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IS 11000-1-2 (1988): Fire hazard testing, Part 1: Guidance

for the preparation of requirements and test specifications
for assessing fire hazard of electronic and electrical
items, Section 2: Guidance for electronic components [LITD
1: Environmental Testing Procedure]

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 IS : WOO ( Part l/&c 2) - 1988
( Reaffirmed 2003 )
Indian Standard
FIRE HAZARD TESTING
PART 1 GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF REQUIREMENTS AND
TEST SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASSESSING FIRE HAZARD OF
ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ITEMS

Section 2 Guidance for Electronic Components

UDC 62138-038 + 62131 : 614841

@ Copyright 1988

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NE-HI 1 lC)Qo2

Gr2 jkne 1988

 IS : 11000 ( Part l/Set 2 ) - 1988

Indian Standard
FIRE HAZARD TESTING
PART 1 GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF REQUIREMENTS AND
TEST SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASSESSING FIRE HAZARD OF
ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ITEMS

Section 2 Guidance for Electronic Components

0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard (Part l/Set 2 ) was has to perform in a wide range of situa-
adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on tions and a typical situation can, therefore,
7 March 1988, after the draft finalized by the not be defined. Only in exceptional cases
Environmental Testing Procedures Sectional where some components may be parti-
Committee had been approved by the cularly dangerous or endangered with
Electronics and Telecommunication Division regard to fire hazard, a study ofthe actual
Council. situation may be useful and specified
requirements may be necessary.
0.2 Fire hazard testing of electronic components
is influenced by the following:
0.3 While preparing this standard, considerable
4 Electronic components are made of assistance is derived from IEC Pub 695-l-2 _ _
( 1982 ) Fire hazard testing, Part 1 Guidance fcr .- -
heterogeneous materials in relatively small
amounts arranged in such a complex the preparation of requirements and test
construction that synergistic effects may be specifications for assessing fire hazard of
various and are generally unforeseeable. electrotechnical products: Guidance for electro-
nic components, issued by the Electrotechnical
b) Functioning of electronic components Commission ( IEC ).
implies a supply of electrical energy; in
normal operation heat dissipation is
0.4 For the purpose of deciding whether a
generally small but sparks may be
particular requirement of this standard is
produced ( for example, by relays ).
complied with, the final value, observed or
However, when operated under faulty or
calculated, expressing the result of a test, shah
abnormal conditions, a large amount of
be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960%.
energy may be liberated as heat.
The number of significant places retained in the
c) Electronic components of various kinds are rounded off value should be the same as that of
generally associated into equipments in the specified value in this standard.
quite a large number and for various
purposes, so that each type of component *Rules for rounding off numerical values ( reuiscd).

1. SCOPE 4 explosion of the component and/or drop-

ping of particles or flaming material
1.1 This standard (Part l/Set 2 ) covers guidance resulting in the ignition of other items, or
for the preparation of requirements and test
specifications for assessing fire hazard of electro- d) emission of flammable gases from the
nit and electrical items with special reference to component which can ignite spontaneously
electronic components. or due to adjacent sparks when a flamma-
ble concentration in air exists and can so
2. HAZARD CONCEPTS contribute to ignition of the component or
of other items.
2.1 An electronic component may, ur1dcr
internal fault, or an overload condition re.~ult~n~; NOTE - A component can also initiate a fire in other
from an external fault, generate excess heat ways, for examplr, by flashover or tracking.
such that fire may be initiated.
2.2 Propagation of a fire thus initiated is
2.1.1 The fire may start due to either: determined by:

4 self-ignition of the component, or a) The amount of energy available in the

burning components,
b) its exterior surfaces becoming sufficiently
hot to ignite other items in contact with b) The rate at which this energy can be
or in close proximity to it, or liberated,

1
 IS : 11000 ( Part l/Set 2 ) - 1988

4 The duration of burning, information is available for the equipment

designer and when necessary, that realistic
d) The ease with which adjacent components criteria for the specification of a fire hazard
will ignite, and assessment test can be obtained.
4 The design characteristics, that is, com- The combustion characteristics test is
ponent spacing, ventilation, etc, of the not intended to produce a pass/fail result
product within which the component is but is to be used by the manufacturer, the
mounted. user, or the technical committee preparing
a component specification, to provide the
3, MAIN OBJECTIVES information on which the evaluation of
3.1 The equipment manufacturer should first of the potential fire hazard of the component
all take every care that, by appropriate design, may be based.
internal faults or overload conditions will not Second, to provide a go/no-go acceptance
give rise to fire hazard. This may be done by
b)
test for type testing of components in those
one or more of the following measures: cases where requirements are needed. The
test severity and the acceptance criteria
a) Choosing components which
should be chosen so as to constitute
i) have a power rating (specially resistors ) realistic conditions for the fire hazard
which is higher than necessary under assessment of the component in its parti-
normal conditions, cular application.
ii) fail by going open circuit under over- 5. EVALUATION OF THE FIRE HAZARD
load conditions,
5.0 The detailed method of evaluation of fire
iii) have self-ignition characteristics deter- hazard will vary from component to component.
-- mined with respect to the maximum However, this clause is an example of a guide-
fault power of the circuit; line which may be followed when preparing a
b) Protecting critical components by use of a method for a particular component.
heat sink;
5.1 Self-Ignition
4 Protecting critical circuits by additional
elements, for example, voltage or current 5.1.1 Combustion Characteristics - A progressive
limiting devices, fuses, etc; or electrical overload-to-failure test should be
used. The test should be continued until either
4 Providing large enough distances from the component is completely destroyed or failure
components that may dissipate excessive occurs so as to effectively remove the source of
heat or by using heat shields. overload or when the level of overload reaches
a practical limit (but should then be held
3.2 In exceptional cases, where the above constant for an extended period to achieve
methods cannot be applied, endangered thermal stability with the surroundings). The
components should meet specified hazard nature and levels of the overload and the time-
requirements. to-failure should be recorded.

For this purpose, it is necessary to obtain The component behaviour is observed and
information on following two separate charac- additional information should be recorded, for
teristics to establish the fire hazard potential of example:
an electronic component: Surface temperature for non-ignited speci-
4
4 A self-ignition test to establish if a failed mens,
or overloaded component can self-ignite
and burn at such a rate and for such a
b) Height of flame for ignited specimens,
time that propagation of fire may occur, 4 Duration of flame ignited specimens,
and
4 Presence of liberated material and flames,
b) An induced-ignition test to establish how and
readily a component may be ignited from
4 Effect of orientation.
a flame or an adjacent heat source and
may in turn burn at such a rate and for
5.1.2 Self-Ignition Fire Hazard Assessment - Com-
such a time that propagation of fire may
bustion characteristics obtained from the above
occur.
investigation should be used to establish the
basis for the go/no-go assessment of self-ignition
4. TYPES OF FIRE TESTS
fire hazard.
4.1 Self-ignition tests and induced-ignition tests
Tests should be made on the component under
may each be carried out for two purposes:
specified fault/maximum overload/maximum
a) First, to provide combustion characteristics power dissipation conditions to ascertain that
data on the performance of a basic com- the specified ignition/surface temperature criteria
ponent design so that realistic background are met.

2
 IS : 11000 ( Part l/Set 2 ) - 1988

5.2 Induced Ignition amount of energy required to liberate it.

Test methods should test nature and dura-
5.2.1 Combustion Characteristics - The degree of tion of burning as a function of duration
fire hazard is associated with the ease of ignition of application of a specified heat source.
and the rate of burning and the amount of fuel Burning of either all available fuel, or of a
contribution of a component to the spread of maximum amount of it should, be
fire. achieved.

Thus the risks associated with induced ignition The time of exposure of specimen to the
should be assessed in terms of: specified heat source to obtain the maximum
burning time of the specimen after removal of
a) How easily a component can be ignited, heat source is a combustion characteristic.
b) How much is the contribution to propaga-
5.2.2 Induced-Ignition Fire Hazard Assessment -
tion the ignited component can make, and
Combustion characteristics obtained from this
c) Height of flame for ignited specimens. investigation should be used to establish the
basis for the go/no-go assessment of the induced-
5.2.1.1 Considering these features in turn: ignition fire hazard by testing the component
under specified conditions of orientation and
a) Ease of ignition -- Test methods should application of heat energy to ascertain that the
identify the combination of heat input and
specified criteria are met when a specified heat
time required to ignite the component. It source is applied.
is not sufficient to attempt ignition just
from a minimum practical heat source. NOTE - Various methods of applying the heat may be
differentiated by severity and other test conditions.
The design of a component, its thermal
mass, and heat dissipation properties will
5.3 Other Effects - During such tests to
determine the minimum heat input ( over
establish combustion characteristics due to selfi
a given area ) to cause ignition.
ignition and induced ignition, other effects
The time of exposure of the specimen to the should be observed and recorded, for example,
specified heat source to establish ignition is a emission of melted flaming material and/or
combustion characteristic. glowing particles, explosions, emissions of smoke
and of corrosive and/or toxic gases which may
b) Contribution to propagation - It is established be significant in certain applications and may be
by the amount of available fuel and the a more serious hazard than fire.
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