mkdir [OPTION ...] DIRECTORY ...
cd [option] [directory]
If the specified DIRECTORY does not
already exist, mkdir creates it.
mkdir mydir
mkdir -m a=rwx mydir
all user can read write and execute.
m for file modes
mkdir -p /home/chope/a/b/c
If parent directory doesnt exist, it
will make it.
rmdir [-p] directory
The rmdir utility removes the
directory entry specified by each
directory argument, provided the
directory is empty
rmdir mydir
a file descriptor (FD, less
frequently fildes) is an abstract
indicator (handle) used to access a
file or other input/output resource,
such as a pipe or network socket
STDIN, 0; STDOUT, 1; STDERR, 2
Redirect standard output > Redirect
standard input < Append standard
output >>
ssh (the SSH client) is a program
for logging into a remote machine
and executing commands. It is
intended to replace rlogin
ssh [-1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy]
[-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec]
[-D [bind_address:]port] [-e
escape_char] [-F configfile]
[-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file] [-L
[bind_address:]port:host:hostport]
[-l login_name] [-m mac_spec] [-O
ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port]
[-R
[bind_address:]port:host:hostport]
[-S ctl_path] [-W host:port]
[-w local_tun[:remote_tun]]
[user@]hostname [command]
slogin shell.website.com
rlogin starts a terminal session on
the remote host host.
rlogin [-8EKLdx] [-e char] [-l
username] host
rlogin -l hope domain.com
Login as user hope to the remote
system domain.com
ping is a simple way Vi most popular text editor
cd / -root directory to send network data
cd /usr/sbin takes you to to, and receive network
that directory from data from, another
anywhere computer on a network
Absolute path name -cd ping [-
/usr/local/share/man/man2 LRUbdfnqrvVaAB] [-c
Relative cd man2 count] [-m mark] [-i
cd.. parent directory interval] [-l preload]
-P option instructs cd to use the [-p pattern] [-s
physical directory structure instead packetsize] [-t ttl] [-w
of following symbolic links. The -L deadline] [-F flowlabel]
option forces symbolic links to be [-I interface] [-M
followed. hint] [-N nioption] [-Q
tos] [-S sndbuf]
[-T timestamp
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]
option] [-W timeout]
Lists the contents of a directory.
[hop ...] destination
ls l long list
ping google.com
ls / contents of root
ping google.com -c 1
ls */ contents of all subdirectories
ls ../ contents of parent directory
ls *.{htm,php,cgi} files contantining
these extensions
cat mytext.txt finger looks up and
Display text files displays information
Copy text files into a new document about system users
Append the contents of a text file to finger [-lmsp] [user ...]
the end of another text file, [user@host ...]
combining them finger -p ch
cat mytext.txt mytext2.txt displays info about user
cat mytext.txt > newfile.txt ch
to copy like cp command Displays who is logged
cat mytext.txt mytext2.txt > on to the system.
newfile.txt
cat mytext.txt >> another-text-file.txt who [ OPTION ]... [
FILE ] [ am i ]
Append cat mytext.txt mytext2.txt
>> another-text-file.txt who
who am i
cat Output the contents of a file.
whoami prints the
tac (which is "cat" backwards) effective user ID.
concatenates each FILE to standard
whoami [OPTION]
output just like the cat command, whoami
but in reverse: line-by-line, printing
the last line first. This is useful (for whois searches for
instance) for examining a an object in a WHOIS
chronological log file in which the database.
last line of the file contains the most whois [ -h HOST ] [ -p
recent information. PORT ] [ -
tac [OPTION] ... [FILE] aCFHlLMmrRSVx ] [ -g
SOURCE:FIRST-LAST ]
tac file1.txt
[ -i ATTR ] [ -S
SOURCE ] [ -T TYPE ]
object
whois example.com
vi [ -| -s ] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [ filename ] ] [-S] [-t tag]
[-v] [-V]
[-x] [-w] [-n ] [-C] [+command | -c command ]
filename
vi myfile.txt
pico is a simple text editor in the style of the
pine composer.
pico [ options ] [ file ]
pico myfile.txt
head makes it easy to output the first part of
files.
head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
by default, prints the first 10 lines of each FILE
head myfile.txt
first 10 lines
head -15 myfile.txt
15 lines
head -n 5K myfile.txt
5000 lines
head -c 6M myfile.txt
first 6megabytes
tail outputs the last part,
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]..
more
Displays text, one screen at a time.
more [-dlfpcsu] [-num lines] [+/pattern]
[+linenum] [file ...]
more +3 myfile.txt
contents from line3
more +/"hope" myfile.txt
contents from the beginning of string hope
less is a program similar to more, but it has many
more features. less does not have to read the
entire input file before starting, so with large
input files it starts up faster than text editors like
vi
less [-
[+]aABcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~]
[-b space] [-h lines]
[-j line] [-k keyfile] [-{oO} logfile] [-p pattern] [-
P prompt]
[-t tag] [-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y lines] [-[z]
lines]
[-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]
less file.txt
less -N file.txt
views file beginning at line N
wc prints newline, word, and byte counts for
each FILE,
wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
wc myfile.txt
sample output : 5 13 57 myfile.txt
lines/words/chars

A pipe is a form of redirection that
is used in Linux and other Unix-like
operating systems to send the
output of one program to another
program for further processing.
command_1 | command_2 [|
command_3 . . . ]
ls -al | less
ln creates links between files.
ln creates hard links by default,
or symbolic links if the -s (--
symbolic) option is specified.
ln -s file1.txt file2.txt
ln file1.txt file2.txt
The touch command updates the
access and modification times of
each FILE to the current system
time
touch [OPTION]... FILE...
touch file.txt
To compress
gzip filename
to decompress
gzip -d filename.gz
to compress and keep original file
gzip -k filename
uncompress thegzipped file
gunzip backup.tar.gz
uz - gunzips and extracts a gzip'd
tar'd archive
find searches for files in a directory useradd is a low-level utility for
hierarchy.
find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-D debugopts] [-
Olevel] [path...] [expression]
find . /home/jeff /home/stacy
find . -name 'apple'
Changes group ownership of a file or files.
chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
chgrp hope file.txt
Change the owning group of the file file.txt to the group named hope.
tee duplicates its input, routing it to The rm command Using alias, frequently-used commands can be
multiple outputs at once. removes (deletes) files invoked using a different, preferred term
tee [OPTION]... [FILE]... or directories. alias [name=['command']]
ls -1 *.txt | wc -l | tee count.txt By default, it does not alias ll='ls -la'
man is the system's manual viewer; remove directories; ls comp*
Each argument given to man is If the -r (--recursive) Listing files using the ls command in a Linux
normally the name of a program, option is specified, variant or Unix variant that begin with comp.
utility or function. however, rm will rm c?mp
man man remove any matching Deleting files using the rm command in a Linux
View the manual page for the man directories and their or Unix variant that contain c, mp, and any
command. contents. character in-between.
rm [OPTION]... FILE... ls [sv]*
info reads documentation in the rm myfile.txt list files beginning with s or v
info format
The command name chmod stands for
info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
info emacs
mv renames file "change mode", and it is used to define the way
SOURCE to DEST, or a file can be accessed.
The whatis command provides moves the SOURCE file chmod options permissions filename
very brief descriptions of command (or files) to DIRECTORY. chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r myfile
line programs mv [OPTION]... [-T] chmod 754 myfile
whatis head SOURCE DEST Here the digits 7, 5, and 4 each individually
whatis head tail mv myfile.txt represent the permissions for the user, group,
help destination-directory and others, in that order. Each digit is a
Display information about builtin The cp command is combination of the numbers 4, 2, 1, and 0:
commands. used to make copies of 4 stands for "read",
help [-dms] [PATTERN ...] files and directories. 2 stands for "write",
help echo cp [OPTION]... [-T] 1 stands for "execute", and
Each manual page has a short SOURCE DEST 0 stands for "no permission."
description included with it. apropos cp origfile newfile So 7 is the combination of permissions 4+2+1
searches these descriptions for (read, write, and execute), 5 is 4+0+1 (read, no
The zip program is write, and execute), and 4 is 4+0+0 (read, no
instances of keyword.
apropos [-dalhvV] [-e|-w|-r] [-s list] used to package and write, and no execute).
[-m system[,...]] [-M path] compress files.
[-L locale] [-C file] keyword ... zip options archive
inpath inpath
apropos find zip stuff *
The tar program is used to create, The passwd The chown command changes the owner and
maintain, modify, and extract files command is used to owning group of files.
that are archived in the tar format change the password of chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE...
tar [-] A --catenate --concatenate | c a user account chown chope file.txt
--create | d --diff --compare | passwd [OPTION] Set the owner of file file.txt to user chope.
--delete | r --append | t --list | -- [USER] a new file's permissions may be restricted in a
test-label | u --update | passwd sally specific way by applying a permissions "mask"
x --extract --get [options] called the umask. The umask command is used
[pathname ...] to set this mask, or to show you its current value.
tar -xf archive.tar umask [-S] [mask]
umask a+r umask a-x umask 777
SGID is defined as Sticky bits are mainly set on directories.
adding users to a system. giving temporary If the sticky bit is set for a directory, only the
useradd [options] LOGIN permissions to a user to owner of that directory or the owner of a file can
useradd -D run a program/file with delete or rename a file within that directory.
useradd newperson the permissions of the Encrypt a file with a password
file group permissions Mcrypt is a replacement of crypt in old unix
The userdel command deletes a user to become member of mcrypt file1
account and all associated files. that group to execute decrypt the fiel
userdel [options] LOGIN the file mcrypt -d file1.nc
userdel -r username chmod g+s file1.txt mcrypt -d or mdecrypt
chmod 2750 file1.txt
SUID can be set in two ways
1) Symbolic way (s, Stands for Set)
2) Numerical/octal way (4)
chmod u+s file1.txt
chmod 4750 file1.txt