MATH 1005B Winter 2015

Test One (version A) Solutions

1. (6 marks) Solve the initial-value problem
2x sin(x)
2y 0 = , y(0) = 3.
y
Solution: This is a separable equation. Rearranging, we have
2yy 0 = 2x sin(x).
Integrating with respect to x (and using the substitution rule on the left) yields
Z Z
2ydy = (2x sin(x))dx

y 2 = x2 + cos(x) + c.
p
Thus y = x2 + cos(x) + c is the general solution. Since y(0) = 3, we have

3 = 1 + c.
Thus we must choose the negative sign and set 1 + c = 9, and so c = 8. The
solution to the initial value problem is
p
y = x2 + cos(x) + 8.

2. (6 marks) Find the general solution of the equation

xy 0 = y 1 + ln(y) ln(x) , x > 0, y > 0.

Solution: Rearranging, we have

y  y 
y0 = 1 + ln .
x x
This is a homogeneous equation. We set u = xy , so that y = ux and y 0 = u+xu0 .
Then
u + xu0 = u(1 + ln(u)).
Rearranging, we have
1 1
u0 = .
u ln(u) x
This is a separable equation. Integrating both sides with respect to x (and using
the substitution rule on the left), we have
Z Z
1 1
du = dx
u ln(u) x
ln | ln(u)| = ln |x| + c1
| ln(u)| = ec1 |x|
ln(u) = ec1 x
ln(u) = cx
u = ecx

1
 (to evaluate the integral on the left, the substitution t = ln(u) may be made).
Thus
y = xu = xecx
is the general solution.
3. (6 marks) Find the general solution of the equation
xy 0 + 2y = x4 + x.

Solution: This is a linear equation. We divide by x to put it in standard form:

2
y 0 + y = x3 + 1.
x
We choose the integrating factor
2
R
dx
I(x) = e x = e2 ln(x) = x2 .
Multiplying the equation by x2 yields
x2 y 0 + 2xy = x5 + x2
(x2 y)0 = x5 + x2 .
We integrate to get
1 1 3
x2 y = x6 + x +c
6 3
1 1 c
y = x4 + x + 2,
6 3 x
which is the general solution.
4. (6 marks) Find the general solution of
2xey + (x2 ey + 3y 2 )y 0 = 0.

Solution: We have Py = 2xey and Qx = 2xey . The equation is exact because

Py and Qx are continuous in the entire plane (which is simply connected), and
Py = Qx . A potential function f exists. We use the fact that fx = P and
integrate with respect to x to get
f (x, y) = x2 ey + g(y).
We now use the fact that we must have fy = Q to get
x2 ey + g 0 (y) = x2 ey + 3y 2 .
Thus g 0 (y) = 3y 2 and so g(y) = y 3 + c1 . A potential function is
f (x, y) = x2 ey + y 3 + c1 .
To get the solution of the equation, we set f (x, y) = c2 . Combining constants,
this yields the solution
x2 ey + y 3 = k.

2
5. (6 marks) Find the general solution of the equation

y 0 + y = 2e2x y 2 .

Solution: This is a Bernoulli equation with = 2. We set u = y 1 = y 1 .

Then y = u1 , and so y 2 = u2 and y 0 = u2 u0 . Substituting this in to the
equation, we get
u2 u0 + u1 = 2e2x u2 .
Multiplying by u2 yields
u0 u = 2e2x .
This is a linear equation. We choose the integrating factor
R
1dx
I(x) = e = ex .

Multiplying the equation by ex yields

ex u0 ex u = 2ex
(ex u)0 = 2ex .

We integrate to get

ex u = 2ex + c
u = 2e2x + cex .

Thus the general solution is

1
y = u1 = .
2e2x + cex