OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS

ELEMENTS OF OBLIGATION

1. Active subject (Obligee)

2. Passive subject (Obligor)
3. Prestation (Object)
4. Vinculum Juris (Juridical tie)
5. Causa (Cause)

KINDS OF OBLIGATION IN GENERAL

1. Civil obligation
2. Natural obligation

SOURCES OF OBLIGATION

1. Law
2. Contract
3. Quasi-contract. No one shall be unjustly enriched at the expense of
another. Reimburse.
i. Solutio Indebiti = unduly delivered through mistake.
ii. Negotiorum Gestio = voluntary, unauthorized management of an
abandoned property.
4. Quasi-delict. Causes damage to another through fault or negligence.
5. Delicts. Every person criminally liable for felony is also civilly liable.
CIVIL LIABILITY ARISING FROM CRIME:
a. Restitution - thing itself
b. Reparation - +sentimental value
c. Indemnification - +liability to family or third parties

KINDS OF OBLIGATION ACCDG. TO SUBJECT MATTER

1. Real obligation
i. Determinate = physicallly segreagated. Cannot be replaced once it is
lost.
ii. Indeterminate = refers to class. Cannot be pointed out with
particularity.
2. Personal obligation
i. Positive personal obligation = to do
ii. Negative personal obligation = not to do

KINDS OF FRUITS

1. Natural - without labor

2. Industrial - with labor
3. Civil - through agreement

KINDS OF DELIVERY

1. Actual
2. Constructive
i. Traditio Symbolica
ii. Traditio brevi manu
iii. Traditio constitutum possessarium
iv. Tradition longa manu
v. Execution of a public instrument
vi. Quasi-traditio
KINDS OF PERFORMANCE

1. Specific performance - object itself

2. Substitute performance - other than the obligor/thing
3. Equivalent performance - Damages:
i. Moral
ii. Exemplary
iii. Nominal
iv. Temperate
v. Actual
vi. Liquidated

IRREGULARITY OF PERFORMANCE

1. Fault of the debtor

i. Contravention of tenor
ii. Fraud
1. Causante - voidable
2. Incidental - no effect
iii. Negligence (culpa)
iv. Mora solvendi - No demand, no delay(Gen. Rule)
1. Mora solvendi ex re - delay on real obligation
2. Mora solvendi ex persona - delay on personal obligation
2. Fault other than of the debtor
i. Mora Accipiendi (creditor)
ii. Fortuitous Event

REMEDIES OF CREDITORS

1. Exact performance - Specific, Substitute, Equivalent

2. Debtors property not exempt
3. Accion subrogatoria - all except inherent
4. Accion pauliana = rescind the act