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Carbohydrates
Carbohydratesare the most abundant
compounds found in nature.
The name carbohydrates indicates
that these compounds are
composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.
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Carbohydrates
Definition:
Are polyhydroxyl
alcohols having
potentially active
aldehyde or ketone
group attached to them.
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Function of Carbohydrates
1. The main source of energy in the diet.
2. Storage form of energy.
3. Cell membrane component that mediate
some form of intracellular
communications.
4. Serve as structural component of many
organisms including:
The cell wall of bacteria.
The fibrous cellulose of plants.
The exoskeleton of some insects 4
Classification of Carbohydrates
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Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Are sugars which can not be degraded
further into simpler sugars.
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Monosaccharide
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Physical properties of Monosaccharide
1. Soluble in water.
2. Aldose and ketose isomer
.
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Aldose and Ketose isomers. 2
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.Optically active compounds
Monosaccharides have the power of
rotating plane of polarized light through
a certain angle, but must contain at least
one asymmetric carbon atom.
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When equal amounts of dextro and
levo isomers are present in a solution
the resulting mixture has no optical
activity and the compounds are known
as Racemic Compounds
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Isomers posses the same general
.physical and chemical properties
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L and D configuration or Enantiomers
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L and D configuration
When the OH group of the carbon atom
adjacent to the last carbon is on the right
side it is called D- sugar, if on the left side
it is called L- sugar.
Nearly all naturally occurring sugars are D-
sugars.
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Carbohydrates
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Epimers
Isomers differ in configuration of the OH
and H around one specific carbon atom, 2,
3, and 4 of glucose.
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Epimers
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Cyclization of monosaccharides
Less than 1 % of each of the sugars with
five or more carbons are found in the open
chain form.
They are predominantly form a ring at
carbon 1 of an aldose and carbon 2 of a
ketose.
This carbon is called the Anomeric carbon,
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Cyclization of monosaccharides
The anomeric carbon of aldose or ketose
will react with the alcohol group on the
same sugar to form hemiactal or hemiketal.
If the resulting ring has six members
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Thehemiacetal ring is called a Fischer
projection.
The
cyclic form of the sugar is called
Haworth projection.
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- Anomers
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- Anomers
Two molecules of D- glucose can differ from
each other, one is the other is .
The two sugars are glucose but they are
anomers of each others.
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Disaccharides
These are glycosides formed by the
condensation of 2 sugars, they
include:
1. Lactose.
2. Maltose.
3. Sucrose.
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splay >
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Starch
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splay % 20 -15 >
(,30 -24 (
glucose
% 80-85 .residues
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splay >
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splay >
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It is called animal starch.
glucose, 10-12
splay >
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splay >
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Inulin
Is a starch found in tubers.
Is a homoplymer of fructose ( Fructosan(.
This starch is unlike potato starch, is readily
soluble in water & has been used to determine the
glomerular filteration rate.
Chitin:
Is an important structural polysaccharide of
invertebrates.
It is found in the skeleton of insects.
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(Glycoproteins (mucoproteins
They are found in tissues, fluids and
cell membrane.
They are proteins containing
carbohydrates in different amounts.
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Isomers
The number of possible isomers of a
compound depends on the number of
asymmetric carbon atoms (n( and is
equal to 2 n.
Glucose with 4 asymmetric carbon
atoms, so it has 16 isomer
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