M3

.
,
.

.
:

3.1


x y
.

(x, y).

3.1


.
r

,

.

x.

(r, ).

3.1


r
x = r cos

y = r sin

:
y
tan =
x
r = x2 + y 2

3.1
 3.1

xy
(x,y) = (3.50, 2.50) m,
.
.
: 3.4,

r = x2 + y 2
= ( 3.50 m)2 + ( 2.50 m)2
= 4.30 m
3.3,
y 2.50 m
tan = = = 0.714
x 3.50 m
= 216 ( )

3.1


.
( ).
.

.

.

3.2

A
B

.

- .

A B.



.

.

3.2


r
,
: A
, : A

r ,
: A | A |
.
.

, : A

3.2


.
r r
A = B A = B
,
.

.


.

3.3


.
,
.
.

.

.

3.3

.
r
, A ,
, .

,
r
A r
A.

3.3
 ()



.



.

.



.

3.3
 ( )
,

.



.

3.3

,

.


.
r r r r
A +B = B+ A

3.3
 ()

,
.
.
r r r r r r
( ) ( )
A + B+C = A +B +C

3.3
 ( )

,
.
.
,
.

3.3

,
, .
r
A
r r
( )
A + A = 0

.

3.3


:
r r
A B ,
r r
( )
A + B

.

3.3
 , 2

r r r
( )
A + B = C
,



.

3.3


.

.
,
.
,
.

3.3


:
.
.
.

.

3.4


.


.

.


x y.

3.4

r r r
A x A y A .
,
.
Ax Ay
r .
A .

3.4

r
A.

r
r
A x A y
r r r
A = Ax + Ay

.

3.4
 (2)
y
x.



.
.

3.4
 (3)

x x.
Ax = A cos
y y.
Ay = A sin
x.
, .
.

3.4
 (4)

A.
Ay
A =
2
A +A
x
2
y = tan 1

Ax
, x.
,
.

3.4
 ( )

.

.

3.4


1.

.

3.4
 ()

i, j, k


.

1.

i = j = k = 1

3.4

Ax
Axi Ay
Ayj , ...

:
r
A = Ax i + Ay j

3.4


xy
(x, y).

r = x i + yj


.

3.4

r r r
R = A + B
,
r
( ) (
R = Ax i + Ay j + Bx i + By j )
r
R = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) j
r
R = Rx i + Ry j

, Rx = Ax + Bx Ry = Ay + By
Ry
R = Rx2 + Ry2 = tan1
Rx

3.4


.
R x = Ax + Bx
R y = Ay + By

3.4

r r r
R = A + B
,
r
( ) (
R = Ax i + Ay j + Azk + Bx i + By j + Bzk )
r
R = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) j + ( Az + Bz ) k
r
R = Rx i + Ry j + Rzk
, Rx= Ax+Bx, Ry= Ay+By, Rz = Az+Bz

Rx
R = Rx2 + Ry2 + Rz2 x = cos1 , .
R

3.4


.

r r r r
R = A +B+C

r
R = ( Ax + Bx + Cx ) i + ( Ay + By + Cy ) j
+ ( Az + Bz + Cz ) k

3.4
 3.5

25.0 km
.
. , 40.0 km 60.0
.
.

3.4
 3.5 ( )


.

r
r
A B , .

.

.
r
R ,

.

3.4
 3.5 ()

.
25.0
km 45.0
x.

:
Ax = A cos( 45.0) =
(25.0 km)(0.707) = 17.7 km
Ay = A sin( 45.0)
= (25.0 km)( 0.707) = 17.7 km

3.4
 3.5 ( 2)

40.0 km 60.0
.

:
B = B cos 60.0 =
x

(40.0 km)(0.500) = 20.0 km

By = B sin60.0
= (40.0 km)(0.866) = 34.6 km

3.4
 3.5 ( 3)

Ay
y.
Ax Ay .
B .

3.4
 3.5 ( 4)

.


.



Rx = Ax + Bx = 17.7 km + 20.0 km
= 37.7 km
Ry = Ay + By = -17.7 km + 34.6 km
= 16.9 km

r
R = (37.7 i + 16.9j) km
3.4
 3.5 ()

41.3 km
24.1 .
r
R km.

.
,

(38 km, 17 km),

.

3.4
 3.5 () ()

, . ,
.
.

3.4