IGNOU MBA Sample Assignment

MS-51 Jan June 2017

Course Code MS - 51
Course Title Operations Research
Assignment Code MS-51/TMA/SEM - I/2017
Assignment Coverage All Blocks

To buy MBA assignments please use below link

https://ignousolvedassignmentsmba.blog.spot.in/

KIAN PUBLICATION
ignousolvedassignmentsmba@gmail.com

kianpublication1@gmail.com

ignou4you@gmail.com

School of Management Studies

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
MAIDAN GARHI, NEW DELHI 110 068
1. Enumerate, with brief description, some of the techniques of O.R. Describe the various steps
involved in O.R. study.

The term, Operations Research was first -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- military context. During World War
II, military management called on scientists from various disciplines and organised them into teams to assist in solving
strategic and tactical problems, relating to air and land defense of the country.

Operational Research (OR) is ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------. People with skills in OR hold jobs in decision support,
business analytics, marketing analysis and logistics planning as well as jobs with OR in the title.

Operations research uses any suitable --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. However, O.R. analysts have given special
impetus to the development and use of the techniques like, linear program, waiting line theory, game theory, inventory
control models and simulation. In addition, some -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, network scheduling-PERT and CPM,
symbolic logic, information theory and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------term will not be out of place here.

1. Linear -----------------------------------
Linear Programming is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------measure of effectiveness like profit, loss or return on investment
and several boundary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------solve a linear programming problem.

2. Waiting ------------------------------------------- Theory

Waiting line theory or queuing theory --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the situations in which queue is formed. If we
assume that there are costs associated with waiting in line, and if there are costs of adding more channels (service facilities),
we want to minimize the sum of costs of waiting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------waiting time in the queue, expected idle
time for the server, etc. These calculations then-can be used to determine the desirable number of service facilities.

3. ----------------------------- Theory
Game theory is used for decision making under --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The success of one player tends to be at
the cost of others and hence --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------strategy.

4. Inventory -------------------------Models
When to buy, how much to buy and ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Inventory _ control models provide rational answer
to these question in different situation of supply and demand for different kind of materials. Inventory control models help
managers to decide reordering time, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------terms of demand, size of order, possible over or
under stocking and other ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------calculus or some other technique.

5. Simulation
Simulation is basically data generation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------methods also cannot be used in all cases.
Sometimes due to large number of variables or large number of interrelationships among the variables and the complexity of
relationships, it is not possible to develop ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is used. It is to be noted that simulation does not
solve a problem; it only generates information or data needed for decision problem solving or decision making. Thus, --------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------not possible.

6. ----------------------------- Programming
Non-linear programming methods may be used ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------on price of purchase of large quantities
and graduated income tax etc. Linear relationships may be employed to approximate non-linear conditions, but the
approximation becomes poorer as the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to obtain a more exact solution.

7. Integer ----------------------------------
Integer programming method may ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a powerhouse and so on. Approximate solutions can be
obtained without using integer -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------of integer programming problems.

8. -------------------------- Programming
Dynamic programming is a method of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. It drastically reduces the computational efforts
otherwise necessary to analyze results of all possible combinations of elementary decisions.

9. Sequencing --------------------
Sequencing theory is related to Waiting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of jobs is done to minimize the relevant costs.

10. Markov Process

Markov process for decision making is -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of how we have arrived at that state. Theory of
Markov process helps us to calculate long run probability of being in a particular state (steady state probability). This steady
state probability is used in decision making.

11. Network ------------------------------ AND CPM

Network scheduling is technique used to plan, schedule and monitor large projects. Such large projects are very common in
the field of construction, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------and production bottlenecks by identifying critical factors and
coordinating various parts of overall job. The whole projector job is diagrammatically represented with the help of network
made of arrows representing different --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in network scheduling are Program Evaluation and
Review Technique (PERT) and Critical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------only probabilistic estimate of time is available.

12. Symbolic Logic

Symbolic logic deals with ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------attempts to apply this technique to business problems; however it
has had extensive application in the design of computing machinery.

13. Information Theory

Information theory is-an analytical ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------within a given system. Despite its application mainly to
communications networks-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------or communication flow.

14. Utility/Value Theory

Utility/Value theory deals with ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------and experimentation. When developed this may be very
helpful in the decision making process in assessing the worth of various possible outcomes.
Top 6 Steps ---------------------------------------------- Research Explained!
The six methodologies involves in operation research are as follows: 1. Formulating the Problem 2. Constructing a Model to
Represent the System under Study 3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the Solution.

Quantitative basis for decision -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------/ concern. O.R. is a systematic and logical approach to
provide a rational footing for taking decisions.

Operation research, like a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- following steps.

1. Formulating the Problem:

O.R. is a ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the economics of the operation.

In formulating a problem for O.R. study analysis must be made of the following major components:
(i) The -------------------------------------
(ii) The -----------------------------------
(iii) The ---------------------------- maker
(iv) The ----------------------------------------------------- and constraints.

Out of the above four ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------visits, send observation and perform research work thus succeeds in
getting sufficient data to formulate the problems.

2. Constructing a ---------------------------------------------- System under Study:

Once the project is approved by ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------to show the relations and interrelations between a cause
and effect or between an action and a reaction.

Now the aim of operation researcher is -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------be tested and modified in order to work under stated
environmental constraints. A model may also be modified if the management is not satisfied by its performance.

3. Deriving Solution from the Model:

A solution may be extracted form -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------appropriate. Such information may be available from the
results of experiments or from hunches based on experience.

The date collection can clearly -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------of solving the problem. The required data collection
consumes time to prepare if data collection errors are to be minimized.

4. Testing the --------------------------------------------- Derived from it:

As has been pointed out earlier a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------the effect of changes in control variables on overall system effectiveness.

The usefulness or utility of a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------of the solution can be verified by comparing the results
obtained without applying the solution with the results obtained when it is used.

5. Establishing ------------------------------ Solution:

The next phase for the operation researcher -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------can be utilized.
He should also point out weaknesses if any so that management will know what risks they are taking while employing the
model to generate results. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------which the model will not work.

6. Implementation of the Solution:

The last phase of the operation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------but its implementation involves so many behavioral issues.
Therefore the implementing authority has ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- of O.R not only to the workers but also to superiors.

The distance between O.R. scientist and management may create huddles thus the gap between one who provides a solution
and the other who wants to utilize it ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of O.R. techniques results in improved working
conditions and gains the management support.

2. The final product of a firm has a requirement that it must weigh exactly 150 kg. The two raw
materials used in the manufacture of this product are A with a cost of Rs. 2 per unit and B with a cost
of Rs. 8 per unit. Each unit of A weighs 5 kg. and each unit of B weighs 10 kg. At least 14 units of B
and no more than 20 units of A must be used. How much of each type of raw material should be used
for each unit of the final product if cost is to be minimized?
3. Discuss briefly:
(a) The general similarities between dynamic programming and linear programming.

Linear programming is an ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------trees and acyclic graphs. The min-sum algorithm is a variant of Belief
Propagation and is used for performing inference under graphical models.

Dynamic programming is a method for ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------. When applicable, the method takes far less time than
naive methods that don't take advantage of the subproblem overlap.

The idea behind dynamic programming is ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to reach an overall solution. Often when using a more
naive method, many of the subproblems are generated and solved many times. The dynamic programming approach seeks to
solve each subproblem only once, thus -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------, it is simply looked up. This approach is especially
useful when the number of repeating subproblems exponential growth as a function of the size of the input.

Linear programming adopts an intentionally simple ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------definite structural characteristics.
Thecharacteristic properties are ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------or computational techniques.

Since linear programming is an allocation problem, various subproblems (states) may be defined as the amount of resources
to be allocated to the current stage and the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------problem by the dynamic programming approach.

The study of relations between these algorithmic techniques is motivated by decoding of error correcting codes. Many
variants of the min-sum algorithm have been proposed for decoding starting with Gallagher in 1963. Viterbi's algorithm
from 1967 for decoding -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------decoding binary linear codes.

The talk will focus on two results:

1. Inverse polynomial bounds on the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------codes with both even and odd repetition factors). The
bounds apply both to linear-programming decoding as well as a variant of the min-sum algorithm.

2. A proof that the min-sum algorithm for integer packing and covering problems is not better than linear programming.

Both results use dynamic -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------of linear programming and optimal solutions of dynamic programming.

(b) How dynamic programming differs conceptually from linear programming?

A linear program is an ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- for a very simple linear programming problem.

In a dynamic program, we want to make a series of decisions in such a way as to maximize some function. The
key is that the set of decisions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- problem described at Wikipedia.

The key difference between -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------decisions up front.

Dynamic programming is a way of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------have to be repeated if solutions to subproblems are
cached after they are solved. Dynamic programming has a confusing name which traces back to its roots as a field
studied by operations researchers.

Linear programming is a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------- constraints.

In order to get an improved impression on the differences between Monte-Carlo/linear programming and finite difference
methods/dynamic programming a more -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The parameterization of the Kluge model is outlined in.

With ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- option provides

exercise opportunities. The --------------------------------------------------------------- is constraint by

.
The size of two dimensions of the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------consumed exercises direction. Together with the two other
directions one for the power price and one dimension for the jump process and without further simplidsfications this
forms a pretty large finite difference ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------price. The diagram below shows the corresponding results.

The code is available here. It depends on ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------. If you want to generate the plot directly out of the C++
program you also need R, RCPP and RInside. To utilize all CPU cores please use the -DNTHREADS=(number of CPU
cores) compiler switch. In addition to run ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------.txt of the folliwing format

4-Oct-2010 36.73 32. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47.32

5-Oct------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.60 50.01

4. What constitutes inventory ordering costs, carrying costs and stock out costs? Explain the
behaviour and relationship of these costs.

Inventory procurement, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------with each these functions.

Inventory costs are basically categorized into three headings:

 Cost of Loss, ----------------------------------------------------------- etc.

a. Cost --------------------------------------------------
b. Sales Discounts, ----------------------------- and other related costs.

1. Ordering Cost

Cost of procurement and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------and the Cost of ordering too less.

Both these factors move in opposite directions to each other. Ordering excess quantity will result in carrying cost of
inventory. Where as ordering less will result in increase of replenishment cost and ordering costs.

These two above costs together ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------which with every increase in quantity the TSC will proportionately
show an increase.

This functional analysis and cost --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------to Order and When to Order.

How much to order is determined ----------------------------------------------------------------------- or EOQ.

2. Carrying Cost

Inventory ------------------------------------------------- types of costs namely:

Inventory Storage Cost

Cost of Capital

Inventory carrying involves Inventory storage and management either using in house facilities or external warehouses owned
and managed by third party vendors. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------and Hardware Equipments coupled managed by Operations and
Management Staff resources.

c. Inventory Storage Cost

Inventory storage costs typically -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and applications, including cost
of purchase, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------and utilities, besides the cost of human resources
employed in operations as well as management.

d. Cost of Capital

Includes the costs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------legal liabilities.
The inventory storage costs as well as cost of capital is dependant upon and varies with the decision of the management to
manage inventory in house or through outsourced vendors and third party service providers.

Current times, the trend is ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------operations requires certain core competencies, which may not be inline
with their business competencies. They would rather outsource to a supplier who has the required competency than build
them in house.

Secondly in case of large-scale ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------may span over a longer period of several years, thus blocking capital of the company,
which can be utilized into more important areas such as R & D, Expansion etc. than by staying invested into the project.

Another important part of carrying costs -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------lower their prices on the same item? What if inventory is
stolen or damaged? These are all risks that have a monetary value to them.

For instance, say I walked into the store and saw that they had grapes on sale for $1.69 a pound. When I go to look in the bin
and get a nice bundle, I see that there are also -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------grapes sell, then the company loses $0.69 a pound on
them. If they don't sell, then the company loses all the money that they spent purchasing the grapes as inventory. That risk of
losing money on inventory is part of carrying costs.

3. Shortage or stock out

The third component of inventory costs is Stock out or shortage costs. Shortage costs are ------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a specific brand of television
for a really good price. The person in charge of ordering forgets that these televisions will be going on sale and only orders
five. When the sale starts, the televisions sell out within a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------added cost is an example of a shortage
cost. Another prime example of a shortage cost is having to pay a higher wholesale cost on an item to quickly replenish
inventory.

Shortage or stock out costs and cost of -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------refer to the costs, some intangible, of running out of
stock and not being able to supply customers with the goods they -----------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------relate to lost sales and profits, lost
customers, stock-out fines and contract disputes.
These are penalty costs incurred as a result of running out -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------side) when the unfilled demand can be
satisfied at the later date i.e. customer waits till he gets the supply. Another form of these costs is known as lost sales costs
on the selling side (or no backlogging on the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------the costs of production stoppage, overtime/idle time
payments, expediting, special orders at higher price, idle machine, loss of goodwill, loss of opportunity to sell, loss of
profitability etc.

Behaviour and ------------------------------------------ costs and stock out costs

5. One hundred unemployed people were found to arrive at a one-person state unemployment office to
obtain their unemployment compensation cheque according to the following frequency distribution.

The state office is interested in predicting the operating characteristics of this one-person state
unemployment office during a typical operating day from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. Use simulation to
determine the average waiting time and total time in the system, and the maximum queue length.
To buy MBA assignments please use below link

https://ignousolvedassignmentsmba.blog.spot.in/

KIAN PUBLICATION
ignousolvedassignmentsmba@gmail.com

kianpublication1@gmail.com

ignou4you@gmail.com