.

AGCH Access Grant CHannel: common mobile radio channel used exclusively for
assign commands sent over the network in response to mobile access requests.

Agprs Interface between BSC and PCUSN (GPRS)

Air interface See Radio interface

AIS Alarm Indication Signal: PCM alarm LED (DTI/TDTI/DDTI boards).

AIX UNIX type Operating System of OMU module (BSC e3).

A-law Logarithmic coding standardized by ITU for transmission of digital speech on

PCM transmission lines.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

ALA ALArms collecting board, housed in the equipment cabinet supporting the alarm
loops management (BSC 6000/12000).

ALAT ALArms(s) regrouping board: BTS board supporting the S4000 Indoor BTS alarm
management function.

ALATO ALArms(s) regrouping board outdoor (S4000 Outdoor BTS, S2000 BTS and
S4000 Smart BTS): board supporting S4000 Outdoor BTS, S4000 Smart BTS
and S2000 Indoor BTS alarm management function.

ALC Automatic Level Control: gain control loop of the DRX.

ALCO ALarm COllecting board of the BTS S8000 first version (before CBCF).

ALPRO ALarm PROtection board for external alarms and remote controls of the
ALCO/RECAL board (BTS S8000).

AMI Alternate Mark Inversion: bipolar coding standard in which 1 is alternatively

positive or negative.

AMNU Advanced MaNagment Unit of the DRX: unit of the DRX processing AMRT
frames.

AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System: first analogue radio cellular telephone
(800 MHz) standard in USA (1978).

AMR Adaptative Multi-Rate: GSM vocoder (TCU).

AMU Automatic Maintenance Unit

ANM ANswer Message

ANSI American National Standards Institute

AoC Advice of Charge

AoCC Advice of Charge Charging

AoCI Advice of Charge Information

AOMC Functional processing part enabling BSC access to OMC-R

APC Application Processor Cabinet: (DMS)

APE BSC service element dedicated to OMC-R access functions.

APT MSC/VLR switching system

APZ MSC/VLR control system

ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number: corresponding to frequency value

of the carrier.

ASCI Advanced Speech Call Items: three services standardized by ETSI in GSM
Phase 2+ (eMLPP, VBS and VGCS).

ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit: device customized for a specific

application.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

ASN1 Abstract Syntax Notation 1: specification language for unambiguously describing

complete protocol stacks.

Ater Interface between BSC and TCU.

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode: cell based data transfer technique using switching
mode.

ATM-SW ATM SWitch module (BSC e3/Control Node)

Attribute Column in an OMC-R data server file.

AuC Authentication Center: management of security data (Ki) for authentication of

subscribers (NSS function).

AUI Attachment Unit Interface: interconnecting cable.

AUX AUXiliary frame processor equipping the DCU board.

AV Ventilation power supply.

A3 Authentication algorithm.

A5 Ciphering algorithm.

A8 Ciphering key computation algorithm.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

B
B Interface between MSC and associated VLR.

BAIC Barring of All Incoming Calls

BAOC Barring of All Outgoing Calls

BBU Base Band Unit: unit accommodating processors.

BCC Base station Color Code: Network cell color code = 3 last three BSIC code bits.
The BCC is used to identify one of the cells sharing the same BCCH frequency.
Neighboring cells may, or may not, have different BCC.

BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel: common mobile logical channel used for
broadcasting system information on the radio interface.

BCF Base Common Functions: common BTS control and switching unit (see CBCF
and SBCF).

BCFBP BCF Back-Panel of the BTS

BDA BSC Application Database: contains all the information objects describing the
BSS.

BDE Exploitation Data Base (OMC-R): contains all the information objects describing
the BSS under OMC-R management control, and the objects required to manage
OMC-R functionality.

BDT Part of the DRX: regenerates GSM TIME bus signals.

BER Bit Error Rate: method of measuring the quality of radio link transmission.

BFI Bad Frame Indicator: flag indicating the quality of a received traffic frame.

BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts: Unit of telecommunications traffic intensity.

BIC-Roam Barring of all Incoming Calls when Roaming outside the home GSM network.

BIFP Base Interface Front-end Processor: CPU board of the BSC 12000 managing the
interface with BTS - see CPU-MPU.

BIST Built-In Self Test: system built into most BTS and BSC boards which
automatically execute self tests when the boards are initialized or configured.

BOIC Barring Outgoing International Calls

BSC Base Station Controller

BSF Basic Software Functions

BSIC Base Station Identity Code: used to identify a base station which allows mobile
stations to distinguish the cells sharing the same BCCH frequency. A BSIC is defined by
an (NCC, BCC) combination.

BSS Base Station Subsystem: Radio Cellular Network radio subsystem made up of
Base Station Controllers, one or more remote TransCoder Units and one or more Base
Transceiver Stations.
".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

BSSAP BSS Application Part of the BSS A interface protocol stack (BSSMAP + DTAP).

BSSMAP BSS Management Application Part of the A interface protocol stack charged with
managing BSS radio resources and transferring calls.

BSSOMAP Application Part of the A interface protocol stack charged with BSS O&M.

BSTCE Base Station Terminal Control Element

BTS Base Transceiver Station: radio base station managing one or more cells.

BTU British Thermal Unit: 1 B.T.U. = 1055.056 Joules.

B8ZS Bipolar 8 Zero Substitution Coding: bipolar coding standard used on T1 PCM.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

C
C Interface between MSC and HLR

CA Cell Allocation: radio frequency channel allocated to a cell.

CALL CLEARING Call release message

CAMEL Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced Logic: IN based

mechanisms for GSM.

CBC Cell Broadcast Center

CBCF Compact BCF: new BCF module of the S8000/S12000 Indoor and Outdoor.

CBCH Cell Broadcast CHannel: logical channel used inside a cell to broadcast short
messages in unacknowledged mode.

CBDS Connectionless Broadband Data Service: connection data transfer protocol.

CC Call Control: application protocol between MS and MSC (call processing).

Country Code.

CCBS Completion of Calls to Busy Subscribers

CCCH Common Control CHannel: common bidirectional mobile control channel, used
for transmitting signaling information on the radio interface.

CCF Call Control Function (IN)

CCH Control CHannel: common or dedicated control channel.

CCITT Comit Consultatif International Tlgraphique et Tlphonique: previous

standardization organization replaced by ITU.

CCS Common Channel Signaling: MSC/VLR subsystem of common channel signaling

links.

CCS7 Common Channel Signaling CCITT No. 7: BSC common channel signaling No. 7
interface board (A interface).

CDE process IEC support process.

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CDO BTS downloading control element.

CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data

CDR MSC Charging Data Record

CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory: for SUN system software installation.

CDX BTS software element handling the active/standby processing units.

CEI Commission Electrotechnique Internationale: ISO standards organization.

CEPT Confrence Europenne des administrations des Postes et Tlcommunications.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

CFB Call Forwarding on Busy subscriber

CFNRc Call Forwarding on MS Not Reachable

CFNRy Call Forwarding on No Reply

CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional

CGI Cell Global Identifier: identifier of a mobile network cell. Containing the Location
Area Code (LAC), the Mobile Country Code (MCC), the Mobile Network Code
(MNC) and the cell identifier in the Location Area

CHD CHannel Decoder

CHE CHannel Encoder

CHS MSC/VLR CHarging Subsystem

CIC Circuit Identity Code: terrestrial circuit reference used for A interface
communications.

CIPHER Ciphered call

CIR Carrier on Interference Ratio: new name for C/I.

CL2 BTS software element handling layers 1 and 2.

CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation

CLIR Calling Line Identification Restriction

CM Configuration Management: network O&M function enabled by OMC-R.

Connection Management Level 3 of radio interface assembling call processing

procedures (CC), short messages (SMS), and supplementary services (SS).

CMA BTS software element controlling the ALAT or ALATO board.

CMC SYN or SYNO board clock management software element of the BTS?

CMCF Compact Main Common Function: main board of the CBCF (S8000/S12000).

CMG BTS software element controlling the CSW board.

CMIC Packlet of the XA-Core (DMS).

CMIP Common Management Information Protocol: OSI level 7 protocol for network
management.

CMIS Common Management Information Service: OSI Application level service.

CMISE Common Management Information System Element

CML BTS software element handling PCM links.

CMT BTS software element controlling FH bus and transmitter boards.

CMW BTS software element controlling the switching matrix.

CMY BTS software element controlling the SYN board.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

CNAP Calling Name Presentation

C-Node Control Node (BSC e3)

CO2 BTS software element handling O&M bus layers 1 and 2.

COAM Centralized Operation Administration and Maintenance: new BCF architecture

from V10 (S2000H&L) or V12 (S4000 and S8000) or V14 (S12000).

CODOP Operation code

CoLP Connected Line Identification Presentation

CoLR Connected Line Identification Restriction

COMICO COMbiner InterCOnnection module for the RF combiners (S8000/S12000)

COP Signaling co-processor on the DCU board

CP Central Processing unit

CPCMI Compact PCM Interface: PCM interface board of the CBCF (S8000/S12000).

CPS Cambridge Positioning Systems Limited

Central MSC/VLR Processing Subsystem

CPU Central Processing Unit: processing boards (BSC 6000/12000).

CPU-MPU/BIFP CPU - Main Processing Unit/Base Interface Front-end Processor: BSC

processing boards.

CPU-OMU CPU - Operations & Maintenance Unit: BSC Operation and Maintenance board.

CPU-SE Central Processing Unit: Master BSC processing unit (CPU486SE or CPU66SE).

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check: method for detecting errors in serial data
transmission (CRC4 and CRC6) Also: PCM alarm LED (DTI/TDTI/DDTI boards).

CRCC Cyclic Redundancy Check Controller

CRCn Cyclic Redundancy Check (n = 4 or 6): Cyclic redundancy check four performed
by DTI, DDTI and TDTI boards on PCM frames.

CS Circuit Switched

CS Coding Scheme for GPRS (CS1 to CS4)

CSA Control memory A

CSAB TSM address memory

CSB Control memory B

CSC TSM control memory C.

CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection: bus access mechanism of

Ethernet LAN.

CSPDN Circuit Switched Public Data Network

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

CST CSW board initialization software element.

CSU Control Switching Unit (S4000 BTS).

CSW Control and Switching: BTS control and switching unit made up of CSW1 and
CSW2 boards.

CSW1 BTS control unit.

CSW2 BTS switching unit.

CSWM Control and SWitching Module: manages the BCF and contains the connection
matrix in the BTS S8000 first version (before CBCF).

CUG Closed User Group: group of subscribers communicating only among

themselves.

CVC HDB3AMI/B8ZS error counter filling threshold alarm.

CW Call Waiting

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

D
D Interface between HLR and VLR.

DACS Direct Ambient Cooling System: System Cooling Unit (BTS S8000/S12000
Outdoor).

DAT Digital Audio Tape: cartridge used for backing up and storing data.

DBMS Data Base Management System: OMC-R uses the SYBASE data management
system.

DC Direct Current

DCC Data Channel Concentrator (BTS)

DCCH Dedicated Control CHannel: dedicated radio signaling channel with one SDCCH
+ one SACCH.

DCE Data Circuit terminating Equipment: modem for example.

DCS Digital Cellular System: Radio Cellular Network standard adapted for the
1800 MHz frequency band. Therefore, also called GSM 1800.

DCU or DCU4 Dual Channel Unit: FP unit designed to process TDMA frame time slots.

DCU8 Digital Control Unit for 8 channels: signal processing module, part of the DRX.

DD Dynamic Data: dynamic attribute of an operational database object updated by

BSC applications.

DDM Digital Data Module

DDTI Dual Digital Trunk Interface: BSC interface board controlling two external PCM
links with BTS (interface Abis) or TCU (interface Ater).

DI Internal Data: Parameter of an operational database object under local

management control in the OMC-R operations database.

DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier

DLNA Duplexer Low Noise Amplifier: radio module (BTS e-cell).

DLU Downloadable Logical Unit: configuration file for software customization (BTS).

DMS Digital Multiplex switching System: Nortel switch equipment used for MSC (NSS).

DOC Department Of Communications

DP Permanent Data: permanent attribute of an operational object managed in BDE

and BDA databases.

DPMD Planned release data.

DPRAM Dual Port Random Access Memory: Type of random access memory equipping
central BSC processing units.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory: type of read/write memory equipping central
processing units (BSC 6000/12000).

DRMD Effective release date.

DRU DRiving Unit (TCB board).

DRX Discontinuous Reception: used on Radio interface

Driver and Receiver unit: signal processing unit for radio transmission and
reception (BTS S12000, S8000 and S2000H&L).

DS Static Data: Static OMC-R configuration data.

DSC Data Signaling Concentration: BCF signaling concentration board (BTS S8000).

DSP Digital Signal Processor: device dedicated to signal digital treatment.

DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part: application of the A interface protocol charged
with transferring transparent messages between mobile stations and MSC.

DTE Data Terminal Equipment: end equipment of a communication path; PC or server

for example.

DTI Digital Trunk Interface: BTS board controlling one external PCM link.

DTMF Dual Tone Multiple-Frequency: dialing method using a combination of two

frequencies among a standardized set of frequencies.

DTX Discontinuous Transmission: used on Radio interface to switch-off the radio

activity during the silent times until the conversation resumes.

DUP Data User Part: interface with PAD (PSDN).

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

E
E Interface between two MSCs.

EA Early Assignment

EC Echo Canceller

ECI Equipment Cabinet Interface: supervision board of several Equipment cabinet

boards (BSC 6000/12000).

ECIA ECI board partnered with the MPUA processing unit.

ECIB ECI board partnered with the MPUB processing unit.

ECSD Enhanced Circuit Switched Data: circuit switched version of EDGE.

EDA Estimated Data of Availability

EDGE Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution

eDRX edge capable DRX

EEC European Economic Community

EFD Event Forwarding Discriminator

EFR Enhanced Full Rate: high quality speech vocoder (MS and TCU).

EFT Transferable File Element: sets of files used between OMC-R and BSS,
controlled by the FTAM function.

EGPRS Enhanced GPRS: packet switched version of EDGE.

E-GSM Extended GSM: frequency band allowed to extend the GSM 900.

EIR Equipment Identity Register

EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

EIU Ethernet Interface Unit: LPP board of the DMS.

EL Software element: Processor functional unit component.

EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility

EMI Electro-Magnetic Interference

eMLPP enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Preemption: supplementary service

allowing priority levels and resources preemption (ASCI service used in GSM-R).

ENET Enhanced NETwork: switching matrix of the DMS (Nortel MSC).

EOS End Of Silence allowing normal voice frame transmission (see DTX).

E-OTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference

ePA edge capable PA

EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory: type of on-board memory.

".
Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

EQPD EQuiPment cabinet shelf housing DDTI boards (BSC 6000/12000).

EQPD0 The first PCM shelf housing DDTI boards in a BSC 6000 equipment cabinet.

EQPD1 The second PCM shelf housing DDTI boards in a BSC 6000 equipment cabinet.

EQPI EQuiPment cabinet shelf housing ALA, RCB and TSCB boards
(BSC 6000/12000).

Erlang Unit of telecommunications traffic intensity representing the average number of

resources or circuits occupied during the peak traffic hour.

ERP Effective Radiated Power

ESF Extended Super Frame: PCM T1 multiframe (24 basic frames and CRC6).

E-TCH/F43.2 43.2 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

E-TCH/F32.0 32.0 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

E-TCH/F28.8 28.8 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

eTRX Edge capable TRX = eDRX + ePA or = eDRX + HePA.

ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute: European organization

responsible for standardization in Europe. It emerged from CEPT in 1988.

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F
F Interface between MSC and EIR.

FAC Final Assembly Code

FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel: dedicated signaling channel (Um interface).

Fb Radio transmission Frequency bit

FCC Federal Communication Commission

FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel: common frequency synchronization channel.

FCH Frequency CHannel: common frequency synchronization channel.

FCS Frame Check Sequence: added to information and control fields of LAPD,
LAPDm and SS7 frames.

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access: access sharing technique which divides the
frequency space into a multiplicity of frequencies.

FE Frame Error: frame alignment error counter alarm.

Also: PCM alarm LED (DTI/TDTI/DDTI boards).

FEC Frame Error Counter: on DTI board, FEC counts frame lock error.

FH Frequency Hopping

FH bus Frequency Hopping bus: BTS data transmission bus between the FP and TX.

FIFO First In First Out memory

FM Fault Management: O&M network function enabled by MD-R or OMC-R.

FMS MSC/VLR File Management Subsystem

FN Frame Number: internal clock of a BTS, to which every MS has to synchronize

before the beginning of the communication (see hyperframe).

FP Frame Processor: TDMA radio frame processor in BTS.

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array: programmable integrated circuit.

FPRX TDMA radio frame processor and receiver function.

FP-RX bus BTS data transmission bus between FP and RX.

FR Full Rate: normal quality speech vocoder (MS and TCU).

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FRONTEND BTS front end telecommunications processor.

FRU Field Replaceable Unit

FTAM File Transfer Access and Management: ISO file transfer and remote file
management protocol used by the EFT.

FTS File Transfer Service: OMC-R service that manages the FTAM protocol. FTS acts
on behalf of other OMC-R applications to send and receive files known to the
OMC-R file manager and to manage remote BSC files.
G
G Interface between one VLR and another VLR.

GDMO Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects

GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center

GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center: MSC that allows a GSM network to interface
with other networks.

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying: radio modulation used by GSM.

GPP GSM PassPort: Nortel PassPort switch customized for IWF.

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GSC Group Switching Center

GSM Global System for Mobile communications

GSM-R GSM network for Railway companies

GSM time GSM system clock in BTS.

GSM time bus GSM time distribution bus in BTS: BTS bus used to distribute GSM time.

GTW GaTeWay board between the BCF and the DRXs of the S8000 first version
(before CBCF).

GUI Graphic User Interface

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H
HANDOVER Automatic call transfer implemented between the radio channels of the same or
different cells without interrupting transmission.

HDB3 High Density Bipolar 3: bipolar PCM link coding standard 3.

HDLC High-level Data Link Control: data link protocol family: LAPB (X.25), LAPD
(ISDN), LAPDm (GSM), MTP-2 (SS7).

HePA High power version of an ePA

HLR Home Location Register: data base for permanent subscribers information
(profile, billing, location, etc.).

HMI Human-Machine Interface: interface between the human user and any kind of
machine (replace MMI).

HO HandOver: automatic call transfer implemented between the radio channels of

the same or different cells without interrupting transmission.

HON HandOver Number: Number issued to establish a circuit between MSC for a
called to be handed over.

HRS Home location Register Subsystem supported by MSC/VLR.

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data

HSCX High-level Serial communications Controller eXtended: Controller managing two

HDLC links.

HSI High-Speed Interface (X.25 SUN server board).

HSN Hopping Sequence Number (see Frequency Hopping).

HR Half Rate: quality speech vocoder (MS and TCU).

HOLD Call Hold service

H2D Hybrid Coupler 2 ways with integrated Duplexer

H4D Hybrid Coupler 4 ways with integrated Duplexer

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I
IAM Initial Address Message
Id Identifier: BSC or OMC-R object instance identifier
ID Non urgent action: Abbreviation identifying an urgent alarm requiring action which
may be slightly postponed.
IDE Integrated Disk Electronic: hard disk interface between CPU-OMU and MMU_IDE
boards (BSC 12000HC).
IEC International Electrotechnical Committee: A standardization body of the ISO.
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE 802.3 Recommendation IEEE 802.3: standardization of Ethernet, using the CSMA/CD
access method and bus topology LAN.
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force: organization that provides the coordination of
standards and specification development for TCP/IP networking.IMEI
International Mobile Equipment Identity: permanently stored in the MS.
ILC ISDN Link Controller (CLR).
IM Urgent action: Abbreviation identifying a received alarm requiring immediate
action.
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity: identification of the mobile equipment
rather than the subscriber and used to detect the stolen MEs (black list).
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity: primary identification of the subscriber.
IN Intelligent Network: open system for universal networks services (personal
number, prepaid calling, sponsored calling, location enquiry, VPN, etc.).
I-Node Interface Node: Interface and switching node (BSC e3).
I/O Input/Output.
IOC Input Output Controller: (DMS).
IOM Input Output Module: (DMS).
IOP Input Output Processor module: (DMS).
IOS MSC/VLR Input/Output Subsystem.
IP Internet Protocol: level 3 protocol usually used above Ethernet
Intelligent Peripheral: IN node.
IPAT ISDN Primary Access Transceiver: ISDN subscriber access protocol (basic
access).
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network.
ISM Integrated Service Module: (DMS).
ISO International Standards Organization.

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ISPBX Integrated Services Private Branch eXchange.

ISUP ISDN user part: protocol used by the MSC for signaling towards the ISDN (SS7).
ITU International Telecommunication Union: standardization organization.
IWF InterWorking Function: subsystem of the NSS used for data communication with
other networks.
IWU InterWorking Unit: NSS function for data services.

K
kb kilobyte (1024 bytes).
Kc Key of ciphering: encrypting key assigned to a mobile subscriber.
key Identifies a logical file record by one or more attributes.
kHz kiloHertz.
Ki Identification key for every SIM card, stored on the AuC/HLR.
kW kiloWatt.

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L1 BTS software element handling the LAPD Level 1 protocol.

L1M Layer one Management: Processor functional unit handling BTS radio
measurements.

L2 BTS software element handling the LAPD Level 2 protocol.

L2ML Abis interface layer level 2 management function.

LAC Location Area Code: code used to identify a location area.

LAI Location Area Identity: geographic identity of a group of cells used to locate a
mobile station.

LAN Local Area Network: local OMC Ethernet network.

LAP Link Access Protocol family: LAPB, LAPD, LAPDm.

LAPB Link Access Protocol Balanced: X.25 link signaling protocol.

LAPD Link Access Protocol on D channel: signaling protocol used on the Abis interface
between BTS and the BSC and on the Ater interface between BSC and TCU.

LAPDm Link Access Protocol on D channel, modified: signaling protocol used on GSM
radio interface.

LAPDp Link Access Protocol on D channel, principal.

LAPDs Link Access Protocol on D channel, secondary.

LAPD_ACC LAPD_ACCess: BSC processor functional unit monitoring LAPD interface

access.

LAPD_DL LAPD_DataLink: BSC processor functional unit monitoring the LAPD protocol

Lb Interface between Serving MLC and BSC (BSC interface).

LBO Line Build Out: PCM T1 line attenuation.

Lc Interface between Gateway MLC and gsmSCF (CAMEL interface).

LC Logical Channel.

LCO Inter-processor communication layer: Core system software layer enabling inter
board interchanges, OSI layer management and file transfer applications.

LCS LoCation Services.

LDB Operating system: one of the three BSC core system software levels.

Le Interface between External User and MLC (external interface).

LED Light Emitting Diode

LFA Loss of Frame Alignment: PCM alarm LED (DTI/TDTI/DDTI boards).

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LFA Loss of Frame Alignment: LED on front face of DTI board.

Lg Interface between Gateway MLC and VMSC (Gateway MLC interface).

Lh Interface between Gateway MLC and HLR (HLR interface).

LIU Link Interface Unit: LPP board DMS.

LIC Board initialization software

LL Leased Line.

LMS Local Message Switch: LPP board of the DMS.

LMU Location Measurement Unit

LNA Low Noise Amplifier

LNA-splitter Low Noise Amplifier-splitter: used for separation of signals received in the BTS.

logical record Line in an OMC-R data server file.

LOS LOSs of PCM frame alignment alarm signal.

Lp Interface between two SMLCs.

LPD box Lightning Protection and Distribution box.

LPP Link Peripheral Processor: main interface equipment of the DMS.

Ls Interface between Serving MLC and VMSC (Serving MLC interface).

LSA-RC Low Speed Access-Resource Complex: BSC e3 interface module controlling

several external PCM links with BTS (interface Abis) or TCU (interface Ater).

LVC Low Voltage Circuit

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MA Mobile Allocation: table of channel associated frequency allocations.

MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset: reference of channel associated frequencies.

MAN Mobile Access Number: Number identifying a mobile subscriber.

MAP Mobile network Application Part protocol.

MAS MSC/VLR maintenance subsystem

MASTER Master frame processor on the DCU board.

Mb Megabyte (1024 kb)

MBII See Multibus II.

MCC Mobile Country Code: a 3 digits number that identifies a country (not a PLMN).

MCGS Meridian Cabinet Global Switch: main cabinet of the Micronode DMS.

MCIP Meridian Cabinet Interface Power: cabinet of the Micronode DMS.

MCP OMC-R server X.25 interface controller.

MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme for EGPRS (MCS1 to MCS9).

MCS Man machine Communications Subsystem.

MDB Core System: Processor network reference model which may be tailored to fit
several different hardware architectures.

MDO Software element controlling BTS software downloading.

MD-R Mediation Device OMC-Radio

MDS ManageD System (BSC).

ME Mobile Equipment: Mobile Station without SIM.

MEU Masthead Electronics Unit: Mini-masthead electronics cabinet. Remote amplifier

located between BTS and the antenna.

MexE Mobile Station Execution Environment

MFR Measurement Function Receiver

MGS ManaginG System (OMC-R)

MHz MegaHertz

MIB Management Information Base: data base containing managed objects in Q3

format.

MIS Power supply converter unit located in the basic BTS cabinet switching rack
(CSU) and extension cabinet MIS shelf.

MLC Mobile Location Center

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MM Mobility Management: user protocol between the MS and the NSS for MS
location (roaming and security functions).

MMC Man Machine Communications: By extension, command issued by users on the

MMI interface to implement dialogues with OMC-R.

MMI Man Machine Interface enabling message exchanges between OMC-R and
users.

MMS Mass Memory Storage: SCSI hard disk board (BSC e3).

MMU Mass Memory Unit: SCSI hard disk board (BSC 6000/12000).

MMU_IDE Mass Memory Unit_IDE hard disk board (BSC 12000HC).

MNC Mobile Network Code: 2 digits number used to identify a PLMN.

MNP Microcom Network Protocol: Data transmission protocols (compressing, error

detection and correction).

MNU MaNagement Unit: BTS processor. FP frame management unit.

MODEM MASTER and AUX processor controlling handling frame modulation and
demodulation on the DCU board.

MOM BTS software element handling Operation and Maintenance.

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

Minutes of Usage: subscriber activity.

MPC Message Passing Coprocessor: Message transfer buffer circuit between the
CPU-MPU board and the SICX board bus (for X.25) or SICD board bus (for
LAPD).

MPE Maximum Permissible Exposure

MPTy Multiparty service: supplementary service.

MPU Main Processing Unit: set of processor boards (BSC 6000/12000).

MPUA Abbreviation used to designate the first BSC processing unit, housed on upper
control cabinet shelf.

MPUB Abbreviation used to designate the second BSC processing unit, housed on
lower control cabinet shelf.

MRR BTS software element controlling level 3 radio resources.

MS Mobile Station: mobile voice and data terminal or handset.

MSC Mobile services Switching Center: GSM switch equipment (NSS).

MSISDN Mobile Station ISDN: number used by the calling party to reach a GSM
subscriber.

MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number: temporary identifier used to route mobile
terminating calls.

MSU Message Signal Unit: Abbreviation designating a useful A interface frame (SS7
protocol).
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MSW Main SWitching: switching matrix board of the SWU (BSC

6000/12000/12000HC).

MTP Message Transfer Part: CCITT signaling system No. 7 part (A interface).

MTS MSC/VLR Mobile Telephone Subsystem

Multibus II Data bus between the different BSC processing boards (Intel standard,
equivalent to IEEE standard 1296) Multibus II is a registered trademark of Intel.

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N1R Software element controlling BTS Radio level 1.

N3-ALA Software element controlling level 3 of BTS ALArms.

N3-DCC Software element controlling level 3 of the BTS signaling concentrator.

N3-DTI Software element controlling level 3 of the BTS PCM unit.

N3-SYN Software element controlling level of the BTS synchronization unit.

N3-TX Software element controlling level 3 of the BTS transmitter.

NACK Negative ACKnowledgement.

NCC Network Color Code: first three bits of the BSIC code. Each PLMN is assigned a
NCC.

NDC National Destination Code: part of the ISDN number (E.164) used to address an
area or a service.

NFS Network File System: standard network file management system; set of level 5 to
7 protocols enabling transparent file sharing between several machines (possibly
heterogeneous) connected in a local network.

NIU Network Interface Unit: LPP board of the DMS.

NMC Network Management Center: linked to all the OMC, to manage the entire GSM
network as a whole.

NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt (SUP board).

NMP Network Management Platform (OMC-R)

NMS Network Management Subsystem (MSC/VLA)

NOS NO Signal: PCM alarm LED for no frame signal received (DTI/TDTI/DDTI
boards).

NRZ Non Return to Zero: coding scheme used for binary signal (internal PCM).

NSS Network and switching SubSystem: subsystem including an MSC, main HLR,
VLR, EIR and AUC.

NTPs Nortel Technical Publications: Nortel Networks product documentation.

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O
OA Application object: OMC Administration, OMC-R function (cf. ADM).

OACSU Off-Air Call SetUp: procedure for setting up calls with allocating a radio channel
during the call routing time.

OAM OMN Access Management: functional enabled by OMC-R.

OC-3 Optical Carrier-3: SONET frame at 155 Mbps used between the two Nodes of
BSC e3.

OBR Processor functional unit supporting BSC radio observations.

OBS Processor function unit supporting BSC OBServations.

OBS_MASTER Main BSC Processor observation functional unit.

OBS_SLAVE Secondary BSC Processor observation functional unit.

OE Managed object: Object managed by OMC-R on the OMN interface, modeling an

entity, set, function or BSS equipment.

OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer

OMA Operations and Maintenance Access

O&M Operation and Maintenance

O&M bus Operation and Maintenance bus (BTS-BSC 6000/12000-TCU 6000).

OMC Operation and Maintenance Center

OMC-R Operation and Maintenance Center - Radio: for BSS.

OMC-S Operation and Maintenance Center - Switching: for NSS.

OML Operation and Maintenance Link: LAPD link supporting BSS Operation and
Maintenance functions.

OMN Operation and Maintenance Network: interface used for transferring messages
between OMC-R and connected BSC.

OMS Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

OMU Operations & Maintenance Unit: BSC operation and maintenance module (BSC
e3).

OMU See CPU-OMU board (BSC 12000).

OSI Open System Interconnection: standard model for computer communications,

organized into seven layers, each containing several protocols.

OSS Operation SubSystem: operations subsystem including the OMC-R and OMC-S.

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P
P See DPMD.

PA Power Amplifier

PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler (X.25).

PC Personal Computer

PCH Paging CHannel: common subscriber radio paging channel.

PCM Pulse Code Modulation: PCM link connecting either BSC to BTS (Abis interface),
or BSC to TCU (Ater interface).
E1 : 2.048 Mbit/s (2 Mbit/s physical link supporting 32 x 64 kbit/s time slots (TS))
T1 : 1.544 Mbit/s (1.5 Mbit/s physical link supporting 24 x 64 kbit/s time slots
(TS)).

PCM bus Pulse Code Modulation bus: Internal BTS PCM distribution bus.

PCMA Pulse Code Modulation A interface: Managed objects modeling the PCM links
connecting TCU to MSC (A interface) in an architecture with remote transcoder
units.

PCMI PCM Interface board supporting two PCM interfaces between BTS and BSC.

PCN Personal Communication Network: High density telephone network created in

1989 by the DTI (Department of Trade & Industry).

PCS Personal Communication Service: Digital mobile network, which operates at the
1900 MHz frequency band. GSM 1900 is one of the technologies used in building
PCS networks (also referred to as PCS 1900 or DCS 1900). Such networks
employ a range of technologies including GSM, TDMA and cdmaOne.

PCU Power Control Unit (BTS S8000)

PCUSN Packet Control Unit Support Node: GPRS node.

PDTC Pcm-30 Digital Trunk Interface (DMS).

PDTCH GPRS or EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel

PDTCH/CS1 GPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using CS1. PDTCH/CS2

GPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using CS2. PDTCH/CS3 GPRS Packet

Data Traffic Channel using CS3. PDTCH/CS4 GPRS Packet Data Traffic

Channel using CS4. PDTCH/MCS1 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel

using MCS1. PDTCH/MCS2 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using

MCS2. PDTCH/MCS3 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS3.

PDTCH/MCS4 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS4.

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PDTCH/MCS5 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS5.

PDTCH/MCS6 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS6.

PDTCH/MCS7 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS7.

PDTCH/MCS8 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS8.

PDTCH/MCS9 EGPRS Packet Data Traffic Channel using MCS9.

PFU Processor Functional Unit: Element of a functional unit entirely enabled by a

single processor.

P-GSM Primary GSM band: new name of the basic GSM 900 band.

PIN Personal Identity Number: 4 to 8 digits number stored on the SIM by the user that
provides limited protection against unauthorized use.

PLL Phase Locked Loop: to maintain the synthesizer frequency.

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network: GSM network of an operator (identified by its NCC).

PM Performance Management: function enabled by OMC.

POD Physical Object Dictionary used as a configuration file by the Fault Management
function (OMC-R).

PPCM Pico PCM Interface: BTS e-cell board controlling two external PCM links with
BSC (Abis interface).

PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory

PS Packet Switched.

PS/A Power Supply converter (BTS)

PS/B Power Supply converter housed in the basic cabinet switching (CSU) unit and the
extension cabinet MIS shelf (BTS).

PSCMD Power Supply CoMmanD board for the converters of the BCF first version (BTS
S8000).

PSDN Packet-Switched Data Network

PSN Public Switched Network

PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network.

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PSU Power Supply Unit.

PSUC Power Supply Unit, Control: BSC control cabinet unit.

PSUE Power Supply Unit, Equipment: BSC equipment cabinet unit.

PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit

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QoS Quality of Service

Q3 interface Standard communication interface between a manager and agent in

Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) architecture.

R
R See DRMD

RACE Remote ACcess Equipment: remote OMC-R operations terminal.

RACH Random Access CHannel: common mobile logical channel, reserved for random
access requests transmitted by mobile stations on the radio interface.

Radio interface Interface between the mobile station (MS) and BTS.

RAM Random Access Memory: read and write memory.

RAND RANDom binary word generated by AUC for authentication algorithms.

RCB Rate Converter Board enabling PCM rate conversion for LAPD (BSC
6000/12000).

RCV ReCeiVer: RCP receiver.

RDBMS Relational Data Base Management System

REA Application Elementary Response: MGS-MDS protocol unit sent by BSC to OMC.

RECAL REmote Control Alarm: new board used with the Compact BCF to replace ALCO
inside each S8000 cabinet. Also used in S12000 cabinet.

RED Rectifier.

REE Operation Elementary Response: Message sent by BSC to OMC-R in response

to TEE, MGS-MDS protocol unit sent by BSC to OMC.

RF Radio Frequency

RGA Application Global Response: Message sent in response to a TGA, containing a

set of REA units.

RGE Operation Global Response: Message sent to OMC-R by BSC in response to a

TGE, containing a set of REE units.

R-GSM Railway GSM: GSM 900 band (4 MHz) allocated to Railway companies.

RISC Reduced Instruction-Set Computer: computer which provides the ability to

process an optimized set of instructions.

RLC Radio Link Control

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RLP Radio Link Protocol

Roaming The ability of a subscriber to move around and change the location, with or
without an active connection.

ROM Read Only Memory

ROSE Remote Operations Service Element: OSI layer 7 protocol for network
management.

ROT Remote Operations Terminal: remote OMC-R operations terminal.

RP Regional Processor

RPB Regional Processor Bus

RPE-LTP Regular pulse excitation-long-term prediction: procedure used to compress

speech data from 64 Kbps to 13 Kbps.

RPH Regional Processor Handling (MSC/VLR)

RPS Regional Processor Subsystem (MSC/VLR)

RR Radio Resource: layer 3 radio interface sublevel handling radio resources.

RRA Receiver Remote Alarm: PCM alarm LED (DTI/TDTI/DDTI boards).

RS485 Electrical communications standard (physical level).

RSL Radio Signaling Link: signaling channel between TRX and BSC.

RTIF Reset Terminal Interface (DMS XA-Core).

RTLU Radio Test Loop Unit.

RX Receiver part of the TRX (BTS).

RX-CONTROL FP-RX bus control link.

RXD BTS diversity receiver.

RXM BTS main receiver.

RX-SAMPLE FP-RX bus data transport link.

RX-Splitter Reception Multicoupler.

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SABM Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode: initialization LAPD frame.

SACCH Slow Associated Control CHannel: slow logical control channel associated with a
traffic channel during a communication.

SAI Service Area Interface (BSC/TCU e3).

SAM Smart Antenna Module

SAPI Service Access Point Identifier (LAPD)

SAT SIM Application Toolkit

SBCF Small BCF: BCF module of the S2000H&L BTS.

SCC SuperNode Combined Core: main cabinet of the SNSE DMS.

SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part (CCITT No. 7)

SCE Service Creation Environment: IN station.

SCF Service Control Function: IN function.

SCH Synchronization CHannel: common time division synchronization channel.

SCP Service Control Point: IN node.

SCSE Communication Service with managed Systems: application handling

communications with systems managed by OMC-R.

SCSI Small Computer System Interface: hard disk interface between the MMU and
CPU-OMU boards (BSC 6000/12000).

SDA Speech and Data Adaptator: DCU board vocoder.

SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel: dedicated radio signaling channel

temporarily allocated during call set up. There are 2 types of SDCCH = SDCCH/8
and SDCCH/4, on which the logical channels are grouped by 4 and by 8
respectively and combined with CCH.

SDF Service Data Function: (IN function)

SDO OMC-R data server (Serveur de Donnes Objet).

SDS Solstice Disk Suite: SSA operating system.

SF Super Frame: PCM T1 multiframe (12 basic frames without CRC).

SFH Slow Frequency Hopping: FH used in GSM.

Functional service: BSS subsystem function classification.

SI No action: Abbreviation used to identify an alarm which does not need to be

attended outside normal working hours.

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SICD Serial Interface Controller LAPD: LAPD controller board for Abis and Ater
interface (BSC 6000/12000).

SICD8V SICD board evolution for 8 channels.

SICX Serial Interface Controller X.25 (BSC 6000/12000).

SID SIlence Descriptor: silence frame used in discontinuous transmission (DTX).

SIGN SIGNalization unit: signalization unit processing two time slots.

SIM Subscriber Identity Module: smart card containing information on the subscriber.

SKP SKiP indication received: PCM alarm LED (DTI/TDTI/DDTI boards).

SLS Serial Link Switch board supporting the link with OMC-R (BSC 6000/12000).

SLS2 Serial Link Switch board supporting the link with OMC-R (BSC 12000HC).

SM Security Management: software management function supported by OMC-R.

SMLC Serving Mobile Location Center.

SMP Software element handling BTS traffic measurements.

SMS Short Messages Service: service for sending and receiving short messages
between Radio Cellular Network mobile stations. Point to point short messages
include short SMS-MO/PP messages and short SMS-MT/PP messages.
Service Management System: IN server

SMS-CB Short Message Service-Cell Broadcast

SMS-MO/PP Short message sent by mobile station.

SMS-MT/PP Short message received by mobile station.

SMS-SC Short Message Service-Service Center: point to point message center

equipment.

SNSE SuperNode Size Enhanced: compact SuperNode DMS.

SOM Software element handling BTS Operation and Maintenance.

SP Support Processor (MSC/VLR)

SPD SPeech Decoder

SPE SPeech Encoder

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

SPS Support Processor Subsystem

SPU Signal Processor Unit: radio signal processor for one time slot (BTS).

SQL Structured Query Language.

SR1 BTS software unit which manages level 1 radio access.

SRAM Static Random Access Memory

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SRES Signed RESult: binary word generated by AUC for authentication algorithms.

SRF Specialized Resource Function: (IN function).

SRR Software element handling BTS radio resources.

SRU Set of Rectifier Units of the BTS S8000.

SS Supplementary Services: radio interface layer 3 sublevel handling supplementary

services.

SS7 Signaling System 7: functional unit handling the Signaling System No. 7 (A
interface).

SS7_LOW Processor functional unit handling BSC layer 1 and 2 protocol.

SS7_MGT Processor functional unit controlling BSC signaling system No 7 interface.

SS7_UPP Processor functional unit controlling the BSC layer 3 protocol.

SSA SPARC Storage Array: SUN hard disk unit of the OMC-R.

SSF Service Switching Function: IN function.

SSP Service Switching Point: IN node.

STA Application support layer: Software layer of BSC core system.

STP Signaling Transfer Point: node within a SS7 network which processes or relay the
SS7 messages.

STRTM FP-RX bus strobe.

SUP SUPervision board supervising a processing unit (BSC 6000/12000).

SUP2 SUPervision board supervising a processing unit (BSC 12000HC).

SUP_F_RDS Processor BSC radio monitoring functional unit

SUP_M_BSC Main physical BSC radio monitoring functional unit

SUP_M_CA Processor BSC processor monitoring functional unit

SUP_M_SHL BSC equipment monitoring element

SWC SWitching Controller board of the SWU (BSC 6000/12000/12000HC).

SWE SWitching Extension board enabling V11/TTL conversion for internal PCM (BSC
6000/12000).

SWG SwitchinG shelf (Equipment cabinet) housing the SWU (SWC, MSW and SWE)
and the ECI boards (BSC 6000/12000).

SWMA SWM board partnered with the MPUA processing unit.

SWMB SWM board partnered with the MPUB processing unit.

SWR Stationary Wave Rate

SWT BSC cabinet shelf housing the switching matrix units and duplicated ECI boards.

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SWU SWitching Unit regrouping SWC, MSW and SWE boards (BSC
6000/12000/12000HC).

SYMPA Real time monitor

SYN SYNchronization unit (BTS)

SYNAD SYNchronization Adaptor: Interface for the BTS synchronization board.

SYNC SYNChronization unit of the BTS containing the SYN and the SYNAD.

SYNO SYNchronization Outdoor Unit

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T2 Period at which Permanent, Instrument panel and Temporary observation

counters are recovered to generate observation reports, and also to back up
Permanent and Temporary observation reports.

T3 Temporary observation counter time.

T4 30 mn reference period used to obtain uniform daily statistics (synchronized

activation of permanent and instrument panel observations).

TA Timing Advance: dynamic values conveyed to the MS to indicate how much

earlier a burst has to be sent to the BTS, to prevent collision with bursts of other
MSs.

TAF Terminal Adaptation Function: supports the MS in setting up data connections.

TC Terrestrial Circuit: PCM link time slot used to support traffic on A interface.

TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part (CCITT SS7).

TCB TransCoding Board, enabling speech transcoding (FR) and data rate adaptation
up to 9.6 kbps (TCU 12000).

TCB2 TransCoding Board, enabling speech transcoding (FR and EFR) and data rate
adaptation up to 14.4 kbps (TCU 12000).

TCH Traffic CHannel: radio traffic channel.

TCH/AFS adaptative mutirate full rate speech traffic channel,

generic name for TCH/AFS12.2, TCH/AFS10.2, TCH/AFS7.95, TCH/AFS7.4,
TCH/AFS6.7, TCH/AFS5.9, TCH/AFS5.15 and TCH/AFS4.75

TCH/AFS12.2 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 12.2 kbps.

TCH/AFS10.2 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 10.2 kbps.

TCH/AFS7.95 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 7.95 kbps.

TCH/AFS7.4 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 7.4 kbps.

TCH/AFS6.7 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 6.7 kbps.

TCH/AFS5.9 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 5.9 kbps.

TCH/AFS5.15 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 5.15 kbps.

TCH/AFS4.75 adaptative mutirate full rate speech, 4.75 kbps.

TCH/AHS adaptative mutirate half rate speech traffic channel,

generic name for TCH/AHS7.95, TCH/AHS7.4, TCH/AHS6.7, TCH/AHS5.9,
TCH/AHS5.15 and TCH/AHS4.75

TCH/AHS7.95 adaptative mutirate half rate speech, 7.95 kbps.

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TCH/AHS7.4 adaptative mutirate half rate speech, 7.4 kbps.

TCH/AHS6.7 adaptative mutirate half rate speech, 6.7 kbps.

TCH/AHS5.9 adaptative mutirate half rate speech, 5.9 kbps.

TCH/AHS5.15 adaptative mutirate half rate speech, 5.15 kbps.

TCH/AHS4.75 adaptative mutirate half rate speech, 4.75 kbps.

TCH/EFS enhanced full rate speech traffic channel.

TCH/F full rate traffic channel, generic name for

TCH/AFS, TCH/EFS, TCH/FS, TCH/F14.4, TCH/F9.6, TCH/F4.8, TCH/F2.4, E
TCH/F43.2, E-TCH/F32.0, E-TCH/F28.8, PDTCH/CS1 to CS4 and PDTCH/MCS1
to MCS9.

TCH/F14.4 14.4 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

TCH/F9.6 9.6 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

TCH/F4.8 4.8 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

TCH/F2.4 2.4 kbps full rate data traffic channel.

TCH/FS full rate speech traffic channel.

TCH/H half rate traffic channel, generic name for

TCH/AHS, TCH/HS, TCH/H4.8 and TCH/H2.4.

TCH/H4.8 4.8 kbps half rate data traffic channel.

TCH/H2.4 2.4 kbps half rate data traffic channel.

TCH/HS half rate speech traffic channel.

TCP Transmission Control Protocol: level 4 protocol usually used above IP.

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: levels 4 and 3 of the OSI

reference model.

TCS Traffic Control Subsystem: MSC/VLR traffic routing and control subsystem.

TCU TransCoder Unit: Nortel name for the Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit equipment.

TCUD Software element controlling coded block transmission.

TDEC Software element handling frame coding and error event tests.

TDES Software element handling coded frame de-interleaving.

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access: transmission frame on the radio interface, divided
into eight time slots (TS) or channels.

TDS BTS signaling processing software element.

TDTI Transcoder Dual Trunk Interface: board handling PCM links (TCU 12000).

TEA Application Elementary Transaction.

TEE Operation elementary transaction: MGS-MDS protocol unit sent to BSC by OMC.
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TEI Terminal Equipment Identifier: address allocated to site entities (BCF and TRX),
or to a TCU used to route messages to and from the BSC on the Abis or Ater
interface (LAPD protocol).

TEQU Signal processing software element.

TFH Microwave terminal.

TFRQ Software element handling the estimated frequency shift detected on received
bursts.

TGA Application global transaction: A TGA contains a set of TEA units.

TGE Operation global transaction: Message sent by to OMC-R by OMC-R containing a

set of TEE units. The TGE are converted into TGA.

TIB BCF part of the TIL application.

TIF TRX part of the TIL application.

TIL Terminal for Local Intervention: TML application dedicated to BTS on-site
maintenance.

TIMING ADVANCE Alignment process designed to compensate propagation time between a

mobile and base station.

TMG Traffic ManaGement: processor functional unit enabling BSC traffic handling
capabilities.

TMG_CNX Processor functional unit enabling BSC connection control.

TMG_COM Processor functional unit managing BSC communications.

TMG_MES Processor functional unit managing BSC message transfers.

TMG_RAD Processor functional unit managing BSC radio resources.

TML Local Maintenance Terminal: specialized software running on a PC, used to test
the different entities of the BSC and the BTS.

TMN Telecommunication Management Network: operation, maintenance and

administration functions for networks management, normalized by ITU.

TMS Signal processor.

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity.

TNSB Software element managing that standardizes the soft bits returning from the
lattice (BTS).

TNV Telecommunication Network Voltage.

TOA Time Of Arrival.

TRAU Transcoder Rate Adaptor Unit (see TCU).

TRM Transcoding Resource Module: enabling speech transcoding (FR, EFR and
AMR) and data rate adaptation up to 14.4 kbps (TCU e3).

TRX Transmission/reception subsystem of a BTS.

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TS Time Slot: a TDMA radio frame contains eight contiguous time slots.

TSC Training Sequence Code: TSM time slot counter, end sequence code, used in
error correction algorithms (TDMA frame management)

TSCB Transcoder Signaling Concentration Board concentrating LAPD signaling

channels between BSC and TCU into a single channel (BSC 6000/12000).

TSM Time Switching Module (MSC/VLR).

TSS Trunk and Signaling Subsystem (MSC/VLR).

TST Time - Space - Time communication network type: System built-into most BTS
boards which automatically executes self tests when the boards are initialized or
configured.

TT Toll Ticketing (MSC): End of call ticket charging.

TUC Transcoder Unit Controller board designed to monitor other boards and internal
PCM cross connections (TCU 6000).

TUP Telephone User Part.

TX Transmitter part of TRX (BTS).

T2 Period at which Permanent, Instrument panel and Temporary observation

counters are recovered to generate observation reports, and also to back up
Permanent and Temporary observation reports.

T3 Temporary observation counter time.

T4 30 mn reference period used to obtain uniform daily statistics (synchronized

activation of permanent and instrument panel observations).

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UA Unnumbered Acknowledgement: acknowledgement LAPD frame.

UDP User Datagram Protocol: transport protocol used above IP layer, without
acknowledgement.

UL Underwriters Laboratory: North American standard.

Umbrella cell Standard cell covering one or several microcells where antennas are located
higher than roofs.

Um interface See Radio interface.

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System: third generation mobile

telecommunication system.

USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter:

Synchronous/asynchronous interface.

UTE Slave processing unit (TCU).

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V
VA Power supply unit ventilation (BSC).

VAD Voice Activity Detection (see DTX).

VBS Voice Broadcast Service: ASCI supplementary service allowing speech

distribution into a geographical area.

VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator: type of oscillator in which the frequency may be
adjusted by a control voltage.

VCXO Voltage Controlled crystal-Oscillator.

VEA Very Early Assignment: procedure for setting up calls with allocating a radio
channel at initial assignment.

VGCS Voice Group Call Service: ASCI supplementary service adding to VBS the
change of the calling subscriber (full duplex channel) to another subscriber.

VHE Virtual Home Environment.

VLR Visitor Location Register: MSC data base for subscribers moving within its
coverage area (NSS).

VMS Voice Mail System.

VP Voltage Parallel: Equivalent unit for volt Parallel means that the voltage is
provided by two units used in parallel (in case of drop out).

VPN Virtual Private Network.

VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.

VU Ventilation Unit (BSC).

V.35 ITU recommendation.

V.42 ITU recommendation for error control procedures.

V.42bis ITU recommendation for data compression technique used with V42.

V.110 ITU recommendation for data transmission.

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W
WAE Wireless Application Environment.

WAP Wireless Access Protocol.

WML Wireless Markup Language.

WS WorkStation: OMC stations linked to servers via an Ethernet LAN.

X.25 ITU recommendation for terminals using packet transmission over PSPDN.

XCBCF eXtended CBCF for S8000/S12000 Indoor and Outdoor BTS

= CMCF Phase 3 + 4 CPCMI boards.

XR2 BTS software unit which manages radio level 2.

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Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

WEB SITES

Standards Organizations and Telecom Interest Groups

ANSI http://www.ansi.org
Autorit de Rgulation des Tlcoms http://www.art-telecom.fr

ATM Forum http://www.atmforum.com

Australian Communications Authority http://www.aca.gov.au
Bluetooth http://www.bluetooth.com
Cellular Telecommunications & Internet http://www.wirelessdata.org/front.asp

ECMA http://www.ecma.ch

EIA http://www.eia.org
ETSI http://www.etsi.fr

Frame Relay Forum http://www.frforum.com

GPRS (Mobiles) http://www.mobileGPRS.com
GSM Association http://www.gsmworld.com

IEEE http://www.ieee.org
International EMF Project http://www.who.int/peh-emf/
Internet IETF http://www.ietf.org
Internet IPv6 http://www.ipv6forum.com/
IP over ATM http://www.com21.com/pages/ietf.html

ISO http://www.iso.ch
ITU http://www.itu.ch
JAVA forum http://www.java.sun.com
Mobile Data Association http://www.mda-mobiledata.org/
Mobile Lifestreams http://www.links2mobile.com/
MEE forum http://www.mexeforum.org
National Radiological Protection Board http://www.nrpb.org.uk/
Protocols http://www.protocols.com
Radicchio (m-commerce) http://www.radicchio.cc/
Radiocommunications Agency http://www.radio.gov.uk
Swedish Radiation Protection Institute http://www.ssi.se/english/
Underwriters Laboratory http://www.ul.com

WAP forum http://www.wapforum.org

3GPP http://www.3GPP.org/

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Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

Operators

British Telecom http://bt.com

Deutsch Telekom http://www.telekom.com

France Telecom http://francetelecom.fr

NTT-DOCOMO http://www.nttdocomo.com
Sprint http://www.sprint.com

Manufacturers

Acterna http://www.acterna.com
Allgon http://www.allgon.com
Andrew http://www.andrew.com
Celwave http://www.celwave.com
DAPA http://www.dapacom.com
EUPEN http://www.eupencable.com
Huber & Suhner http://www.hubersuhner.com
ISTAR http://www.istar.com
Kathrein http://www.kathrein.com
Mikom http://www.mikom.com
Mobiligence http://www.mobiligence.com
Nortel Networks http://www.nortel.com
RFS http://rfs-group.com
Rymsa http://www.rymsa.com
Shockymap http://www.shockymap.com
Telewave http://www.telewave.com

Editors

Amazon http://www.amazon.com
Artech House http://www.artechhouse.com
Eyrolles http://www.eyrolles.com
Fatbrain http://www.fatbrain.com
Herms http://www.editions-hermes.fr
Wiley http://www.wiley.com

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Glossary, Web Sites, Technical Books

TECHNICAL BOOKS
Digital Cellular Radio
George Calhoun Artech House

Principles & Applications of GSM

Vijay Kumar Garg, Joseph E. Wilkes Prentice Hall (01/1999)

GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and Implementation

Gunnar Heine Artech House Publishers (1999)
0-89006-471-7

GSM and Personal Communications Handbook

S M Redl, M K Weber & M W Oliphant Artech House Publishers (1998)
0-89006-957-3

GSM: Switching, Services and Protocols

J Eberspaecher, C Bettstetter, H-J Vgel Wiley, John & Sons (06/2001)
0-471-98278-4

The GSM Network: GPRS Evolution: One Step Towards UMTS

Joachim Tisal Wiley, John & Sons (05/2001)

GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems

Raymond Steele, Peter Gould, Chin-Chun Lee Wiley, John & Sons (10/2000)
0-471-49185-3

GSM: Evolution Towards 3rd Generation Systems

Z Zvonar, P Jung, K Kammerlander Kluwer Academic (02/1999)

The GSM System for Mobile Communications

Michel Mouly, Marie-Bernadette Pautet 4, rue Elise Reclus F-91120 Palaiseau - France
2-9507190-0-7

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