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SEMESTER 2 2008
Punch a hole in a piece of the paper with a pencil. Fold the paper once; then punch
another hole. Fold the paper again and punch another hole. How many holes would you
get after folding the paper ten times, each time punching a hole?
EXAMPLE 1
IV. With the help of a table compare and contrast the major types of problem
B. In Mathematics there are many models that can be used to help us solve
problems. Polya’s Model is one such model that is often used in solving Mathematics
problems.
C. Many strategies have been devised to help us solve various types of problems
ii. Solve these problems using the problem strategies that you have identified
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D. Reflect on the coursework that you have done. Write a report on how this
coursework have helped you to acquire the skills and knowledge to solve Mathematics
problem and also problem in general.
QUESTION A
Yes,i agree with the above statement.because it fullfill the condition two condition
the question without trying to solve it and the second condition is we accept the
solve a problem that where we does not know how to proceed from a given state
shaping and problem solving. Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered
the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined
as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of
more routine or fundamental skills (Goldstein & Levin, 1987). It occurs if an
organism or an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from
a given state to a desired goal state. It is part of the larger problem process that
includes problem finding and problem shaping. We can categorize problem
solving into two basic types: routine and non-routine. The purposes and the
strategies used for solving problems are different for each type.
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iii. What are the major types of problems?
There are two type of major problems that is routine problem and non-
routine problem. The purposes and the strategies used for solving problems are
different for each type.
iv. With the help of a table compare and contrast the major types of problem?
Non-routine Problem
Routine Problem
� One that cannot be solved by applying
well practiced produces
1234x1234+1234-1234= how many
1234 that we have in the question the
• One that can be solved by applying
well practiced procedures answer are being multiply 20 times?
Example 1+1=2
• Solving only indirectly
• Involves using at least one of the Exam ple:A zoo have 20 heads of
four arithmetic operation and / or animal. Thera 56 legs. The animal that
ratio to solve the problem have there is tiger and flamingo. How
many tiger and how many flamingo?
Example 2x+2= -1
2x=-1-2
Problem solving is a way that we should do when we were facing problems. Either routine
problems or non-routine problems. In mathematics there are many models that can be used to
help us solve problems. Polya’s model is one such model that is often used in mathematics
problems. When we need to solve a problem, we should look on polya’s four step problem
solving model.
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• Can you restate the problem in your own words?
• Can you think of a picture or a diagram that might help you understand the problem?
• Is there enough information to enable you to find a solution?
Devising a plan is the second step in polya’s problem solving model. When devising a plan, we
have to look for a pattern and then examine the related problems and determine if the same
technique can be applied. After that, we have to examine a simpler or special case of the
problem to gain insight into the solution of the original problem. Make a table or diagram to
analyzes the problem. After that used the skill guess and check. If we not confident with your
answer, we can use work backward, identify a sub goal and act it out. We also can try visual
thinking way. Polya mention in 1957 that there are many logic way to solve problems. The
solving ways called:
- Eliminate possibilities
- Use symmetry
- Solve an equation
- Draw a picture
- Use a model
- Work backward
- Use a formula
- Be ingenious
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POLYA’S THIRD PRINCIPLE:
Carrying out the plan with implement the strategy or strategies in step 2, and perform any
necessary actions or communications. After that check each step of the plan as you proceed.
This may be intuitive checking or a formal proof of each step. Then keep an accurate record of
your work. Now we see that this step is much easier then devising plan steps. You have to be
patience and carefully follow the question. Consistent on what are you try to do, and don’t be
confused. Mathematic is very fun!
LOOKING BACK
Polya mentions (1957) that much can be gained by taking the time to reflect and look back at
what you have done, what worked and what didn’t. It is looked back to check the result in the
original problem. It is important because some case will require a proof. After that interpret the
solution in terms of the original problem to know does the answer make sense or not. We can
determine whether there is another method of finding the solution. Lastly if the answer possible,
determine other related or more general problems for which the techniques will work. Doing this
will enable us to predict what strategy are need when dealing with problems in the future. Polya
went to publish a two-volume set, there are Mathematics and Plausible reasoning which one
publish in 1954. Other is Mathematics Discovery in 1962. Polya’s books are the basis for the
thinking in mathematic education today. Those books are still being used until today. Polya is
known as the father of problem solving.
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ii) Solve these problems using the problems strategies that you have identified.
Punch a hole in a piece of paper with a pencil. Fold the paper once; then punch
another hole. Fold the paper again and punch another hole. How many holes
would you get after folding the paper ten times, each time punching a hole?
Read the question carefully and determine the in formation. From the
paper once and punch another hole. Carry the step till folding the paper
ten times.
Increasing.
First, punch a hole in a plain paper. Than fold the paper once and punch
another hole. We get 2 hole when fold the paper once. That means,
the number increase 2 times when the paper folded once. Carry this step
Add all the numbers in the line. And the answer equal to 2047
Problem 1
Malaysia is known for its beautiful animals. A group of birds called hornbill and leopard roam on
the plains of Hutan Mulu. Nine animals are roaming in one area. There is a total of 26 legs. How
many 2 legged birds are there? How many leopard?
- there are 26 legs in all, birds have 2 legs, lions have 4, there are 9 animals total.
6 × 2 = 12
3 × 4 = 12
12 + 12 = 24
Check: 24 < 26
5 × 2 = 10
4 × 4 = 16
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10 + 16 = 26
Problem 2
A farmer had some cows and ostrich. One day he counted 20 heads and 74 legs. How
many cows and how many ostrich did he have?
40 heads = 40 animals
40 ostrich = 80 legs
Make a chart/table
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Cows = 7 Ducks = 13
Problem 3
The Frost School Chorus line up in 7 rows. There are 5 students in the first row,10 students in
second row,15 students in the third row, and 20 students in the fourth row. If the number of
student in each row keeps increasing by the same amount, how many students will be in the
seventh row?
5 students in the 1’st row,10 students in the 2nd row,15 students in the 3rd row. How many
students in the last row.
5 +5 10 +5 15 +5 20 +5 25 +5 30 +5 35
5 x 7 = 35
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Problem 4
Find a pattern
The Seremban High School lines up in 7 rows. There are 5 students in the first row, 10 in the
second row, 15 in the third row and 20 in the fourth row. If the number of the students in each
row keeps increasing by the same amount, how many students will be in the seven rows?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Solution of this problem
+5 +5 +5
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Problem 5
The numbers 1 to 100 were written on a piece of paper. They were arranged in four rows: A, B,
C and D. The piece of paper was torn and only one portion of it remained.
A 1 5 9 13 17
B 2 6 10 14
C 3 7 11 15
D 4 8
I choose this strategy because when I look at each rows (A, B, C and D), we can see a pattern
that can help me to get the answer. First of all, I look at row A. The sequence number is 1, 5, 9,
13 and 17. When I look between number 1 and 5, I get the different between them is +4. I
continue to look between number 5 and 9 and the different is same. Then, I look for another
rows, the different between them is same (+4). So, I can mention that if I want to get the next
number, I should plus the number before with 4. To get the answer, I should plus the sequence
number in each row with 4 until I know which row that number 90 in. The answer is in row B
+4 +4
A 1 , 5 , 9 , 13 , 17
13
+4
B 2 , 6 , 10 , 14
+4
C 3 , 7 , 11 , 15
+4
D 4 , 8
For the second strategy, I choose draw a table. The question asked which row was the
number 90 in. So, this strategy can help me to get the answer. I build a table with 25 column x 4
rows. I will get 100 empty boxes. The reason why I must get 100 empty boxes because I have
100 numbers. When I already have the table, I just put the numbers 1-100 into the box. At the
end, I can easy get the answer. Using this strategy, I got the answer is row B.
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Question 6
Liyun was given 16 cards with four numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. She was required to place them in a
4-by-4 grid such that each number occurred only once in each row, column and diagonal. How
should she arrange the numbers?
- Make a list
Make a list also one of the strategies to solve mathematics problem. Using this strategy, I can
get possibility for the correct answer. I make a list for each row. For the first list, I start the list
with number 1. Then, starting the list with number 2, 3 and 4. Below are the lists:
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Starting with number 1 Starting with number 2
1 2 3 4 2 1 3 4
1 2 4 3 2 1 4 3
1 3 2 4 2 3 1 4
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 4 2 3 2 4 1 3
1 4 3 2 2 4 3 1
After I get the list, I choose any list starting with 1 for the first column. For the
second row, choose any list starting with 2 and etc. I should combine this
strategy with strategy guess and check. At the end, I get the suitable answers
that answer the question.
I choose this strategy because it is easy for me. I have 16 cards with four numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4.
That mean I have 4 cards with number 1, 4 cards with number 2, 4 cards with number 3 and 4
cards with number 4. Using this strategy, I just put number 1, 2, 3 and 4 in each rows. But I
must make sure the number is not repeated in each row, column and diagonal. I try, try and try
until get the suitable answer.
PROBLEM 7
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There are five houses along one side of a street. Use the clues to work out who lives in the
middle house.
* The Smith live beside the Wilson but not beside the McDonalds.
* The Wilson live somewhere between the Taylor and the McDonalds.
S= Smith M=McDonalds
Suggested Strategy 1
From Clue 2nd, the Jones live in the second house on the left
X J X X X
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From Clue 4th, the Jones live beside the Taylor
T J X X X
Or
X J T X X
From clue 1st, the Smith live beside the Wilson but not beside the McDonalds
T J T S W
Or
T J S W X
From clue 3rd, the Wilson live somewhere between the Taylors and the McDonalds
T J S W M
Or
X J T W M
It cannot be because Wilson must live beside Smith, so the final answer is,
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T J S W M
Therefore, the people who are lives in the middle house is Smith.
For this problem, I just have to find out only 1 method. The method that I used to solve this
question is by using the diagram method. This method is easy and simple. Students can solve
the question by using the house diagram and put the name at the house depends on the clues
given.
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PROBLEM 8
Four famous sports people entered a TV studio. One was a tennis player, one was a swimmer,
one was a golfer, and the other was a chess player. Use clues to find out who played what
sport.
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From the clues given,
Mr. Bowler
C G S T
Ms. Fish
C G S T
Ms. Ace and Ms. Fish
C G S T
Therefore,
Mr. Ace = G
Ms. Fish = C
Ms. Big = T
Mr. Bowler = S
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Step 4 : Look back
Mr. Ace
Mr. Bowler
Using this method, eliminate the unneeded type of sport which the four famous sports people do
not entered.
Therefore, the answer is Ms. Big is tennis player, Mr. Bowler is swimmer, Ms. Fish is chess
player and Mr. Ace is a golfer.
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PROBLEM 9
Long John Pewter was marooned on an island with his lame parrot Molly, his pet cat Dolly, and
a large crate of crackers. Long John ran out of water. They had to cross the bay to another
island on raft that Long John built. The raft will only hold him and one other. The cat can’t be left
with the parrot and the parrot can’t be left with the crackers. How many crossings will Long John
crackers.
- Draw a picture
Let,
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( L, M, D, C )
ISLAND A ISLAND B
( D, C ) (M)
ISLAND A ISLAND B
(C) (D)
ISLAND A ISLAND B
(M) ( D, C )
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Long John go with Cracker (5crossing)
ISLAND A ISLAND B
( L, M, D, C )
ISLAND A ISLAND B
And they had done their journey to cross the bay to another island on raft with 7 crossing.
For this question, I have to find the answer by using only one method. The method that I
used is diagram method. This method is easier to find out the answer for this question. It also
can attract the students.
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PROBLEM 10
John and Sue are going to make greeting cards. They have Yellow paper, Blue paper and Pink
paper. They can use silver decorations, gold decorations or orange decorations. They can use
shiny ink or plain ink. How many different cards can they makes?
Let,
Yellow paper be Y
Blue paper be B
Pink paper be P
Silver decorations be S
Gold decorations G
Orange decorations O
Shiny ink be SH
Plain ink be PL
- Use a formula
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Step 3 : Carry out a plan
n=3,r=1
3C1
=3
n=3,r=1
3C1
=3
n=2,r=1
2C1
=2
3 x 3 x 2 = 18 greeting cards
S
Y G H
PL
S
O H
PL
S S
H
PL
B G
PL
S
H
O
PL
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We get 6 different cards
S
H
S
PL
S
H
P G
PL
S
H
O
PL
Problem 11
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Place the numbers 1 to 9, one in each circle so that the sum of the four numbers along any of
the three sides of the triangle is 20. There are 9 circles and 9 numbers to place in the circles.
Each circle must have a different number in it.
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Step 3 : Carry out the plan
- Try to put number that been plus that will become 15 at the
side of the triangle.
8 1
4 9
5 2 6 7
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Problem 12
Referring to the above diagram, there are all 16 unit squares. How many matches do you have
to remove to leave not one square of any size?
- Act it out
The other way to solve this question is by using guest and check.Where we can firstly pick one
by one any of those match stick out from the bigger square.
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Problem 13
Rina have a money that is in 3 digit number. It is less than RM 500 it also greater than
RM200. All of it digits are odd. If you take each of Rina money and add them together,
they equal 5. What number am I?
- 113 = 1 + 1 + 3 = 5
- 311 = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
- 131 = 1 + 3 + 1 = 5
PROBLEM 14
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Every time young Misha sees a stray kitten he picks up the animal and brings it home. He is
always raising several kittens, but he won’t tell you how many because he is afraid you may
laugh at him.
Someone will ask : “How many kittens do you have now?”
“Not many,” he answers. “One-quarter of their number is three-quarters of a kitten.” His pals
think he is joking. But he is really posing a problem-an easy one.
- Solve an equation
¾ x1=¼ k
¾=¼k
k=¾x4
k=3
- We got the solution for this question through our critical thinking in
of a kitten” was really help. After we consider all the words in the
Problem 15
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The theme of this problem goes back many centuries. Three girls, each with her father, go for a
stroll. They come to a small river. One boat, able to carry two persons at a time, is at their
disposal. Crossing would be simple, except for the girls’ whim: none is willing to be in the boat
or ashore with one or two strange fathers unless her own father is present too. The girls, of
course, can row. How do they all get across?
- Make a diagram
F1 F2 F3 . . .
G1 G2 G3 . . .
1 ) Firstly 2 girls go
F1 F2 F3 . . .
G1 . . . G2 G3
F1 F2 F3 . . .
. . . G1 G2 G3
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3 ) One of the 3 girls returns and remains ashore with her father. The other 2
F1 . . . F2 F3
G1 . . . G2 G3
4 ) A father returns to the 1st shore with his daughter. The girl remains there and
2 fathers go.
. . . F1 F2 F3
G1 G2 . . . G3
5 ) The last girl returns to the 1st share and crosses with the 2nd girl.
. . . F1 F2 F3
G1 . . . G2 G3
6 ) the girls on the 1st shore is fetched by her father ( on one of the other 2 girls )
. . . F1 F2 F3
. . . G1 G2 G3
For this question, I have to find the answer by using only one method. The method that I used is
diagram method. This method is easier to find out the answer for this question. It also can
attract the students.
Problem 16
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If Abu has three times as many people as maria and maria has one-fourth as many as bakar
,who has four,hoe many does mary have if she has two more than Abu?
- Mary= Abu + 2
- Abu = 3 Maria
- Maria = Bakar/4
- Bakar = 4
- Use a formula
Mary = 3 4/4 + 2
Mary = 5
This kind a problem is a simple non routine problem so we also can use draw a picture
to have the best answer for it.
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Problem 17
Determine the number of seven digit numbers divisible by 11 and whose digit sums are 61.
There are six, and they are: 9999979, 9997999, 9799999, 9898999, 9899989, and 9998989.
A seven-digit number can have its digits sum to at most 63 (if they're all nines). So a
seven-digit number whose digits sum to 61 consists of either:
Try an error
The divisibility test for 11 states that a number is divisible by 11 if and only if when you add the
digits that are an odd number of places from the right, and then you add the digits which are an
even number of places from the right, the difference of these is divisible by 11.
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Let's consider each possible type of 7-digit number separately.
Suppose first we have six nines and one seven. Then the only possibilities are:
Now let's take a look at the other case (when we have five 9's and two 8's). Here, we have more
possibilities:
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For the next three, we have
9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 36 (sum of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th digits from right)
9 + 8 + 8 = 25 (sum of 2nd, 4th, 6th digits from right)
36 - 25 = 11, so these are all divisible by 11. So we get 9898999, 9899989, and 9998989 as
other possibilities.
So there are six numbers are 9999979, 9997999, 9799999, 9898999, 9899989, and 9998989.
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Problem 18
Hafez is running for president of the Student Council. Ammar is his campaign
manager. Last week Amma gave half of Hafez’s badges away. This week she
gave 6 badges away for Hafez. There are 15 badges remaining. How many
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Step 3: Carry out the plan.
Ammar gave out 6 badges. Add 6 to the 15 remaining buttons.
15 + 6 = 21
If 21 are left over, they are the other half. Add on the half he gave out
21 + 21 = 42
42 ÷ 2 = 21.
21 – 6 = 15
The remaining of 15 is the same as the remaining of badges Hafez mentioned at the
question.
Problem 19
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A worker at Berjaya snooker has a basket of 30 snooker balls for a
snooker party. There are more than 5 people in the party. The snooker ball
are passed equally to people in the party. After the snooker balls are passed
One way to solve the problem is to make a guess, check it, revise
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Guess = 6 people in the party.
different number.
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We check the answer back by work forwardly,
Given,
30 – 6 = 24.
Problem 20
45
In the Padang Luas, Terengganu , Arman, a sheepherder’s son, is helping his father
build a rectangular pen to keep their sheep from getting lost. The pen will be 24 meters
long, 20 meters wide, and have fence posts 4 meters apart. How many fence posts do
they need?
- the two long sides are 24 m long and the two short sides are 20 m
long.
To solve this problem, is to draw a plan of the enclosure, including the points at which
the fence posts will be replaced. It is a good idea to place the corner posts first.
46
Draw a diagram.
Show that the length of the rectangle is 24 meters and the width is 20 meters.
Show that the fence posts are 4 meters apart in your diagram.
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The posts are to be 4m apart.
Question 21
Problem Solving : Strategy – Act It Out.
48
boat
Start
Please help the three werewolves and the three travelers to move to other side of the lake.
When there is on one side more werewolves than travelers, the werewolves will eat the
travelers.
- the werewolves will eat the travelers when they more than the travelers.
The way how to move them all to the other side of lake.
Question 22
49
The way to solve this problem is by act it out. We take 7 student, 3 be the werewolves
and 3 more be the travelers, and the other 1 be the person who wanted to help them
cross the lake.
And then, bring it to other side. And take the werewolf from the boat and
leave it at the other side . The one traveler , he will bring back the
Last view =
1 1 2 3 2 3
Started point
2 = take the two werewolves and bring it to the other side and the, leave
Last view =
1 2 1 2 3 3
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Started point
3 = take two of the travelers and put them into the boat. Bring
the two travelers to the other side of lake and leave one of
them there. then take one of werewolf from there and bring back
to started point.
Last view =
1 1 2 3 2 3
Started point
4 = then take the two travelers and put them into the boat. Bring
the two travelers to the other side of lake. After that leave
the two travelers at the other side of the lake. Then, take the
Last view =
3 2 1 1 2 3
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Started point
5 = take two of werewolf and put it into the boat. Then bring both
to the other side of lake, and then leave one of werewolf there.
the other one of werewolves, bring back the boat to the started
point.
Last view =
1 3 2 1 2 3
Started point
6 = take the two werewolves and put it to the boat. Then bring
last view =
3 2 1 3 2 1
Started point
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All the werewolves and travelers success to cross the lake.
Every step, that h e take success to avoid the werewolves from eat the Travelers
All of the werewolves and traveler success cross the river to the
Question 23
At the end of a school oratory competition, each student shook hands with every other student.
The winner, Mariam, shook hands with 3 times as many girls and boys. The runner-up, Jusoh,
shook hands with 4 times as many girls as boys. How many student were there altogether?
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Let say boys is (m) and girls is (f).
Mariam = 3m = f
Jusoh = 4 (m-1) = f
3m = f…………….. (1)
m=5
f = 15
= 21
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Step 4: Looking back / reflecting
m m m
Mariam excluded
Jusoh included
f f f f
Jusoh excluded
Jusoh excluded
m= f + 1 ………. (1)
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4m = 5f ………….. (2)
f=4
= 5 (4) + 1
= 21
QUESTION 24
In a zoo, there are some buffaloes and orang utan. One day the zoo keeper counted 20 heads
and 56 legs. How many buffaloes and how many orang utan did he have?
After reading the problem, we know that buffaloes have four legs and orang utan have two. We
see that there must be 20 animals in all. We might think that, if the zoo had only orang utan,
there would be 40 legs. If, on the other hand, he had only buffaloes, there would be 80 legs.
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Step 2: Devise a plan
9 11
36 + 22= 58
8 12
32 + 24= 56
40 + 20 = 60
9 11 36
+22 =58
8 12 32
+24 = 56
It's a little bit like some of the algebra problems involving the value of coins. Another strategy
that we can use write the number of leg . A number represent the animals' heads. Each animal
gets 2 legs. Additional pairs of legs are drawn on animals, starting at the left, until there are 56
legs.
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4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2
Question 25
A group of motorcycles and jeeps are inspecting mountain roads for rock slides. There are 7
vehicles in all. They need new tires to makes the trip. They need 22 tires in all. How many
motorcycles in there? How many jeeps?
7 vehicles in all
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Step 2:Devising a plan :
4 tires × 4 = 12 tires
6 + 16 = 22 tires
Check: 22 tires are correct. There are 3 motorcycles and 4 jeeps. The total
number of vehicles is 7
There are 7 vehicles. They need 22 tires. The total number of 3 motorcycles and 4 jeeps are
correct.
Suhaila was asked by her teacher to prepare a schedule for a netball competition. The
competition is to be played using the league system. Suhaila wants to know what is the total
number of games that is 15 teams are taking part.
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Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
10
11
12
13
14
15
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Each team will have 14 matches. Overall, there are 105 matches will be held on.
Check back the the answer. We add all matches and find the total.
14 + 13 + 12 + 11 + 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1= 105 matches.
Reflection
SALAHUDIN BIN AB RHAMAN
2 PPISMP RBT2
My reflection for this coursework is important to me as a future teacher. From this coursework,
and my studies base on routine and non routine problems, I can know a little bit about the father
of problems solving George Polya. His story of life tells me that it is not easy to become an
excellent person. Polya grown as a person who has a frustrated with the practice of having to
regularly memorize information. . Then he becomes an excellent problems solver. Based on the
polya’s solving model, I can use the steps in my studies. When dealing with non routine
problems, polya’s steps tell me not to panic. Be patience and try to understand the problem.
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This coursework also teach me how to handle students when I become a teacher someday. As
a teacher, I will ask my some question to my students to confirm whether they understand with
the problems. I will ask my student to proof whether the question is a problem or not. Then I will
ask them to understand the problem in their own words. After that, I will ask them is the
information enough to solve the problems? Beside that, this coursework also help me and my
partner Muhd Hafiz bin Zainal Abidin know the public well. Together we went to the library to
find some source to do this project. I promise that I will use this experience in my future career
as a teacher. Thank you.
Reflection
Muhammad Hafiz bin Zainal abidin
2 PPISMP RBT2
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law,physic and mathematic where he found his talent is more to mathematic and using
his strategy i know that lot of way in his problem solving solution and it is quite intrested
where other didnt know this way of solution it is because other just solve problem by
their own opinion but using polya problem solving it seem more easier to performn a
good way of solution.Based on the Polya problem’s solving i think that i will perform well
during my teaching at the school.In the making of this assignment both of us have make
few research at the national library near the titiwangsa and we find few of book that can
help us during we make this assignment.We also had practised polya problem solving in
our 25 question where we find that it is suitable and efficient in solving any calculation
work such as mathematic,pyhsic and in any condition of real life problem. This
assignment is quite challenging for me but as long as i and my partner can work
together there is no problem with it.i hope this kind of assignment will continue because
i think that this assignment is very suitable to a person that will be a teacher.
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