RF Circuit Design

Report

Prepared by :
Ahmed Atia Abd Rabo

Ahmed Fawzy Salama

Abanoub Gaber Seif

Hassan Ahmed Hassan

Ahmed Gamal Abd El-Aziz

Khaled Mohamed Ezz El-Dein

Khaled Hanafy Kamel

Ahmed Atef El-Wardany

Supervisor :
Dr. Ahmed Abd Elnazer
Noise Figure
Signal - to - noise ratio : The ratio of desired signal power to
undesired noise power .
Noise Figure : a measure of the signal - to - noise ratio between input
and output of the component .
Noise Figure F
Si
Ni
F 1
So
No
Si: input signal power
N : input noise power
i

S : output signal power

o

N : output noise power

0

N kT B where T =290K
i O O

Consider the following noise network

G : gain the network

B: bandwidth
T : equivalent noise temperature
e

Si
Ni Si kGB(TO Te ) T
F 1 e 1
So kTO B GSi TO
No
Noise Figure is defined for a matched input source and for a noise
source that consists of a resistor at temperature T =290K .
O

Te (T1 1)TO
Noise figure and noise temperature are interchangable .
Consider the following loss line or attenuator with loss L and
temperature T . Since the entire system is in thermal equivalent N i N o
Po GkTB GN addid kTB
1 G
N addid kTB ( L 1)kTB
G
N addid is the noise generated by the line and L=1/G
N addis 1 G
Te T ( L 1)T
kB G
T T
F 1 e 1 ( L 1)
To To

If the line is at temperature T , F=L . This states that a 10 dB attenuator

o

at room temperature has a noise figure of 10 dB .

Noise Figure of a cascaded system
Consider the cascade of two components as shown below

G1 ;G2 : gains
F1 ; F2 : noise figures
Te1 ; Te 2 : equivalent noise temperature
N 1 G1kTo B G1kTe1 B
The noise power at the output of the second stage is
N 0 G2 N 1 G2 kTe2 B
G2 G1kTo B G2 G1kTe1 B G2 kTe 2 B
1
G2 G1kB (To Te1 Te 2 )
G1
We define the equivalent network as

N o G1G2 kTo B G1G2 kBTe ,cascaded G1G2 kB (To Te ,cascaded ) Therefore , we obtain
1
Te ,cascaded Te1 Te 2
G1
Te T 1 Te 2
F 1 1 e1
To To G1 To
1
1 ( F1 1) ( F2 1)
G1
1
F1 ( F2 1)
G1

For an arbitrary number of stages , we obtain

Te 2 T
Tcascaded Te1 e 3 ...
G1 G1G2
F2 1 F3 1
Fcascaded F1 ...
G1 G1G2
Example :
Consider the following wireless local area network (WLAN) receiver ,
where the bandwidth of the bandpass filter is 100MHz centered at
2.4GHz . If the system is t room temperature .

(a) Find the noise figure of the overall system .

(b) What is the resulting signal - to - noise ratio at the output , if the
input power level is -90dBm ?
(c) Can the components be rearranged to give a better noise figure ?
Solution :
The noise figure of the cascade is
F2 1 F3 1
Fcas F1 1.41 (1.58 1)(1.41) (1.41) / 10
G1 G1G2
2.31 3.64dB
If P 90dBm , than we get
in Piout 90dBm 1.5dB 10dB 20dB 61.5dBm
The noise power output is
Pn Gcas kTe ,cas B k ( Fcas 1)To BGcas

2.85
(1.38 10 23 )( 2.31 1)( 290)(108 )(10 10
) 3.71 10 10 W
64.3dBm
SO
Thus NO
61.5 64.3 2.8dB

The best noise figure would be achieved with the arrangement shown
below

Then the noise figure is

(1.58 1) (1.41 1)
Fcas 1.58 1.586 2.0dB
100 1000
In practice , however , the essential filter may serve to present overload
of the amplifier and may not be allowed to be moved .