TUTORIAL 2 (CHAPTER 1)
NAME : FATIN NATASHA BINTI NAZRI
ID : 2015857178
1. Differentiate between a feedback control vs a feedforward control.
FEEDBACK CONTROL
Control system measures
changes in a process output
and then adjusts
manipulated variable to
return output to set point.
Disturb the stability of the
process
Control action after an error
exixts
Error censored by controller
Can be slow if process
response time is slow
Reacting after the error
exists
For instance, your
thermostat measures the
ambient temperature in
your home, and if the
temperature falls below its
minimum setting, the
thermostat activates the
furnace to warm your home
back to the appropriate
temperature
FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
Control system measures
disturbance and adjusts
manipulated variable to
compensate for it so that
controlled output is not
affected.
Reacting to the disturbance
before the error occurs
Requires greater knowledge
of system response
Disturbance is measured
before enter the process
For example, a feed forward
thermostat might measure
external as well as internal
temperatures, and it might
sense whether doors and
windows are open or closed.
If the system senses that it
is cold outside and someone
opens a window, the system
will proactively turn on the
furnace in an attempt to
prevent the temperature in
the house from falling
2. Identify whether the following system is a feedback control or a
feedforward control

- Feedback control system

- Feedforward control system

3. Describe an off and on control system and state its disadvantages

- defined by the fact that the output signal or condition is neither

measured nor fed back for comparison with the input signal
or system set point.

- Open loop system which is also called as Manual control system.

- For example, an electric clothes dryer. Depending upon the amount of

clothes or how wet they are, a user or operator would set a timer
(controller) to say 30 minutes and at the end of the 30 minutes the drier
will automatically stop and turn-off even if the clothes are still wet or
damp.
 - Disadvantages :

Temperature oscillations

Higher flow rate in entire installation with higher pumping costs.

Negatively affected return temperature.

Higher energy losses in return pipes.

Lower energy efficiency of heat sources.

4. What is the effect on PI Controllers response when proportional band (PB)

is increased at a constant reset time (TI)

- Oscillation are dampened

- Process response made more sluggish.
- Since P-I controller has no ability to predict the future errors of the system
it cannot decrease the rise time and eliminate the oscillations. If applied,
any amount of I guarantees set point overshoot.
- When PB is increased, The controller gain (Kc) is decrease

5. The following shows a cascade control system.

(a) Describe what a cascade control is.

- Cascade Control is an advanced application of the PID that can improve control of systems that are
subject to significant lag
- Since such systems are slow to respond to disturbances their performance can suffer with each
upset.
(b) Identify a slave controller and a master controller
- Controller 1 : Master controller
- Controller 2 Slave controller

6. What is the purpose of tuning?

- tuning a PID loop is to have it adjust its OP to move the PV as quickly as

possible to the SP (responsive), minimize overshoot, and then hold the
PV steady at the SP without excessive OP changes (stable)

7. The following diagram shows a process response curve when the setpoint
is changed from SP1 to SP2. On the diagram label the following:
8. Refer to the following diagram:

a) Define a controlled variable and suggest the controlled variable for the
reactor system. (2 marks)
- A controlled variable is the element or feature that cannot be changed
during the course of an experiment.
- The controlled variable is kept constant so the changes in other variables
can be observed more easily
- Suggest control variable : Level of water

b) Define a manipulated variable and suggest the manipulated variable for

the reactor system (2 marks)
- Manipulated variable is the condition that is intentionally changed by the
investigator in an experiment.
- There can be only one independent variable in an experiment.
 - Suggest manipulated variable : Water flowrate

c) What is a feed forward control?

(1 marks)
- Is a term describing an element or pathway within a control system which
passes a controlling signal from a source in its external environment, often
a command signal from an external operator, to a load elsewhere in its
external environment
- Control system measures disturbance and adjusts manipulated variable to
compensate for it so that controlled output is not affected.

d) Sketch and label a feedforward control loop of the reactor system.

(8 marks)

e) What is/are possible disturbances that might affect the reactor system?
(2 marks)
- The temperature inlet
- The pump