Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 Rationale of the study
Water is one of the most vital substances for survival here on earth. All living
beings (plants, animals and humans) need water to survive. Water is essential
because it is used for drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning, agricultural and
recreation purposes. However, water must be clean when used for these purposes
since water can easily dissolve many other substances such as disease causing
germs and chemicals which can be harmful for the living beings.

A water supply system permits access for everyone to do their daily routines
that includes domestic and industrial usage. Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient
available water resources to meet water needs within a region. It involves water
shortage, water deficit and water crisis. Water shortages may be caused by
population (increased water demand and overuse of water), technology
(industrialization and pollution), and climate change.

A reservoir tank have a storage volume that is equal or greater than the
buildings water consumption. The water is used for emergency purposes such as
power interruptions and fire controls. The tank will serve to satisfy during the peak
hours of water demand in the building. During the night, the tank will be refilled due
to a lesser water demand.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to the Metro Cebu Water District (MCWD), they declared the water
shortage to be critical and this includes the barangay of Basak San Nicolas which
affects the school that is focused in our study. This study aims to answer the
following questions:

1.2.1 What will be the water demand after a 10 year period relative to the
population of the school?

1.2.2 What will be the size of the water reservoir?

1.2.3 What is the total cost of the project?

1.3 Objectives of the study
The goal of this study is to recommend a water reservoir system to the
school, Don Vicente Rama Memorial High School, located in Barangay Basak San
Nicolas.

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

1.3.1 To have an estimate of the projected population for the next 10 years.

1.3.2 To establish the water demand after 10 years relative to the 10 year
population.

1.3.3 To propose a water reservoir system capable for the water demand and
fire control.

1.3.4 To have an estimate cost of the project.

1.4 Scope and Limitations

1.5 Significance of the study
This study will provide the student and personnel of the school a sufficient
supply of water in case of sudden interruption of the water supply by the MCWD.
This proposed tank will also serve as provision requirement of water for
extinguishing fire.

This study will also lead to other Civil Engineering students to conduct studies
in relation to designing of water supply systems in communities that experience
an insufficient supply of water

This study will promote awareness to the locals in communities that they
could also provide their own water reservoir system that will be used in
emergency situations.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Water Scarcity

In this study, the researchers focus on knowing the causes and propose a
solution to the water shortage experienced by a barangay in Cebu, Philippines since
last April 2016 former Cebu city mayor Michael Rama declared a state of emergency
due to the water shortage in the city after the Metro Cebu Water District (MCWD)
issued an advisory about the water deficit in Cebu which had gone up to 19,000
cubic meters per day from the 15,000 cubic meters per day. This was due to the fact
that the Jaclupan and Buhisan dam water suppliers were both at critically low levels.
And so, the MCWD called the water shortage "critical" and said on their Facebook
page that 44 areas in Cebu City, Talisay City, Lapu-Lapu City, and Liloan town would
experience low pressure to no water supply for 15 hours at a time from 6 am to 9
pm until water surface facilities are replenished with rain water (Macasero, 2016). To
address the water shortage issue, Cebu's water supplier said it has asked an
additional 1,200 cu. m. per day from Abejo Waters Corporation (AWC) for the
Guadalupe injection point, in which AWC is currently supplying MCWD 4,000 cu. m.
per day in Guadalupe. Also, MCWD advised consumers to store water during off
peak hours or from 10 pm to 5 am.

However, after a week of declaring the water deficit in Cebu, due to El Nio in
which will last up until June 2016 (according to state weather agency PAGASA), at
least 67 areas will have low pressure or no water running in their homes or
businesses. From 44 areas, announced by MCWD, the water deficit had already
gone up to 20,000 cubic meters per day from the 19,000 cubic meters per day,
which also affected 23 more areas. Cebu City had declared a state of calamity on
April 8, and April 11 for Cebu province and neighboring Bohol (Macasero, 2016).
MCWD, again, issued a Store Water Advisory in the following areas since consumers
need to store water during off peak hours (10 pm. to 5 am) good for their use for 24
hours. Also, the MCWD said that areas that are affected by water rationing because
they are in elevated or interior areas or are "at the tip" of MCWD's distribution
system (Macasero, 2016).

The areas with low pressure to no water were Talisay City (Lawaan, Lagtang,
Pooc, Poblacion, Dumlog, San Roque, San Isidro, Bulacao), Cebu City ( Bulacao,
Poblacion Pardo, Quiot, Kinsang-an, Basak San Nicolas, Mambaling, Duljo, San
Nicolas Proper, Pahina San Nicolas, Sawang Calero, Suba, Pasil, Ermita, Punta
Princesa, Tisa, Labangon, Calamba, Capitol Site, Kamputhaw, OPRRA, Sta. Cruz,
Sambag 1, Sambag 2, Cogon Ramos, San Antonio, Pahina Central, Kalubihan, North
Reclamation Area, Carreta, Pier area, Lahug, Apas, San Jose Talamban, Mabolo,
Banilad, Guadaluper, Ermita, Tejero, Luz, Buhisan, Busay, Zapatera, Sto. Nio,
Tinago, Lorega San Miguel, Inayawan, Parian), Lapu Lapu City (Punta Engao, Babag
1, Babag 2, Calawisan, Maribago, Marigondon, Suba-Basbas, Pajo, Mactan, Pusok),
Cordova (all barangays) and Liloan (Macasero, 2016).

2.2 Water Supply System

According to Nathanson (2010), water is present in abundant quantities on
and under the Earths surface but less than 1 percent of it is liquid fresh water. It is
not always available, though, at the times and places it is needed, and it is not
uniformly distributed over the Earth (Nathanson, 2010). He further wrote that in
many locations the availability of good-quality water is further reduced because of
urban development, industrial growth, and environmental pollution.
Important sources of water are surface water and groundwater. Rivers and
lakes are some of the sources for cities while for small towns, groundwater is a
common source. Water in rivers, lakes and underground area are rarely clean
enough for human consumption it needs to be treated first. To be able to utilize
these sources, a water supply system must be constructed.
Water supply system is an infrastructure made for the accumulation,
transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of water for public, commercial,
industrial and agricultural needs. Since people utilize the water for different
purposes such as domestic, municipal, irrigation, power generation, fisheries,
livestock raising, industrial and recreational purposes, the water must be able to
meet the quantity and quality requirements of their purposes.

Municipal water supply include facilities for storage, treatment, transmission

and distribution the design of these facilities depends on the quality of the water,
on the particular needs of the user, and on the quantities of water that must be
processed (Nathanson, 2010).

2.3 Collection and Distribution of water

Collection and distribution of water deals with the transportation of water
from source through treatment plants to the consumers. This requires intake
structures, transmission lines, distribution pipe networks and other essential
accessories. Water conduits for the transmission system may be canals, aqueducts
or tunnels, free-flow pipelines, or pressure pipelines. Here in the Philippines,
pressure pipeline is generally the type of water conduit used for water supply
transmission systems, since they are not very limited by the topography of the area
to be traversed. Free-flow conduits (canals, aqueducts and tunnels) however are
preferred in hilly areas or in areas where the required slope of the conduit more or
less coincides with the slope of the terrain.

2.3.1 Method of Distribution

A water distribution system is a network of pumps, pipelines, storage tanks
and other appurtenances (Nathanson, 2010). It transport water from the source or
the water treatment point to the users. Water is distributed in several ways as it
depends on topography of the area, and other local considerations
2.3.1.1 Gravity Distribution
Action of gravity without any pumping, this is possible when the source
of supply is lake or impounding reservoir at some elevation above the city so
that sufficient pressure can be maintained. This is the most economical and
reliable.

2.3.1.2 Pumping without storage

The treated water is directly pumped into the distribution mains
without storing. High lift pumps operate at variable speeds to match variable
 water demand. This is disadvantageous because when there is power failure,
there will be no reserve flow.

2.3.1.3 Pumping with storage

Treated water is pumped at a constant rate, stored in elevated
distribution reservoir then distributed to the consumers by the action of
gravity. Excess water during low demand period gets stored in the reservoir
then supplied during high demand periods. Pumps work at uniform rate with
high efficiency, it is quite reliable even during power failure.

2.3.2 Pipes
The selection of pipe materials is based on its carrying capacity, strength,
ease of transportation and handling, durability, availability, cost of pipes, type of
soil and quality of water.

2.3.2.1 Flows in Pipes

Flow are turbulent in pipes used for water supply, friction factors
depend upon the roughness of the pipe and upon the Reynolds
number, which in turn, depends on velocity in the pipe and its
diameter. In the design of a distribution system, a pipe network
analysis must be done to determine the flow rates and pressure drops
in the individual sections of the network, thus giving basis for selecting
pipe diameters. Out of the various formulas available to predict head
losses as a function of velocity in pipes Hazen Williamss formula is
the most used in the design of water distribution systems:

2.3.3 Valves
Valves are used to isolate segments of a pipeline, regulate rate of flow,
control pressure, and allow release or entry of air from pipe system. There are
certain factors considered in the selection of valves this includes purpose and
operation, capacity required, head loss and rate of flow, cost and availability.

2.3.3.1 Shutoff (Isolation) valves

Used to stop the flow of water through a pipeline, and it has a
minimum of three of the four pipes connected at a junction that are valved.
Examples of shutoff valves are Gate valves and butterfly valves.
 2.3.3.2 Check valves
Semiautomatic device and permits water flow only in one direction,
this valves prevent backflow and are in conjunction with altitude valves.

2.3.3.3 Altitude valves

Automatically control the flow into and out of an elevated storage tank
or standpipe to maintain desired water level elevations. This include double-
acting sequence valve, single-acting type, or differential altitude valve.

2.3.3.4 Air-release and vacuum valves

Air-release valves installed at high points of distribution piping, in valve
domes, and fittings, and in discharge lines from pump to discharge the
trapped air. Vacuum valves are used to protect pipelines from collapse as
they are emptied, by allowing air to enter the pipes

2.3.3.5
2.3.4 Construction excavation and backfilling
Great care is not necessary in laying water pipe accurately to grade, but
sufficient cover is necessary to give protection against traffic loads and to prevent
freezing. To allow good workmanship, trenches should be wide but not deep enough
to require bracing. Caving is less likely is the earth is piled on each side, but this
cannot be done if the pipe is to be rolled into the trench. Backfill material should be
free from cinders, refuse or large stones. Backfilling should not be done in freezing
weather or with frozen material.

2.4 Pumps and Pumping System

2.4.1 Pumps
Pumps are essential to lift water from a lake, reservoir or river to water

treatment plant and preceded by another lift needed to force water into mains and

elevated storage. It is necessary to raise the water by means of pumps at one or

more points in the system. (Steel et al., 1979)

2.4.2 Selection of Pumps

Steel et al. (1979) explained that there are several factors to be considered

by a waterworks engineer when deciding upon the equipment required to pump

water. Factors include the how genuine and reliable the service it may give, the cost

of equipment, and the operation cost. The necessity for reliability and uninterrupted

operation is the most important consideration.

2.4.3 Work and Efficiency of Pumps

Total head losses are crucial in considering pumps.

2.4.3.1 Work
The work done by a pump is equal to the product of mass flow and the

total head against which the flow is moved.

2.4.3.2 Total Head

The total head characterizes the energy that is carried by flowing fluid

and is expressed as the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.

2.4.3.2.1 Kinetic Energy

Energy involving the velocity of flowing fluid.

2.4.3.2.2 Potential Energy

Energy involving the pressure within a pipe and its

corresponding elevation.

2.4.3.3 Static Suction Lift

The vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the free level

of the liquid to be pumped. Considered source of supply is below the

centerline of pump.
2.4.3.4 Static Discharge Head
The vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the free level

of the liquid to be pumped. Considered source of supply is above the

centerline of pump.

2.4.3.5 Total Dynamic Head

The total dynamic head is the sum of the static suction lift, the static

discharge head, the friction head and the velocity head. Velocity head is

negligible in most water applications.

2.4.3.6 Total Static Head

The total static head is the sum of the static suction lift and static

discharge head.

2.4.3.7 Friction Head

The friction head is the summation of losses in the pipelines (due to

pipe sizes, lengths and materials as calculated) and the energy loss produced

by flow through various fittings.

2.4.3.8 Head Loss

The head loss in the system is a function of a pipes diameter, length,

material and condition, and the number of fittings.

2.4.3.9 Water Power

The water power required is the net output of the pump and is equal

to;

Pw =kQH (Equation 1-1)

 in which Pw (watts) is the power, Q (volume per time) is the flow rate,

H is the total head, and k is a constant dependent upon fluid density

and units.

2.4.3.10 Power Input

The power input of a pump ( P p ) is a function of its efficiency and is

equal to;

Pw
P p= (Equation 1-2)
Ep

in which Ep is the pump efficiency expressed as a decimal.

Chapter 3
2.5 Fittings
Fittings are commonly used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight

pipes, to adapt different sizes or shapes, and to regulate flow of fluid. Component

head losses, also known as minor head losses, are associated with flow through

fittings such as elbows, tees, valves and bends.

2.5.1 Loss Coefficients
h
The pressure loss ( L) through a fitting in a pipe at a specified velocity

may be calculated as a function of velocity head,

k V2
h L=
2g

(Equation 1-3)

where k is the loss coefficient for a specific fitting (see Table 2.1-1) which is

approximately constant and generally assumed with turbulent fluid flow, v as the

2
velocity (m/s, ft/s), and g as the gravitational acceleration (9.81m/ s , 32.2 ft/

s 2 ).

Table 2.1-1: The tabulation shows common values of loss coefficient, k for
various fitting types.

Type of Fitting Loss Coefficient, k

0.35
45 Elbow
0.2
0.75
90 Elbow Curved
0.45
90 Elbow Square or Mitred 1.3
180 Bend 1.5
Tee, Run Through 0.4
Tee, as Elbow 1
 Tee, as Elbow 1
Tee, Branching Flow 1
Coupling 0.04
Union 0.04
0.17
0.9
Gate valve
4.5
24
2.3
2.6
Diaphragm valve
4.3
21
6
Globe valve, Bevel Seat
9.5
6
Globe Valve, Composition seat
8.5
9
13
Plug disk
36
112
Angle valve 2
Y valve or blowoff valve 3
0.05
0.29
Plug cock 1.56
17.3
206
Butterfly valve 0.24
0.52
1.54
 10.8

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 General Method

The progression in designing the water reservoir system of the name of
school will be divided into two parts. Gathering of data need for the design will be
the first part of the study. The second part of the study comprises activities
correlated to data analysis, design computations and paper works.

3.2 Data Gathering

The topographic of map of the barangay in which the school is located will be
provided by the City Hall. Water pressure of the pipe that is used to supply the
school and its water consumption for the previous 6 months will be acquired in
MCWD. The school will be asked for a copy of the school record for the last 5 years,
which comprises the total population in each school year, and the layout of their
pipe systems.

3.3 Utilization of Gathered Data

The location of the proposed water reservoir system will be making use of the
topographic map obtained. The water pressure from the MCWD will be used as the
source discharge. The mean of the billing statement for the previous 6 months will
be used as the consumption of the school. The use of the school record will be used
to estimate the population for the next 10 years using the (insert method)

3.4 Design
The researchers aim to present a design that will be able to suffice the water
demand of the school. The method of distribution that will be used is pumping with
storage.
3.4.1 Water Tank
The proposed tank will be placed at the center part
3.4.2 Pumps
 3.4.3 Transmission and Distribution Pipeline

3.5 Costing
Knowing the total cost of the proposed water reservoir system is one of the
objective of the study. A cost estimate of the materials that will be used will be
provided if it will be implemented by the school.

3.6 Flow Chart

Start > Data acquisition > computations (water demand, discharge) > design of
tank > usage of pipes and pumps > selection of material > costing