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Abstract With addition of in-plant generation industrial (ATP, EMTPDC, and EPRI) to study CTs transients under
facilities face increased short circuit levels and DC components different applications. An IEEE Working Group (WG) has
in fault currents. EMTP is an effective tool in modeling and
studying current transformer (CT) performance under such prepared a detailed guide on the use on EMTP in such
conditions. This paper advances the applications of EMTP for applications [7], [8]. However, for frequent applications,
such studies. CTs models in EMTP may require hard-to-get concerns arise about the ease of usage of such tools when
information at early stages of power system projects. The paper some information listed in the WG Guide is not readily
examines approaches to make appropriate assumptions for available. An example of information that is required for the
missing model information and tests the sensitivity of EMTP
results to such assumptions. By presenting case studies the WG model is the CTs core dimensions, and the CT saturation
paper facilitates such applications of EMTP and supplements an point used in the EMTP/ATP hysteresis routines. In the case
earlier IEEE Work Group on the EMTP modeling of protection of early stages of new installations or retrofitting existing
CTs. facilities where short circuit would change (i.e. adding
generation to existing buses), the core dimension information
Keywords: Current Transformers, CT Saturation, EMTP, ATP.
regarding the respected CTs may not be available. To carry
I. NOMENCLATURE out EMTP studies on CTs transient performance, under such
conditions some assumptions would be utilized in lieu of the
CT(s): Current Transformer(s) missing information. In some cases, such assumptions could
EMTP: Electromagnetic Transient Program be verified and adjusted as the missing information is obtained
ATP: Alternative Transient Program at later stages of design. In other cases, such assumptions
WG: Work Group (such as WG produced [6]) would be required to stand on their own. Based on a large
number of case runs for different ratings of CTs, this paper
II. INTRODUCTION demonstrates the sensitivity of the study results to the
Resistance
CT4
Burden
Primary
Current
Source
CT1 CT2 CT3
1
0.5
Flux (V.s)
100 0
-3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3
-1
10
-1.5
-2
Current (A)
1
0.01 0.1 1 10
Fig 5: Saturation and Hysteresis Curves for 2000-5A CT
Excitation Current -Amp
0.2
Flux (V.s)
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
100 -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
Current (A)
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 600-5A (Based on PSP of 1.684 A)
Excitation Current -Amp
0.6
PSP
Fig. 4 Typical Manufacturer Supplied Characteristics Curves for 2 CTs 0.4
0.2
Flux (V.s)
-0.6
approach. The PSP is a point in the first quadrant where the
Current (A)
hysteresis loop changes from being a multiple to a singled
valued curve. Due to its importance to the hysteresis routine 600-5A (Based on PSP of 23.68 A)
results, the PSP should be carefully selected. In Fig 4, two CT 0.6
PSP
curves are shown. It could be observed that: 0.4
- In case of the 2000-5A manufacturers curve, the flat area 0.2
Flux (V.s)
Amperes in Primary
the CTs dimensions are available. In the case of unavailable 60000
50000
necessary physical dimensions: 40000
Current
- How would an arbitrary selected remote LDP be 30000
20000
representative? 10000
- How sensitive are the results of the EMTP runs for 0
-100000.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
changes in the assumed LDP? -20000
For the typical four CTs listed in Table 1, changes in both time in Seconds
current values and slope of the LDP (flux value) are listed in
Primary Current Sec with 30 Sec with 40 Sec with 50
Table 2.
TABLE 2 Fig. 7 Secondary Current of Ph-C Reflected to Primary @ Various LDP
LAST DATA P OINT VALUES IN T ERMS OF DELTA A AND DELTA F
Variations in Phase C Current due to LDP
Delta A Ratio Delta F ratio Assumptions
30 10
6000
30 20
4000
Current in A
40 10 2000
40 20 0
50 10 -2000 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
50 20 -4000
Time s
Where:
Delta A Ratio: (LDP NLDP) / (HLDP-NLDP) of Current Error30-40 Error40-50
Delta F Ratio: (LDP NLDP) / (HLDP-NLDP) of Flux
Fig. 8 Variations in Ph-C Secondary Reflected to Primary Current
LDP: New Last Data Point
NLDP: Next to Last Data Point as calculated by Hysteresis Routine
Variations in Phase B Current Due to LDP
HLDP: Last Data Point as calculated by Hysteresis Routine Assumptions
500
40 and 50). Fig 8 shows the variation between the three 0
secondary currents corresponding to each LDP. All currents -5000.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-1000
are references to primary side, and all calculations are based on
-1500
the same Delta F Ratio of 10. It is observed that although the Time s
absolute value of variations in secondary current is notable
Error30-40 Error40-50
(4560 A referenced to primary side), the maximum errors in
relative terms with respect to peak fault current of 57769 A is Fig. 9 Variations in Ph-B Secondary Reflected to Primary Current
less than 8%. Also when Fig 7 and Fig 8 are examined together Variations in Phase-C Current due to LDP
it would be noticed that the actual variations are in saturation Assumptions (Slope Change)
timing, which bring the actual variations to relative values less
than those given above. 8000
6000
The 2000-5 A CT on Phase-B would have a different
4000
variation, as the DC component on that phase is less than 2000
Current in A
EMTP runs for phases B and C are shown in Fig 12. 3.00E+04
It could be observed that:
2.00E+04
- For Phase-B: DC component is not significant, however
AmperesinPrimaryCurrent
1.00E+04
the fault current is large enough (with respect to the CTs
0.00E+00
ratio) that mild saturation occurs. 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
-1.00E+04
- For Phase-C: DC component in the fault current is high.
Hence saturation occurs in less than cycle with 2.34- -2.00E+04
20000
7.00E+04
AmperesinPrimaryCurrent
10000
6.00E+04
0 5.00E+04
AmperesinPrimaryCurrent
3.00E+04
-20000
2.00E+04
-30000
1.00E+04
-40000
0.00E+00
Time in Seconds
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09
-1.00E+04
Double Burden Standard Burden Primary Current
-2.00E+04
2.00E+04
Fig. 12 CT 1200-5A with Two Secondary Burdens 2.38 and 4.68 Ohms
Amperes in Primary
1.00E+04
0.00E+00
Current