Ca Firm Exam Question Answer

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1. WHAT IS STATUTORY AUDIT?
answer :Statutory audit is done by chartered Accountants, to verify the financial statement's fairness and it
is done annually. It ensures that, to the best knowledge of the auditors, financial statements are free from
any misrepresentations and frauds.
2. WHAT IS INTERNAL AUDIT
ANSWER An inspection and verification of the financial records of a company or firm

by a member of its own staff to determine the accuracy and acceptability of its
accounting practices.
3. WHAT IS EXTERNAL AUDIT ?
ANSWER:a periodic examination of the books of account and records of an entity

conducted by an independent third party (an auditor) to ensure that they have been
properly maintained, are accurate and comply with established concepts, principles,
and accounting standards, and give a true and fair view of the financial state of the
entity.
4. Explain The Difference Between Internal Audit And External Audit?
ANSWER : The internal audit is conducted to help the management. The weakness of
the management is disclosed. The external audit is conducted to help the shareholder.
The rights of owners are protected. The appointment of internal audit is made by the
management. The appointment in external audit is made by the shareholders. Internal
audit is the part of internal control.
External audit is the not the part of internal control.The internal audit can suggest
improvement in internal check system. The external audit can not suggest
improvement in internal check system. The internal audit can perform his duties under
the terms of appointment. The management can limit the scope of work at any time.
The external auditor can perform his work to terms of appointment and other
prescribed law. The scope is very wide. Internal audit is an employee of the company.
He is not an independent person. External auditor is not an employee of the company.
Q: What do you mean by vouching?
Answer : Vouching is the process of checking the authentication of the voucher

maintain by the management with the respective supporting document
Q : Definition of audit ?
Answer : An examination and verification of a company's financial and accounting

records and supporting documents by a professional, such as a Certified Public
Accountant.
Q : What are Objectives Of Internal Audit?
Answer : The purpose of internal audit is to keep proper control over business
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activities. When there is proper control there is maximum efficiency. The internal
auditor determines the degrees of control over work. The purpose of internal audit is to
evaluate the accounting system. It is concerned with checking proper authority for
transactions like purchase, retirement and disposal of fixed assets. The vouchers can be
compared with entries in order to determine that figures are facts.
The purpose of internal audit is to help the management. Internal auditor can point out
the weakness. The internal audit can be used as a tool to correct the situation. The
management functions can be performed properly. The purpose of internal audit is to
review the working of business. The working of current tear can be reviewed in detail
just to note the successful area of working. There is a need to locate the weak points.
The corrective measures can be taken for proper working.
Q : Explain the difference between internal audit and statutory audit?
Answer : An internal audit is one which is conducted by the internal auditors of the
company. It is not mandatory for the company and the company just conducts it to
keep a check on the operations of the company. On the other hand statutory audit is
very important because it is by the external auditors and it is mandatory for all kinds
of companies. Statutory audit is usually conducted for various purposes like tax
regulatory requires it for taxation purposes.
Q : What is an audit process?
Answer : The word 'Audit' is a derivative of the word 'Audition' which means 'to hear'.
In earlier times, the Kings used to hear their accountants narrate the accounts verbally.
However, as the complexity of the accounting function grew, need was felt to
thoroughly check the accounts for mistakes misclassification and document the findings
in a written form so that it can be used by the Management, stakeholders, investors,
Government and various other bodies. This process is known as Auditing or Audit.
Q :Functions of audit?
Answer : The function of internal audit is concerned with analysis of internal check.
The internal audit can look into the duties of each employee. All employees are
provided jobs on the basis of their abilities. The auditor can test the effectiveness of
internal check. Thefunction of internal audit is examining the application of legal
requirements.
The accounts are prepared under certain legal frame work. Verification of accuracy is
a function of internal audit. The accuracy of accounting books and records can be
verified with the help auditing techniques. The audit techniques include inspection,
observation, inquiry, confirmation, computation and review. An auditor can check the
accuracy through these techniques.
Q : What is annual general meeting(AGM) ?
Answer : AGM the statutory meeting of the directors and shareholders of a company

or of the members of a society, held once every financial year, at which the annual
report is presented
Q : What is extraordinary general meeting(EGM) ?
Answer : A meeting other than the annual general meeting between a company's
shareholders, executives and any other members. An EGM is Q : Rules surrounding
the AGM
Answer : Most private companies are not required to hold an AGM. Public limited
companies (plcs) must hold an AGM within six months of their financial year end.
Companies can still hold an AGM if they choose to. As with other meetings, an AGM
must be arranged if any director asks for one with due notice, or if 5 per cent of the
members request one. A company may also still need to hold one in certain
circumstances. For example, you must hold an AGM if you want to dismiss a director
or auditor before the end of their term, or if you are a public company with traded
shares.
If the company does hold an AGM:
* You must send written notice to the directors and shareholders 14 days in advance (21
days in advance for public companies with traded shares), unless your company
articles state otherwise. An AGM can be held at shorter notice if 90 per cent of
members agree (95 per cent for plcs).
* You are no longer required to circulate copies of the company's accounts before an
AGM. However, they must be sent to members before they are due to be filed with the
registrar of companies.
* Directors and shareholders can vote on the appointment of directors and auditors to
the company (if required).
* Ordinary resolutions can now be passed by a simple majority and special resolutions
require at least 75 per cent of those eligible to vote in favour.
* You must file at Companies House any special resolutions passed at a meeting.
usually called on short notice and deals with an urgent matter.
Q : what is Accounting ?
Answer : The information system that identifies ,records, and communicates the
economic events of an organization to interested users
Q : definition of cash basis accounting?
Answer: An accounting method in which income is recorded when cash is received, and
expenses are recorded when cash is paid out.
Q : Definition of Accrual Basis accounting ?
Answer : The most commonly used accounting method, which reports income when
earned and expenses when incurred.

Q : what is capital expenditure ?
Answer : Money spent to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as buildings and
machinery. also called capital spending or capital expense.
Q : what is revenue expenditure?
Answer : All expenses incurred in running a business such as salaries, wages, rent,
lighting, stationary etc. are classed as revenue expenditure. Beside expense incurred in
putting the fixed assets in proper order by repairs and renewals are also revenue
expenditures.
Q : What is Asset ?
Answer : Assets are a companys resourcesthings the company owns. Examples of

assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid insurance, investments,
land, buildings, equipment, and goodwill. From the accounting equation, we see that
the amount of assets must equal the combined amount of liabilities plus owners (or
stockholders) equity.
Q : what is Liabilities ?
Answer : Liabilities are a companys obligationsamounts the company owes.

Examples of liabilities include notes or loans payable, accounts payable, salaries and
wages payable, interest payable, and income taxes payable
Q : what is Owners or stockholders equity ?
Answer : Owners or stockholders equity also reports the amounts invested into the
company by the owners plus the cumulative net income of the company that has not
been withdrawn or distributed to the owners.
Q : definition of revenue?
Answer : this is the total amount of money received by the company for goods sold or
services provided during a certain time period.
Q : definition of expense ?
Answer : Payment of cash or cash-equivalent for goods or services, or a charge against

available funds in settlement of an obligation as evidenced by an invoice, receipt,
voucher, or other such document.
Q :What is depreciation?
Answer :A non cash expense that reduces the value of an asset as a result of wear and
tear, age, or obsolescence. Most assets lose their value over time (in other words, they
depreciate),

Q : What is income statement ?
Answer : A financial statement that presents the revenues and expenses and resulting
net income or net loss of a company for a specific period of time .
Q : what is balance sheet ?
Answer : A financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities and

shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.
Q : what is cash cow ?
Answer : any business venture , operation, or product that is a dependable source of

income or profit .
Q : definition of tax ?
Answer : A fee charged ("levied") by a government on a product, income, or activity of

an organization or person .
Q : What is direct tax ?
Answer : In the general sense, a direct tax is one paid directly to the government by the
persons or organization (juristic or natural) on whom it is imposed (often accompanied
by a tax return filed by the taxpayer). Examples include some income taxes, some
corporate taxes, and transfer taxes such as estate (inheritance) tax and gift tax.
Q : What is indirect tax ?
Answer : A tax, such as a sales tax or value-added tax, that is levied on goods or
services rather than individuals and is ultimately paid by consumers in the form of
higher prices.
Q : what is Tax holiday ?
Answer : A government incentive program that offers a tax reduction or elimination to

businesses. Tax holidays are often used to reduce sales taxes by local governments, but
they are also commonly used by governments in developing countries to help stimulate
foreign investment.
Q : what is VAT?
Answer : Value Added Tax. A consumption tax which is levied at each stage of
production based on the value added to the product at that stage.
Q : What is income tax ?
Answer : a tax levied on incomes, especially an annual government tax on personal

incomes.

Q : What is internal rate of return (IRR)
Answer : The internal rate of return (IRR) is a rate of return used in capital budgeting
to measure and compare the profitability of investments. It is also called the discounted
cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) or simply the rate of return (ROR)
Q : what is Net present value?
Answer : Net present value is an economic standard method for evaluating competing
long-term projects in capital budgeting
Q : What is fair market value?
Answer : The price that an interested but not desperate buyer would be willing to pay
and an interested but not desperate seller would be willing to accept on the open
market assuming a reasonable period of time for an agreement to arise.
Q : what is hardware ?
Answer : Hardware refers to a physical piece of a computer. This could be a hard drive,
monitor, memory chip, or CPU. The key idea is that the item is something you can
touch. This compares to software which is not tangible in any way. You can't pick it up
or weigh it. Yet, without software, hardware is useless.
Typical examples of hardware include the computer you're using to view this page, the
hard drive that has this page stored on it, and the mouse you used to click on a link to
bring you to this page.
Q: what is software ?
Answer : Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate
computers and related devices.software is not visible .
Q : What is internet ?
Answer : a vast computer network linking smaller computer networks worldwide

(usually preceded by the ). The Internet includes commercial, educational,
governmental, and other networks, all of which use the same set of communications
protocols.
Q: What is E-commerce?
Answer : E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods
and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and
a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the
term e-tailing is sometimes used.
Q : what is E-mail?

Answer : E-mail (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages by
telecommunication. (Some publications spell it email; we prefer the currently more
established spelling of e-mail.) E-mail messages are usually encoded in ASCII text.
However, you can also send non-text files, such as graphic images and sound files, as
attachments sent in binary streams.
SOME Elaborate :
ICAB - Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh.

ICMAB - Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh.
CIMA - Chartered Institute of Management Accountants
ICDDRB - International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
NBR - National Board of Revenue
SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission
DSE - Dhaka Stock Exchange
CSE, - Chittagong Stock Exchange
FBCCI - Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries
GAAP - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
RAM - Random-access memory
SOME ACCOUNTING BODIES
IASB - International Accounting Standards Board.

FASB - Financial Accounting Standards Board .
ASB - Accounting Standards Board .
GASB - Governmental Accounting Standards Board .
OTHER ORGANIZATION & BODIES
IFIC - International Federation of Accountants

AIA - Association of International Accountants
AAA - American Accounting Association
ICAEW - Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and wales
SAFA - South Asian Federation of Accountants
SOME STANDARDS & PRINCIPLES
GAAP - Generally Accepted Accounting principles

BAS - Bangladesh Accounting Standards
IFRS - International Financial reporting Standards
FAS - Financial Accounting Standards (USA)
FRS - Financial reporting Standards (Uk)
AUDITING STANDARDS & BODIES
ISA - international Standards on auditing

IAASB - International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board

PROFESSIONAL DEGREES & ORGANIZATION
CA = chartered Accountant
ACA = Associate of Chartered Accountants
FCA = Fellow of Chartered Accountants
ICAB - Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh. these kinds of degree provid

by Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh(ICAB)
CPA = Certified Public Accountant
AICPA = American Institute of Certified public Accountant
CMA = Certified Management Accountants

ACMA = Associate of Certified Management Accountants
FCMA =fellow of Certified Management Accountants
CMA = Cost and Management Accountants

ACMA = Associate of Cost and Management Accountants
FCMA = Fellow of Cost and Management Accountants
ICMAB = Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh.those kinds of
degree provided by Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh
CMA = Chartered Management Accountants

ACMA = Associate of Chartered Management Accountants
FCMA = Fellow of Chartered Management Accountants
CIMA = Chartered institute Management Accountants. those degree provided by

Chartered institute Management Accountants
CAT = Certified Accounting Technician

ACCA = Associate of chartered Certified Accountants
FCCA = fellow of chartered Certified Accountants
ACCA = Association of chartered Certified Accountants. those degree provided by

Association of chartered Certified Accountants
what is Financial Accounting?
Answer : The area of accounting concerned with reporting financial information to

interested external parties.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP): Authoritative guidelines that define accounting
practice at a particular time.
Internal Revenue Service (IRS): A government agency that prescribes the rules and
regulations that govern the collection of tax revenues in the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)S: The government body responsible for
regulating the financial reporting practices of most publicly owned corporations in
connection with the buying and selling of stocks and bonds.
Q : what is Intangible Assets ?
Answer : Intangible assets include patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade names,

franchise licenses, government licenses, goodwill, and other items that lack physical
substance but provide long-term benefits to the company. Companies account for
intangible assets much as they account for depreciable assets and natural resources.
The cost of intangible assets is systematically allocated to expense during the asset's
useful life or legal life, whichever is shorter, and this life is never allowed to exceed forty
years. The process of allocating the cost of intangible assets to expense Short notes ;
Book value -- total assets minus total liabilities. (See also net worth.) Book value also
means the value of an asset as recorded on the company's books or financial reports.
Book value is often different than true value. It may be more or less.
Break even point -- the amount of revenue from sales which exactly equals the amount
of expense. Breakeven point is often expressed as the number of units that must be sold
to produce revenues exactly equal to expenses. Sales above the breakeven point
produce a profit; below produces a loss.
Deferred income -- a liability that arises when a company is paid in advance for goods
or services that will be provided later. For example, when a magazine subscription is
paid in advance, the magazine publisher is liable to provide magazines for the life of the
subscription. The amount in deferred income is reduced as the magazines are delivered
is called amortization, and companies almost always use the straight-line method to
amortize intangible assets.
Return on investment (ROI)
-- a measure of the effectiveness and efficiency with which managers use the resources
available to them, expressed as a percentage. Return on equity is usually net profit
after taxes divided by the shareholders' equity. Return on invested capital is usually net
profit after taxes plus interest paid on long-term debt divided by the equity plus the
long-term debt. Return on assets used is usually the operating profit divided by the
assets used to produce the profit. Typically used to evaluate divisions or subsidiaries.
ROI is very useful but can only be used to compare consistent entities -- similar

companies in the same industry or the same company over a period of time. Different
companies and different industries have different ROIs.
Variable cost -- a cost that changes as sales or production change. If a business is producing nothing
and selling nothing, the variable cost should be zero. However, there will probably be
fixed costs.
Working capital -- current assets minus current liabilities. In most businesses the major
components of working capital are cash, accounts receivable, and inventory minus
accounts payable. As a business grows it will have larger accounts receivable and more
inventory. Thus the need for working capital will increase.
Write-down -- the partial reduction in the value of an asset, recognizing obsolescence or

other losses in value.
Write-off -- the total reduction in the value of an asset, recognizing that it no longer has
any value. Write-downs and write-offs are non-cash expenses that affect profits
Q : what is entry tax . type of entry tax ?
Entry tax is levied on that product which tranfer or enter

a product from-one state to another state or one District
to another district,if you sale as such the prodcut not
restructuring.
There is two types of entry tax are available

1) Entry on Motor Vehicles-- Motor
Vehicles purchsed in other
state enteres to a different State, then entry tax is
leviable. tHIS IS APPLICABLE ONLY FOR VEHICLES liable to be
registered under Motor Vehicles Act. The tax paid in other
State can be compensated or set back of taken, if the rate
of tax is highter in the State where the vehicle is entring
2) Entry Tax on goods--this has been recently strucked by

the apex court in the case of Jindal Strips Ltd for the
reason that entry levied shgould be compensatable otherwise
it can be levied
Imposition of Value Added Tax:
Imposition of VAT

(1) Value Added Tax is imposed and payable on
(a) taxable supplies; and
(b) taxable imports.
Amount of VAT payable

(2) The amount of VAT payable is calculated by multiplying the value of the
taxable supply or import by the VAT rate.

Example: If the value is taka 100 and the VAT rate is 15%, the VAT payable is 100 x
15% = taka 15.
VAT rate
(3) The VAT rate for a taxable supply or import is
(a) if the supply or import is zero-rated, zero per cent;
(b) in any other case, 15 (fifteen) per cent.
Change of rate
(4) Where there is a change in the VAT rate, the rate to be applied is,
(a) for an import of goods: the rate applicable at the time the VAT becomes payable
under section 24; or
(b) for a supply of goods, services, or immoveable property: the rate applicable at the
time of supply.
Q :What is input tax ?
Answer : Indirect tax (such as value added tax or VAT) levied on capital goods, raw
materials, spare parts, services etc., which a business consumes or uses in its
operations.
Q : What is output tax ?
Answer : Tax that a seller adds to a buyer's bill when they sell particular goods or
services. At regular periods of time, the total tax they have paid when buying goods and
services themselves is taken away from the total output taxes they have paid to arrive
at a value-added tax figure that they must pay to the government
Q :what is tax deduction at source (TDS)
Answer : Tax deducted at source is one of the modes of collecting Income-tax from the
assessees. Such collection of tax is effected at the source when income arises or accrues.
Hence where any specified type of income arises or accrues to any one, the Income-tax
Act enjoins on the payer of such income to deduct a stipulated percentage of such
income by way of Income-tax and pay only the balance amount to the recepient of such
income. The tax so deducted at source by the payer, has to be deposited in the
Government treasury to the credit of Central Govt. within the specified time. The tax
so deducted from the income of the recipient is deemed to be payment of Income-tax by
the recepient at the time of his assessment. Income from several sources is subjected to
tax deduction at source. Presently this concept of T.D.S. is also used as an instrument in
enlarging the tax base. Some of such income subjected to T.D.S. are salary, interest,
dividend, interest on securities, winnings from lottery, horse races, commission and

brokerage, rent, fees for professional and technical services, payments to non-residents
etc.
Q : What is bank reconciliation?
Answer : Analysis and adjustment of differences between the cash balance shown on a
bank statement, and the amount shown in the account holder's records. This matching
process involves making allowances for checks issued but not yet presented, and for
checks deposited but not yet cleared or credited. And, if discrepancies persist, finding
the cause and bringing the records into agreement.
Q : what is Ratio Analysis?
Answer : A tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in

a company's financial statements. Ratios are calculated from current year numbers
and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the
economy to judge the performance of the company. Ratio analysis is predominately
used by proponents of fundamental analysis.
Q : what is trade discount ?

Answer : a sum or percentage deducted from the list price of a commodity allowed by a
manufacturer, distributor, or wholesaler to a retailer or by one enterprise to another in
the same trade
Q: what is cost accounting ?
Answer : a branch of accounting dealing with the classification, recording, allocation,

summarization and reporting of current and prospective costs and analyzing their
behaviors. Cost accounting is frequently used to facilitate internal decision making and
provides tools with which management can appraise performance and control costs of
doing business.
Carriage inward :Occurs when a business has to pay for purchased goods to be delivered to it's
Premises.
Carriage Outward:Occurs when a business PAYS for sold goods to be delivered to it's
customers premises.
Q : What is irrecoverable debts?
Answer : A debt which is not expected to be paid .
Q : what is residual value ?
Answer : The amount a company expects to be able to sell a fixed asset for at the end of
its useful life.

Q : what is Share ?
Answer : A unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company's

capital. It entitles its holder (the shareholder) to an equal claim on the company's
profits and an equal obligation for the company's debts and losses.
###Two major types of shares are
(1) ordinary shares (common stock): which entitle the shareholder to share in the
earnings of the company as and when they occur, and to vote at the company's annual
general meetings and other official meetings, and
(2) preference shares (preferred stock): which entitle the shareholder to a fixed periodic
income (interest) but generally do not give him or her voting rights. See also stock.
Q : definition of trial balance.
Answer : The act of totaling debit balances and credit balances to confirm that total
debits equal total credits.
Q : Definition of ledger.
Answer : A ledger contains summarized financial information that is classified by

assignment to a specific account number using a Chart of Accounts.
Q : definition of adjustment
1.Answer : increase or decrease to an account resulting from an adjusting journal entry

. For example, the accrual of wages at year-end will cause an increase in both salary
expense and salary payable.
2.Answer : changing an account balance because of some happening or event. For

example, a customer who returns merchandise ill receive a credit adjustment to the
account.
Q : definition of appreciation ?
1.Answer : Increase in the value of an asset through a rise in market price, appraised
value, or income earned, as compared to an earlier period. The opposite is
Depreciation.
2.Answer : Increase in the value of one currency vs another, without any change in
official value occurring. It results from growth in market demand under floating
exchange rates rather than official action such as a currency revaluation.
Q : Difference between depreciation appreciation?

Answer : Appreciation and depreciation both deal with asset value over time. Some
assets, such as real estate, bonds, and homes gain value as time goes on. These assets
are said to appreciate. Other assets, such as vehicles, manufacturing plants, and office
equipment lose value over time (depreciate). Appreciation/depreciation as a verb is the
process of increasing value. For instance, a piece of real estate might appreciate at 5%
per year and a car might depreciate 10% a year. De/Appreciation do NOT have to be
linear. For instance, the moment you drive a new car off the lot, it depreciates a
considerable amount (say 10% of its value). The next year, though, the car might only
depreciate 5%. How one determines the rate of de/appreciation depends on your
accounting rules. For tax reasons, many companies have to abide by strict depreciation
laws (For instance, it would be unreasonable to depreciate a factory at 90% of it's value
in one year because it would effects the company's profits and thus the taxes that
company pays).
For most consumers, de/appreciation is based on the market value of the asset. Back to
the car example: the moment a new car is driven off the lot, it loses a lot of its value
because it is then consider a "used" car, so people won't pay as much for it.
Q : what is fiscal year?
Answer : A 12-month period over which a company budgets its spending. A fiscal year
does not always begin in January and end in December; it may run over any period of
12 months. The fiscal year is referred to by the date in which it ends.
Q : difference between fixed and variable costs?
Answer : Fixed costs are expenses whose total does not change in proportion to the
activity of a business, within the relevant time period. For example, a retailer must pay
rent and utility bills irrespective of sales
Variable costs by contrast change in relation to the activity of a business such as sales
or production volume. In the example of the retailer, variable costs may primarily be
composed of inventory (goods purchased for sale), and the cost of goods is therefore
almost entirely variable. In manufacturing, direct material costs are an example of a
variable cost.
Along with variable costs, fixed costs make up one of the two components of total cost.
In the most simple production function, total cost is equal to fixed costs plus variable
costs.
Q : definition of MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION?
Answer : The memorandum of association of a company, often simply called the

memorandum (and then often capitalised as an abbreviation for the official name,
which is a proper noun and usually includes other words), is the document that governs
the relationship between the company and the outside. It is one of the documents
required to incorporate a company in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Bangladesh,

Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and is also used in many of the common law jurisdictions of
the Commonwealth.
Answer : A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document prepared in the

formation and registration process of a limited liability company to define its
relationship with shareholders. The MOA is accessible to the public and describes the
company's name, physical address of registered office, names of shareholders and the
distribution of shares. The MOA and the Articles of Association serve as the
constitution of the company. The MOA is not applied in the U.S. but is a legal
requirement for limited liability companies in European countries including the United
Kingdom, France and Netherlands, as well as some Commonwealth nations.
Q : definition of Articles of Association?
Answer : A document describing the purpose, place of business, and details of a non-
profit organization.
Answer : A document that specifies the regulations for a company's operations. The
articles of association define the company's purpose and lays out how tasks are to be
accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors
and how financial records will be handled.
Q : what kinds of terms included in Articles of Association?
The Articles can cover a medley of topics, not all of which is required in a country's
law. Although all terms are not discussed, they may cover:
* the issuing of shares (also called stock), different voting rights attached to different
classes of shares
* valuation of intellectual rights, say, the valuations of the IPR of one partner and, in a
similar way as how we value real estate of another partner
* the appointments of directors - which shows whether a shareholder dominates or
shares equality with all contributors
* directors meetings - the quorum and percentage of vote
* management decisions - whether the board manages or a founder
* transferability of shares - assignment rights of the founders or other members of the
company do
* special voting rights of a Chairman, and his/her mode of election
* the dividend policy - a percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit or
otherwise
* winding up - the conditions, notice to members
* confidentiality of know-how and the founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure
* first right of refusal - purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder.
Q: definition of memorandum of agreement ?

Answer : A memorandum of agreement (MOA) or cooperative agreement is a

document written between parties to cooperatively work together on an agreed upon
project or meet an agreed objective. The purpose of an MOA is to have a written
understanding of the agreement between parties.
An MOA is a good tool to use for many heritage projects. It can be used between
agencies, the public and the federal or state governments, communities, anQ :
definition of resident company?
Answer : Entity treated by the jurisdiction, in which it is registered or incorporated or

conducts its business, as resident for exchange control and/or tax purposes
d individuals. AQ : definition of non resident company?
Answer : That is incorporated in a jurisdiction as non-resident for tax purposes.
Answer : A company treated by the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated as non-

resident for tax purposes or exchange control purposes or both
n MOA lays out the ground rules of a positive cooperative effort.
Q : definition of sales tax?
Answer :A sales tax is a consumption tax, usually paid by the consumer at the point of
purchase, itemized separately from the base price, for certain goods and services. The
tax amount is usually calculated by applying a percentage rate to the taxable price of a
sale
Q: definition of purchase tax?
Answer : A tax that is added to the price of goods sold in shops, but not on basic goods
that people need to buy, that the owner of the shop must pay to the government
Answer : a taQ : definition of excise tax ?
Answer : An indirect tax charged on the sale of a particular good.
Answer : An excise tax is a tax on use or consumption of certain products. Excise taxes
are sometimes included in the price of a product, such as motor fuels, cigarettes, and
alcohol. Excise taxes may also be imposed on some activities, like gambling. Excise
taxes may be imposed by the federal government or by a state.
x levied on nonessential consumer goods and added to selling prices by retailers
Q : definition of use tax ?
Answer : Use tax is levied when the products are purchased from a different state

paying the sales tax to that state. This tax compensate the state where the goods are
finally put to use, the loss it has suffered because of the purchase from a different state.

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Read by the name of Almighty

2. WHAT IS INTERNAL AUDIT

ANSWER An inspection and verification of the financial records of a company or firm

3. WHAT IS EXTERNAL AUDIT ?

ANSWER:a periodic examination of the books of account and records of an entity

4. Explain The Difference Between Internal Audit And External Audit?

Q: What do you mean by vouching?

Answer : Vouching is the process of checking the authentication of the voucher

Answer : An examination and verification of a company's financial and accounting

Q : What are Objectives Of Internal Audit?

COLLECTED FROM CA IN BANGLADESH

Q : Explain the difference between internal audit and statutory audit?

Q : What is an audit process?

Q : What is annual general meeting(AGM) ?

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Q : What is extraordinary general meeting(EGM) ?

If the company does hold an AGM:

usually called on short notice and deals with an urgent matter.

Q : definition of cash basis accounting?

Q : Definition of Accrual Basis accounting ?

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Q : what is revenue expenditure?

Answer : Assets are a companys resourcesthings the company owns. Examples of

Answer : Liabilities are a companys obligationsamounts the company owes.

Q : what is Owners or stockholders equity ?

Answer : Payment of cash or cash-equivalent for goods or services, or a charge against

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Q : what is balance sheet ?

Answer : A financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities and

Q : what is cash cow ?

Answer : any business venture , operation, or product that is a dependable source of

Answer : A fee charged ("levied") by a government on a product, income, or activity of

Q : What is indirect tax ?

Q : what is Tax holiday ?

Answer : A government incentive program that offers a tax reduction or elimination to

Q : What is income tax ?

Answer : a tax levied on incomes, especially an annual government tax on personal

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Q : what is Net present value?

Q : What is fair market value?

Answer : a vast computer network linking smaller computer networks worldwide

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ICAB - Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh.

SOME ACCOUNTING BODIES

IASB - International Accounting Standards Board.

OTHER ORGANIZATION & BODIES

IFIC - International Federation of Accountants

SOME STANDARDS & PRINCIPLES

GAAP - Generally Accepted Accounting principles

AUDITING STANDARDS & BODIES

ISA - international Standards on auditing

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ICAB - Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh. these kinds of degree provid

CPA = Certified Public Accountant

AICPA = American Institute of Certified public Accountant

PROFESSIONAL DEGREES & ORGANIZATION

CMA = Certified Management Accountants

PROFESSIONAL DEGREES & ORGANIZATION

CMA = Cost and Management Accountants

CMA = Chartered Management Accountants

CIMA = Chartered institute Management Accountants. those degree provided by

CAT = Certified Accounting Technician

ACCA = Association of chartered Certified Accountants. those degree provided by