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ABSENTEEISM:
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Punctuality and regular attendance are essential for the proper operation of each year level
in the school. These important factors are taken into consideration for the upliftment of
learning outcomes among the students in the school. Maybe due to problems or during the
time of excessive absenteeism and or tardiness may result in disciplinary action. (Gina
Torres, 2016). Absenteeism in school is the habit of staying away from school without
providing a genuine or any reason for not attending classes. Absenteeism is a truant
behavior that negatively affects the performance among students. (Timothy Keter, 2013).
of school, it is the habitual or intentional failure to attend school. While every student may
miss some school activities now and then, absence becomes a problem when the student is
away from school for many days. Going to school regularly is crucially important for a
students education and social skills. Chronically absent students are at a disadvantage both
socially and academically. They miss out on critical stages of social interaction and
development with their peers, while simultaneously limiting their academic progress. This
can result in low self-esteem, social isolation, and dissatisfaction that could well have
precipitated non-attendance in the first place. (Loren Murcia, 2015). Absenteeism can be
defined as persistent, habitual, and unexplained absence from school (Brooks, 1997, as cited
in Bond, 2004). Bond noted that chronic absenteeism occurs when a student is absent
without reason 20% or more of school time; this nominal figure is consistently identified
Auditor General Victoria (Australia, 2004) identified four major dimensions of absenteeism:
truancy, school refusal, school withdrawal, and early leaving. It is important to identify the
different dimensions ofabsenteeism in tackling the problem because they may require
differentinterventions. (Lorraine D. Cook and Austin Ezenne, 2010). Student absenteeism is a
serious issue in public education. Concerted efforts have been expended aimed at engaging
students and promoting active learning, but schools arestill full of clock -watchers Many
high schoolers regularly skip classes and, according to some inside reports, the hallways
are virtually empty some Friday afternoons. Student absenteeism is a major concern for
classroom environment that makesstudents who come to class uncomfortable and the
environment and adverselyaffects the overall well-being of classes (Segal 2008). In quality
terms, absenteeism is awaste of educational resources, time and human potential. Student
absenteeism also causes rework and wasted time for lecturers (Lalek 1995; Rumberger
1997). Lecturers who spendclass time re-teaching lessons take instructional time away from
students who attend classregularly, and the extra time spent going over absentee
homework and class assignmentstakes time away from lecturer planning periods and time
Davidson and Kirk (2003) teachers identified effects of absenteeism on children as:
academic under- achievement, difficulty in making friends which could lead to boredom, loss
of confidence. Also, prolonged absence can have deleterious effects for the child in later life.
Students who are absent from school are at the greatest risk of dropping out of school early.
2.2 Review of related literature
Predictors of absenteeism and truancy can be found inside and outside of the school
environment. Bimler and Kirkland (2001) indicated that there may be as many as 10
different 'hot spots' that can predict student absenteeism and truancy. These 'hot spots'
family background; school-based behavioral issues; peer issues; as well as lack of motivation
or interest in school. These issues align with more recent reviews of literature regarding
student absenteeism, truancy, and school avoidance behavior (Kearney, 2008). As Kearney's
(2008) comprehensive review of literature related to school absenteeism and school refusal
variables. Each of these variables has been shown to influence student attendance.
Limited educational instruction is crucial to the success of any school to employ dedicated
teachers who are physically present to administer quality education to each student.
Excessive absenteeism by the teaching staff can drastically hinder the learning environment
and academic achievement of students when instructors are not routinely present to teach
them. When teachers are absent, schools must rely on substitute teachers to provide
instruction for the students. However, many substitute teachers may not be qualified to
provide quality educational instruction. Substitute teachers are not always required to
possess a teaching certification, and in some school districts they are able to teach with only
a high school GED. The loss of quality instructional time for students can result in unlearned
academic skills and objectives, and subsequent reduction in students' standardized test
Poor Academic Progress -Schools cannot survive without physically present students.
Williams, excessive absenteeism by students may result in unlearned course material from
fewer hours of instruction, and a disruption of class instruction for teachers who have to
administer remediation for the absent student when he returns to school. Excessive
students are not receiving instruction on a consecutive basis. This problem also causes low
standardized test scores because absent students are not present to learn key concepts and
student eventually dropping out of school, which can lead to long term consequences for
these students, such as lower average incomes, higher incidences of unemployment, and a
higher likelihood of incarceration. Schoeneberger asserts that students who drop out of
school face a higher risk of poverty because of their inability to secure quality paying
employment due to their lack of education and resources. Dropouts who lack education and
resources are more likely to commit criminal activity leading to incarceration. (Malikah
Walters)
Decreased School Budget - Excessive absenteeism also places an extreme strain on the
school's budget, and allocated finances in each school district. Average daily attendance, or
ADA, is the average attendance rate of students in a school year. States utilize a school
district's ADA to determine the allocated funding it will receive. Schools may encounter a
decrease in funding due to a loss of full-time students. This limited budget due to excessive
absences causes a lack of educational resources and materials for the all the students in the
school. According to "USA Today," about one in three teachers misses more than 10 days of
Absenteeism among students is a topic that has been thoroughly studied. However further
study of the causes of absenteeism among students will lead to better understanding.
what might be the other causes of absenteeism and ultimately will lead to better
There are many causes and taking the responsibilities in student absenteeism in selected
SHS students.
There are government policy, institutions, educators, students, schools and parents that are
possibly responsible to student absenteeism, and there are limited educational, poor
academic progress, future problems and decreased school budget causing student
absenteeism.