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Articulation and Body

Movements
By: Roong, Pangpun, Golf, & Milly
Types of Joint
Structural Classes of Joint Functional Classes of Joints
Fibrous Joints (fixed) Immovable joint
Cartilaginous Joints (slightly movable) Slightly moveable joint
Synovial Joints (incl. freely moveable) Moveable Joint, or "Freely moveable joint"
Type of joints structure
Fibrous Joints (no move, no space, connected by fibrous tissue) sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses ex.
Distal end of tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous Joints (connected by cartilages) synchondroses and symphyses ex. Sternocostal joint

Synovial Joints ( space between adjoining bone, greatest movement) ex. Saddle (between carpal and
metacarpal) condylar(between radius and carpal / between metacarpals and phalanges)
FIBROUS JOINTS
connected by dense connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen
no joint cavity
also called fixed or immovable joints because they do not move
There are 3 types of Fibrous Joints; sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphoses


Sutures
A suture is a type of fibrous joint (synarthrosis) bound together by matrix of connective tissues called Sharpey's fibers
that only occurs in the skull (cranium)
Protect the brain
Form the face by uniting adjacent skull bones
Visible from the side (norma lateralis): frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and zygomatic bones
Visible from the front (norma frontalis) and above (norma verticalis)
Visible from below (norma basalis) : frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Synarthrosis (immovable joints)
Syndesmosis
A syndesmosis, a subcategory of fibrous joints , is a slightly movable (amphiarthrodial) articulation where the contiguous bony
surfaces are united by an interosseous ligament, such as the tibiofibular articulation.
Gomphosis (sing)/ Gomphoses (plural)/ Peg and socket joint
- In the shape of socket
- Only joint that doesnt join bones together because teeth are not bone
- One disorder that can happen to gomphosis is scurvy (disease happen to connective tissue)

Ex. Gomphoses which attach humans roots of the teeth to upper - lower jaw
Cartilaginous Joints
There are two types of cartilaginous joints

1. Synchondroses
unable to move
joined to articulating surface by hyaline cartilage.
2. Symphyses
Can move
Articulating surface covered by hyaline cartilage
Disc of fibrocartilage join the bones
Synovial Joints
It is also known as a diarthrosis. It has the greatest ability to move comparing to other joints in mammals. Articular
cartilage covers the surface of the bone
Type of Joint Function
Synarthrosis (no movement) - Skull Sutures, articulations of bony sockets and teeth in facial
skeleton
Amphiarthrosis (little Movement) - distal joint between the tibia and the fibula and the pubic
symphysis
Diarthrosis (full movement) - Elbow, shoulder, ankle
Synarthrosis (no movement)
The bones are bounded together by fibrous tissue which fix the bones together and makes the
bones unable to move or allow just a little movement.

1. Suture - (Fixed) found between the flat, plate-like bones of the skull.
2. Gomphoses - (fixed) found in the sockets of the teeth.
3. Synostoses the joint which bounded the separate bones that fuse together to be one bone
as we grow up
4. Synchondroses are cartilaginous joint connected by hyaline cartilage, as seen in the
epiphyseal plate.
Amphiarthrosis (little Movement)
In this joint, the bones are connected by fibrocartilage and Hyaline cartilage. This joint has a high ability to absorb the shock.
There are 2 main types of Amphiarthrosis.

1.Synchondroses or primary cartilaginous joints - has only Hyaline cartilage. This joint can be Synarthroses or
Amphiartheoses

2. Symphyses or secondary cartilaginous joint - it can involve fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. These joints are slightly
movable eg. pubic symphysis.
Diarthrosis (full movement)
This kind of joint allows full movement of the bones as the bones are connected by ligaments
and filled in the spaces between joints by joint capsule which has lubricating synovial fluid.

Diarthrosis contains 6 main groups of joint in our body classified by their movement.
Types of Synovial
joints
Plane joints
Movement that does not occur on axis
Slide past each other
Non-axial joint
Hinge joints
Formed between two or more bones where the
bones can only move along one axis to flex
or extend
Examples: ankle joints, elbow joints, and
knee joints
uniaxial
Pivot joints
Rotary joint or trochoid joint
Freely movable joint (diarthrosis) that
allows only rotary movement around a
single axis
Examples:
Uniaxial
Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints)
Also known as condylar, ellipsoidal, or
bicondylar
Ovoid articular surface
Allows flexion, extension, adduction,
abduction, and circumduction
Examples: Wrist joint,
metacarpophalangeal joints, &
metatarsophalangeal joints
Biaxial
Saddle joints
One of bones forming the joint is shaped
like a saddle and the other bone is resting
on it
More flexible than hinge or gliding joint
Can move in oval shape alike to condyloid
joint
Examples: carpo-metacarpal joint ( in the
thumb)
Biaxial
Ball and socket joints
Made up of bone with spherical head and bone
with a cup-like socket
Highest freedom do motion in body due to
unique structure
Examples: Hip joints & shoulder joints
Multiaxial
Gliding Joints
Also known as plane joint or planar joint
formed between bones that meet at flat or nearly flat
articular surfaces
Allow bones to slide past each other in any direction of the
plane ( up and down, left and right, diagonally)
Examples: wrists, ankles, and spines
Multi-axial
Synovial Joints
Name Example Description
Gliding joints (or plane joints) CARPAL OF WRIST Allow sliding movements, multi-axial

Hinge joints Elbow Door hinge - allowing flexion and extension, one plane

Pivot joints Proximal radioulnar joint One bone rotates about another

Condyloid joints (or ellipsoidal joints) Wrist joint (radiocarpal joint) Two bones fit together forming odd shape, one bone concave and
the other convex

Saddle joints Sternoclavicular joint Same movement as condyloid joint, but allow more movement

Ball and socket joints Shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip joints Allow all movement except sliding
Origin and Insertion of Muscles
Origin -attachment site that does move when the muscle contracts

-proximal (closer to body)

Insertion -attachment site that moves when the muscle contracts

-distal (further from the body)

Biceps contracts
Biceps relaxes
Demonstrate/ describe various body movements

Body movement
the action of the muscle on the skeleton which starts from
the anatomical position
Flexion and Extension

Occurs in: Sagittal Plane

Flexion: The movement which decrease the angle of the bones or body parts

- Anterior body motion of upper limbs

Extension: The movement which increase the angle of bones or body parts.
Abduction and Adduction
Occurs in : Coronal plane

Abduction : The movement away from the midline

Adduction : The movement toward the midline


Medial and Lateral Rotation
Occurs in: Vertebral column in Ball and Socket joint.

Medial: Rotational movement toward the midline.

Lateral: Rotational movement out from the midline.


Abduction and Lateral and Medial
Rotation are
Adduction are Rotational motion
moving in straight
line
Pronation and Supination
Supination: Flip a part of the body from its original position and bring inside part to the front.

Pronation : Stay the outside part at the same position

For example: When youre standing still and turn your palms up = bring inside to the front = Supination

When youre standing still and flip your palms down = stay the same = outside part at the front = Pronation
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
Occurs in: Foot and hands (rare)

Dorsiflexion: when the foot point up to superior direction.

For hands: we can say Dorsiflexion of the wrist or extension

Plantarflexion: when the foot point down to inferior direction

For hands: we can call Palmarflexion


Opposition and Reposition
Occurs in: Thumbs and little finger

Opposition: Bringing Thumbs and little fingers to get near each other.

Reposition: Move Thumbs and little finger far away from each other (Reverse the opposition)
Circumduction
The movement of limbs which one end stays still and another end moves in circular motion
Compare and contrast the structure and function of the shoulder and hip joints

Structure : Compare & contrast


Shoulder Hip joints Shoulder Hip joints
Synovial joint Synovial joint Unstable Stable
Covered by Covered by Fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage
articular articular around socket around socket
cartilage cartilage (glenoid) (acetabulum)
Compare and contrast the structure and function of the shoulder and hip joints

function : Compare & contrast


Shoulder Hip joints Shoulder Hip joints
Move well Move well Movement depends Movement do not
on tendon, depends on any
muscle, ligament
Structure of Knee
There are 4 main categories:

Bones
Articular Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Structure of Knee
Bones
3 mains one that meetup to form knee joints
- thighbone (femur)
- shinbone (tibia)
- kneecap (patella)
Structure of Knee
Articular Cartilage
- Slippery substance
- Helps your knee bones move smoothly across each other as you bend or straighten your legs
- Cover the ends of your femur and tibia
- Cover the back of your patella
Structure of Knee
Ligaments
There are two main categories which are divided into four subcategories:
- Collateral ligaments: found on sides of your knee, control sideway motion and brace against movement

* Medial collateral ligament: inside of your knee

* Lateral collateral ligament: outside of your knee

- Cruciate ligaments: found inside your knee joint, cross each other to form an X control back and forth motion of knee

* anterior cruciate ligament: At the front

* posterior cruciate ligament: At the back


Structure of Knee
Tendons
- Muscles connected to bones
- Quadriceps tendon: connects muscles in front of your thigh to your patella
- Patellar tendon: stretch from your patella to tibia
Structure of Knee
Meniscus
- Two wedge-shaped (triangular) of meniscal cartilage
- Shock absorbers between femur and tibia
- Tough and rubbery to help cushion and stabilize the joint
FUnctions of Knee
acts as a hinge that allows lower leg and foot to swing easily forward or back
makes almost 150 movement
Structure of temporomandibular joint
What is temporomandibular joint?

- Articulation (where two bones meet) of the mandible (bone located near your chin) and
the temporal bone of the cranium (bone located near your head, on the upper part)

It is divided into two categories which are:

Articulating surfaces
Ligaments
Structure of temporomandibular joint
Articulating surfaces

Consists of articulation between three surfaces

Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle (from the squamous part of temporal bone)
Head of the mandible
Structure of temporomandibular joint
Articulating surfaces

Has unique mechanism

Articular disks
- separates articular cartilage of the bone so that they will never come together
- Splits the joint into two synovial joint cavities, lined by a synovial membrane
Covered by fibrocartilage, not hyaline cartilage
Structure of temporomandibular joint
Ligaments
Lateral ligament
- Runs from beginning of articular tubule to mandibular neck
- Thickening of joint capsule
- Acts to prevent posterior dislocation of joint
Sphenomandibular ligament
- Originates from sphenoid spine
- Attaches to mandible
Stylomandibular ligament
- Thickening of fascia of the parotid gland
- Along with facial muscles
- Support weight of jaw
Function of temporomandibular joint
Protrusion and retraction
- Anterior and posterior moments of jaw
- Protrusion- lateral pterygoid muscle is responsible
- Geniohyoid- digastric muscles is responsible
Elevation and depression
- Permits elevation and depression of the mandible
- Caused by gravity with digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles assisting
- Contract of temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles
Non Axial Joint
Bone movement that is not around on an axis
allows for no movement in any plane
Plane joint bones slide past each other
References
Fibrous joints (n.d.) Retrived from
https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/joints-8/fibrous-joints-1372/fibrous-joints-509-5583/

Joints (2010) Retrived from https://imueos.wordpress.com/2010/10/05/joints/

Types of Joints (between bones in the human body) (n.d.) Retrived from http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Skeletal/Joints/Types-of-Joints.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint

http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00325

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skel07/skel32.html

http://www.innerbody.com/image_skel07/skel31.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_joint#Gomphosis
References
http://www.gustrength.com/glossary:diarthroses-or-synovial-joints

http://study.com/academy/lesson/muscle-origin-and-insertion-definition-and-actions.html

http://teachmeanatomy.info/head/joints/temporomandibular/

https://www.sharecare.com/health/functions-joints/what-is-function-of-knee

https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/joints-8/fibrous-joints-1372/sutures-510-8650/

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