Chapter 5 Teleskop Mikroskop

1|Page Chapter 5 Form 4
Astronomical telescope :
Making of the astronomical telescope.
Parallel rays
from distant
object Objective lens Eye lens
Fo Fe
Complete the ray diagram above to show how the astronomical telescope works.
The microscope :
Structure of the microscope:
L0 Le
Eye
Object
Fo Fe
Complete the ray diagram above to show how the compound microscope works.
Aspek Mikroskop Teleskop
Type of lens/Jenis Kanta
Focal length/ Panjang

fokus
Power of lenses/ Kuasa

kanta
First image/ Imej pertama
Position of final image/

Kedudukan akhir image
Distance between lenses/

Jarak antara 2 kanta
Linear magnification, m/
Pembesaran linear
SPM 2003
1. The diagram shows a student looking at a plane mirror.
The image observed by the student is
3. The diagram shows a light ray travelling from air into a glass prism.
What is the critical angle of the glass?
A 40
B 50
C 60
D 70
E 90
4. Which of the following shows total internal reflection?
Plane mirror
5. The diagram shows the design of a simple astronomical telescope.

The focal length of the lens P is fP and the focal length of lens Q is fQ
Which statement is correct?
A fP is shorter than fQ
B The power of lens P is higher than lens Q
C The image of lens P is real whereas the image of lens Q is virtual
D The image magnification is the ratio of fQ to fp
6. The diagram shows a cross-section of a fibre optic cable.
Which comparison is correct?

A Density of P < density of Q
B Density of P > density of Q
C Density of P = density of Q
2004
7 An observer cannot see the coin in an empty glass as shown in Figure (i). However, he can see the coin when
the glass is filled with water as shown in Figure (ii)
The observer can see the coin in Figure (ii) due to
A the total internal reflection of light

B the refraction of light
C the reflection of light
D the diffraction of light
8 T h e d i a g r a m s h o w s l i g h t r a y X O experiencing total internal reflection when travelling from glass

to air.
Which statements about total internal reflection are correct?

P is more than the critical angle of glass
Q The speed of light in glass is higher than in air
R The refractive index of glass is greater than air
A P and Q
B P and R
C Q and R
D P, Q and R
9. The diagram shows Ahmad and Salim standing in front of a plane mirror at a distance of 5 m and 3 m
respectively.
What is the distance of Ahmad's image as seen by Salim?
A 2m
B 5m
C 6m
D 8m
E 11m
10. The diagram shows a light ray with an incident angle of 5 being reflected by a plane mirror MN. The mirror
is then rotated clockwise through an angle of 15.
What is the new angle of reflection of the light ray?
A 5
B 10
C 15
D 20
11. The diagram shows an object which is placed at u cm from the centre of a convex lens. The focal length of the
lens is 20 cm.
Which of the following characteristics of the image is not correct when u is 10 cm, 15 cm, 35 cm and 45 cm
from the lens?
U /cm Characteristics of the image

A 10 Virtual and bigger
B 15 Virtual and bigger
C 35 Real and smaller
D 45 Real and smaller
D
2005
12. The diagram shows a boy appearing shorter when he is in a swimming pool. The depth
of the water in the pool is 1.2 m. The refractive index of water is 1.33.
What is the apparent depth of the pool?

A 0.1 m
B 0.3 m
C 0.9 m
D 1.1 m
E 1.6 m
13. The diagram shows a light ray directed into a glass block.
Which is the angle of refraction?
14. The diagram shows an object placed in front of a concave mirror. The distance of the object is less than the
focal length, f, of the mirror.
What are the characteristics of the image formed?
A Real, upright, bigger than object

B Real, inverted, smaller than object
C Virtual, upright, bigger than object
D Virtual, inverted, smaller than object
15. The diagram shows a light ray, P, directed into a glass block. The critical angle of the glass is 42.
In which direction does the light move from point Q?
16. A student draws light rays passing through lenses, P, Q, R and S as shown in the diagram below. F is the focal
point of lenses P, Q, R and S.
Which drawing shows the correct path of the light rays?
A II only
B I and III only
C I, II and IV only
D I, II, III and IV
2006
17. Diagram 13 shows two cars, P and Q, travelling in the opposite directions,passing through a sharp bend.
Which mirror is the most suitable to be placed at X so that the river in car P can see car Q?
18. Diagram 14.1 and Diagram 14.2 show light rays travelling from glass to air at different incident angles.
Which angle is the critical angle of the glass?
A p
B q
C r
D s
19. Diagram 15 shows the path of light travelling from air into liquid X.
What is the refractive index of X?

A 0.17
B 0.68
C 1.46
D 1.50
E 2.00
10 | P a g e Chapter 5 Form 4
20. Diagram 16 shows the formatin of the image of an object by a convex lens.
If the height of the object is 2 cm, what is the height of the image?
A 6.50 cm
B 4.50 cm
C 4.00 cm
D 3.25 cm
E 2.25 cm
21. Diagram 17 shows Ali taking an eye test. The distance between Ali and the plane mirror is 1 m. Ali sees
the image of the object in the mirror.
If the distance between the image and Ali is 5 m, calculate the distance between Ali and the object.
A 2m
B 3m
C 4m
D 8m
2007
22. Diagram 14 shows an object placed at o, in front of concave mirror. F is the focal point of the mirror.
F O
Diagram 14
What are the characteristics of the image formed?
A Virtual and smaller than the object

B Real and smaller than the object
C Virtual and bigger than the object
D Real and bigger than the object
23. Diagram 15 shows a boy standing in front of a plane mirror. The boy moves 1 m backwards.
Diagram 15
Calculate the distance between the boy and his image.
A 3m
B 4m
C 6m
D 8m
24 Diagram 26 shows the path of light from P to O.
Diagram 26
The critical angle of water is 48 o. If 0 = 48, which is the correct path of light after passing through
point 0?
A OR
B OS
C OT
D OU
25 Diagram 27 shows a ray of light passing into a glass block. The refractive index of the glass is
1.54.
Diagram 27
What is the angle of incidence?
A 19.7
B 33.7
C 54.7
D 58.0
26 Which of the following ray diagrams is correct for a magnifying glass?
2008
27 Which diagram shows the correct reflection of light from a concave mirror?
[F is the principal focus]
28 Table 2 shows the refractive indices of water and glass.
Substance Refractive index, n

Water 1.3
Glass 1.5
Table 2
Based on the information in Table 2,which light ray, A, B, C and D, in diagram 14 is

correct?
29 Which diagram shows a ray hitting a semicircular glass block at the critical angle, ?
Converging Diverging
Lens Convex Concave
Mirror Concave Convex
Concave Mirror (Reflection) Convex Lens (Refraction )
1st light ray - Parallel, F 1st light ray - Parallel, F
2nd light ray F, Parallel 2nd light ray Head (of object)
3rd light ray From C to Head ( of object) 3rd light ray to centre ( of object)
Concave Lens/ Convex Mirror
Regardless of u, image Virtual, upright and diminished
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 5
2003 18 C
1 C 19 C
2 C 20 B
3 B 2004 21 B
4 C
7
5 B
C 2007
8
6 B
A 22 C
9 D 23 D
10 D 24 B
11 C 25 C
26 A
30
2005
12 C
13 C 2008
14 C 27 B
15 C 28 B
16 C 29 A
30 A
2006 31 A
17 C
Chapter 5:Light
Refraction
-PHENOMENON where the direction of light is changed when it crosses the
boundary between two materials of different optical densities as a result of a
change in the velocity of light.
Apparent depth,d
-DISTANCE of the image from the surface of water (or the boundary between
the two mediums involved)
Real depth,D
-DISTANCE of the object from the surface of the water (or the boundary
between the two mediums involved)
Total internal reflection
-TOTAL REFLECTION of a beam of light at the boundary of two mediums, whenthe angle of incidence in the
optically denser medium exceeds a specific critical angle
Critical angle
-GREATEST ANGLE OF INCIDENCE in the optically denser medium for which the
angle of refraction, r = 90
Power of lens
-MEASURE OF ITS ABILITY to converge or diverge an incident beam of light
PRINCIPLE and Law
Laws of Reflection
- the angle of incidence, i, is equal to the angle of reflection, r (i = r)
- the incident ray, normal and reflected ray will all lie in the same plane
Law of Refraction
-The incident ray and the refracted ray are on the opposite sides of the
normal at the point of incidence, all three lie in the same plane
-Obey snells law
Snells Law
-The value of sin i is a constant t.
IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Virtual
-an image which cannot be projected (focused)/ caught onto a screen
Real
-an image which can be projected (focused) onto a screen
Laterally inverted
-an image which left and right are interchanged
Upright
-an image which in vertical position
Diminished
-image formed is smaller than the object
Magnified
-image formed is larger than the object
Reinforcement:
Part A:
1. Between the following statements about reflection of light, which is not true?
A. All light energy incident on a plane mirror is reflected.

B. The angle of incidence is always the same as the angle of reflection.
C. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the point of incidence, all lie on the same plane.
D. The speed of the reflected ray is the same as the speed of the incident ray.
2. A boy stands in front of a plane mirror. He observes the image of some letterings printed on his shirt. The
letterings on his shirt is as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Between the following images, which is the image observed by the boy?
A B C D
3. Figure 2 shows an object, O placed in front of a plane mirror. Between the positions A, B, C and D, which is
the position of the image?
A B C D
Plane mirror
O
Figure 2
4. A student is moving with a velocity of 2 m s-1 towards a plane mirror. The distance between the student and
his image will move towards each other at the rate
A. 2 m s-1 B. 3 m s-1 C. 4 m s-1 D. 5 m s-1 E. 6 m s-1
5. The table below shows the characteristics of the images formed by a concave mirror for various positions of
the object. All symbols used have the usual meanings. Which of them is not true?
Position of object Characteristics of image

A u > 2f Diminished, inverted, real
B f < u < 2f Magnified, inverted, real
C u=f Same size, inverted, real
D u<f Maginfied, upright, virtual
6. Which of the following ray diagram is correct?

A B C
50o
50o
C F C F
Plane mirror Convex mirror Concave mirror
7. The depth of a swimming pool appears to be less than its actual depth. The light phenomenon which causes
this is
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Diffraction
D. Interference
8. The critical angle in glass is 42o. What is the refractive index of glass?
A. 1.2 B. 1.3 C. 1.4 D. 1.5 E. 1.6
9. Which of the following are the characteristics of an image formed by a magnifying glass?
A. Magnified, virtual, inverted

B. Diminished, real, upright
C. Magnified, virtual, upright
D. Diminished, virtual, inverted
10. A student is given three convex lenses of focal lengths 2 cm, 10 cm and 50 cm. He wishes to construct a
powerful astronomical telescope. Which of the following arrangements should he choose?
Focal length of objective lens / cm Focal length of eye lens / cm

A 50 2
B 10 10
C 2 50
D 50 10
Part B
1.
Eye
air
water
Image
Figure 3
Figure 3 shows the eye of a person looking at a fish.
a) Sketch a ray diagram consisting of 2 rays originating from the eye of the fish to show why the image of the
fish is seen closer to the surface.
b) The fish is at a depth of 2 m. If the refractive index of water is 1.33, calculate the apparent depth of the fish.
real depth
n
apparent depth
2
1.33
apparent depth
Apparent depth = 1.5 m
2.
1 1 1
a) Starting with the lens formula, u v f , derive an equation that gives the relationship between liner
magnification, m and the image distance, v. Hence sketch the graph of m against v on the axes provided below.
v v v

u v f
v
m 1
f
1
m v 1
f
v
0
-1
(b) State the value of m at the point of intersection of the graph with the vertical axis.
-1
(c) Describe how you would determine the focal length of the lens using the graph.
The gradient of the graph gives the value of 1/f
1
Therefore f gradient of graph
Part C
1.
A student used a slide projector to project a picture onto the screen. Figure 1a and 1b show the relative
positions of the slide, projector lens and the screen.
It is observed that when the screen is moved further away (Figure 1b), the lens of the projector has to be moved
nearer to the slide to obtain a sharp image.
Projector
lens
Screen
Slide
image
Figure 1a
Projector
lens
Screen
Slide
image
Figure 1b
Based on your observations and knowledge of lenses;
a) make one suitable inference.
The image distance is dependent on the object distance
b) state an appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
The greater the object distance, the smaller the image distance
c) describe how you would design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a convex lens, filament bulb
and other apparatus.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) aim of the experiment
To investigate the relationship between object distance and image distance for a convex lens.
(ii) variables in the experiment
Manipulated variable: object distance.

Response variable: image distance.
Fixed variable: focal length of lens.
(i) List of apparatus and materials
Apparatus: light bulb, convex lens of focal length 10 c , white screen, metre rule, low voltage power
supply and lens holder
(ii) Arrangement of the apparatus

Object Image
distance distance
bulb screen
lens
Lens holder
Meter rule
Low voltage power supply
(iii) The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling the manipulated variable
and the method of measuring the responding variable
Procedure: 1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.

2. Adjust the bulb so that the object distance (filament), u is 35 cm from the lens.
3. Light up the electric bulb, adjust the screen position until a sharp image of the
filament is formed on the screen. Record the image distance, v.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for objects distances of, u = 30cm, 25 cm, 20 cm, and 15 cm.
(iv) The way you tabulate the data
Object distance, Image distance,

u /cm v /cm
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
(v) The way you would analyse the data
Plot the graph of v against u
2.
A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between object distance, u, and image
distance, v, for a convex lens. The student used various values of u and recorded the corresponding values
of v. The student then plotted the graph of uv against u + v as shown in Figure 2.
uv/ cm2
500
450
400
35055
3000
250
2000
150
100
50
10 20 30 40 50
u + v / cm
Figure 2
a) Based on the graph in Figure 2,
(i) state the relationship between uv and u + v

uv is directly proportional to (u + v)

[1 mark]
2
(ii) determine the value of u + v when the value of uv = 400 cm . Show on the graph how you obtained
the value of u + v.
40 cm
From the value of u + v obtained, calculate the image distance, v when u = 20 cm.
20 + v = 40
v = 20 cm
[3 marks]
(iii) calculate the gradient of the graph. Show clearly on the graph how you obtained the values needed for
the calculation.
Gradient = 400/40
= 10 cm
[3 marks]
b) Given that the relationship between u, v and focal length, f of the convex lens used, is represented by the
equation
1 + 1 = 1
u v f
Derive an equation which gives the relationship between uv and (u + v ).
vu 1

uv f
uv f u v
[2 marks]
c) Using the equation derived in (b), and the value of gradient calculated in (a)(iii), determine the focal length
of the lens used in the experiment.
The gradient = f
Therefore f = 10 cm
[2 marks]
d) State one precaution taken to ensure the accuracy of the experiment.

The object (lamp), lens and the screen must be arranged in a straight line
[1
perpendicular to the screen mark]
SECTION A:MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 Diagram shows the path of a light beam from air into a glass. Which of the angle is the critical
angle?
A Air
Glass
B
C
2 Diagram shows a ray of light in air entering a semi-circular glass block at an angle of incidence 42 o.
Which diagram shows the subsequent path of the ray?
A B
o
42o
42
C D
42o 42o
3. Diagram shows a ray, X, is directed into a glass block. The critical angle of the glass
is 42o. Which direction does the light travels from point Y?
4.
Speed of light in vacuum
n
Speed of light in a medium
n represents
A. Snells law
B. power of lens
C. refractive index
D. linear magnification
5. The figure shows a pair of binoculars.
What is the light phenomenon that occurs when a light ray passes through the prisms?
A. Refraction
B. Diffraction
C. Reflection
D. Total internal reflection
0
45 angle of glass is 42. A light ray PQ is incident on its
6. The figure shows a glass prism. The critical
surface.
P Q
Which figure shows the correct path of the light ray?
A B
D
C
7. The figure shows a light ray which is incident onto a plane mirror.
What is the value of x?

A. 35O
B. 40o
C. 55o
D. 70o
8. A student is standing at a position of 2.0 m from a large plane mirror. Then he walks 0.5 m towards
the mirror.
Plane mirror
2.0 m
What is the distance between the student and his image in the mirror now?
A. 0.5 m
B. 1.5 m
C. 3.0 m
D. 4.0 m
9. Diagram 2 shows a ray of light directed to a plane mirror.
35O
What are the angles of incidence and reflection?
Incidence Reflection
A 55 55
B 35 35
10. Diagram 3 shows a bulb and a plane mirror.
C 55 35
D 35 55
Q
T S
The image formed by the plane mirror is at
A Q
B R
C S
D T
11 Which of the following are the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror?
A. Inverted, same size and real

B Upright, same size and real
C Upright, magnified and laterally inverted
D Laterally inverted, same size and virtual
12. Which figure shows correctly light rays passing through a concave lens?
A B
C D
13. The figure shows a convex lens.
convex screen
object
lens
x y
x represents the
A. focal length
B. principal axis
C. object distance
D. image distance
14. Diagram 4 shows a convex lens and an object placed less then one focal length
Image Object
2F F F
Which optical instrument uses this arrangement?
A Camera
B Projector
C Magnifying glass
15. The figure shows an object placed in front of a convex lens.

object
image
The image formed on the screen is
A virtual
B. upright
C.
inverted
16. The figure shows a convex mirror used as a blind corner mirror at a sharp corner.
Convex mirror
An advantage of using a convex mirror is that the image is magnified
A. it has a wide field of view

B. the size of a near object can be estimated
C. the distance of a near object can be estimated
17. For questions 8 to 10, choose the best terminology that best relates to each photograph shown.
A. Critical angle
B. Inverted image
C. Diminished image
D. Magnified image
18. Diagram 7 shows the word sport viewed through lens X and lens Y of two different pairs of
spectacles.
Lens X
Lens Y
What type of lens are X and Y?

Lens X Lens Y
A Convex Convex
B Convex Concave
C Concave Convex
D Concave Concave
19 Which of the following combinations is the characteristics of a photostate machine?
Focal length/ cm Object distance/ cm
A 5 10
B 8 5
C 10 5
D 20 8
20 A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass. What are the characteristics of the image?
A magnified, upright, virtual
B magnified, upright, real
C magnified, inverted, virtual
D magnified, inverted, real
SECTION B: STRUCTURED QUESTION
Diagram 1 shows a cats eye fixed into a road to help drivers when it is dark or foggy.
(a) What is meant by critical angle?

Tick ( ) the correct answer in the box provided.
The angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90o .
The angle of incidence when the incident ray is totally reflected.
[1mark]
(b) Based on diagram 1 what happen to the light ray after passing point B?

[1mark]
(b) Based on diagram 1 how does the cats eye help the driver?

[2 marks]
2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show an identical pencil is immersed in the distilled water and sea water
respectively.
Pencil
Distilled Sea water

water
DIAGRAM 2.1 DIAGRAM 2.2
Based on Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2,

(a) compare the bending of the pencil
...
...
[1 mark]
(b) compare the density of distilled water and the sea water
...
.
[1 mark]
(c) state the relationship between the density of water with the bending of the pencil
...
[1 mark]
(d) Based on Diagram 2.1, compare the size of the observed pencil inside and outside the
distilled water
..
[1 mark]
(e) Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2
..
[1 mark]
3. Diagram 3.2 shows the formation of the image of an object by a lens X. In Diagram 3.3,
another lens, Y, is used to form the image of the same object.
Lens X
Object
Image
Diagram 3.2
Lens Y
Object
Image
Diagram 3.3
(a) (i) State the light phenomenon that takes place in the endoscope.
.
[1 mark]
(ii) State two advantages of using a fibre optic cable.
..

.
[2 marks]
(b) For each case, compare;
(i) the size of the object and the size of the image
.
[1 mark]
(ii) the object distance and the image distance
.......................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c) (i) Compare the focal length of lens X and lens Y.
.
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the thickness of lens X and lens Y.
.
[1 mark]
(d) Relate the focal length with the thickness of the lens.
.........................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
4. Diagram 4 shows an object, O with height 2 cm placed on the left side of a convex lens, X.
The focal length of the convex lens is 10 cm.
(a) In Diagram 8 draw the ray path from the object to form an image.
[2 mark]
(b) State the characteristics of the image formed.

[1 mark]
(c) If the object is placed at a distance 30 cm from the lens, calculate:
(i) the image distance.
.
[2 mark]
(ii) Linear magnification.
.
[1 mark]
1 D
2 A
3 B
4 D
5 D
6 A
7 C
8 C
9 C
10 A
11 D
12 B
13 C
14 C
15 C
16 A
17 D
18 B
19 A
20 A
SECTION B: STRUCTURED
2 (a)
1(a) ThePencil
anglein of
Diagram 6.2 more
incidence whenbending/vice
the angle ofversa
refraction is 90o. 11
(b)
(b) Density of seawater
Reflection/total is higher/
internal vice versa reflect//reflect
reflection//totally 11
(c)(c) The higher the density the greater the bending
Reflection of light from the car headlight back to the driver giving an indication of
12
(d) The size of the pencil in the water is greater 1
its position.
(e) Refraction 1
TOTAL 4
TOTAL 5
3 (a)(i) Total internal reflection 1

- can carry large amount of data/information 1
(ii) - transmit signals with very little loss 1
- can transmit large amount of signals at one time 1
- very much thinner and lighter 1
(b)(i) in diagram 2.2 / 2.3 the size of object is equal to the size of image 1
(ii) in diagram 2.2 / 2.3 the object distance is equal to the image distance 1
(c)(i) Focal length of lens X is shorter than the focal length of Y 1
(ii) Lens X is thicker than lens Y 1
(d) The thicker the lens, the shorter the focal length 1
TOTAL 10
4 (a)
1
1
(b) Real, diminished, inverted 1

(c) 1/f = 1/u +1/v 1
v = 15 cm
(d) m = v/u m = 0.5 1
(e) 1
TOTAL 6

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1|Page Chapter 5 Form 4

Making of the astronomical telescope.

Structure of the microscope:

Aspek Mikroskop Teleskop

Type of lens/Jenis Kanta

Focal length/ Panjang

Power of lenses/ Kuasa

First image/ Imej pertama

Position of final image/

Distance between lenses/

1. The diagram shows a student looking at a plane mirror.

The image observed by the student is

What is the critical angle of the glass?

5. The diagram shows the design of a simple astronomical telescope.

Which statement is correct?

6. The diagram shows a cross-section of a fibre optic cable.

Which comparison is correct?

The observer can see the coin in Figure (ii) due to

A the total internal reflection of light

8 T h e d i a g r a m s h o w s l i g h t r a y X O experiencing total internal reflection when travelling from glass

Which statements about total internal reflection are correct?

What is the distance of Ahmad's image as seen by Salim?

What is the new angle of reflection of the light ray?

U /cm Characteristics of the image

What is the apparent depth of the pool?

What are the characteristics of the image formed?

A Real, upright, bigger than object

Which drawing shows the correct path of the light rays?

Which angle is the critical angle of the glass?

What is the refractive index of X?

What are the characteristics of the image formed?

A Virtual and smaller than the object

Calculate the distance between the boy and his image.

What is the angle of incidence?

Substance Refractive index, n

Based on the information in Table 2,which light ray, A, B, C and D, in diagram 14 is

Lens Convex Concave

Mirror Concave Convex

Concave Mirror (Reflection) Convex Lens (Refraction )

1st light ray - Parallel, F 1st light ray - Parallel, F

Concave Lens/ Convex Mirror

Regardless of u, image Virtual, upright and diminished

A. All light energy incident on a plane mirror is reflected.

A. 2 m s-1 B. 3 m s-1 C. 4 m s-1 D. 5 m s-1 E. 6 m s-1

Position of object Characteristics of image

6. Which of the following ray diagram is correct?

Plane mirror Convex mirror Concave mirror

A. 1.2 B. 1.3 C. 1.4 D. 1.5 E. 1.6

A. Magnified, virtual, inverted

Focal length of objective lens / cm Focal length of eye lens / cm

Figure 3 shows the eye of a person looking at a fish.

Apparent depth = 1.5 m

The gradient of the graph gives the value of 1/f

Based on your observations and knowledge of lenses;

a) make one suitable inference.

The image distance is dependent on the object distance

b) state an appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.

(i) aim of the experiment

(ii) variables in the experiment

Manipulated variable: object distance.

(i) List of apparatus and materials

(ii) Arrangement of the apparatus

Low voltage power supply

Procedure: 1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.