Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626

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Thin-Walled Structures
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Full length article

Simplied method for Euler buckling load of closely star-battened

angle column about Y axis
Liu Haifeng n, Wang Xuming, Han Junke
China Electric Power Research Institute, 100055, China

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Euler buckling load of a column is an important parameter to decide its ultimate axial compressive
Received 19 March 2016 capacity by the column curves. When the closely star-battened angle column under compressive force is
Received in revised form designed as an integrated single column according to the British and Chinese Codes, its Euler buckling
5 June 2016
load about Y axis is greatly overestimated. To solve this problem, rstly, a basic element of this column is
Accepted 19 July 2016
Available online 25 August 2016
seen as a frame composed of beams and the formula of its shear stiffness is derived based on the
principle of virtual work. The formulas show that: (1) The shear rigidity of the column is not innitely
Keywords: large as the integrated single columns; (2) The inection point is not in the middle of the chord angle as
Closely star-battened angle column the not closely battened column. Secondly, the method to calculate the Euler buckling load including the
Euler buckling load
two properties is proposed. Finally, the above two properties are demonstrated vividly by a nite ele-
Shear rigidity
ment model of beam elements, and the accuracy of the proposed method is proven by another nite
Finite element model
Column curves element model of shell elements.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction of-straightness and slippage of the bolts. In Chinese oCode for

The closely star-battened angle columns are made up of battens
and chord angles, and they are always connected by bolts as
shown in Figs. 1 and 2. These column are often used in the steel
transmission towers providing economical solutions in cases of
heavy loads or great height [1], and they are also widely used to
upgrade the existing towers [2,3]. From Fig. 1, the cross section of
this column has two symmetric axes, X and Y.
The axial compressive capacity Nu of the closely star-battened
column in Figs. 1 and 2 can be determined by
Nu = min ( ni )Af y
Af y
ni = i = x, y , t
Ncri
where A is the area of the cross section of a column, ni is slen-
derness ratio of the column according to Ncri . Ncrx , Ncry and Ncrt are
the Euler buckling load of the closely star-battened columns about
X axis, Y axis and torsion. ni curves, named column curves, are
often grouped into several categories as shown in Fig. 3 according
to the properties of columns such as the residual stress, initial out-
design of steel structures 4GB50017-2003 and British oEurocode
3: Design of steel structures-part 1-1 4BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, the
curve b in Fig. 3 is used for this column.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), Ncri is very important to determine ni
and Nu . According to the Chinese oCode for design of steel
structures4GB50017-2003 and British oEurocode 3: Design of
steel structures-part 1-1 4 BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, the Euler buck-
ling load of closely star-battened angle column about X axis, Y axis
and torsion axis can be calculated by Eqs. (3)(5) respectively as a
single integrated member assuming that the its shear stiffness is
innitely large when the maximum spacing a in Fig. 2 is below a
(1) certain value, which is 40imin wb and 70 imin in the Chinese and
British Codes respectively. imin is the in plane radius of gyration the
chord angle determined by Eq. (6) [46] and wb is the width of the
batten.
(2) 2EIx
Ncx =
l2 (3)
2EIy
Ncy = Iy = 2d2Ach + 2Ich d = (z 0 + 0.5tb) 2
l2 (4)

2EA
n
Corresponding author. Nct =
E-mail address: oceanlhf@163.com (L. Haifeng). (5.07b/t )2 (5)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.07.015
0263-8231/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 L. Haifeng et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626 621

Batten as other types of built-up columns [14]. The Code has given a
X simplied method to include this effect for the not closely bat-
Y tened columns. This method assumes that the inection point is in
O1 the middle of the chord member, and it is accurate enough for
Chord angle
z0 them [57]. However, for the closely star-battened angle columns,
d/a is much less than that of the not closely battened columns so
the rotation of the batten can not be neglected and the inection
d point is not in the middle of the chord angle. Therefore, the
O2
method for the not closely battened columns is also unsuitable for
the closely star-battened angle columns, and it has been veried
by several researchers [812].
To solve this problem, Hongjun has given a regression equation,
Fig. 1. Front view of star-battened angle columns. but this method is more suitable to decide its Euler load about
torsion [11]; Yong proposed to neglect the gap between the chord
Chord angle angles when calculating Iy [8], while Short proposed to only
Bolt Batten
consider one-fth of the thickness of the battens [12]. However,
Y these are only empirical methods based on the limited samples
[9]. Therefore, it is essential to give a simplied formula to cal-
z
culate the Euler buckling load of the closely star-battened angle
X columns, which is an important parameter to decide its ultimate
axial compressive capacity [1317].
a In this paper, the method to calculate its Euler buckling load
considering the shear exibility about Y axis is derived, and the
Fig. 2. Side view of star-battened angle column. nite element method is used to verify the accuracy of the
method. Buckling problem is formulated as Eq. (7) by the nite
element method.

( K + ki S ) gi = 0 (7)

where K is the stiffness matrix, S is the stress stiffness matrix; k i

is i th eigenvalue; gi is the i th eigenvector of displacements.

a
c b 2. Euler buckling load of columns considering shearing
rigidity

d In this section, the Euler buckling load is determined for a

column that is pin supported as shown in Fig. 4. This column to be
considered is an ideal column, meaning that it is perfectly straight
before loading, is made of homogeneous material, and upon which
the load is applied through the center point of the cross section. It
is further assumed that the material behaves in a linear-elastic
manner and that column buckles about Y axis.
ni
From Fig. 4, Eqs. (8) and (9) are derived as
Fig. 3. Classication of column curves.

Ich
imin =
Ach (6)

where tb the thickness of the battens; z0 is the distance between

the central point and the outer edge of the chord angle bar as
shown in Fig. 1; Ach and Ich are the area and in plane moment of
inertia of the cross section of the chord angle respectively; Ncx and
Ncy are the Euler buckling load respectively according to the Chi-
nese and British code; d is the distance between the centers of the
two chord angles in Fig. 1.
According to the experiments and the numerical simulations,
the Euler buckling load of the column about X axis and torsion can
be calculated accurately by Eqs. (3) and (5) respectively. However,
the Euler buckling load of the column about Y axis is much over-
estimated by Eq. (4), which may overestimate the compressive
strength Nu of the closely star-battened columns.
The shear exibility may decrease the Euler buckling load of
the closely star-battened angle column about its Y axis obviously Fig. 4. Buckling deformation of column considering shear rigidity.
622 L. Haifeng et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626

d21 M Ny
= =
dz 2 EIy EIy (8) Q CD
Q BC
d2 dy
= 2V = 2N
dz dz (9)
QBC
QCD
where E is the modulus of elasticity, M is the moment of the cross
section of the column, 1 and 2 are the lateral displacement of the Q BA M BC
center line caused by the moment and shear force respectively.
M BA
= 1 + 2 (10) FB
From Eqs. (8) to (10), it derives
EIy(1 2N ) + N = 0 (11)
Q AB
The boundary conditions of the simply supported column in M AB
FA
Fig. 4 are
Fig. 6. End forces of mechanic model under lateral forces.
z = 0 = 0; z = l = 0; z = 0 = 0; z = l = 0 (12)

where l is the length of the column. 3. Shearing rigidity of not closely battened column
Eqs. (11) and (12) are solved and the solution is given by
z From Eq. (15), the key step to calculate its Euler buckling load of
= sin
l (13) a column considering shearing stiffness is to determine its shear
stiffness. Based on the following two assumptions: (1) Because the
where is shown in Fig. 4. slenderness ratio of the chords is always more than 20, the shear
Eq. (13) is substituted into Eq. (11), and strain of the two chords of the not closely battened columns is
2 2 neglected; (2) The distance d between the center lines of the two
N
=0 chords is so large that axial stain of the chords induced by the axial
EIx(1 N ) l 2
2 (14) forces can be ignored under the lateral forces, so the inection
point of the chord is assumed to be in the middle of it. Then, the
From Eq. (14), the Euler buckling load of a column considering shear stiffness svb of the not closely battened column in the Codes
shear rigidity is can be derived as [3,4]
2EIy 1 24EIch 24EIch
Ncys = svb =
l2 1 + 2EI 2 2Ichd a2
a 1 + Iba
2
s vl (15) (17)

where Ich and Ib are the in plane second moment of area of the
cross section of the chord member and the batten respectively.
sv = 21 (16) From Eqs. (15) and (17), the Euler buckling load of the not
closely battened column about Y axis determined by the shear
where A is the area of the cross section; sv is the shear stiffness the stiffness of the not closely battened column is
battened columns in the Code [57].
Especially, when sv = + , from Eq. (15) its Euler buckling load 2EI 1
Ncyn =
about Y axis can be derived by Eq. (4). l2 2EI y
1+
svbl2 (18)

u 4. Proposed method to determine Euler buckling load of clo-

sely star-battened angle column about Y axis

u The slenderness ratio of the chord angle for the star-battened

angle columns is similar with that of the not closely battened
columns, so the rst assumption in the Section 3 is still suitable;
Since d/a is much less than that of the not closely battened col-
umns, the rotation of the battens due to the shear forces and
a d moments can not be neglected. Therefore, the second assumption
in the Section 3 has to be abandoned.

4.1. Lateral displacement of basic element of star-battened angle

columns under unit shear force

Because the shear deform of a column is irrelevant to its length,

only one element of this column is needed to be used to calculate
its shear stiffness for the laced or battened columns composed by
Fig. 5. Simplied mechanic model deformed. many cyclic elements [7,18]. A basic element of the closely star-
 L. Haifeng et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626 623

Unit force
B
C
Batten
Chord angle

A D Fig. 8. Curves of f1, f2 and d .

Fig. 7. Theoretically equivalent nite element model of Fig. 5.

battened angle column and its deformed model are shown in

Fig. 5. As an anti-symmetric structure, the moment on the mid-
point of the batten is 0, and its end forces are shown in Fig. 6. Euler
buckling load is linear elastic mechanic behavior of a structure, so
the connection between the battens and the chord is assumed to
be rigid in Fig. 5.
Based on the displacement method, the lateral displacement ,
the vertical displacement u of the node B, and the rotation of the
node B are identied as the primary unknowns.
According to the member end displacements and external
loads in Fig. 6, the member end forces of each beam can be directly
calculated based on the slope-deection equations, and they are
listed as Eqs. (19) to (22).
6EIch 4EIch d=0.1mm d=50mm d=500mm
MBA = +
a2 a (19) Fig. 9. Location of inection point of chords.

The equilibriums Fy = 0 of the forces in y direction of the

u
FAB = FBA = EA joint B yield
a (20)
2Q AB = 1 (25)

12EIb 6EIb Eqs. (23)(25) are solved and the primary unknowns are listed
Q BC = u
a3 a2 (21) as follows

2AIchd3a3 + 3AIbd2a4 + 48IchIba4

=
12EIch 6EIch 12AEd3Ich2 + 72AEIbad2Ich + 288EIbaIch2 (26)
Q AB = Q DC =
a3 a2 (22)

where MBA is the bending moments at the end B of the chord AB; Ad3a2
=
Q BC is the shear force at the end B of the batten BC; FB is the axial 4AEIchd + 24AEIbad2 + 96EIchIba
3
(27)
force of the chord AB; Q AB is the shear force on the end A of the
chord AB.
For the anti-symmetric structure, the moment on the cross 3dIba3
u=
section at the middle of the batten BC is 0, so the bending moment AEIchd + 6AEIbad2 + 24EIchIba
3
(28)
equilibrium condition MB = 0 of the joint B leads to
Ib Ich
If >> , Eqs. (26) to (28) can be listed as follows:
MBA + 0.5Q BC d = 0 (23) d a

where d is the length of the batten. Ad2a3 + 16Icha3

=
The equilibriums Fz = 0 of the forces in z direction of the joint 96EIch2 + 24EAd2Ich (29)
B yield
Q BC = FB (24) =0 (30)
624 L. Haifeng et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626

Table1
Buckling capacity of columns calculated by different methods.

Column Cross section Length (mm) FEM model (kN) Ncy (kN) NcT (kN) Nyp (kN) Ncyn (kN) Number of battens

Y axis Torsion

1 L125  14 2600 3678.38 6673.10 8553.61 6743.90 3619.01 2298.51 3

2 L125  14 3000 3951.31 6896.72 6424.28 6743.90 3822.90 3399.26 4
3 L125  14 3300 3261.45 6527.26 5309.68 6743.90 3301.82 2801.52 4
4 L125  14 3500 3416.09 6599.45 4720.20 6743.90 3301.90 3112.01 5
5 L140  16 2100 9281.33 8918.69 21,918.87 8982.83 9599.73 7086.89 3
6 L140  16 2500 9280.91 8312.45 15,465.95 8682.83 9579.41 7900.29 4
7 L140  16 3000 6429.73 8723.11 10,740.25 8982.83 6200.81 5376.21 4
8 L140  16 3600 5366.65 8792.89 7458.03 8982.83 5389.48 4801.39 5
9 L180  18 2800 11,999.24 10,494.51 27,118.14 9728.35 12,641.04 9521.26 3
10 L180  18 3500 10,892.61 9621.23 17,355.61 9728.35 11,591.38 9419.17 4
11 L180  18 4600 6681.98 9621.23 10,047.55 9728.35 6678.01 5732.32 4
12 L180  18 6000 4536.61 9520.10 5905.73 9728.35 4789.12 4001.81 5

F=-1; Battens
Ux=0; Uy=0; ROTz=0 Chord

Constraint equations to
connect the chords and
battens

`
Fig. 10. End part of nite element model of shell elements for closely star-battened angle column.

2EI 1
dal2 Nyp =
u= 2
l2 1 + 2EI
2Ad E + 8EIch (31) 2
svpl (35)

From Fig. 5, the location of the inection point is

4.2. Shearing rigidity for closely star-battened angle columns about MAB
loc = a
Y axis MAB + MBA (36)

The horizontal displacement of the structure in Fig. 5 as an the From Eqs. (33) to (36), If d = 0 and (Ib/d ) /(Ich/a) > > 1, then
2 = 0; svp = + ; loc = 0 (37)
single integrated column neglecting the shear stiffness is
It shows that there is no inection point between A and B. In this
a3 case, the structure in Fig. 5 becomes a single integrated column, and
1 =
3EIy (32) the Euler buckling load about Y axis can be calculated by Eq. (4).
If d = + , and (Ib/d ) /(Ich/a) > > 1 then
Therefore, according to Eqs. (26) and (32), the displacement
due to the shear deformation of the structure is a3 24EIch
2 = ; svp = svb = ; loc = 0.5
24EIch a2 (38)
2AIchd3a3 + 3AIbd2a4 + 48IchIba4 a3
2 = It shows that: if smv = scv , the inection point is in the middle of
12AEd3Ich2 + 72AEIbad2Ich + 288EIbaIch2 3EIy (33)
the chord. In this case, its Euler buckling load about Y axis can be
The equivalent shear stiffness of the closely star-battened angle calculated by Eq. (18).
column by the proposed method is listed as:
a
svp =
2 (34) 5. Validation of two properties of closely star-battened angle
columns
Substituting sv in Eq. (15) by svp in Eq. (34), the proposed Euler
buckling load Nyp of the closely star-battened angle columns can The Eqs. (26) to (28) are based on the following two properties
be given as of the closely star-battened columns: (1) The shear rigidity of the
 L. Haifeng et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626
a. Side view of buckling mode about
Y axis
Fig. 11. Buckling modes of the rst closely star-battened angle column in Table 1.
closely star-battened angle columns is not innitely large as the a
single integrated columns; (2) The inection point is not in the
middle of the chords as the not closely battened columns, so the
method to calculate its shear rigidity is also different from them.
Therefore, it is essential to give a detailed proven of them.
The Eqs. (26) to (28) are derived by the mechanic model of
beams in Figs. 5 and 6, so a theoretically equivalent nite element
model of beam elements is given in ANSYS as Fig. 7. Beam188
elements are used to simulate the two chords of column and the
battens. The shape function is selected to be cubic to make the
moment diagram smooth. 8 and 4 beam elements are used to
mesh one chord and one batten respectively.
The displacements of node A, D are set to be zero. A unit force
in Y direction is set on the node C on the top of chords. Then, the
boundary conditions of this nite element model are equal to
those of the structure used in Figs. 5 and 6.
Therefore, the accuracy of the proposed method can be checked
by the results from this nite element model. The column is
constructed by a linear elastic material, with Young' modulus
E = 2.00 105 MPa and Poisson's ratio v = 0.3. The width and
thickness the battens are 140 mm and 16 mm respectively. The
length of the chords is 1000 mm. To compare the shear stiffness
calculated by Eq. (34) and nite element model, f1 and f2 are
dened in Eqs. (39) and (40) respectively, and the curves are il-
lustrated in Fig. 8.
f1 = svp/svb
f2 = sfem/svb
where sfem is the shear stiffness calculated by the nite element
model.
The location of the inection point is illustrated vividly in Fig. 9.
It can be seen that:
625
b. Top view of buckling mode about Y axis
c. Top view of buckling mode about torsion
(1) From Fig. 8, the shear rigidity is a function of d and the results
by the nite element model is very close to those by the Eq.
(34). When d is zero, the shear rigidity is very large, and the
battened column can be seen as an single integrated column;
when d exceeds 500 mm, the shear rigidity is almost an
unchanged value that can be calculated by Eq. (17). When d is
between 0 and 500 mm, its shear rigidity decreases with d and
it can be not be predicted accurately by Eq. (17). Therefore, the
shear stiffness of the star battened column is not innitely
large as an Euler column and it can not also be calculated
accurately as a not closely battened column, while it can be
calculated accurately by Eq. (34).
(2) From Fig. 9, when d is 0.1 mm, the inection point is almost on
the top of the chord; When d is 500 mm, the inection point is
on the middle of the chord as the not closely battened
columns; when d is 50 mm, the location of the inection
point is obviously not on the middle of the chord. Therefore, it
is suitable to abandon the assumption that the inection point
is in the middle of the chord in the closely star-battened angle
column.
6. Verication of accuracy of proposed method
A more sophisticated nite element model of shell elements is
used to evaluate the accuracy of the different methods as many
(39) researchers did [14,16,17].
6.1. Properties of column tested
(40)
The closely star-battened columns composed by 3 kinds of
angles are selected to be tested, since they have been frequently
used in the towers for ultra high voltage transmission lines in
China as shown in Table 1. The thickness and length of the battens
are equal to the thickness and the width of the chord angle
626 L. Haifeng et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 107 (2016) 620626
respectively. Because 70imin is always large than 40imin wb for the
closely star-battened columns, slenderness ratio of the chord angle
in this analysis is selected to be below 70imin ; The Young' modulus
and Poisson's ratio are 2.06e10 MPa and 0.3 respectively.
6.2. Description of the nite element models of shell elements
The column is axially loaded with concentrated loads applied at
its ends as shown in Fig. 10, whose battens and the angles are
simulated by shell elements (Shell181 in ANSYS). Because of the
thickness of the shell elements, the displacements of the two ends
of the bolt connecting the chords and battens are not equal.
Therefore, they are connected by the constraint equations of the
plane section premise (CERIG command in ANSYS). A typical part
of the nite element model is shown in Fig. 10.
6.3. Results and analysis
The results of the nite element model of shell elements and
the simplied methods are shown in Fig. 11 and Table 1.
It can be seen that:
(1) From Table 1, The Euler buckling loads NcT about torsion
computed by Eq. (5) are close to those calculated by the nite
element model. Since the accuracy of Eq. (5) to determine the
Euler buckling load about torsion has been proved by various
references [5,6], it can be proved that the constraint equations
of nite element model in Fig. 10 are suitable to connect the
battens and chord members together.
(2) Ncy is from 30.18% to 136.16% larger than the Euler buckling
capacity of the closely star-battened columns about Y axis by
the nite element model. Therefore, the Euler buckling load of
the star-battened column about Y axis by Eq. (4) according to
the Code is much over estimated, since the effect of the
shearing exibility is ignored incorrectly.
(3) The largest error of Ncyn and Nyp is 37.51% and 6.02% re-
spectively comparing with the Euler buckling load of the
closely star-battened column about Y axis calculated by the
nite element model. It shows that Eq. (18) obviously under-
estimated the Euler buckling load of the star-battened col-
umns about Y axis, because the assumption that the inection
point is in the middle of chord angle underestimates the shear
stiffness of the column. The results by Eq. (35) are more
accurate because the above assumption is abandoned. Since
the ignorance of the thickness of the battens can further
decrease its Euler buckling load about Y axis according to
Eqs. (4) and (18), the results by the methods of Guo and Short
were not listed in Table 1 [8,12].
7. Results and conclusions
The Euler buckling load of the star-battened angle columns
about Y axis is very important to decide its ultimate compressive
strength. However, it is greatly overestimated by the methods gi-
ven by the Chinese and British Codes, because the shear rigidity of
the star-battened column is not innitely large as a single in-
tegrated column. At the same time, the shear rigidity and Euler
buckling load of the star-battened column is underestimated by
the method for the not closely batten columns, since the inection
point of the chord member is not in the middle of it. Therefore, the
battens and chords are seen as a frame composed of beams and
the formula of its shear stiffness is derived based on the principle
of virtual work. Then, a simplied method to calculate the Euler
buckling load of the star-battened angle columns about its Y axis is
derived, and its accuracy is proven by the results of the nite
element models of shell elements.
It should be point out that the Euler buckling load of the closely
star-battened angle columns is only an important factor to decide
its ultimate axial compressive capacity as shown in Eqs. (1) and
(2). The ultimate axial compressive capacity is also a function of
the imperfections such as the initial out-of-straightness and the
slippage of the bolts, and the related work is underway.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the nancial supports from
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51408569).
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