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(source:Emery,1996)
Resistivitylogs
Thislogmeasuresthebulkresistivity(thereciprocalofconductivity)oftheformation.
Resistivityisdefinedasthedegreetowhichasubstanceresiststheflowofelectric
current.Resistivityisafunctionofporosityandporefluidinarock.Porousrock
containingconductivefluid(suchassalinewater)willhavelowresistivity.Anon
porousrockorhydrocarbonbearingformationhashighresistivity.Thislogisvery
usefulfordeterminingthetypeoffluidsinformationsandisfrequentlyusedasan
indicatorofformationlithology.
Spontaneouspotential(SP)logs
Thislogmeasurestheelectricalcurrentthatoccursnaturallyinboreholesasaresult
ofsalinitydifferencesbetweentheformationwaterandtheboreholemudfiltrate
(formationandsurface).Theselogsareusedasindicatorsofpermeablebeds
(includingdeterminingpermeablesandsandimpermeableshales)orforlocating
bedboundaries.TheSPlogwasoneofthefirsttoolstobeusedtodistinguishshale
fromsandinclasticsequences(zeromatchespureshalewhilehighSPvalues
matchsand).
Gammaray(GR)logs
Thislogrecordstheradioactivityofaformation.Shales(orclayminerals)commonly
havearelativelyhighgammaradioactiveresponse,andconsequentlygammaray
logsaretakenasgoodmeasuresforgrainsize(andsubsequentlyinferred
depositionalenergy).Thuscoarsegrainsand,whichcontainslittlemud,willhave
lowgammarayvalue,whileafinemudwillhaveahighgammarayvalue.The
valuesrangeofgammarayismeasuredinAPI(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)units
andrangefromveryfewunits(inanhydrite)toover200APIunitsinshales.
Gammaraylogsareoneofthemostcommonlyusedlogsforsequencestratigraphic
analysis.AsexplainedabovethevariationinGRlogcharacterisinterpretedtobea
proxyforgrainsizeandsoenabledtheselogstoplayamajorroleinthesequence
stratigraphyanalysis.Therationalebehindthisinterpretationisthatvariationsinthe
GRarerelatedtothepresenceoforganicmatterthatsequestersradioactive
mineralsresponsiblefortheGRsignal.Inthiscaseitispossibleto:1)identifythe
portionsofthesectionwhichhadhigheraccumulationsoforganicsand2)thosefor
whichthishasbeenreducedbywinnowingandoxidizingeffects!Inturn,the
presenceorabsenceoforganicmatterisassumedtobeaproxyforthewinnowing
andoxidizingeffectsofshallowmarinewaters.Theresultisthatabruptchangesin
theGRlogresponseareinterpretedtoberelatedtosharplithologicalbreaks
associatedwithunconformitiesandsequenceboundaries.Theprincipleshapesthat
GRlogsignalmakesfrequentlyusedforinterpretingthedepositionalsettingof
sedimentarycycles.
Neutronlogs
Thislogmeasurestheporosityofaformation,indicatinginitsresponsethequantity
ofhydrogenpresentintheformation.Thelogiscalibratedtolimestone.Thelinear
limestoneporosityunitsarecalibratedusingtheAPINeutronpitin19%porosity,
waterfilledlimestoneisdefinedas1000APIunits.Thislogisusefulinmeasuring
lithology(usuallyincombinationwithdensitylog).
Densitylogs
Thislogisameasureoftheformation'sbulkdensityandismostlyusedasaporosity
measure.Differentlithologiescanalsobedeterminedusingdensitylogbasedon
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19.02.2017 WellLogSuitesSEPMStrata
returneddensityvalue.Forexample,purequartzwillhaveabulkdensity(g/cm3)up
to2.65,coal1.21.8,halite2.05,limestoneupto2.75,dolomiteupto2.87,anhydrite
2.98.
Densityismostlycommonlyusedinconjunctionwithneutronlogstodetermine
lithologyofformation(densityneutronsuitessuchasSchlumbergerFDCCNL
suite).

Sonic(acoustic)Logs
Thislogmeasuresofthespeedofsoundintheformation,andisrelatedtoboththe
porosityandlithologyoftherockbeingmeasured.Thus,ifthelithologyofa
formationisknow,thislogcanbeusedtodetermineitsporosity.shaleshavelower
velocity(highertransittime)thansandstoneofsameporosity,makingthislogagood
indicatorofgrainsize.
soniclogvalues(inms/ft)forsomerocktypesare:sandstone5156,limestone47.5,
dolomite43.5,anhydrite50,halite67.

FRIDAY,MARCH27,2015

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