Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
REVIEW
a
The National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo, Egypt
b
Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
c
Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
1319-0164 2013 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.004
464 R.M. Haleem et al.
Results: Upon reviewing the previously highlighted guidelines and the practices that are widely
applied in the pharmaceutical industry, it was noticed that there is an abundant number of papers
and articles that explain the general guidelines and practices but the literature lack those describing
application; case studies of the pharmaceutical factories applying those guidelines and signicance
of those guidelines and practices.
Conclusions: It is recommended that the literature would invest more in the area of application
and signicance of guidelines and practices. New case studies should be done to prove the feasibility
of such practices.
2013 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
2. Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
2.1. Research theme 1: guidelines of the pharmaceutical quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
2.1.1. WHO guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
2.1.2. FDA guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
2.1.3. EU guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
2.1.4. ICH guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2. Research theme 2: general practices recently applied in the pharmaceutical industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2.1. Quality risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2.2. Quality by design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2.3. Corrective action and preventive actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2.4. Process capability analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2.5. Six Sigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
2.2.6. Process analytical technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
2.2.7. Lean manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
2.2.8. Total quality management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
2.2.9. ISO series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
2.2.10. HACCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
4. Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
An example of the pharmaceutical rms that adopted the drug substance and drug product at Sano-Aventis (Shanley,
methodology of Six Sigma is AstraZeneca where the opera- 2005).
tions and quality staff were trained to apply DMAIC princi-
ples every day, to measure and improve performance 2.2.7. Lean manufacturing
through cross-functional continuous improvement (CI) Japanese manufacturers re-building after the Second World
teams (Shanley, 2005). Two years ago, at Westborough, Mas- War were facing declining human, material, and nancial re-
sachusetts, cross-functional CI teams involving QA, engineer- sources. These circumstances led to the development of new,
ing and operations applied DMAIC principles to solve a major lower cost, manufacturing practices. Early Japanese leaders
capacity problem for a key product. The teams discovered such as the Toyota Motor Companys Eiji Toyoda, Taiichi
wasteful processes, effectively adding 20 million extra units Ohno, and Shingeo Shingo developed a disciplined, process-fo-
of capacity per year. Where a capital investment of less than cused production system now known as the Toyota Produc-
$100,000 led to $60 million to $70 million in revenue gains, tion System, or lean production. The objective of this
without hiring new staff as Ron Matthews, vice president system was to minimize the consumption of resources that
of manufacturing and supply chain at the company, said added no value to a product (Womack et al., 1990).
(Shanley, 2005). Lean manufacturing is about eliminating waste across an
entire company and focusing on the big picture through learn-
2.2.6. Process analytical technologies ing how to do more with less (Nystuen, 2002).
Process analytical technologies (PAT); play a key role in en- Lean means putting the right things in the right place at the
abling quality by design and scientic aspect of manufactur- right time the rst time while minimizing waste and being open
ing. PATs main aim is to understand and control the to change. This leads to less waste, less design time, fewer orga-
manufacturing process through the application of integrated nizational layers, and fewer suppliers with more employee
chemical, physical, microbiological, mathematical and risk empowerment, more exibility and capability, more productiv-
analysis methods. PAT has been applied in non-Pharma indus- ity, more customer satisfaction and without a doubt, more
tries for many years, yielding cost savings and manufacturing long-term competitive success. Lean principles incorporated
efciencies (Fraser, 2005). in the workplace today can spell business survival for the fu-
The implementation of process analytical technology (PAT) ture (Nave, 2002).
is bringing lots of benets and improvements for many phar- In AstraZeneca; rather than being submerged into Lean,
maceutical processes. The benets are lower production cycle the company launched a limited initiative at its global facilities
times, improved manufacturing efciency, reduced rejects in 2002 which is the Pull Manufacturing; this initiative re-
and increased production operating time (Rockwell Automation, quired that the companys manufacturing teams shift their fo-
2004). cus from output to customer alignment and service. Also, the
Within pharmaceutical industry, there have been a number initiative has lead to reduction in the cycle time. In one case, it
of successful PAT-based comparability protocol submissions, allowed lead time for a key $1.5-billion-per year product to be
ranging from single-unit operation application at Glaxo- reduced by 25% during a period when demand for the drug
SmithKline to a more all-including application covering both was increasing by 30% (Shanley, 2005) (see Table 1).
Eli Lilly had suffered factory losses process barely capable used in the food industry. Their main aim is to prevent known
with some nonconformance and variability in product quality, hazards and to reduce the risks that they will cause at specic
the application of lean lead to system improvement and cost points in the food chain (Annex 7; WHO TRS No. 908, 2003).
savings as shown in the following Table 2 (Mohan, 2006). Procedures, including GMP, address operational conditions
and provide the basis for HACCP. HACCP is a systematic
2.2.8. Total quality management method for the identication, assessment and control of safety
Total quality management (TQM) is a concept rather than a hazards. The hazards are classied as biological, chemical, or
technique. It is a philosophy that stresses a systematic, inte- physical agents or operations that might cause illness or injury
grated, and consistent perspective that would involve everyone if not controlled. In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, this
and everything in the organization (Isaac et al., 2004). includes the manufacture of certain antibiotics, hormones,
TQM is a management philosophy that builds a customer cytotoxic substances or other highly active pharmaceuticals.
driven, learning organization that is devoted to the total cus- Together with operations such as uid bed drying, granulation
tomer satisfaction through continuous improvement in the is an example of hazard unit operations. The use of inamma-
effectiveness and efciency of the organization and its corre- ble solvents (solutions) and certain laboratory operations may
sponding processes (Corrigan, 1995). also produce hazards (Annex 7; WHO TRS No. 908, 2003).
TQM is widely known for improving quality and other per- The HACCP system is based on seven principles (Annex 7;
formances such as productivity, prot, market share, and com- WHO TRS No. 908, 2003):
petitive edge of organizations of various types (Sun, 2000;
Isaac et al., 2004). Conduct a hazard analysis.
Determine the critical control points (CCPs).
2.2.9. ISO series Establish target levels and critical limit(s).
Establish a system to monitor the CCPs.
ISO 9000 series: ISO 9000 is concerned with quality manage-
Establish the corrective action to be taken when mon-
ment. This means what the organization does to increase cus-
itoring indicates that a particular CCP is not under
tomer satisfaction through meeting customer and regulatory
control.
requirements and continually improving its performance
Establish procedures to verify that the HACCP system
(ISO 9000 and 14001 in brief, 2009).
is working effectively.
ISO 14000: ISO 14000 is an environmental management
Establish documentation concerning all procedures
system, describes the requirements for an organizations envi-
and keep records appropriate to these principles and
ronmental management system and can be used for certica-
their application.
tion/registration and/or self declaration of an organizations
environmental management system (ISO 14001, 2004).
This means what the organization does to (ISO 9000 and 3. Results
14001 in brief, 2009):
Upon reviewing the previously highlighted guidelines and the
Minimize harmful effects on the environment caused practices that are widely applied in the pharmaceutical indus-
by its activities. try, it was noticed that there is an abundant number of papers
Achieve continual improvement of its environmental and articles that explain the general guidelines and practices
performance. but the literature lack those describing application; case studies
of the pharmaceutical factories applying those guidelines and
ISO 17025: It gives the general requirements for the compe- signicance of those guidelines and practices.
tence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025,
2005). 4. Discussions
A specic version of this standard for Medical Laboratories
has been developed; ISO 15189:2003 then ISO 15189, 2007 was
It is recommended that the literature would invest more in the
published on 19th April 2007 (ISO 15189, 2007).
area of application and signicance of guidelines and practices.
Through the accreditation process; the testing laboratory
Also, there are some new practices that are recently applied
reaches the status of an independent institution (Mettler-
to the pharmaceutical industry though they are widely applied
Toledo GmbH, 2003).
in non pharmaceutical industries, such as: the lean manufac-
turing; the Six Sigma; the total quality management. Both
2.2.10. HACCP managers at the pharmaceutical industry and literature should
The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) focus on the adoption of such practices into the pharmaceuti-
methodology was known to be a safety management system cal industry making use of the previous research in the
Quality in the pharmaceutical industry A literature review 469
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Isaac, G., Rajendran, C.S., Anantharaman, R.N., 2004. Signicance of
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