University of San Carlos

Department of Chemical Engineering

CHE 422L Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1

Data Processing & Analysis Report

(Form CHE422L-2)

Prepared and submitted by:

Diez, Judy Anne Rabe, Karelle Torrefiel, John Christopher

Experiment : Fluidization of a Packed Bed of Particles

Objectives of the Experiment
1. Investigate the effect the column diameter on the power on the required to fluidize a bed of solid
particles.
2. Calculate the theoretical power the theoretical to fluidize a bed of solid particle and compare with
experimentally.
3. Determine graphically and through visual the minimum fluidization velocity of solid particles packed in a
cylindrical column.
4. Relate the power required for fluidization to the flow rate of the fluidizing medium and the porosity of
the bed.
Results & Discussion
Objective 1
Note: Column 1 is the column with 35 mm diameter and Column 2 is the column with 59 mm diameter.

Table 1. Power requirement values for each column and the corresponding flow rates at fluidization
Column Diameter
V (mL/s) Powerexperimental (W)
(mm)

35 100.51 1.38

59 250.00 4.18

Table 1 shows the power requirement values at the point where the bed is completely fluidized and
their corresponding flow rates for both the 35 mm and 59 mm diameter.
The power required is obtained by multiplying the pressure difference by the volumetric flow rate.
The volumetric flow rate is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the column. From the
table, we can see that column 2(one with the larger diameter) has higher power requirement compared
to column 1(smaller diameter). The larger the diameter, the greater is its cross-sectional area for fluid
flow thus requiring a greater amount of pressure difference to compensate for the increase in area. This
greater pressure difference then results to a greater power requirement to induce fluid flow and
fluidization.

1
Objective 2

7.0000

6.0000

5.0000

4.0000
Power requirement (W)
3.0000

2.0000

1.0000

0.0000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

v0 (cm/s)

Ptheoretical Pexperimental

2
 12.000

10.000

8.000

6.000
Power requirement (W)

4.000

2.000

0.000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00

v0 (cm/s)

Ptheoretical Pexperimental

Figure 1. Power requirement vs. v0 for column 1 (35 mm diameter)

Figure 2. Power requirement vs. v0 for column 2 (59 mm diameter)

The values calculated for the experimental and the theoretical power requirements are plotted
against the superficial velocity (v0) for both columns above. The values for the experimental power
requirement were obtained by measuring the pressure drop across the columns through a manometer, and
multiplying these values with the corresponding volumetric flow rate. The values for the theoretical power

3
requirement on the other hand were obtained using the extended Bernoullis equation. The equation takes
into account the energy losses due to sudden contraction and expansion, skin friction with the columns and
pipes, and friction losses due to the packing. These friction losses affect the pressure drop across the
column thereby affecting the power requirement since it is directly proportional to the pressure drop
(Geankoplis, 2003). The friction loss due to the waters contact with the walls of the pipe was calculated
using the Fannings equation. To more accurately estimate the values of the Fanning friction factor ( f ), a
software that employs the Colebrook-White equation to approximate the Darcy friction factor which is
directly related to the Fanning friction factor (f = Darcy factor) was used. Since the most of the
measurements were conducted within turbulent flow regimes, using the Colebrook- White equation will give
much more accurate estimation of the Fanning friction factor. The friction loss due to the existence of
packing in the column was calculated using Erguns equation.

From the plots above, there is a difference in the values obtained experimentally and theoretically.
The power required obtained experimentally was higher than that compared to the theoretical power. This
could be attributed to additional friction losses associated with the fittings, valves, and other factors such as
the presence of foreign materials in the columns other than the packed bed, these factors were not taken
into account in the calculation using the extended Bernoullis equation. Although Erguns equation takes
into account most of the factors that generally affect the pressure drop across a packed bed, some factors
including wall effects, and the slight variations in the size and shape of the particles are not accounted for.
Another factor that could account for the deviation of the experimental power requirement to the theoretical
power requirement is the problems in the set up itself. During the experiment, we observed leaks in the
valves leading to the columns that could affect the pressure reading. The readings in the manometer are
also hard to accurately measure because of the sudden fluctuations in the height of the mercury due to
cavitation in the liquid. Also, the method used to measure the volumetric flow rate was very crude so the
accuracy of the reading is greatly compromised.

In figure 2 for the 59 mm diameter column, the values of the theoretical power requirement are
greater than the experimental power requirement at points with high velocity. This could be caused by over
estimation in the frictional losses during the calculation of the theoretical power requirement or it could be
because at this points in the experiment, the maximum possible volumetric flow rate was already attained
but the bed was not completely fluidized yet so the group was instructed to stop there.

Objective 3

The aim of this objective is to determine the minimum fluidization velocity by visual and graphical
means. The minimum fluidization velocity is the fluid velocity at which fluidization begins. At this velocity, the

4
bed of solid particles starts to expand. The volumetric flow rate at which the pellets at the topmost layer of
the bed started to move was used to compute for the minimum fluidization velocity visually. Graphically
obtained velocities were derived from the plot of log P vs. log v 0.

4.4

4.3

4.2

4.1
log Pexp

3.9

3.8
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

log v0

Column 1 (35 mm diameter)

Figures 2 and 3 show the relationship between the pressure drop in the column as the water velocity is
increased in the small and big column respectively.

Figure 3. Effect of superficial velocity, vo, on the drop in pressure, P, for the small diameter column

5
 4.4

4.3

4.2

log Pexp
4.1

3.9
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

log v0

Column 2 (59 m diameter)

Figure 4. Effect of superficial velocity, vo, on the drop in pressure, P, for the big diameter column

The line between point A to point B shows the period wherein there is no observable motion of the
pellets in the packed bed. Between point B to point C is when the top particles begin to move until the
particles of the entire bed start vibrating. Point B is where the minimum fluidization velocity can be
observed as the particles at the topmost layer starts to move but there is no increase in bed height. Point D
is where complete fluidization occurs.

The ideal trend of the plot of log P vs. log v 0 is shown below. It can be noticed that both plots for
the small and big column shows great deviation from with the ideal plot. Errors in the reading of the
pressure drops and in the determination of the volumetric flow rate may have contributed to these
deviations. Errors on the reading of the pressure drops can be accounted due to the fluctuations of the
reading of the manometer. The determination of the volumetric flow rate was done manually so errors can
also be observed.

The results of the determination of the minimum fluidization velocity visually and graphically are
summarized in the table below.

6
 Table 2. Summary of the comparison on the minimum fluidization velocity values of the two
columns obtained visually and graphically.
Minimum Fluidization Velocity (m/s)
Column
Visual Graphical
35 mm 0.1100 0.1148
59 mm 0.0533 0.0527

From the data presented in the table above, there is an insignificant difference of the values of the
minimum fluidization velocity obtained from the two different methods. As seen above, the minimum
fluidization velocity for the smaller column is larger compared to that of the bigger column for both visual
and graphical method. This means that column 2 fluidizes at a lower fluid medium velocity than column 1.
This shows that for column 2 there is a higher pressure drop than column 1 in order to equalize the weight
of the solids thus requiring a lower fluidizing medium velocity.

Objective 4

Effect of Flow Rate to the Power Required for Fluidization

The figures below show the relationship of flow rate of water to the experimental and theoretical power
requirement for both columns 1 and 2.

7.0000

6.0000

5.0000

4.0000
Power Requirement (J/s)
3.0000

2.0000

1.0000

0.0000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Volumetric Flowrate (cm3/s)

Experimental Theoretical

Figure 4. Effect of Flow Rate to the Power Required for Fluidization in Column 1

7
 12.0000

10.0000

8.0000

6.0000
Power Requirement (J/s)
4.0000

2.0000

0.0000
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Volumetric Flowrate (cm3/s)

Theoretical Experimental

Figure 5. Effect of Flow Rate to the Power Required for Fluidization in Column 2

For both columns, it is seen that as the volumetric flow rate increases, the power requirement also
increases. This relationship is explained by the equation below for the power requirement.

P=( P ) ( v )

The equation shows that the power required is directly proportional to the volumetric flow rate and
pressure drop. Power is the. Increasing the volumetric flow rate increases the movement of the pellet
particles increasing its bed height. An increase in bed height increases the pressure drop of the column
thus increasing its power.

7.0000

6.0000

5.0000

4.0000
Power Requirement (J/s)
3.0000

2.0000

1.0000

0.0000
0.3000 0.5000 0.7000 0.9000 1.1000

Porosity, 2

Theoretical Experimental

Effect
of porosity to the power requirement for fluidization

8
 Figure 6. Effect of Porosity to the Power Required for Fluidization in Column 1

12.0000

10.0000

8.0000

6.0000
Power Requirement (J/s)

4.0000

2.0000

0.0000
0.4000 0.4500 0.5000 0.5500 0.6000

Porosity, 2

Theoretical Experimental

Figure 7. Effect of Porosity to the Power Required for Fluidization in Column 2

The figures above show the relationship of porosity to power required. That is, for both columns, as
porosity (fraction of the volume of voids over total volume) increases, the power required also increases.
Porosity is a measure of the void or empty spaces in the bed. Before fluidization, the bed does not move,
thus porosity is constant. As fluidizations starts to occur, the bed starts to expand increasing its porosity and
pressure drop. From equation above, an increase in the pressure difference leads to an increase in the
power requirement.

The relationship between porosity and flow rate also explains the relationship between power and
porosity. Porosity is directly related to the volumetric flow rate such when the flow rate is increased to the
point where it overcomes the resistances to the flow of fluid in the packed bed of solids such as drag and
shear forces, the bed expands and thus an increase in porosity is attained. As the void space is increased,
more power is required in order to maintain the void space so that the particles remain fluidized.

9
 Conclusions
For fluidization of the same mass of particles, the larger the diameter, the larger is the power
needed for fluidization.
For both the small diameter column and large diameter column, the experimental power is greater
than the theoretical power requirement. The deviation of the theoretically calculated power from the
experimental power requirement increases as the superficial velocity increases
The minimum fluidizing velocity was determined through visual observation and graphical method.
In the experiment, the minimum fluidizing is the point at which the top particles begin to vibrate in
their places but no significant change is observed in the bed height. Graphically, it is the point when
there is a considerable change in the slope of the plot of log P versus log vo. The minimum
fluidization velocity is higher for column 1(smaller column) compared to column 2(bigger column).
The power required for fluidization is directly proportional to both porosity and volumetric flow rate.
The greater the flow rate of the water, the larger power is required for fluidization. As flow rate is
increase, so is porosity. As porosity is increased, more power is required in order to maintain the
void space so that the particles remain fluidized.

10
 ANNEX 1: Raw Data
Please see attached files.

11
12
 Manometer Reading
Condition V(mL) t(s) v(cm3/s)ANNEX 2: PROCESSING OF DATAh(cm) Li(cm) vo(cm/s) P(Pa) Pexpt (W)
h2(cm) h1(cm)
Table
A 67.00 3.20 20.9375 22.95 14.05 8.9000 9.20 2.18 10946.89 0.2292
83.50 3.05 27.3770 23.10 14.03 9.0700 9.20 2.85 11155.99 0.3054 A.
91.00 2.21 41.1765 23.30 13.85 9.4500 9.20 4.28 11623.38 0.4786
Between A and B 115.90 2.56 45.2734 23.40 13.70 9.7000 9.20 4.71 11930.88 0.5402
119.90 2.56 46.8359 23.50 13.60 9.9000 9.20 4.87 12176.88 0.5703
121.30 2.37 51.1814 23.58 13.50 10.0800 9.50 5.32 12398.28 0.6346
B 176.90 3.45 51.2754 23.60 13.48 10.1200 9.50 5.33 12447.47 0.6382
124.30 2.21 56.2443 23.70 13.30 10.4000 9.70 5.85 12791.87 0.7195
154.80 2.74 56.4964 23.80 13.20 10.6000 10.00 5.87 13037.87 0.7366
Between B and C 176.40 2.75 64.1455 23.82 13.10 10.7200 10.50 6.67 13185.47 0.8458
167.00 2.36 70.7627 23.90 13.00 10.9000 11.50 7.35 13406.86 0.9487
88.90 1.08 82.3148 24.00 12.90 11.1000 12.00 8.56 13652.86 1.1238
C 196.00 1.95 100.5128 24.00 12.80 11.2000 14.50 10.45 13775.86 1.3847
212.00 1.92 110.4167 24.20 12.80 11.4000 15.50 11.48 14021.86 1.5482
219.00 1.95 112.3077 24.80 12.60 12.2000 18.00 11.67 15005.85 1.6853
218.00 1.75 124.5714 25.00 12.50 12.5000 19.00 12.95 15374.85 1.9153
280.00 1.98 141.41 24.90 12.40 12.5000 20.00 14.70 15374.85 2.1742
Between C and D
197.00 1.36 144.85 24.60 12.20 12.4000 21.50 15.06 15251.85 2.2093
283.80 1.50 189.20 25.20 11.70 13.5000 25.00 19.67 16604.83 3.1416
349.00 1.58 220.89 26.30 10.50 15.8000 39.00 22.96 19433.80 4.2927
369.00 1.44 256.25 27.60 9.10 18.5000 56.00 26.63 22754.77 5.8309
D 369.00 1.41 261.70 27.90 8.90 19.0000 62.00 27.20 23369.76 6.1159
Calculating experimental power for column 1 (35 mm diameter)

13
Table B. Calculating experimental power for column 2 (59 mm diameter)
Manometer Reading
Condition V(mL) t(s) v(cm3/s) h(cm) Li(cm) vo(cm/s) P(Pa) Pexpt (W)
h2(cm) h1(cm)
A 120.00 1.68 71.4286 23.10 13.90 9.2000 9.00 2.6126 11315.89 0.8083
Between A and B 144.00 1.59 90.5660 23.40 13.70 9.7000 9.00 3.3126 11930.88 1.0805

14
 166.00 1.51 109.9338 23.60 13.40 10.2000 9.00 4.0210 12545.87 1.3792
192.50 1.38 139.4928 23.80 13.20 10.6000 9.00 5.1021 13037.87 1.8187
210.00 1.45 144.8276 23.80 13.18 10.6200 9.00 5.2973 13062.47 1.8918
205.00 1.24 165.3226 23.90 13.10 10.8000 9.00 6.0469 13283.87 2.1961
B 243.00 1.45 167.5862 23.90 13.00 10.9000 9.10 6.1297 13406.86 2.2468
187.80 1.00 187.8000 23.94 13.00 10.9400 9.10 6.8691 13456.06 2.5270
192.00 0.95 202.1053 24.10 12.98 11.1200 9.20 7.3923 13677.46 2.7643
Between B and C 200.00 0.88 227.2727 24.20 12.80 11.4000 9.20 8.3128 14021.86 3.1868
301.00 1.29 233.3333 24.40 12.60 11.8000 10.00 8.5345 14513.85 3.3866
318.00 1.30 244.6154 24.60 12.20 12.4000 10.00 8.9472 15251.85 3.7308
C 220.00 0.88 250.0000 25.20 11.60 13.6000 10.30 9.1441 16727.83 4.1820
204.00 0.63 323.8095 25.50 11.20 14.3000 10.50 11.8438 17588.82 5.6954
177.00 0.50 354.0000 25.80 11.00 14.8000 10.60 12.9481 18203.82 6.4442
Between C and D 165.00 0.45 366.6667 26.30 10.70 15.6000 11.00 13.4114 19187.81 7.0355
244.00 0.60 406.6667 26.80 10.30 16.5000 11.10 14.8744 20294.80 8.2532
343.00 0.76 451.3158 26.90 10.10 16.8000 11.30 16.5075 20663.79 9.3259
D 306.00 0.66 463.6364 28.00 10.00 18.0000 11.50 16.9582 22139.78 10.2648

15
Calculation of experimental power requirement

Using first data for column 1

Volumetric flow rate:

3
V 67 ml ml cm
v= =
t 3.2 s ( s)
=20.9375 20.9375
s

cm 3
Superficial Velocity of water for 20.9375 water flow rate:
s

v
v0 =
Ac

cm3
v0 =
( 20.9375
s )
(3.5)2 2
cm
4

2.1762 cm
v0 =
s

m3
Experimental pressure drop for 20.9375 water flow rate:
s

P exp=( Hg H 2 O ) gh

at Tave = 29.2 C:

Hg =13.522g/cm3 H2O = 0.99574 g/cm3

g g
(
P exp= 13.522
cm
3
.99574 3
cm )( 981s cm ) ( 8.9 cm ) 1000
2
1 kg
g

100 cm
1m
=10936.55 Pa

Experimental Power required

cm3 1m 3
(
Pexp=( Pexp ) ( v )=( 10936.55 Pa ) 20.9375
s
)(
100 cm )
=0.2289
J
s

16
Table C. Experimental and theoretical power requirement for column 1 (35 mm diameter)
v(cm3/s) vo(cm/s) Pexp(W) Pth(W)
20.9375 2.1762 0.2292 0.1955
27.3770 2.8455 0.3054 0.2589
41.1765 4.2798 0.4786 0.4037
45.2734 4.7056 0.5402 0.4496
46.8359 4.8680 0.5703 0.4675
51.1814 5.3197 0.6346 0.5137
51.2754 5.3295 0.6382 0.5148
56.2443 5.8459 0.7195 0.5707
56.4964 5.8721 0.7366 0.5692
64.1455 6.6672 0.8458 0.6541
70.7627 7.3550 0.9487 0.7222
82.3148 8.5557 1.1238 0.8619
100.5128 10.4471 1.3847 1.0751
110.4167 11.4765 1.5482 1.2038
112.3077 11.6731 1.6853 1.2109
124.5714 12.9477 1.9153 1.3816
141.4141 14.6983 2.1742 1.6372
144.8529 15.0558 2.2093 1.6824
189.2000 19.6651 3.1416 2.4789
220.8861 22.9585 4.2927 3.0952
256.2500 26.6342 5.8309 3.9451
261.7021 27.2009 6.1159 4.0836

Table D. Experimental and theoretical power requirement for column 2 (59 mm diameter)
v(cm3/s) vo(cm/s) Pexp(W) Pth(W)
71.4286 2.6126 0.8083 0.6766
90.5660 3.3126 1.0805 0.8891
109.9338 4.0210 1.3792 1.1099
139.4928 5.1021 1.8187 1.4811
144.8276 5.2973 1.8918 1.5531
165.3226 6.0469 2.1961 1.8463
167.5862 6.1297 2.2468 1.8787
187.8000 6.8691 2.5270 2.1987
202.1053 7.3923 2.7643 2.4417
227.2727 8.3128 3.1868 2.9140
233.3333 8.5345 3.3866 3.0203
244.6154 8.9472 3.7308 3.2556
250.0000 9.1441 4.1820 3.3677

17
 323.8095 11.8438 5.6954 5.2802
354.0000 12.9481 6.4442 6.2556
366.6667 13.4114 7.0355 6.6948
406.6667 14.8744 8.2532 8.2631
451.3158 16.5075 9.3259 10.3184
463.6364 16.9582 10.2648 10.9433
Power required determined theoretically

For column 1, first data:

Volumetric flow rate:

3
V 67 ml ml cm
v= =
t 3.2 s ( s )
=20.9375 20.9375
s

cm 3
Superficial Velocity of water for 20.9375 water flow rate:
s

v
v0 =
Ac

cm3
v0 =
( 20.9375
s )
(3.5)2 2
cm
4

2.1762 cm
v0 =
s

c m3
Velocity of water in straight pipes for 20.9375
s water flow rate:

v
v sp =
A sp

v sp =
(
20.9375
cm
s )
1.2668 c m2

cm
v sp =16.5283
s

Porosity of expanded bed:

18
 L1
2 =1 ( 1 1)
L2

9 cm
2 =1 (10.42 )
9.2 m

2 =0.43

Reynolds number in the pipe:

D sp v sp L
N , sp =
L

N , sp =
(1.27 cm) ( 16.5283 cm/s )
( .99574
cm )
3
g

g
9.11 103
cms

N , sp =2294

Fannings equation:

L sp+(Lc L2 ) v 2sp
F f =4 f
( D sp )( )
2

Values for the Fanning friction factor (f ) was estimated using the software in the image below which
employs the Colebrook-White equation to estimate the Darcy factor at turbulent flow. Using the relationship
between the Darcy factor and the Fanning factor, the Fanning friction factor is determined. Knowing the
equivalent roughness of the pipe and the pipe diameter, the value for the Darcy factor is determined for a
specific Reynolds number value.

19
Source : http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

31.5 cm

16.5283 cm/s


2
2
1
( 2) (
100 cm )

F f =4(0.01255) ( 1.27 cm )

J
F f =0.017
kg

Friction loss due to sudden contraction:

2

( A
hc =0.55 1 sp
Ac )( )
v sp
2

16.5283 cm/s


2
2
1
( 2(1) ) (
100 cm )

1.2668 c m2
(
hc =0.55 1
9.6211 c m2
)

20
 J
hc =0.00566
kg

Friction loss due to sudden expansion:

2
v 2sp
(
hex = 1
A sp
Ac )( ) 2

16.5283 cm/s


2
2
1
( 2(1) ) (
100 cm )

2 2

(
hex = 1
1.2668 c m
9.6211 c m
2
)
J
hex =0.01342
kg

Erguns equation:

Efr , bed =
32 (
1 2 170 L ( 1 2 )
L v0 D p )( ) L2 2
v
Dp 0

(( )(
170 (9.11 E03 ) ( 10.42 ) 2
10.42 cms 9.2 cm 2.18 cm
Efr , bed =
0.42
3
0.99574 g 2.18 cm 0.475 )( s )
cm
3 )( s )( 0.475 cm )

J
Efr , bed =0.1674
kg

Summation of friction losse s:

E fr=F f +h c+ hex + Efr , bed

J J J J
E fr =.017 +0.00566 +0.01342 +.1674
kg kg kg kg

J
E fr =0.2035
kg

Theoretical Pressure Drop:

21
 Pth =( ( g ( Lsp + Lc ) ) +F ) L

9.81 m/s 2
J
(
Pth = ( ( 0.315m+0.935 m ) ) + 0.2035
kg )( 995.74
m
3
kg
)
Pth =9335.876 Pa

Power required determined theoretically

Pth = Pth v

3 3

(
Pth =( 9335.876 Pa ) 20.9375
cm
s
)(
1m
100 cm )
J
Pth =0.1955
s

hex
v(cm3/s) vo(cm/s) vsp (cm/s) L2 (cm) 2 Nre, sp f Ff (J/kg) hc (J/kg)
(J/kg
20.9375 2.18 16.5283 9.20 0.4326 2294.714 0.01255 0.0170 0.00566 0.013
27.3770 2.85 21.6117 9.20 0.4326 3000.478 0.01167 0.0270 0.00968 0.022
41.1765 4.28 32.5051 9.20 0.4326 4512.871 0.01055 0.0553 0.02191 0.051
45.2734 4.71 35.7393 9.20 0.4326 4961.891 0.01046 0.0663 0.02648 0.062
46.8359 4.87 36.9728 9.20 0.4326 5133.138 0.01025 0.0695 0.02834 0.067
51.1814 5.32 40.4031 9.50 0.4505 5609.397 0.010053 0.0814 0.03385 0.080
51.2754 5.33 40.4773 9.50 0.4505 5619.692 0.010049 0.0817 0.03397 0.080
56.2443 5.85 44.3999 9.70 0.4619 6164.284 0.009853 0.0964 0.04088 0.096
56.4964 5.87 44.5988 10.00 0.4780 6191.903 0.009844 0.0971 0.04124 0.097
64.1455 6.67 50.6371 10.50 0.5029 7030.232 0.009592 0.1220 0.05317 0.126
70.7627 7.35 55.8608 11.50 0.5461 7755.472 0.00941 0.1457 0.06470 0.153
82.3148 8.56 64.9801 12.00 0.5650 9021.562 0.009148 0.1916 0.08755 0.207
100.5128 10.45 79.3458 14.50 0.6400 11016.03 0.008837 0.2760 0.13054 0.309
110.4167 11.48 87.1640 15.50 0.6632 12101.48 0.008704 0.3280 0.15754 0.373
112.3077 11.67 88.6568 18.00 0.7100 12308.73 0.00868 0.3384 0.16298 0.386
124.5714 12.95 98.3379 19.00 0.7253 13652.81 0.008543 0.4098 0.20052 0.475
141.4141 14.70 111.6338 20.00 0.7390 15498.75 0.008387 0.5185 0.25840 0.612
144.8529 15.06 114.3484 21.50 0.7572 15875.63 0.008359 0.5422 0.27112 0.642
189.2000 19.67 149.3564 25.00 0.7912 20736 0.008076 0.8937 0.46255 1.096
220.8861 22.96 174.3697 39.00 0.8662 24208.73 0.007934 1.1967 0.63045 1.493
256.2500 26.63 202.2863 56.00 0.9068 28084.56 0.007813 1.5859 0.84848 2.010
261.7021 27.20 206.5903 62.00 0.9158 28682.1 0.007796 1.6506 0.88497 2.097
Table E. Calculating theoretical power for column 1 (35 mm diameter)
hex
v(cm3/s) vo(cm/s) vsp (cm/s) L2 (cm) 2 Nre, sp f Ff (J/kg) hc (J/kg)
(J/k
71.4286 2.61 56.3864 9.000 0.42 55477.2 0.007401 0.1186 0.0834 0.14
90.5660 3.31 71.4937 9.000 0.42 70340.9 0.007304 0.1881 0.1340 0.23
109.9338 4.02 86.7828 9.000 0.42 85383.45 0.007237 0.2747 0.1975 0.34
139.4928 5.10 110.1170 9.000 0.42 108341.3 0.00717 0.4381 0.3180 0.55

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 144.8276 5.30 114.3284 9.000 0.42 112484.8 0.007161 0.4717 0.3428 0.59
165.3226 6.05 130.5073 9.000 0.42 128402.9 0.00713 0.6120 0.4467 0.77
167.5862 6.13 132.2942 9.100 0.426374 130161 0.007127 0.6286 0.4590 0.79
187.8000 6.87 148.2512 9.100 0.426374 145860.6 0.007104 0.7868 0.5764 0.99
202.1053 7.39 159.5439 9.200 0.432609 156971.3 0.00709 0.9095 0.6676 1.15
227.2727 8.31 179.4114 9.200 0.432609 176518.4 0.00707 1.1468 0.8442 1.46
233.3333 8.53 184.1957 10.000 0.478 181225.5 0.007066 1.2081 0.8898 1.54
244.6154 8.95 193.1019 10.000 0.478 189988.1 0.007058 1.3263 0.9779 1.69
250.0000 9.14 197.3525 10.300 0.493204 194170.2 0.007055 1.3847 1.0214 1.77
323.8095 11.84 255.6185 10.500 0.502857 251496.6 0.007021 2.3119 1.7136 2.97
354.0000 12.95 279.4512 10.600 0.507547 274945 0.007011 2.7591 2.0481 3.55
366.6667 13.41 289.4504 11.000 0.525455 284782.9 0.007007 2.9586 2.1972 3.80
406.6667 14.87 321.0268 11.100 0.52973 315850.2 0.006997 3.6340 2.7028 4.68
451.3158 16.51 356.2732 11.300 0.538053 350528.3 0.006988 4.4698 3.3289 5.77
463.6364 16.96 365.9992 11.500 0.546087 360097.4 0.006986 4.7157 3.5131 6.09
Table F. Calculating the theoretical power for column 2 (59 mm diameter)

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