History and Doctrines of the Ajivika-s, I-IV

# chapter pp.

I Introduction 3-10

II The 6 Hairetiks 11-26

III Makkhali Gosala & his praedecessors 27-55

IV Last days of Makkhali Gosala 56-79

V Puran.a & Pakudha 80-93

VI Early Ajivika community (I) 94-117

VII Early Ajivika community (II) 118-141

VIII Nanda & Maurya periods 142-160

IX Later times 161-185

X Southern Ajivika-s 186-212

XI Ajivika scriptures 213-223

XII Niyati 224-239

XIII Ajivika cosmology 240-262

XIV Other doctrines 263-277

XV Conclusion 278-288

terms

p. term meaning

241 yoni-pamukha uterine birth

242 p[r]at.ipada path

243 antara-ka[l]pa lesser kalpa

abhijati classes

kan.d.aka thief

ni[r]gran.t.ha wearer of single garment

246 purisa [purus.a]-bhumi human stages

247 ajiva livelihood

paribbajaka [-vrajaka] {vow}

naga {dragon}

indriya faculty

248 niraya purgatory

ga[r]bha {embryo}

rajas-dhatu dust-element

san~n~i [samjn~aya] conscious

ni[r]g[r]an.t.hi unknotted

249 san~juhe [samyutha] group {gan.a}

251 manusa human

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 pesaca [pis`aca] goblin

252 p[r]at.uva / pacut.a block

papata praecipice

supina [svapna] dream

pp. 14, 241-252 numerics (according to the Sama-jn~a-phala Sutra; and the Bhaga-vati Sutra, where different [these 2 must
describe different Ajivika sects; Abhayadeva must be describing still another Ajivika sect]). The Bodish translation of the Sama-
jn~a-phala Sutra is rather different (p. 256); its terms may derive from some commentary describing some other Ajivika
supplementation.

p. 14 S.-j.-ph. S. p. explication by Buddda-ghos.a

uterine births 14 laks.a [50 kot.i karma-s acc. to Bh-v S (p. 242)]

"" 6 sahasra [60 sahasra karma-s acc. to Bh-v S (p. 242)]

"" 6 s`ata [6 s`ata karma-s acc. to Bh-v S (p. 242)]

karma-s 5 s`ata 241

" 5 senses

" 3 act, speech, thought

" 1 word

" kama

paths 62 242 modes of conduct

lesser kalpa-s " 243 instead of the Bauddha 64

classes 6 243- [243] black (hunters), blue (thieves), red (nirgran.t.ha-s),

4 green (layfolk), white (ascetics), [244] supremely white
(arhant)

human stages 8 246 6. s`[r]aman.a; 7. jina; 8. p[r]ajn~a (unspeaking {=

pratyeka})

{vows} 49 s`ata 247

livelihoods "" ["asura existences" (p. 256)]

dragon- "" ["garud.a species" (p. 256)]

abodes

faculties 2 sahasra 248 including supernatural ones

dust-elements 36 shelves [atmosphaires in the Veda] {rajas-dhatu as

shelves may refer to the shelflike levels, inhabited by
various classes of deities, within mt. Meru, according
to the Abhidharma-kos`a; there are 36 Taoist "cavern-
heavens", each within its own mountain}

conscious 7 domestic animals ["god" according to Abhayadeva (p.

embryos 249)]

unconscious 7 grains [groups of "demi-god" according to

embryos Abhayadeva (p. 249)] {samyutha = gan.a would
indicate Gan.a-pati the elephant-god : cf. the elephant
who sprayed Gos`ala Maskarin}

unknotted 7 sugarcane. bamboo, reed [yaks.a-s etc. (p. 249)]

embryos

deva-s 7 251

humans 7

goblins 7 [Pis`aca-s are worshipped by Ajivika-s (p. 162)]

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 lakes 7

blocks 7 252 {cf. the block-shaped "black voids" of Jaina

cosmology}

" 7 s`ata

praecipices 7 {may allude to praecipices of which souls of the dead

fall in the world of the dead, in rN~in-ma lore hither
they fall, to become redincarnate}

" 7 s`ata

dreams 7

" 7 s`ata

pp. 27 & 29 the 3 members of "the highest class, the most white (paramasukka)" [parama-s`ukra]

p. 27 according to the p. 29 possible aequivalents (as former incarnations of those Ajivika

Anguttara, these 3 founders) mentioned in the Jataka
members are __

Nanda Vaccha [Vatsa] Kisa Vaccha, "a scapegoat (kalakan.n.i [kala-karn.in]), who would
remove ill-luck when spat upon" at Kumbhavati

Kisa Sankicca Sankicca, son of the chief brahman.a of king Brahma-datta : he

described purgatory containing king Dan.d.aki, who had reigned at
Kumbhavati while Kisa Vaccha was there

Makkhali Gosala

p. 27 "In the Majjhima Nikaya the same names are given by the nigan.t.ha Saccaka [Satyaka] or Aggivessana [Agni-vais`yana] as
the leaders of his order."
redanimating spirit within a corpse (or within a person abandoned to be put to death)

p. 31 An apparent
"Gosala ... declared
that ... the original
Gosala was dead, and
that the soul now
inhabiting the apparent
Gosala was that of
Udai: Kun.d.iyayan.iya,
... taking up its abode
in ... the dead Gosala,
which it had
reanimated."
{cf. the "Gnostic Separationist doctrine that Jesus' "God," the
Christ-Aion, had abandoned him on the cross as Basilides taught."
("ROCS")}
{According to Theodotos, when Jesus said, Father, into Thy hands
I commend my spirit, "The Savior then withdrew from Jesus"
(Excerpts of Theodotos 61:6 "RJV C"); for (according to the
Gospel of Philip 68:26-28) "he was divided in that place".}
{The Cathars believed likewise that at the "crucifixion, ... God
removed himself from the man" Jesus ("GO").}
{According to certain manuscripts, Epistle to the Hebrews 2:9 reads
"that Jesus literally died "apart from God," in that the divine element
in him had left him." (LCh, p. 225)}
{In any case, according to Clement of Alexandria, the "Redeemer felt
no pains." (T-BHD, p. 175)}

"ROCS" = Robert M. Price "Review of The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture"

http://www.robertmprice.mindvendor.com/reviews/ehrman_ortho_corrupt.htm

"RJV C" = "The Role of Jesus in Valentinianism -- the Crucifixion" http://www.gnosis.org/library/valentinus/Jesus_Valentinianism.htm

"GO" = http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v04/v04p335_Whisker.html
LCh = Bart D. Ehrman : Lost Christianities. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://books.google.com.au/books?
id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA225&lpg=PA225&dq=

T-BHD = K. R. Hagenbach (translated by C. W. Buch & Henry B. Smith) : A Text-Book of the History of Doctrines . NY : Sheldon &
Co., 1861.] p. 175 http://www.archive.org/stream/textbookofhistor01hage/textbookofhistor01hage_djvu.txt
pp. 31-32 bodies successively redanimated by Uda-i [Ud-aya] Kun.d.iyayan.iya

p. # body of __ at __ caitya outside __ for __

years

31 1st En.ejjaga Man.d.iya-kucchi Rayagiha [Raja- 22

[R@n.an~jaya] gr@ha]

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 32 2nd Malla-rama Candas-ayaran.a Uddan.d.a-pura 21

3rd Man.d.iya Anga-man.d.ira Campa 20

4th Roha Kama-maha-vana Van.arasi [Varan.asi 19

(Desire-Great-Forest) / Benares]

5th Bharadda-i [Bhara- Patta-kala-gaya Alabhiya [p. 44; Alavi 18

dvaja] (p. 33)]

6th Ajjun.a [Arjun.a] Kon.d.iyayan.a Vesali 17

Goyama-putta [Go-
yama-putra]

7th Gosala Mankhali- Halahalas pottery Savatthi 16

putta

{ R@n.an~jaya is a legendary character mentioned in the Puran.a-s}

{Malla- is the name of a Jaina Tirthankara}
{Go-yama = Goda-yama, a successor to Matsya-indra-Natha}
{Halahala is the name of the poison gargled by S`iva.}
p. 35 parentage of Gos`ala Maskarin

his __ was named __

father Mankhali "whose hand is kept busy by a picture board" is supposed (by
Basham) to signify "an exhibitor of religious pictures"

mother Bhadda [Bhadra]

{But /mankha/ may have been intended as maker of wooden boards for painting religious pictures upon, similar to Joseph the
Carpenter}
pp. 35-37 no room at the inn; fleeing away naked

p. 35 The father and mother of Gosla Maskarin were named, respectively,

Mankhali and Bhadda.

p. 36 "While Bhadda was pregnant, she and her husband p. 36 "the story recalls
Mankhali the mankha came to the village (sannivesa) of Saravan.a, that of the birth of Jesus,
where dwelt a wealthy householder Gobahula. Mankhali left his as recorded in Saint
wife and his luggage (bhan.d.a) in Gobahulas cowshed (gosala) ... Lukes gospel".
. Since he could find no shelter elsewhere the couple continued to
live in a corner of the cowshed, and it was there that Bhadda gave
birth her child."

p. 37 Gos`ala Maskarin "is not the only figure in Indian legend to p. 37 "Moses-in-the-
have been born in a s`aravana, or thicket of reeds. Gosala shares bullrushes" {who
that honour with the god Karttikeya". traveled in the Exodos
much as Skanda
circumambulated the
ring-continent Kraun~ca}

Gosla Maskarin was originally a slave, until he escaped. Having {being pursued, and
accidentally spilled oil, he made off, but his master pursued and overtook caught by his robe, a
him, by the edge of his robe", but he "escaped in a state of nudity. young man "fled from
Hence he became a naked mendicant". Was the oil for the them naked" (in Marks
anointing of athletes? if so, cf. St. Thomas the Athlete (the Gospel 14:52).}
disciple being so characterized in Gnostic literature).}

pp. 38, 111, 110 camels; bats

p. 38 according to the "S`anti Parvan: of the {cf. the camels which brought the 3 Wise
Maha-bharata, "Manki ... purchased a couple of Men to the manger of oxen to visit the
young bulls ... . One day the bulls ... were both newly-born Jesus}
killed by a camel."

p. 111 according to the Aupapatika Sutra, one of {cf. the camel which was given (by
"the types of Ajivika mendicant" was "ut.ti.ya- Charlemagne) the task of finding a site for
saman.a" (us.t.rika-s`raman.a), a name from the shine for the foreskin which had been

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 "us.t.rika (she-camel)." cut from the infant Jesus (SD)}

p. 110 according to the prologue to the {<isay created bats (BM , vol. 11, n. 4)}
Nangut.t.ha Jataka, Ajivika gymnasts practiced
"the bat-penance (vagguli-vata)" ["swinging in
the air like bats" (p. 110, fn. 3)]

SD = The Spear of Destiny.

BM = BATS MAGAZINE http://www.batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&magArticleID=626
women at the well

p. 42 Gosala Maskarin was, together {cf. how a Samaritan woman, at a well, recognized
with Mahavira, at "a well ... recognized Jesus as a prophet (Euanggelion according to
by two female followers of Pars`va". Ioannes 4:19) and as the Christ (ibid., 4:29).}

`
redaninated grain-plant

p. 48 Gosala Maskarin reminded of the sesamum plant {cf. "wheat ... if it die, it bringeth
which "had been pulled up, and had temporarily died, but it forth much fruit." (Euanggelion
had been reanimated ... and was once more living, while the according to Ioannes 12:24)}
seven pods had developed".

pp. 56-57 the 6 dis-acara-s [dis`-acara-s directional teachers], who were the chief-disciples of Go-s`ala Maskarin

p. 56 dis-acara p. 57 possible aequivalent

San.a

Kalanda [/ Kan.anda (p. 57)] Kan.ada the Vais`es.ika

Kan.iyara

Acchidda [A-cchidra]

Aggivesayan.a [Agni-ves`a- Agni-ves`a an author of the Caraka

ayana] Samhita

Ajjunna [Arjuna] Gomayu-putta [- Ajjun.a Goyama-putta (a host of the

putra] soul of Uda-i)

p. 58 Agni-ves`as praeceptor Bhara-dva-ja may be identical with Bharadda-i (a host of the soul of Uda-i)
pp. 59-60 Go-s`ala Maskarins utilization of the emmets curse

p. 59 4 emmet-hills, from one water

each of which emerged
(when prodded by gold {cf. gold dug by emmets of the Paktues}
merchants) :
jewels

a fiery serpent

p. 60 Maha-viras 2 disciples who were fatally Savvan.ubhuti [Sarva-an.ubhuti]

cursed through the emmets fiery serpent
Sunakkhatta [Su-naks.atra]

p. 141 According to Barua, "the Bhagavati account of the killing of the two Jaina disciples Savvan.ubhuti and Sunakkhatta
conceals their defection from Jainism to the cause of Gosala." {"Sunakshatra left the Sangha and denounced the Buddha"
(NB).}
NB = http://nichirenscoffeehouse.net/Ryuei/BuddhasNature.html

Go-s`ala Maskarin went naked. Tezcatli-poca went naked.

Savvan.ubhuti and Sunakkhatta, on account Xolotl and Quetzal-coatl were each said to
of the tale concerning emmets, were have become an emmet; Quetzal-coatl was
destroyed as if by the serpents breath. said to have voyage aboard a serpent.

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emmets & foxes (or marmots)

p. 59 Gosala Maskarin This is evidently an whence the saying by Jesus that

spoke of a company of
merchants who "found a
large anthill, which had
four heaps (vappu) arising
from its base. On breaking
... the second yielded
gold".
allusion to the gold-
digging emmets
mentioned in
Herodotos 3:102 (IP
24) : those emmets
were of the size of
foxes
"foxes have holes and birds of the air
have their nests" (Gospel according
to Luke 9:58) whereof the "birds"
may be Brahmas "goose which laid
the golden egg" Hiran.yan.d.a
according to the Manava Dharma-
s`astra (RI vol. IX. p. x).

IP = Arvind Sharma : Indological Provocations. http://arvindsharma.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/24-the-story-of-the-gold-digging-ants-greek-rationality-or-

rationalization/

RI = Michael John Franklin (ed.) : Representing India.

http://books.google.com/books?id=vH0bDiyAw3QC&pg=PR10&lpg=PR10&dq=hiranyanda&source=bl&ots=hyQv8m-
xde&sig=GFAFSHzY63LMLzkbnRPSFYoMA6Y&hl=en&ei=jAWxS7CJFsH98AaXpZjYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=hiranyanda&f=false

Su-naks.atra in Jaina & Bauddha traditions

p. 61 (Perhaps) Maha-viras "the Su-naks.atra (who was an icchantika NS40; KGS^S^5

two disciples ... betrayed their 17) praeferred, over the teaching of his own father
leader and joined the faction of S`akya-muni, that of the nirgrantha J~nata-putra (LLS)
Gosala." (H&DA, p. 61) while the latter was a preta (WNSh, p. 56)

NS40 = http://www.nirvanasutra.net/nirvanasutraz4.htm
KGS^S^5 = http://www12.canvas.ne.jp/horai/kgss-f.htm

LLS = http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~HW8M-MRKM/nonch/people/nichiren/sennichi_80.html

WNSh = Kyotsu Hori (transl.) : The Writings of Nichiren Shonin. U of HI Pr, 2003. http://books.google.com/books?id=EloL0g-
A0h0C&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=

pp. 62-63 revelation by Go-s`ala Maskarin to Ayampula concerning the halla

p. 62 "In Savatthi there dwelt Ayampula ... . In the early {The meaning of /hallana/ is
part of the night he was suddenly troubled by an "rolling about in sleep"; so the
important question : "What is the form of the /halla/ would be the possessing-
halla?"" spirit which is in control of ones
physical body while one is
absent from the physical body
during sleep.}

p. 63 While holding a mango-peel for spiritual {Inasmuch as the bamboo-

inspiration {for the same praeternatural entity as shoots are eaten by the panda,
could cause a mango-tree to grow with therefore there may be some
miraculous swiftness (p. 86)}, Go-s`ala Maskarin allusion hereat to the pan.d.aka
replied, " "Of what form is the halla? It is like a (of p. 87); or there may be an
bamboo root. Play the vin.a, old fellow"". "The allusion (through the word
commentator Abhayadeva confidently defines /pan.d.u/ pallid (with dread), as
the halla as "a certain insect, the form of which is though the possessing-spirit in
like that of the govalika grass", and ... "... the form control of ones physical body
of he govalika grass is that of a bamboo root."" during ones sleep can induce
an aweful dread.}

p. 68 the 8 finalities

# carime __ the last __

1st pan.e drink {grip}

2nd geye song

3rd nat.t.e [narta] dance

4th an~jali-kamme [-karma] greeting {salute-work}

5th pokkhala-samvat.t.a-e maha-mehe great stormcloud

[-megha]

6th seyan.a-e gandha-hatthi sprinkling scent-elephant

7th maha-sila- [-s`ila-] kan.t.a-e battle with large stones

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 7
sangame

8th tirthankara of this avasarpin.i

{The "battle with large stones" is thought to entail catapults (which are mentioned in the Kala-cakra Tantra). Because in the
Solomon Islands it is believed that souls of the are slung forth (as in a slingshot) into after-death world; and slung into
redincarnations according to the Qabbalah : therefore this whole passage may describe the after-death journey of the soul
e.g., the "last drink" is the Pythagorean (according to the gold scrolls) quaffing of waters of remembrance or of forgetfulness by
souls of the dead; the dance is the "dance macabre" of ghosts, etc.}

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