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Heriot-Watt University
School of Engineering and Physical Science
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering

Stage 2 Laboratory Experiment


Experiment 7: Heat Exchanger Service Unit: Shell and Tube
Experiment 8: Heat Exchanger Service Unit: Tubular

Contents
1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1
2 Basic Theory and Flow Diagram .......................................................................... 1
3 Key Data ............................................................................................................. 3
4 Operational Notes................................................................................................ 4
5 Safety Note.......................................................................................................... 6
6 References .......................................................................................................... 6

1 Introduction
In heat transfer, you will learn the transport mechanism of heat from one to another
substance. The aims of this laboratory experiment are:
1. Comparison of parallel flow and counter flow operation. Heat transmission
and representation of temperature curves.
2. Investigation of heat transmission when changing the cold water and hot
water flow rates.
3. Investigation of heat transmission when changing the hot water temperature.

2 Basic Theory and Flow Diagram

2.1. Shell and Tube


This heat exchanger consists of a transparent shell and a bundle of seven tubes
(see Figure. 1). The shell contains four baffle plates which redirect the outer fluid
flow so that it is almost perpendicular to the tube bundle.

(a)

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(b)

Figure 1. (a) Schematics of the shell & tube heat exchanger. The following components are
indicated in the figure:(1) shell, (2) tube bundle, (3) shell water connection, and (4) tube
bundle water connection; (b) schematics of the counter-flow in the shell & tube heat
exchanger1.

2.2. Tubular
This heat exchanger consists of two concentric tubes (see Figure 2). In
addition to the temperature sensors at the inlets and outlets, this heat exchanger
contains temperature sensors at the midpoint of the system. This allows us to
measure the temperature profile (i.e. dependence of the temperature on the position
in the heat exchanger) and compare it with theoretical predictions.

Figure 2. (a) Schematics of the tubular heat exchanger. The following components are indicated in the
figure: (1) temperature sensors at the mid-point of the heat exchanger, (2) concentric tubes, (3) connectors
for hot fluid, and (4) connectors for cold fluid; (b) Schematics of the parallel flow (top) and the counter-
flow (bottom) in the tubular heat exchanger. Hot and cold fluids are shown by red and blue, respectively.

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3 Key Data
3.1. Shell and Tube

The composition and dimensions of the shell, tubes, and baffles are summarized in
Table 1.
Table 1. Composition and dimensions of components of the shell & tube heat exchanger
Outer Shell Inner Tubes Baffles

Effective length 184 mm


Material PMMA Stainless steel Stainless steel

Wall thickness 3 mm 1mm 1 mm

Internal diameter 44 mm 4 mm N/A

3.2. Tubular
The composition and dimensions of the inner and outer tubes of this heat exchanger
are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Composition and dimensions of components of the shell & tube heat exchanger
Outer Tube Inner Tube
Effective length 360 mm 360 mm

Material PMMA Stainless steel


Wall thickness 2 mm 1mm

Internal diameter 16 mm 10 mm

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4 Operational Notes

This experiment should be set up for you. Do not attempt to change the connections
from the base unit to the experiment unit unless instructed otherwise.
1. Start the PC. Start the data acquisition program.
2. Open the cold water feed at the cold water mains.
3. Open the regulator valve for cold water V2 .
4. Open the regulator valve for hot water V1.
5. Start the pump (P).
6. If required, bleed the heat exchanger
(Detach the heat exchanger base plate.
Turn the heat exchanger with a through flow such that the air can escape
upwards. Re-attach the base plate).
7. Set the desired hot water setpoint SP(T7 ) on the TIC7 controller
8. If the temperature T7 of the hot water in the tank (B) is higher than the setpoint
SP(T7 ): Cool the hot water circuit until T7 < SP(T7).
9. Set the desired cold water flow rate Vc using the regulator valve V2.
10. Set the desired hot water flow rate Vh using the regulator valve V1.
11. Turn on the heater (H).
12. Make settings for the measured value file. Start automatic measured value
recording.
13. Observe the measured values. Wait until a steady state is reached, i.e.:
The water temperature T7 is no longer rising.
The parts in contact with the product have taken on the water temperatures.
The measured values only change slightly.
The heat flow values Qh and Qc are similar.
14. Save screenshots for the time response of the measured values and the current
temperature curve in a file. Give the file a name that will allow you to identify the
values in the measured value file later.
15. When the experiment is complete, first turn off the heater (H).
16. Then stop the pump (P).
17. Close the regulator valves V1 and V2.

The following measured values and calculated values are set out here:
Hot water feed temperature T1
Hot water return temperature T3
Cold water feed temperature T4
Cold water returns temperature T6
Mean coefficient of heat transfer km
Mean heat flow Qm

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Table 3. Parameters for experiments



.
Experiment HE Flow Vc ,Vh SP(T7) T1 T3 T4 T6 km Qm
direction
ltr/min C C C C kW/(mK) kW

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5 Safety Note
1. The unit must be operated under the supervision of an authorized staff who has
been properly trained to handle the unit.
2. All operating instructions supplied with the unit must be carefully read and
understood before attempting to operate the unit.
3. Feed stock which severely affects PTFE, PFA and borosilicate glass are not to be
used.
4. The system should not be subjected to shock, sudden impact, vibration, additional
load, or permanent external action of aggressive vapours.
5. Always check and rectify any leak.
6. Do not touch the hot components of the unit.
7. Be extremely careful when handling hazardous, flammable or polluting materials.
8. Restore the system to operating conditions after any repair job.
9. Make sure the system is sufficiently ventilated when working at atmospheric
pressure.
10. Only a properly trained staff shall be allowed to carry out any servicing.
Manufacturer's manual must always be observed.
11. Before any servicing, shut down the whole operation and let the system to cool
down and be properly ventilated.
12. Do not use any coarse or abrasive cleaners on glass components.
13. Leaking couplings should be carefully retightened. Replace any gaskets or seals
if necessary.
14. Flush the system with clean water after operation.
15. For long period shut down, ensure the system is clean and free from water.
16. Do not operate the system in extreme high temperature.

6 References
Yunus A. Cengel, A. J. (2015). Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: Mc Graw Hill
Education.

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APPENDIX

List of key symbols and units used

Symbol Mathematical/physical variable Unit

A Heat transfer area m

Am Mean heat transfer area m


cp Specific heat capacity kJ kg K

km Mean coefficient of heat transfer kW m2 K


m Mass g, kg

m Flow rate g/s
Q Amount of heat J, kJ

Q Heat flow, general W, kW
s Wall thickness mm, m
t Time min, s
T Temperature C, K

Tlm Logarithmic mean temperature difference K


V Volume ltr, m

V Flow rate ltr/min
x Travel, travel length mm, m

Coefficient of heat transfer kW m2 K


Thermal conductivity kW m K

Density kg/ltr

Suffix Explanation
c Cold
h Hot
in Inlet

lm Logarithmic mean
m Mean
max Maximum
min Minimum
out Outlet

p Partition

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