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1. Definitions Slope:
Position (x): Location of an object with respect to an For any graph:
origin. Position is a vector.
xB=-4 xA=+3
rise
rise slope =
run
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x run
Displacement (x):
Change in position. Displacement is also a vector.
Ex:
In physics shows change.
= (Change) = (Final) (Initial)
x =xf - xi
Ex:
An object moves from x=2 to x=5. Find its
displacement.
big constant slope small constant slope slope = 0
Ex:
An object moves from x=-3 to x=-1. Find its
displacement.
{Draw the figure}
[The + sign in the answer shows the direction of the
displacement vector]
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[In the example both the initial and final points are
minus but dispalcement is plus. Therefore knowing the minus constant slope changing slope
displacement does not mean that we know where the
object is]
2. Motion with constant velocity:
Ex: [A drunk man after a long night leaves the bar at A (Uniform motion)
and tries to reach his home at B] An object travels equal distances in equal times, if its
velocity is constant.
Displacement:
Vector t=0 t=1s t=2s t=3s
A B Distance: Scalar
x=0 x=5m x=10m x=15m x
1
MOTION Lecture Notes
t(s)
0 3
4
Ex: Draw v-t graph. t(s)
x(m) 0 2 5
Ex:
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13
v (km/h)
60
3
0 5 12 t(s) t (h)
2 5
0
Displacement in uniform motion: - 40
0 t
2
MOTION Lecture Notes
3. Motion with changing velocity Question: In which direction is the car moving?
(Non-uniform motion)
Ex: Analyze the motion of the object for which
Average velocity (between t1 and t2) position time graph is given.
x x
v AV = tot
ttot
C
[That is, we are only interested in the distance between
the initial and final points, we have nothing to do with
B
what the object did between these points] D
x
A
0 t
x
t
Ex: Find average
t x(km)
t1 t2 velocity:
a) Between
[The slope of the line which intersects the graph at two t=0 and t= 4h
points (which we call a secant line) is the average 120
b) Between
velocity] t=0 and t= 5h 80
d) Find
Instantaneous velocity instantaneous
means velocity of the object at time t1 (not between t1 velocity at t= 1h 0 2 4 5 t(h)
and t2 like average velocity). and t =2.5h.
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Rule: x
Ex: A car travels at 60 km/h for 2 h, then at 90 km/h
Instantaneous for 2.5 h, then at 120 km/h for 30 min, all in the same
velocity is the direction. Find vav=? (take x0=0)
slope of tangent x
{first solve by formula}
line to the x-t t
graph at one x(km)
point.
405
t1 t
345
3
MOTION Lecture Notes
12
5. Displacement in uniformly accelerated motion
4
MOTION Lecture Notes
a (m/s2)
3. Put t=v/a in the first formula
v + v v v0
x = 0
5 2 a
t(s)
0 4
area v 2 v02
slope v (m/s) x = (timeless formula)
2a
20
Note: 1.All these formulas we can use only if a=const.
t(s)
0 4 2. x, v and a are vectors; look at the directions.
x (m) 3. Generally t is written in place of t
slope 40 area
Usage:
-Draw a picture
- We have 5 variables (x, v0, v, a, t). When 3 of
them are given we can find the other 2 by using the
0 4 t(s)
formulas.
v0 a v
Ex: A car uniformly speeds up from v=10 m/s to v=20 x
m/s in 4 s. Find the average velocity.
t
x
v AV = tot [We know t , so we need x, but
ttot IF a=const along x:
apparently we can not use the formula x=vt, because
it is only for constant velocity.] v=v0+at (velocity formula)
v +v
x= 0 (first x formula)
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5
MOTION Lecture Notes
Ex: A supertrain speeds up from v=10 m/s to v=20 m/s Ex: Draw a-t, v-t and x-t graphs assuming the car
as it moves 50m. speeds up and slows down uniformly. (x0=0)
a) Find acceleration
b) Find the time v=10m/s v=10m/s
v=0 v=0
Ex: A car moving at 72 km/h skids to rest leaving 25m t=0 t=5s t=8s t=12s
long brake trails.
a) Find acceleration
Ex: Explain the v
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