Bin dch: Phm Trang Nhung | Hiu nh: L Hng Hip

#141
04/04/2014

PHT DIM: CH NGHA DN TC, TN GIO V BN SC

TRONG CHIN TRANH PHP VIT MINH

Ngun: Ronald H. Spector (2013). Phat Diem: Nationalism, Religion, and Identity
in the FrancoViet Minh War, Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3,
pp. 3446.

Bin dch: Phm Trang Nhung | Hiu nh: L Hng Hip

Trong cun sch Ngi M trm lng ca Graham Greene, c l l cun tiu thuyt
ting Anh v Vit Nam c c nhiu nht, nh bo Anh Thomas Fowler n mt
chin trng gia Php v Vit Minh th trn Pht Dim ti ra pha nam ng
bng chu th sng Hng cch H Ni 120 dm v pha ng nam. ng miu t
khu vc nh sau:
Ti bit r v Pht Dim trong nhng ngy trc cuc tn cng con
ng hp di c nhng qun hng bng g, c khong 100 thc li c mt
knh o, mt nh th v mt cy cu. Ban m th trn ch c thp sng
bng nn hay nhng ngn n du nh ... v d ngy hay m th ng ph
cng lun ng c v n . Trong cch thc trung c k l ca n, di ci
bng v s bo v ca Gim mc vng quyn (Prince Bishop, tc mt chc v
va cai qun v mt chnh quyn, va l gim mc cai qun gio x - NH), n
tng l th trn giu sc sng nht nc v gi y l ni cht chc nht. Gch
vn v thy tinh v v mi va v sn chy v con ng di trng rng di
ngt tm mt.1

Nhng cuc giao tranh Pht Dim l mt phn ca t tn cng quy m ln do

Vit Minh tin hnh vo thng 5-thng 6 nm 1951 khu vc sng y v nhm
vo cc th trn Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Pht Dim v Ph L. Giao tranh ko di t

1
Graham Greene, The Quiet American (New York: Penguin, 2004), pp. 38-39.

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 Bin dch: Phm Trang Nhung | Hiu nh: L Hng Hip

cui thng 5 n gia thng 6, khi lc lng Vit Minh, ht v kh v b tch khi
cc tuyn ng tip t, buc phi rt lui. Tuy nhin, bng cch cm chn lc
lng phng th ngi Php v qun tip vin ca h bn th trn trng tm ny,
cc n v tn cng ca Vit Minh to iu kin cho cc n v Vit Minh khc
xm nhp vo nhng phn khc ca vng ng bng, chim gi cc v thu hoch
la, v tuyn thm qun.2

Tn tht c hai bn u ln, mc d khng bit c con s c th. Ngi

Php tuyn b rng Vit Minh tn tht tng cng khong 9.000 ngi. S thng
vong ca pha Php bao gm c con trai Tng Delattre de Tassigny, Tng t lnh
kim Ton quyn ng Dng. Ngy nay Quc l 1 chy qua ng bng sng y
vn cn nhiu ngha trang qun s.

Bi vit ny gi rng c cc mi lin h v vn chng (nh trong tiu

thuyt Ngi M trm lng NH) ca Pht Dim ln ngha qun s ca n u
khng phi l nguyn nhn lm cho th trn ny ng ch . Thay vo , Pht
Dim th hin r nt mt cch khc thng bn cht thc s ca Chin tranh Lnh
chu trong mt thp nin t khi ngi Nht u hng nm 1945 ti Hi ngh
Geneva nm 1954. Vi nhiu ngi, cm t Chin tranh Lnh ngha l cuc i
u m rng gia Lin X v M chu u t nm 1947 n nm 1989. Vit v
thi k ny, nh s hc John Lewis Gaddis s dng cm t nn ha bnh di
lu m t thi k th ch lin tip v i khi khng hong nhng khng c
xung t qun s thc th, mt cm t rt nhanh c cc tc gi khc ch v
s dng.3

Vo khong cng lc cm t nn ha bnh di lu ca Gaddis nhn c

s tn ng ca gii hc gi, Thiu t I. S. Gibb, mt binh s Anh, ang hon thnh
cun hi k v giai on thc hin ngha v qun s nhiu khu vc ti chu . Hi
tng v 40 nm k t khi ti ln u tin t chn n Bombay nm 1945, Gibb
xc ng nhn mnh, t n nay xy ra bao cuc giao tranh, bao cuc ni
lon, bao cuc chin a Pakistan chng li n , n chng li Trung Quc,
Bc Triu Tin chng li Nam Triu Tin, ri Thi k khn cp Malaya, i u
Borneo, Cch mng Trung Quc, Bc Vit Nam chng li Nam Vit Nam.4 Trong
10 nm sau khi Chin tranh th gii ln th hai kt thc, c tnh khong
2.500.000 ngi thit mng trong cuc xung t qun s Trung Quc, khong

2
Yves Gras, Historie de la Guerre dIndochine (Paris: Plon, 1979), pp. 226-228; v Edgar Obalance,
The Indo-China War, 1945-1954 (London: Faber and Faber, 1964), pp. 136-139.
3
John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1987).
4
Major I. S. Gibb, A Walk in the Forrests, unpub. Ms., p. 129, trong Imperial War Museum.

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 Bin dch: Phm Trang Nhung | Hiu nh: L Hng Hip

2.000.000 ngi Triu Tin, v khong 400.000 ngi ng Dng. Hng chc
nghn ngi khc cht trong cc cuc chin Malaysia, Indonesia, v Philippines
cng lc .

chu , khi , Chin tranh Lnh khng thc s l mt thi k ha bnh

di lu. N cng khng nht thit l v Ch ngha Cng sn, v kh ht nhn, ch
ngha t bn, ngn chn (cng sn), hay dn ch. Ni rng n l chin tranh v
phi thc dn ha c l c v chnh xc hn, nhng nhng cuc xung t hu
thc dn ny khng ch l cuc u tranh ginh ly quyn t quyt v c lp.
Nh Frederick Cooper nhn nh, cc nh s hc v thi k phi thc dn ha
thng khng th nhn ra rng cc nhm khc nhau trong mt dn tc b thc
dn ha c th a lch s v li ch ring ca h vo mt dn xp phc tp vi
mt cng quc thc dn.5 nhiu nc chu , cuc chim ng ca ngi
Nht v s kt thc hay suy yu sau ca ch thc dn lm bung ra nhng
lc lng chnh tr v thc h mi, ng thi thc y s ti sinh nhng mi bt
ha v nhng mc tiu c. Cc chnh quyn mi cp tr nn yu km hn, v
cc i th mi xut hin tranh ginh quyn lc. Cc bin gii v cc mi rng buc
c ca cng ng bt u bin mt. S khc bit v vng min, sc tc v tn gio
cng su sc hn.

Kt qu l cc cuc chin tranh hu thc dn chu , mc d thng c

ngi M xem nh nhng cuc u tranh gia cc lc lng cng sn v phi cng
sn hay gia cc phong tro thc dn v c lp, thng c nhiu kha cnh ca
ni chin, cp bc, v xung t tn gio, sc tc, hay vng min. iu ny th
hin r rng nht l Trung Quc v Triu Tin, nhng cng kh r Indonesia,
ni ngi Java, Sumatra, Ambon, ngi Hoa, v ngi lai u (In- v H Lan -
NH) chin u ng h ln chng i nn Cng ha, v Malaysia, ni m
Tnh trng khn cp a ra nhng vn v tng lai ca ba nhm sc tc
chnh cng nh cuc chin chng li s ni dy ca lc lng cng sn.6 Nh nh
nhn hc Heonik Kwan nhn nh, nhng khu vc m Chin tranh Lnh c
tin hnh di hnh thc ni chin hay cc dng chia r trit v mnh m gia
cc lc lng x hi khc xung t hai cc khng ch din ra theo nh ca cc

5
Frederick Cooper, The Dialects of Decolonization: Nationalism and Labor Movements in Post-war
French Africa, trong Frederick Cooper v Ann Laura Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial
Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). p. 436.
6
bit ba tc phm gn y cng c chung quan im ny, xem Stein Tonnesson, National
Division in Indochinas Decolonization, trong Prasenjit Duara, ed., Decolonization: Perspectives from
Now and Then (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 253-277; Shawn McHale, Understanding the
Fanatic Mind: The Viet Minh and Race Hatred in the First Indochina War, Journal of Vietnam
Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 98-138; v Heonik Kwan, The Other Cold War (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2010).

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 Bin dch: Phm Trang Nhung | Hiu nh: L Hng Hip

ch th nh nc siu cng m cn da trn c s ca cc iu kin v d tnh

v cu trc v quy phm c th ang tn ti a phng.7

Pht Dim nhn theo nhiu cch u l phin bn thu nh ca nhng t

tng ch ngha vng min, ch ngha dn tc v tn gio i lp . Nm 1945 n
l mt khu vc Cng gio m nt trong mt nc Vit Nam hu nh phi Thin
Cha gio. Gim mc ca khu vc, Tng Gim mc Thaddeus L Hu T, c vai tr
khng ch l lnh o tinh thn m cn l ngi cai tr th tc gn nh tuyt i.8
Gio phn Pht Dim bao gm phn ln tnh Ninh Bnh v Thanh Ha. Ngi Cng
gio chim khong 25% ton b dn s, nhng nhiu lng v huyn li c ti gn
100% ngi Cng gio.

Mt nh bo ngi Php m t Pht Dim v gio phn ln cn Bi Chu

nh sau
Mt lnh a phong kin, t phong ca gio hi nhn danh Cha. Khu vc ny
mang m cnh quan nh dng. Mi khu vc u c mt nh th ln cao hn
v vt tri hn mi th khc. Mi khu vc c nh th gia l mt gio x;
thnh chc tn gio l lnh cha v gio dn l nng n. V li ch v th xc
v tm hn, ngi nng dn b thng tr bi mt nhm nh gm cc thy tu
chu vi gng mt bo v o chng sng bng; v l cha tnh n
nhng n tu ngi An Nam.9

Nhiu khu vc trong lnh a ca T ch c th tip cn c bng ng thy, v

gim mc i quanh khu vc trn mt chic thuyn c l c trng vng tiu chun
ca Gio hong v thy th on gm nhng chng trai tr tui mang trn vai biu
tng ring ca L Hu T, mt con rng Trung Hoa qun quanh mt cy kn
trumpet.10

L Hu T l ngi Vit Nam th 4 c th phong Gim mc, sn phm

ca mt n lc do Gio hong Benedict XV v Pius XI vo nhng nm 1920
thnh lp mt gii gio phm bn a, thm ch cc cp bc cao nht, ti nhng
khu vc ngoi chu u. Vic th phong mc s cho bn ngi c nhiu gio
dn ngi Vit ng h nhit tnh. Gio dn Vit Nam thng xuyn phi chu
ng s k th v b gn vi mt tn gio do ngi Php p t. Kt qu l, s xut
hin ca th bc gio chc nh th Vit Nam c th c xem l mt bc quan

7
Kwan, The Other Cold War, p.18.
8
Peter Hansen nhn nh, lnh o tn gio nhiu gio x Cng gio min Bc i khi chp nhn
nhng kha cnh ca chnh tr thn quyn ton din. Xem Peter Hansen, Bac Di Cu: Catholic
Refugees from the North of Vietnam and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954-1959, Journal
of Vietnam Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 2009), p. 178.
9
Lucien Bodard, The Quicksand War (Boston: Little Brown, 1967), p. 211.
10
Eric Gibbs, Battle of Indo-Chian: Arms and the Bishop, Time, 8/01/1951.

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 Bin dch: Phm Trang Nhung | Hiu nh: L Hng Hip

trng nhm thnh lp mt gio hi quc gia c lp khng c bt c lin h no vi

ch ngha thc dn.11

Trong nhng nm 1920 v 1930, nhiu gim mc bn x khc c th

phong Trung Quc v cc khu vc khc trong th gii thc dn. Tuy nhin, Gim
mc T v hng xm l c cha Phm Ngoc Chi, gim mc (gim qun tng ta)
Bi Chu, l nhng mc s duy nht bn ngoi Vatican c qun i ring. Mt phng
vin bo Time vit rng qun i ca ng T gm 1.700 ngi, mt s c tri
lnh trong phn t ca thnh ng. H c ch huy bi thiu t Ng Cao
Tng, mt cu chin binh trong qun i Quc dn ng ca Tng Gii Thch, v
c trang b khong mt t xe jeep v xe ti qun s. Lc lng ca T cng bao
gm khong 6.000 dn qun c trang b th s. Ngay cnh ch ca cc tu s l
mt nh my nh ch to lu n, n sng ci v sng phng lu.12

Phng vin bo Time m t mc s T l mt nhn cch th vmt ngi

n ng duyn dng v c sc quyn r ng k.13 Nhng mn ca mc s m
t ng l ngi ng h ch ngha x hi Cng gio c trng bi cng bng, l
tnh, nhn vn, v khoan dung.14

Nh bo Php Lucien Bodard li c t li khen ngi hn, k li thi k ng T

thuc v dng tu Trappist (dng tu thnh lp nm 1664 ti tu vin Trappe
Normandy, ni ting v nguyn tc kh hnh v gi im lng NH) lng Chu
Sn,
ng bt cc thy tu sm hi bng cc hnh thc kh hnh n mc h cht v
chng v ng ta tra tn bn thn bng roi vt. Ti Pht Dim L Hu T nh
th l mt quan ta x d gio bo v nim tin mt th nim tin khng c
tnh yu v nhn o; khng c g ngoi k lut h khc ng ta l mt nh
tin tri ca dng kinh Cu c. So vi ng ta, c cha Chi c v l mt ngi
hin lnh tt tnh. ng ta thc t kh c on nhng theo mt cch thc
khn ngoan, kn o.15

Nhng, cho d nhit huyt tn gio ca ng T v vic ng ta khng khng rng

ch ngha cng sn i ngc trc tip cc gi tr tinh thn ca nh th c ln ti
mc no i na, ng cng l mt ngi theo ch ngha dn tc v phn i ch cai

11
Charles Keith, Annam uplifted: The First Vietnamese Catholic Bishops and the Birth of a National
Church, Journal of Vietnam Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 143-145.
12
Gibbs, Battle of Indo-China.
13
Nh trn
14
Tam (Vu Van Cuong), Vietnams War, 1940-1975: The Causes of French and American Failures in
Vietnam (Lawrenceville, VA: Brunswick Publishing, 1983), p.112. ng Cng l th k v tr l hnh
chnh cho gim mc T.
15
Bodard, The Quicksand War, pp. 211-212.

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tr ca Php ng Dng.16 Mt quan st vin ngi Php m t ng l linh

hn chng li nc Php gia cc lnh t Cng gio ngi Vit.17 Vi t cch l B
trn tin khi ca dng tu Trappist trong Chin tranh th gii ln th hai, ng
hp tc vi cc cn b ca Vit Minh v thi thong che giu h trong tu vin
trnh b ngi Php v ngi Nht lng bt. Nh li Charles Keith, ng T l i
din ca mt nh th cng gio Vit Nam c tm nhn vt ra ngoi qu kh
truyn gio v thc dn hng v tng lai trong mt nc Vit Nam c lp.18

Ngay sau khi ngi Nht u hng, ng T v ba mc s Cng gio ngi

Vit khc ng Dng, p li yu cu ca lnh o Vit Minh, gi mt bc
th cng khai cho Gio hong, thnh cu Vatican v mi cng ng Cng gio ng
h s c lp ca Vit Nam v nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha mi thnh lp.19
Vo thng 10 nm 1945, H Ch Minh, V Nguyn Gip, Phm Vn ng, v cc
lnh o khc ca chnh ph Vit Minh ti d l th phong ng T lm mc s
Pht Dim, v ng T c ch nh l c vn ti cao cho ch tch nc. H Ch
Minh cng khai th hin vic cng nhn s t tr ca Pht Dim v quyn c dn
qun ca mc s.20

Khng bn no thc s hi lng vi tha thun ny. Vit Minh tip tc t

chc cc chi b v y ban x trong lnh a ca gim mc, bao gm mt nhm mt
trn nhm thu ht gio dn tham gia khng chin. Mc s T p li bng vic
thnh lp Lin on Cng Gio nh l mt phng tin cho vic t chc cng ng
gio dn.21 Cng lc , gio phn tin hnh nhiu n lc trang b v kh hin
i cho dn qun. S vic cng phc tp hn khi Pht Dim, ti nm 1946, bt
u thu ht s lng ng k ngi ng h cc ng dn tc (hay quc gia NH)
ch ngha chng Vit Minh nh ng Minh Hi v Vit Nam Quc Dn ng. H
Ni v nhng ni khc nhng ng ny tham gia vo mt cuc u tranh ang trn
tht bi trong vic tranh ginh quyn lc vi Vit Minh v nc Vit Nam Dn
ch Cng ha mi thnh lp ca H Ch Minh. nhiu ni thuc Pht Dim h t
chc cc cuc tn cng vo cc cn b ca Vit Minh, v mt ngi lng hn 100
ngi ng h Vit Minh b git hi.

16
Tam, Vietnams War, p. 115.
17
Trch trong Keith Annam Uplifted, p.159.
18
Nh trn, p.159.
19
Nh trn, p. 128.
20
General Marcel Carpentier to Ministre de la France Outre-Mer, 29/10/1949, Chteau de Vincennes,
Paris, in Service Historique de lArme de Terre (SHAT), 10H170, Dossier 1: Bodard, The Quicksand
War, p.212; v Tam, Vietnams War, p. 118.
21
Keith, Annam Uplifted, p. 159; Pham Van Bong, Ngn la khng chin (Bo v ng bo v
chng li k th), trong Tp k khng chin chng thc dn Php xm lc (Flames of the
resistance war: Memoirs of the anti-French resistance war) (Hanoi: Party History Studies, 1978), pp.
113-116; and Tam, Vietnams War, p. 132.

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Nhng cuc tn cng ny trng vi thi im ngi Trung Quc chm dt

chim ng min Bc Vit Nam vo ma xun nm 1946 v tha thun ca H Ch
Minh cho php ngi Php quay tr li min Bc trong ha bnh i ly vic
cng nhn chnh quyn ca ng l mt nc t do thuc Lin hip Php v ha
hn v cc cuc m phn sau . Mt khi thot khi s can thip ca ngi
Trung Quc v mi e da khn cp t ngi Php, Vit Minh nhanh chng tr a
nhng ngi chng li h Pht Dim. Ba ngi lng tng l a im ca chin
dch thanh trng cng sn b qun Vit Minh tn cng. Vi tun sau gim mc T
b bn, nhng khng b thng, bi mt ngi Vit m theo cc con chin ca gim
mc l thnh vin lc lng an ninh ca Vit Minh.22 n lc , H Ch Minh, ang
phi i mt vi mt cuc chin sp ti vi ngi Php pha Bc, c gng hn
gn mi chuyn vi gim mc v cng khai xc nhn li s ng h ca ng i vi
t do tn gio. Gim mc T, cn nhiu thi gian hn v trang cho dn qun
ca mnh, b ngoi t ra chp nhn ngh ca H Ch Minh.

S bng n chin tranh ton din gia ngi Php v Vit Minh vo thng
12 nm 1946 mang li thm nhiu vn cho Pht Dim. My bay Php xut
hin trn bu tri Pht Dim v nh bom ch trung tm v ni ca gim mc,
gy ra nhiu thng vong. Gim mc T cng khai ln n hnh vi tn bo v nhn
tnh ny v nhc li chnh sch trung lp ca ng i vi ngi Php v Vit Minh
v ku gi h tn trng nn t tr ca Pht Dim. Nhng H Ni nhng ngi
i din ca gim mc li bt u m phn b mt vi cc nhn vin tnh bo
ngi Php.23

Do kt qu ca cc cuc tho lun ny, Cha Minh, i din bn chnh thc

ca gim mc trc qun i Php, nhn c s chp thun cho php Pht Dim
mua v kh t min nam Trung Quc vn vn nm trong tay Quc Dn ng ca
Tng Gii Thch, v vn chuyn nhng v kh ny qua H Ni. Vo thng 12 nm
1947, 12 chic thuyn i t Pht Dim ti mt lng gn bin gii Trung Quc, v v
kh c chuyn ln tu. Trong chuyn tr v cc chic thuyn ny b tu nh c
c v trang ca Vit Minh chn li ngoi khi tnh Thi Bnh. Mt tu chin ca
Php can thip v tt c tu ca Vit Minh b ph hy, cho on thuyn
ca ng T n c Pht Dim.24

Lo ngi v s gn gi ngy cng tng gia ng T v ngi Php, H Ch

Minh li c gng hn gn quan h mt ln na, v gi Cha Trc, mt i biu Quc
hi, n ni chuyn vi gim mc. Trong khi , ngi Php ang bt u ngy

22
Tam, Vietnams War, p. 132.
23
Nh trn, pp.129, 131.
24
Nh trn, pp. 132-133

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cng c hng th vi vic coi Pht Dim l ng minh kh d trong chin lc bnh
nh ha khu vc ng bng sng Hng. Tng Marcel Carpentier, tng t lnh
khu vc ng Dng, nghi vn liu Vit Minh c mun tip tc tn trng s trung
lp v chnh tr ca gio phn hay khng v gi rng mt hnh ng cui cng
ca chng ta s khng ch nhm gii phng chng li cng sn m cn v li ch v
mt vt cht v tinh thn ca ngi dn.25

Vo thng 3 nm 1949, sau hn mt nm m phn, tha thun mt phn

v tranh lun v nhng vn lin quan, chnh quyn Php t c tha thun
vi Bo i, cu hong Vit Nam, v k Hip nh lyse thnh lp Quc gia Vit
Nam c lp nm trong Lin hip Php. Thm quyn v quyn t tr thc s ca
chnh quyn mi ca Bo i b hn ch ng k, v rt t ngi d Vit Nam hay
trong cng ng quc t thy rng Quc gia Vit Nam mi l mt nc c lp.
Tuy nhin, ngi Php xem n l mt i th tim tng ca Vit Minh Vit Nam
v l mt biu tng ca chnh sch tin b ca h i vi ng Dng.

Trong nhng lng do Vit Minh kim sot xung quanh Pht Dim, ng
Cng sn t chc cc cuc biu tnh chng li ch Bo i. Mai Phng, mt
thiu nin n t mt lng nh gn Pht Dim tham gia vo mt cuc mt-tinh
khng l ti mt khu ch ngoi tri ln. Mt ci bc ln c mt bc hnh H Ch
Minh khng l vi l c lm nn. Pha trn mt ng rm cao ngt gn bc l
mt hnh nm bng rm ln. Sau khi ht quc ca v nghe nhng bi pht biu ny
la ngt qung bi nhng cu nh:
o k phn bi!

o Bo i!

o k phn bi!

Mt ngi n ng i n pha ng rm m vo gng mt ca hnh nm

nh th l k th thc s. ng ta nh n nhiu ln. Vic ny to nn
nhng ting reo h t pha m ng. Ngi ta lao n pha hnh nm
Nhng ngi c th tro ln bt u v m n mnh v nhanh nht c th
Nhng c m v i km vi ting ku o Bo i!26

Khng lu sau , cc i din ca chnh quyn Bo i bt u lin h vi

gim mc T.27 H Ni, i y Trn Vn n, mt s quan Vit Nam trong lc
lng thc dn Php v mt v tng ca Nam Vit Nam trong tng lai thi k

25
Carpentier to Ministre de la Defense National et Ministre de la France Outre-mer, 10 October,
1949, in SHAT, 10H170, Dossier 1.
26
Mai Phuong, Behind the Bamboo Hedges (Los Angeles: Nguoi Dau 1996), pp. 68-69.
27
Tam, Vietnams War, pp. 134-135.

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Chin tranh ng Dng ln th hai, tip cn Cha Minh vi li ha v h tr ti

chnh ca ngi Php cho mt t bo thuc gio khu Pht Dim nu gim mc T
ng ng h Bo i.28 Gim mc T gn nh chng c nim tin vo Bo i
nhng c th nhn thy nhng du hiu ngy cng nhiu rng ngi Php ang
chun b mt cuc xm chim qun s vo vng Pht Dim. ng T cng nghi ng
rng Vit Minh s nhanh chng c hnh ng chng li ng.

Cui cng, ng ng v pha ngi Php. Vo thng 10 nm 1949 mt tiu

on lnh d ngi Vit t lc lng thc dn Php do i y Nguyn Vn V ch
huy b vo trung tm Pht Dim gn nh th. Khi ng T c m phn b
mt vi V, nhng gim mc vn cn lng l khi t b th trung lp bng cch
cng khai cho n ngi Php. Do vy dn qun Cng gio c iu ng
chun b chin u pha sau mt con knh o, Bodard m t li rng sau khi h
ln Cn thn!, h bn vi pht n qua con knh v pha nhng k xm nhp. Khi
nhng k xm nhp p tr bng cch x mt hai lot n ch thin, c Cha L
Hu T b buc phi tuyn b tha nhn tht bi v k mt hip nh ngng
bn.29

Chng c g ngc nhin l Vit Minh khng b n tng bi vic bo v s

t ch ca Pht Dim. H tuyn b rng k phn bi L Hu T chun b k
cng bi p cho lnh d thc dn v rng ng ta lp k hoch gip nhiu
qun Php b mt b xung cc ngha a (do bng b m m ca t tin).30
Trong mt ch th ca ng, lnh o Vit Minh cnh bo rng mc ch ngi
Php tn cng vo Pht Dim l nhm to iu kin cho na triu ngi Cng
gio trong khu vc t chc cc lc lng b nhn chng li khng chin.31

Kt lun ca Vit Minh t ra kh chnh xc. Khng cn bit ng ta do d

nh th no khi quyt nh trong lc vn lin tc cm ght ngi Php v khinh
thng Bo i, Gim mc Quc gia T rng buc bn thn vo cuc chin
pha ngi Php. Vic ny dn n gn mt phn nm dn s vng ng bng
Bc B chng li t chc khng l Vit Minh, Bodard nh li.
Trong c vng ng bng, mi cng ng Thin cha gio thnh lp qun i
ring, dn qun ring v bin ngi lng thnh mt pho i vi thnh chc tn
gio l ngi ch huy. Trong sut thi gian ti thng nghe cc s quan
Php nhn xt rng Nhng gio dn ny l con ln, thp ch t hn so vi

28
Nh trn.
29
Bodard, The Quicksand War, p. 211.
30
Pham Van Bong, Ngn la khng chin, p. 113.
31
Bulletin de Renseignements: Directive du gouvernement Viet Minh au sujet de la Politique
Catholique pres de loffensif Phat Diem, n.d. (1949), in SHAT, 10H170, Dossier 3.

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nhng ngi Vit Nam khc chng c tr bp no m h khng gi ra vi

chng ti. Nhng khi c kh khn, khi Vit Minh tn cng, bn c th hon
ton da vo ngi Cng gio l s chc chn ca thnh chin.32

Vo lc , s cam kt ca ng T vi Bo i v ngi Php c rt t nh hng

ln tnh trng ca vng ng bng. Trong ton b vng Cng gio cc gim mc
vn nm quyn kim sot, thu thu - cng nh tin h tr ca ngi Php v
trang b, hun luyn cho dn qun ca h. Ch huy qun i Php c ch o
khng can thip vo cc vn thun ty Vit Nam. Quan chc cp tnh phn ln
c c bi cc gim mc. Cng lc, cc gim mc vn duy tr mt vi lin h
vi Vit Minh, v gio phn tr thnh tuyn ng chnh vn chuyn hng ha
nh mui v thuc men vo vng Vit Minh kim sot Thanh Ha v Vinh.33

Tuy nhin kiu tnh hnh m gim mc va li chun b b bi cnh chung

ca cuc chin lm thay i gh gm. Vo ma thu nm 1949, Qun Gii phng
Nhn dn (Gii phng Qun) ang chin thng ca Mao Trch ng n bin
gii ng Dng. n thi im ny, Vit Minh gn nh chng nhn c g ngoi
s ng h nhit tnh bng ming v mt lng tin hn ch t pha cc ng ch
cch mng Trung Quc. Thm ch lin lc bng in tn ng tin cy cng t ra
khng th duy tr.34 Tuy nhin, by gi Vit Minh khng cn n c na. Vo
thng 1 nm 1950, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa chnh thc cng nhn nc Vit
Nam Dn ch Cng ha ca H Ch Minh. Lin X cng lm tng t sau hai tun.
H Ch Minh thm Matxcva vo u thng Hai v tho lun vi Stalin v Mao,
ngi cng ang thm th Lin X. Mao ha rng Trung Quc s h tr qun
s cn thit cho Vit Nam trong cuc chin chng li Php.35 Nhm cung cp o
to qun s, vin tr, v c vn cho lc lng ca H Ch Minh, Trung Quc
thit lp mt y ban do tng Chu c, tng t lnh ca Gii phng Qun v l
mt y vin Trung ng ng Cng sn Trung Quc, ng u.

Bt u t thng 4 nm 1950, yu cu i vi cc vt dng v cung ng

qun s c th bt u n Bc Kinh t tr s ca H Ch Minh. T thng 4 n
thng 9 nm 1950 Trung Quc cung cp cho Vit Minh hn 14.000 v kh loi
nh, 1.700 sng bn t ng, 150 sng ci, 300 b phng rocket, v khong 60
khu pho nhiu kch c, cng mt lng ln n dc, ng phc, thuc men,
thit b lin lc, v cc vt t khc.36 Kt qu l, du kch Vt Minh c trang b y

32
Bodard, The Quicksand War, p. 215.
33
Nh trn, p.215; v Gras, Guerre de lIndochine, pp. 135-136.
34
Chen Jian, Maos China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
35
Nh trn, p.122.
36
Nhm Bin son Lch s v Nhm c vn qun s Trung Quc, Zhongguo junshi guwentuan yue
kangfa douzheng shishi (Gii thch thc tin v s tham gia ca cc c vn qun s Trung Quc

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nh phn ln cc n v b binh ngi Php vi sng trng, lu n, sng

my, sng ci hng nh, v my phng rocket.37 Cng lc , y ban ca Chu c
t chc v gi ti Vit Nam mt nhm c vn qun s Trung Quc o to v t
vn cho Vit Minh. Mt lng ln lnh Vit Minh vt bin gii c o to
ti cc trng v tri hun luyn pha nam Trung Quc c Qun on 4 ca
Gii phng Qun t chc.38 n ma thu nm 1950 qun i ca Vit Minh, lc ny
c gi l Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam (QND Vit Nam), c t chc thnh 5
s on, mt trung on cng binh, v ba trung on pho binh.39

Tng V Nguyn Gip, t lnh ca QND Vit Nam, khng tn nhiu

thi gian trong vic trin khai qun i mi chng li cc lc lng thc dn t
mn v t c chun b ca ngi Php. Mc tiu ca tng Gip l quy nhiu
cc c im ca ngi Php gn bin gii Trung Quc, mang li kinh nghim trn
mc qu bu cho cc ch huy ca ng ta v ph hy hng ro cui cng nhn
c ng h v mt hu cn trc tip t Trung Quc. Vo ngy 18 thng 9, lc
lng Vit Minh c h tr bi pho v sng ci bt ng tn cng c im ca
Php ng Kh dc ng s 4, song song vi bin gii Trung Quc pha ng
bc H Ni. C im tht bi trong vng 48 gi, v phn ln lc lng phng th
c im b bt hoc b git. Vi ngy sau mt lc lng Php khong 4.500 ngi
gn nh b tiu dit hon ton trong mt lot cc cuc phc kch xung quanh th
trn Cao Bng. Tng c im ring l ca Php dc bin gii ln lt ri vo tay
Vit Minh hay b b trng trong s hi. Ngi Php tn tht 6.000 lnh v hn
10.000 v kh nh, sng ci, v sng my.40 Bin gii gia Trung Quc v ng
Dng, nh cng s Hoa K Si Gn ni, khng cn tn ti.41

Cui nm 1950 Vit Minh v cc c vn Trung Quc sn sng bt u

mt t tn cng mi chim ton b ng bng sng Hng. Tuy nhin, trong
khi , ngi Php ch nh mt tng t lnh mi cho khu vc ng Dng,
Tng Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, ngi cng ng thi gi v tr ton quyn, do
kt hp thm quyn chnh tr vi qun s. De Lattre, ngi c l l ch huy chin
tranh gii nht trong qun i Php, n H Ni vo thng 12 nm 1950, ngay lp

trong vic h tr Vit Nam khng Php) (Beijing: Peoples Liberation Army Press, 1996), ch. 2, p. 44;
v Memorandum, Army Supply to Viet Minh, Incl. to JCS 1992/22, 11 September 1950, trong
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), college Park, MD, Record Group (RG) 319, G-
3 091 File. S liu ca M v Trung Quc khc nhau nhng khng nhiu.
37
Bodard, The Quicksand War, p. 245.
38
Chen, Maos China, pp. 123-124.
39
Nhm Bin son Lch s, Zhoungguo junshi, p. 33.
40
OBalance, The Indochina War, p. 118.
41
Minister at Saigon (Heath) to State, 17 October 1950, in NARA, RG 59, Subject Numeric Files,
POL. 27-14, Box 163.

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tc hy b mi k hoch nhm di tn cc gia nh ngi Php khi th , v

chuyn v ng vo ph ton quyn. ng thm tt c cc khu vc tc chin, sa thi
khng thng tic nhng ngi khng c kh nng hoc mang t tng ch bi,
ng thi tuyn b rng s khng rt lui thm na.

Ging Vit Minh, lc lng thc dn Php c c mt ngi bn ln mi

vo ma xun nm 1950 khi nc M cng nhn Bo i v cc Nh nc Lin
hip ng Dng.42 Thm ch trc khi De Lattre n, Washington bt u
cung cp vin tr qun s quy m ln cho lc lng qun Php Vit Nam, bao
gm cc v kh nh hin i hn, my bay chin u, my bay vn chuyn, my
bay nm bom hng nh, pho 105 mm, v bom napalm.43 Khi Vit Minh m mt
t tn cng mi xung quanh th trn Vnh Yn pha nam ca sng Hng cch H
Ni khong 40 dm v pha ty bc vo gia thng 1 nm 1951, h phi chu
ng mt tht bi cay ng. Bt chp nhng cuc tn cng quyt lit, ngi Php
c kh nng gi vng cc v tr ch cht c ym h bi cc cuc khng kch hng
nng s dng thuc n mnh v bom napalm.

Tng Gip th li ln na vo hai thng sau vi mt cuc tn cng nhm

vo th trn ven bin Mo Kh, khong 30 km v pha ng bc Hi Phng. Mc d
b p o v s lng gn 3 chi mt, ngi Php vn y li c cuc tn cng.
Tn tht ca c hai bn u rt nng n. Cng nh Vnh Yn, s vt tri ca
ngi Php v khng qun v pho binh c vai tr quyt nh.

N lc ln th ba ca Vit Minh, vo thng 5 v thng 6, l chin dch sng

y. Bt chp nhng cnh bo t h thng tnh bo Php, cuc tn cng ca Vit
Minh, bt u ngy 28 thng 5 nm 1951, vn l mt s ngc nhin ln vi cc ch
huy a phng. (Sau h phn nn rng gim mc T lm h lm tng
bng cc bo co rng mi chuyn u n.) Ti th x Ninh Bnh mt tiu on lnh
Php b nh bi, v nhiu c im do dn qun Cng gio gc ri vo tay S
on 308 ca QND Vit Nam. Cc n v Vit Minh khc di chuyn ln Ph L, ct
t tuyn ng chnh v bao vy th trn.

Pht Dim b tn cng bi S on 320 ca QND Vit Nam, vn vt qua

sng y thnh cng m khng b ngi Php pht hin. Cc n v dn qun
Cng gio chng c quyt lit theo mt s ti liu, theo mt s ngun khc li
khng hiu qu, nhng lc lng Vit Minh c trang b tt ch c th b ngn

42
L gii gn y nht v ton din nht v nhng quyt nh ny l ca Mark Atwood Lawrence,
Assuming the Burden: Europe and the American Commitment to War in Vietnam (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2005).
43
V chi tit ca chng trnh h tr v qun s, xem Ronald Spector, Advice and Support: The
Early Years of the US Army in Vietnam (New York: Free Press 1985), chs. 6-7.

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chn bi cc lc lng thc dn Php. Tng hnh dinh ca Php H Ni nhanh

chng iu ng qun tip vin. Mi tuyn lin lc ng b u b ct, nhng
ngi Php s dng hai tiu on lnh d ym h bi mt phi i my bay chin
u nm bom. Cc n v tn cng ng sng ca Php, gi l Dinassauts v bao
gm cc bit i b binh, s dng cc tu b thi Chin tranh th gii th hai
mang thm qun n v ct t ng tip vn qua sng y ca Vit Minh.44

Mc d ngi Php ca ngi kt qu l mt chin thng, nh hng ca trn

sng y i vi ngi dn Pht Dim l rt khng khip. Bn cnh s tn ph nh
ca v cht chc do chin s, nhiu ngi dn tr thnh i tng b ngc i
nghim trng trong tay qun Php vn ti cu gip gio phn. Cng s Anh
Si Gn bo co li nhiu hnh vi tn nhn, cp bc, cng hip, v try lc do
lc lng thc dn Php thc hin. Thm ch cn c nhng li phn nn rng cc
binh s ly trm chn thnh t mt s nh th. t nht mt s quan Php b
bt v hnh vi sai tri.

Ty vin qun s Anh nhn nh rng y l nhng binh s vn mt mi

v lin tip tr thnh mc tiu phc kch v, hn th na thng l ngi Marc hay
Senegal , nhng ngi vn y tai ting v nhng th nh th, nn kiu hnh x
nh th chng c g l l. Nhng c nhiu bng chng ch ra rng s mnh ca
Lin hip Php chu nhng tn hi nghim trng.45 Mt nh ngoi giao Anh
khc xc nhn rng Gi y c nhiu cm thng cho pha Vit Minh hn bao gi
ht k t khi gim mc ng v pha Bo i.46

Vi ngi Php, hai ngy giao tranh lm tiu tan o tng v gii
lnh o phong kin v tnh trung lp ca gim mc. Cc tin n Cng gio v
vn trc khi Vit Minh tn cng, v ch c s can thip nhanh chng ca lc lng
thc Php mi ngn chn s sp ca tin tuyn pha ty ca Pht Dim.47 De
Lattre li cho gim mc v tin tnh bo khng chnh xc gp phn to nn s
thiu chun b ca ngi Php, v nghim trng hn, l ci cht ca con trai v
tng trong cuc giao tranh c lit.48

B T lnh Ti cao ca Php thng bo vi gim mc rng lc lng thc

dn Php trong tng lai s ng trn lnh th ca h v rng cc dn qun km
hiu qu s b gii tn. Nhng ngi khc s c t chc li v t di s ch

44
Gras, Guerre de lIndochine, pp. 227-229; v OBalance, Indochina War, pp. 136-137.
45
Brit. Legation Saigon (M.G.L. Joy) to Foreign Office (J.D. Murray), 12 January 1952, in the
National Archives of the United Kingsom, FO371/1010/78.
46
Nh trn; Report by Cyril Whitworth, 3 January 1952.
47
Gras, Guerre de lIndochine, p. 231.
48
Nh trn; v Bodard, The Quicksand War, p. 214.

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huy trc tip ca ngi Php. Quan chc thc dn Php cng s m nhim mt
vi chc nng qun l dn s ca gio khu.49

Vi s tht bi ca ngi Php nm 1954, ngi Cng gio Pht Dim

theo gim mc di c v pha nam, ni m h c ti nh c nh mt cng ng
nguyn vn ni m rt nhanh sau tr thnh Vit Nam Cng ha. Theo ngi
vit tiu s ngng m ng, gim mc T n lc ng ngoi vn chnh
tr. Tuy nhin mi khi ng nhn thy bt c sai lm no ca chnh quyn Tng
thng Dim ng li vo Ph Tng thng v ni ln s tht ng c th gip
Tng thng Dim lm ng vai tr ca mnh nh l ngi lnh o dn chng.50
Cng theo ngun t liu ny, mc s L tin rng v d v chng trnh phng th
a phng ca Pht Dim l ngun cm hng cho chng trnh p chin lc ca
Nam Vit Nam. Gim mc rt tht vng v v lt Dim nm 1963. ng thy c
rt t c hi thnh cng i vi hot ng chng ni dy ca M Vit Nam v bt
u tnh ton n mt cuc s tn ln th hai cho ngi Cng gio Vit Nam, ln
ny l ti Australia.51 ng mt nm 1967.

Kinh nghim ca Pht Dim soi sng bn cht ca cuc Chin tranh ca
Php ng Dng v v chin tranh chng ni dy v ni chin ni chung. Nh
Lin-Hng Nguyn nhn nh, cc cuc chin tranh Vit Nam, thng c t duy
vi cc khi nim trng-en lc lng thc dn i u vi nhng ngi ni dy,
cng sn i u chng cng, min Bc i u min Nam c th c hiu r
hn theo mt gc nhn a mu. Trong trng hp s can thip gn y ca M vo
Afghanistan v Iraq, ngi ta tn nhiu giy mc bn v s cn thit ca
cc ng minh ng tin cy chng ni dy thnh cng. Trng hp ca Pht
Dim ch ra rng vic tm kim cc ng minh ng tin cy lun lun l mt qu
trnh hai chiu. Quan trng hn, n minh ha cuc tm kim ny m m v phc
tp ra sao v s trng pht i vi nhng la chn sai lm v khng may mn c
th ln n th no.

GII THIU D N NGHIENCUUQUOCTE.NET

Mc ch

Nghiencuuquocte.net l mt d n phi chnh tr, phi li nhun nhm mc ch pht trin ngun hc
liu chuyn ngnh nghin cu quc t bng ting Vit v thc y vic hc tp, nghin cu cc vn
quc t ti Vit Nam.

L do ra i

49
Gras, Guerre de lIndochine, pp. 231 132.
50
Tam, Vietnams War, p. 282.
51
Nh trn.

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Trong khi s ngi hc tp v nghin cu v cc vn quc t Vit Nam ngy cng gia tng th
vic tip cn cc ti liu mang tnh hc thut ca th gii v lnh vc ny cn rt hn ch v hai l
do: Th nht, cc ti liu ny thng phi tr ph mi tip cn c, trong khi cc trng i hc v
vin nghin cu ca Vit Nam hu nh khng c chi ph trang tri. Th hai, cc ti liu ny ch yu
c xut bn bng ting Anh, khin nhiu sinh vin, nh nghin cu, v c bit l qung i c
gi quan tm n cc vn quc t ni chung, gp kh khn trong vic tip thu, lnh
hi. Nghiencuuquocte.net ra i vi hi vng s gp phn khc phc c cc vn trn.

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chnh tr quc t, kinh t quc t, v lut php quc t.
Cc ti liu ny ch yu l cc bi bo trn cc tp san quc t, cc chng sch, hoc cc ti liu
tng ng, c xut bn bi cc nh xut bn, cc trng i hc v vin nghin cu c uy tn
trn th gii.

D n u tin bin dch v xut bn:

Cc bi vit mang tnh nn tng i vi lnh vc nghin cu quc t;

Cc bi vit c nhiu nh nh hng trong lnh vc ny;
Cc bi vit lin quan trc tip hoc c nh hng, hm gin tip n Vit Nam;
Cc bi vit c ng o c gi quan tm.

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