AEROMONAS AND MARINE VIBRIO: GLOBAL STATUS Stephen Berger, MD gideon () E-BOOK SERIESGideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats Aeromonas and Marine Vibrio: Global Statue - 2016 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2016 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved, Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononiine.com Cover design by GIDEON informatics, Ine No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or ay any means without written permission from the publisher, Contact GIDEON Informatics at ebookwgideonontine.com. ISBN: 978-1-4968-0852-1 Visi http://www gideononline.comyebooksy/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER Publisher assumes ne liability #0 patiante with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is Not responsible for any injury, death or damage resuiting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessmert of the Indications, contraindications ard sice effects of any prospective drug or intervertion. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and arevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs ef choice may occur. The list of drugs, Infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time Scope of Content Disease designations may reflect a spetific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or fticiagie grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Suen classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application. Similarly, @ number of ciseases which are generally diagnosed and treated outside of the field of Infectious Diseases are not included, despite the fact that a clear infectious etiology exists. Examples include Peptic ulcar, Creutafeldt-Jakob disease, Human papiloms virus infectiens, ste. {n contrast, 2 umber of other entties of unknown etiology which do present to Infectious Diseases specialists have been included: Kawasaki's disease, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Kikuchi and Kimura diseases. Several minor infections having minimal relevance to the field of Geographic Medicine are not covered: Paronychia, Oritis extema, Molluscum contagiosum, ete {© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, Ine, www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. aja draGideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Gobel Sats Table of Contents Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series 3 Somalia ‘Aeromonas & marine Vibrio infx. 6 South Africa Epidemiology 6 Spain inca 6 Srilanka... Distribution Mep 7 Sweden Images... 8 Switzerland The World i - fennen & — TaiWaN argertina 310 Thallana Australia : sone IO Tunisia. angladest i" initio) TUNES Brazil ii Uganda Canada. 3 The United Kngdom . ile 1 The United States. hina... a seis i eas Colombie 32 Venezuela Costa Rica : a iti MRE cnet stricto Cuba... 12 Walls and Futuna tsianas Denmaric a “oom 12 Vibrio parahaemolyticus infaction Enyot... 13 Epidemiology Finland... etme enews 13 Clinical. France 13 Distribution Map. Georgia... ‘i 34 Images. Germany . ‘3 14 The Word . Greece 16 Albania GuadelOUPE a eeciseneneinnnenintmennienenn 16 Australia Guatemala 14 The Bahamas Hit Bangladesh, Hong Kong Breall Hungary... Bulgaria. India... Cambodia fran. Canada Israel... Chile aly China, a Wwory Coast. The Czech Republic. Japan. Denmark, Jordan Ecuador Kuwait Fi bya Finland: Malaysia France Nartinique Georgia Mexico Germany Morocco Guam Nepal... Hong Kong ‘The Netherlanes India New Caledonia Indonesia ‘New Zealana Iran. Nigeria Israel Norway Italy Peru Ivory Coast, The Philippines... Japan Poiane soraan Portuaal. Kenya South Korea Laos ‘The Russian Federation Malaysia. wanda Mexico Saudi Arabia Morocco Scotland Mozambique Singapore. Nepal. (© 2016 GIDEON Informatis, ine. www .gideonenline.com All Righte Be Bahan dengan fai ciptaGideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats ‘The Netherlands. 49 New Zealand 43 Niger “9 Norway 49 Params. 50 Peet sn 2s : ee The Palippines 50 Poland 50 South Korea 50 The Russian Federation : re 50 scotland Bt Senegal. Si Singapore ao : 5 Sovenia.. : 52 © 2016 GIDEON tnformatis, ine. www-gideonenline.com All Rights Reserved. South africa. Spain. Sr Lanka. Sweden Switzerland Taiwan... ‘Thaland Togo. Tunsia ‘ ‘The United Kingdom . The United States Venezuela vietnam ‘About GIDEON, BRARBUBsyN dongs nak ciptaAeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats Aeromonas & marine Vibrio infx. Epidemiology BACTERIUM. Agent Acremonas hydrophila & Vibvio vulnificus, etal Facultative gram-negative baci penny Saltor brackish water Fich ren None ocd Water/shellih Contact Incubation Period Range 26-74 Cutre, Notily laboratory if these organisms are suspected in stool Cee) re Fluoroquinolone or Sulfsmethoxazole/timethoprim . cise N Other antimicrobial agent as determined by susceptibility testing eo Thee Sulfemethoxazola/tvimethopim We O27) Gr axner antimicrobial agent as determined by susceptbinty testing Diarthea, fever, vomiting of sepsis after marine njury or Ingestion of raw oysiers/contaminated Clinical Hints fresh or brackish water; fecal leukocytes present; severe or fatal in mmunosuppressed or alsohotc patients, SD Clinical Aeromonas hydrophila gastroenterit ‘There is controversy as to whether Aeromonas hydrophila can cause gastroenterkis. ‘Two types of gastroenteritis have been essociated with A, hydrophila * ‘+ cholera-like illness with a watery diarrhea + gysentericliness characterized by loose stools containing blood and mucus. + cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome heve followed Aeromonas infection + Volunteer feeding studies using as many as 1 bilion cells have failed to elicit illness. + The presence of this species in the stocls of individuals with diarrhea, in the absence of other known enteric pathogens, ‘suggests that it has some role in disease. > + Aeromonas caviee and A, sobria are considered by many as tutative pathogens," in diarrheal disease. ‘Aeromonas species are often implicated in treumatic and surgical wound sepsis * * and @ vanety of localized infections, + Generalized systemic infection has been observed in individuals with underlying illness, + 84 cases (24 fatel) of Aeromonas pneumonia were treated at a hospital in Taiwan during 2004 to 2011 * most among elderly men, cften as a complicstion of diabetes o° malignancy. ©? Vibrio vulnificus: Vibrio vulnificus causes septicemia in persons with chronic liver disease, alcoholism or hemochromatosis, ard immunosuppressed patents. 7 ** ‘+ The disease appears 12 hours to 3 days after eating raw or undercooked seafoed, especially oysters. * One third of the patients are in shack within 12 hours after hespital admission. «Three quarters have distinctive, bullous skin lesions which may be mistaken for pemphigus or pemphigoid. + Thrombocytapena is common and there is often evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation + Over 50 percent of patients with senticemia die; and the mortality rate exceeds 90 percent emong those with hypotension Relatvely high mortality rates are associated with necrotizing fasciltis caused by Aeromonas o° Vibrio species. ** V. vulnificus can also infect wounds sustained in coastal or estuarine waters. « Infections range from mild sel limted lesions to rapidly progressive cellulitis or myasitis that can mimic clostridial myonecrosis cinicaly. © 2016 GIDEON tnformatis, ine. www-gideonenline.com All Rights Reserved. Bahan dergjare orateAeromonas & marine Vbrio int. Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats Additional species of Aeromonas and Vibrio are described in the Microbielogy module. References 4. cot Ray Merial 2002 2a00:371-499, 9 urd Ce Merb lifts 2053 F322 245 5 3 Bin esl infect ig 26n7 JumS8(2:258-4 49. en Top Met 2012 Now 15) 953 5 5 lrvetin 290) ase 301} 5604 Ii: fea pac Gonnaita Ova} dala em Oa.2s) 204.8, 4 Sed tsk Ou 2008 (5). 164-70, 12a cn Wood ft 2083 uy 22(3)2 06075, 8 Sor ect (urea 2081 am e260. 13, Sound soos rasa) 00 & GinNepiul ut Feb 75 Sep 153-8 14 Ear cin Weaobol nice Se 2007 Ne 25():765-52. 5 tel Mod 201 Boe 17612) eee 15, } Enero os 2008 Fab "260)2 70-5 ‘EResosrage (asd Sid ep 238):20022 istribution Map Not endemic [sporadic endemic Micounery note avaliable Endemie or potentially endemic to all countries. Bahan dergjar iralx cipta © 2016 GIDEON tnformatis, ine. www.gideonenline.com All Rights Re:‘Aeramonas & marine Verio int. Gideon (G) Aéromenas and Marne Vivo: Giobal Satus Images oe Source: COC - Emerg Infect Ois Title: Viorio vulnificus infection in @ patent with hopatic cirrhosis (Taiwan) Description: Reproduced from: Po-Ren Haueh, Vibrio vulnificus in Taiwan, Emerg Infect Ds, 8, 2004 Source: S. Berger Title: Aeromonas hydrophila Description: Aeromonas hydrophia - Gram stain ‘The World Infections by Aeromonas and marine Vibrio species are usually encountered in proximity to lakes and seas. = Infection may be acquired thraugh areas of minor skin trauma or consumption of sea-food. Aeromonas gastroenteritis is most common in children uncer age 5 years, during the summer in temperate regions. * = The agent is occasionally implicated in travel-related diarrhea = Wound infections range in severity from mild to fulminant (resembling clostridial myonecrosis) - Ecthyme gangrerosum has been described. + Aeromonas hes been implicated in some instances of hot-tub folliculitis, - Aeromonas hydrophila is the most common pathogen associated with infection of freshwater stingray injuries. > 2 (© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, ine, ww gideonanline.com All Rights Reserved. Bahan dengjare watAeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats = Bacteremia is most common in patients with hepatic cirrhosis Reviews and update: ‘Aeromonas species: ‘Aeromonas hycrophila is found in fish, reptiles ® , amphibie, birds 7 , crustaceans ® , water, sewage and medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis| ® #° 4 32 43 44 | ang has been associated with various local ** and systemic infections. ‘Aeromonas aquariorum is found in aquaria of ernamental fish; and has been associated with cases of diarrhea and bacteremia in humans. 1 17 ‘Aeromonas bestiarum has been isolates from feces. ‘A. cavae is found in water, sewage and fish; and has been associated with a variety of infections. ‘Aeromonas dhekensis is found in aquarium and river water, and on ornamental fish. Has been isolated from the feces of cnildren with clarmea; and occasionally trom plood and wounds. * 2? Aeromonas diversa has been identified in clinical specimens. ‘Aeromonas encheleia is found in fresh water and fresh water fish and has been recovered froma fractured ankle, A, cucenophile has been recovered fiom a wound. ?* 76 A. jandaet's found in water; and is associated with diarrhea and septicemia. ‘A. media is Found in water, end has been isolated from human feces, ‘Aeromonas popoffivis found in drinking water plants and reservoirs; and as been implicated in urinary tract infection Aeromonas salmonicida is found in water and has been isolated from human feces and blood culture specimens. ** Aeromonas sanarelii hat been isolated from an infected wound. ? A. Schuberti is found in shelfish; ana has been isolated from a variety of localized infections. ‘Aeromonas taianensis has been isolated from an infected wound. °° *7 ‘Aeromonas tecta is found in fresh water and fish and has been recovered from feces. ‘Aeromonas trota \s found in water; and has been isolated from feces and other clinical specimens. ‘A. veronii lover sobria found in water; and has deen associated with diarrhea; rarely soft tissue infections and sepsis a8 A. veronil blover veronitis found in water; and associated with diarrhea. "> eromones and Vibrio species including Vibrio vulnificus were identfied in Dector fish (Garra rufa) used in foot spas for lenthyotherapy. Vibrio species: V, alginolyticus can cause ottis externa, conjunctivitis or systemic infection, V. eincinnatiensis may produce menirgitis or bacteremia. 7 V. fluvialis is associated with diarrhea or bacteremia, *# 4 V, furnissil has been isolated from patients with gastroententis, bacteremia and skin lesions. °° V. harveyi has deen associated with shark-bites. V, metschnikovii has been associated with septicemia ** §? 53 , wound infection § , pneumonia 5* and gastroenteritis. 57 58 5° V, mimicus 1S rarely implicated i diarrhea (typically fram oysters) Vibrio metoecus found in coastal brackish water, fish tanks and oyster pends. Has been recovered from human feces. V. vainifices may cause severe wound infection and septicemia (in patients with liver cisease) ©, or diarrhea. o See the Microbiology module for 2 complete listing anc review ofall Vibrio and Aeromonas species associated with human ciseace. Reviews and updates: © © © 6 co €0 70 74 7273 74 75 76 77 70 70 00 1 2 03 44 01 G6 67 a0 00 References 1 rfetion 2907 ho 351215964 18 ve Mel 2008 Pay 58 8) 1169-75, pies 15-83 Rltrncrip ager 2003 Met atteaatee 3B Foweon a 2013 Moy ala) s78 Ce Ag aa i Evaseanaer iirs 8.) Inverter Pate isa sete. 25. Syst Apol Microbiol 2010 Jen :33(1):15.9. AF tech Oop rane Surg 10 Oe 234(10):132 BSSh Mech ki biey ak Mor 2831580: a) 65-7 pane {© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, Ine, www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. h aja. raiGideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats 21,2 Cin Dian Res 2014 Fay 92)299-40, B insSays eel ere! 2020 Sp 601 9): 2008-, 3: Cin tisen set ioe sta) aden 34.) Cin obo! 1989 nog 278) 2 Ine) SyesEtl erode 200 Sop 0th 9}-2040-55, Soi Motor 9tad Set ancayanees, ln Meret Ree 2010 Dan 2311 35-75. Svea alae 2g SE, {Case Rep infec Dis 20:5 ;2019:187212 Gin ete! 1903 Ge iat-6.26 oe eee ene Cin Meo! 1581 Da ie). e-3 Zana Snore kre Hyg A 1983 War (2540: 89-56, Argentina Prevalence surveys: Aeromonas & mare Vr int 52, 10) Sy Evel Miro 234 Sap 164 9) 2200-24, 8B ar din Meta et 207 yl) 32 {400 4):3207. iceman pe a a ch tend ye SEs rasta cae #5 tama} bo 1 re I AT mei Nor hE piacere as A Eilon llc SA oi) n Heinen tho Cn SN es Philos Tans F Spe Lond BBio! Sci 2026 Mar 53712689) 1.9% of patients with acute diarmnea (Aeromonas spp, Rosario, 1985 to 1993) * Reterences 1 Rov int Mat Top Sao Fao 2996 an 9028157. Austi ‘The annual incidence of Aeromonas infection is estimated at 39,400 cases (2000), Prevalence surveys: 4.9% of diarrhea in Townsville, Queensland (Aeromonas, 1991 to 1992) * 29% of roof-cagtured rainwater samples in Southeast Queensland (Aeromonas, 2014 publication) ? “Three cases of necrotiing fescits due to Vibrio vulnifeus (two cases) and Vibrio parehaemolyticus (one case, fetal) occurred tn courists whve fishing in tropical northern Australia during 2000 to 2003. * = The last previous case in the area had been reported in 1988. * 1h Wester Australia, Aeromonas hydrophila is the most common species of Aeromonas isolated from environmental and inical sources. * Notable outbreaks: 2002 - An outbreak (26 cases) of cuteneous Aeromonas hydrophila wourd infection in Western Australia was reported ‘among persons participating in ‘mud football.” © SN ead — Bangladesh Prevalence survey: Pateagy 2511 sun 14) 38 inno ie 2008 Soe 5 eta 10489 ‘9% of chileren ages 2 to 5 years with diarrhea (Aeromonas, Dhaka slum area, 1999 to 2002) * 5% of chilcren presenting to hospital with diarrhea (Aeromenas, 1389 publication) ? Yo to 19.4% of diarrhee among neonates admitted to a diarrhea hospital (Aeromonas, Dhaka, 2008 publication) * 1.4% of patients with diarrhea (1996 to 2001) * Uibrie spp. wore associated with 42.9% of bacterial dlarchea in Dhaka and Aeromonas spp. with 12.8%%(2005 ta 2008) 5 © 2016 GIDEON tnformatis, ine. www-gideonenline.com All Rights Reserved. Bahan demgere srairimage not availableAeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats China Sporadic cases of severe Vibrio vulnificus infection have been associated with handling seafood. * Prevalence surveys: “The Aeromonas hycrophila group accounted fer 6% of diarrhea among hospitalized chidren in Beijing (1969) 7 Vibro spp. were responsible for 40.56% of acute derrhea episodes in coastal Zheiiang Province (1988 to 1990) 2 ‘Aeromonas accounted fer 4,6% of pediatric diarrhea cases treated by hospitals in Inner Mengola, Hebel, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Hainan ard Hubei (2003 to 2013) * ‘Aeromonas species accounted for 4.43% of diarrhea specimens submitted to 2 hospital laboratory in Beijing, and Vibrio species for 12.7% (1984 to 2005) ° 4.3% of stool samples from diarrheal patients; and 11.9% of weter samples (2014 publication) © Vibro vuinticus was detected in 54.9% of retail oysters in south China (2007 to 2008) ” Notable outbreaks: 2012 - An outbreak (349 cases) of Aeromonas hydrophila diarrhea in a collet contaminated water used to wash salad. in Xingyi City, Guizhou was associated with Algo sea: Hong Kong Macao Taiwan References 5 zrornon Wo Fang tHe 20298 5 eanedenoron S020 Mb 232):306, Colombia Prevalence survey: ‘Aeromonas hycrophila is found in 2.0% of infants and children with diarrhea in Sincelejo and Cartagena (1998 to 2000) * References 2. tt arb 2008 arse)? 92, Gosta Zeromones species are commonly isolated from bivalves, mud, and water from the Gulf of Nicoya (1989 publication) * References 1. Rev Bik Top 1909 871069279, Cuba ‘Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas veronil var sobria, Aeromonas jandaei, Vibrio cholerae no-01, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio fluvialis and Flasicmonas shigelloides are recovered from extrsintestinal infections. * 1 one series, Aeromonas caviae was the most commen Aeromonas species associated with diarrhea (2011 publication) 7 Prevalence surveys: 7.1% of hospitalized children with diarttea vs. 1.76% of controls (Aeromonas spp, 1985 to 2005) * References 5. few cons Ica 242 oy fattiaas Denmark ‘The most common species recovered from human Vibrio infections in Denmark are Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahsemolyticus ‘and V, vuinifius, {© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, Ine, www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. nan Cemge raiimage not availableimage not availableaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Aeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats 2013 (publication year) - An outbreak (278 cases) of Salmonella serovar Weltevreden and Vibrio fluvial infections was associates witn an Iftar feast in kolkata. ?* Reteronces EME SUE sacs BRS RITE ssa, 4 Irean 1 Phat Merbil 1988 Apr 3802) 268-71 18, 3 Fond $0 Tetnol Zola rb 3812) a1-7 Eeecgitel Susan ISSIR lees OTR iiarreettaae iste ine 44 Incian 3 Mad Microbiol 2002 Apr-Jun; 202); 10; 21, 2eaith Popul Nutr 2020 Aug ;28(4):211-7. {1 }Gin Mertia! 2010 Aor (4}-14 12, Stand ect bi 2007 810802 Prevalence surveys: 4.5% of childhood diarrhea in Teneran (Aeromonas, 2001) * References 1. ton Trop Paedit 200 Mar 28(2)45-5, Israel Vibrio vulnificus was fist isolated in 1996, and was imalicated in 62 cases (0 fatal) of wound infection curing May 1936 to December 1957, acquired from handling Commercially-raised fresh water fish (St. Peter's fish = Tilpiazili).» & heretofore Undeccribed etrain (V. vuinficus biotype Ill) wae olated from thess patients. 2 > * 5 106 cases (66 laboratory-confirmed) of V. vunifcus biotype III infection were reported during 1996 to 1997; 132 during 1998 tnrough 2008 - 83% related to exposure to viapa ard 13% to common carp. * A fetal case of V. vulnificus infection acquired from handling fish was reported in Ashkelon in 2003. ” Prevalence survey Vibrio vulnificus was found in 6.9% of sea water (Mediterranean) and 1.4% of beach sand samples during 1993 to 1994; 32.8% of sea water and 2.9% of Beach sand during 1996 to 1998, ‘Aeromonas hycrophila is found in 0.4% of stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis in Tsrael ‘aeromonas spp. were found in 1.6% of darrheal stool samples - 65% of these A. cavive, 29% A, veroni ane 6% ‘Aeromonas tawanensis (6%) (2010) * ‘Aeromonas was found in 4.7% of childhocd diarrhea in Gaza (2006 to 2007) © 2016 GIDEON tnformatis, ine. www-gideonenline.com All Rights Reserved. wagon bresAeromonas & marine Vbrio int. gideon @ ‘Aeromonas and Marine Vibrio: Global S:atus Graph: tsrael. Vibrio - non cholera infection, cases. Graph: Israel. Vibro vulnificus infection, cases References 1. Brag Inet 01s 2009 hu st 6):12825 6. Lancet 1999 0 253350(9188): 1021-4 2 kanes 1359 ou 23.aoetbay amas Suna rong eve 20031228.3859 43 inary Irene 200 uays0. 1. PLss one 20125712) 23000. a 9. dan I Pasa 2011 Fas 78(2)865-70, Bahan deragers érait cipta © 2016 GIDEON Informatics, ine, www.gideononitAeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats Italy. Prevalence survey: Vibrio vuinificus is found in 2.83% of mussels (Mytilus gatloprovinciaiis) sold in the Puglia region (2006 publication) * Vibrio spp. were found in 40% of edible lamelibranch molluses (mussels, clams and oysters) from Sardinia (201 publication) Vibrio aiginolytcus was ound in 76.65% of Mauro (seaweed product) Sold in Catania (2005 to 2007) * cytotoxic vibres (gredaminantly V. narvey! and v. aiginoiyticus) including V. parahaemolyticus have been Isolated from bathing water along the Conero Riviera, Adriatic Sea. (Central Italy, 2007 publication) * References 4. rt 2road roi 2000 ret 2.0e2}219-2, 3. vt Ree commu 2010 un 38 snot 5357-0. 2 oe Faas eral 29.8 ay Y8s01°92 7, 2 or Aes 200) cee #100, ory Coast Prevalence surveys: 7.8% of crustaceans consurned In Abidjan (Vibrio spp, 2012 publication) {83% of water samples fram Ebrie Lagoon (Aeromonas spp., 2002 publication) ® Reterences Japan Reported isolates far 1993 were as follons: = Vibrio fuvialis 22 (from 8 imported cases); = V, mimicus 3 (frem 2 importec cases); = Aeromonas hydrophile/sobria 193 (from 172 imported cases), Prevalence surveys: 5.5% of patients with traveler's ciarrhea ecquired overseas ((Aeromonas species, Tokyo, 1986 to 1995) * 6.9% of well water samples and 47.1% of fresn water fish (Aeromonas species, 1987 to 1890) ? An estimated 425 cases of Vibrio vulnificus septicemia occur each year. Aeromonas caviae accounted for S0% of Aeromonas bacteremia cases treated at a hespital in Tokyo, and Aeromonas hydrophila for 36% (894 to 2010) * {An ecological study of pathogenic vibrios in aquatic environments of Okayama - see reference 5 Notable outbreaks: 1990 - An outbreak of presumed Aeromonas food poisoning was reported in Inuyama City, Alcry Prefecture, 2001 - An outbreak of Vibrio vulnificus infection was reported in Kumameto, ” References 1 Epcot rect 1997 os s.9et246 5 Bacon so 2013 9401598, 2 Nan Kouta Zan S084 Ge 300) 015 ftom Kesha az 1982 Sep 3019):707-13, 4 bpd nfs 9088 este} soae 5 Bien Dermot 268 ls S868 Jordan Prevalence surveys: 3.506 of acute diarrhea in nertharn Jerdan (Aeromonas, 1981 publication) * References 1,2 Darrel bis tos 1698 De :98):905, {© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, Ine, www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. nan cemagero draAeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats Kuwait Prevalence (Aeromonas) surveys: (0.9% t0 1% of diarshea in hospitalized children (1989 publications) * > References 4. Pet net Di? 1969 Sep 3) 592-7. Libya Prevalence survays: 5.5% of childhood iarrhea in Zitin (Aeromonas, 2000 to 2001) * 4.2% of chuldren < 5 years cf age with dierrnea (Aeromonas, Tripoli, 2011 publication) * 28.8% of cooked and 9.9% of uncooked spiced beef burgers in Tripal (Aeramonas, 2008 publication) * 25.9% of spiced chicken burgers in Tripoli City (Aeromonas, 2032 publication) * Notable outbreaks: 1997 ~ An outbreak (69 cases) of acute diarrhea due to Aeromonas sobria was reported in Benghea! - source of infection, unknown. © References 2 ke Trop Med yg 3001 Jur aa(0)886-91 ‘SES Meter estn 2008 MorStaya-3)457-9, 5. Eoeewediwr Hann 2006 be Fes s(a)4728 Malaysia hn one series, Aeromonas aquariorum accounted for 50% of clinical Aeromonas isolates, A. caviae 19% and A. hydrophila 17% (2012 publicetion). © Aeromonas veronil accounted for 43% of Aeromonas isolates from fresh water lakes, A, Jandael 37% and A. hydrophila 6% (2015 putticavon)? Prevalence surveys 4% of childhood diarchea (Aeromonas spp, 1978 to 1987) 3 48.3% of farmed shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Vibrio spp, 2012 publication) * References 1 Plas one 2019 ta r<30705 2: at 2 Munya 2000 Mar :$7(8:24-20, 2 bios One i015 013) 085933, 4: Sosahancoume 2612010 130136 37 cases of bacteremia due to Aeromonas hydropa complex were idertiied in Martnique and Guadeloupe dunng 2 14-year period (2020 publication). * References ttexico Prevalence survey: 2% of American patients with travelers! diarrhea acquired in India, Guatemala or Mexico (Aeromonas, 2010 publication) * 31% of drinking water samples from processing plants in Mexico City (Aeromenas spp., 2005 publication) ? 60% of see turtles from northwestern Mexico (Vibrio alginolyticus, 2012)? Aeromonas saimonicide, Aeromonas bestiarum, Azromonas veronii, Aeromonas enchelela and Aeremonas hydrophila have been isolated ‘rom frozen fish sold in Mexico City (2003 publication) * Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas veronil and Vibrio fluviaiis have been isolated from fresh water environments in Mexico City (2003 publication) ° {© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, Ine, www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. nan Cewageao draAeromonas & mare Vr int Gideon (G) Acomonas anaMaine visio: Global Sats Notable outbreaks: 1981 - An outbreak (98 cases) of diarrhea due to Salmonella, Vibrio and ETEC was reported among passengers of a cruise ‘hip following a visit to Cozumel. ® References 4, ot Fd rb! 2008 5;84):3-8 fev ube Fn £683 Ju 750-7702. Prevalence survey ‘Aeromonas spp. were found in 8.7% of Finnish tourists with darrhes associated with travel to Morocco, v8. 3.1% of asymptomatic controls (1985 publication) * Vibro aigirolyecus was found in 90.4% of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from the Atlactie coast between ‘Agadir and Essaouira (2014 publication) * Vibro alginolyticus was found in 55.8% of raw shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris) in Agadir (2015 publication) * References Nepal Prevalence surveys: V. cholerae was found in 43.5% sewage samples in the Kathmandu Valley, V. vulnificus 23.9%, V. parahaemolyticus 10.9%, V, furnissii 10.9%, ¥. fluvial 6.5% and V. alginolyticus 4.3% (2008) * Notable outbreaks: 2008 - An outbreak (400 cezths, approximate) of cnolera, Aeromonas, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis and Ecol! (0157:H7 infection was reported in the Far and Mid-western districts. > > 5 & References S brewe cproredral orgs arcvre: 20091108 3798 The Netherlands Vibrio atginolyticus has been found in water samples from the Oosterschelde, and in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels, (ytius edulis) bought in fish shops. ? Vibrio alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus were identified at four bathing sites in 2008. ? Notable outbreaks: 2006 - An outbreak (3 cases) of Vibrio alginolyticus infection was reported among swimmers in Oosterschelde. * * Also see: ‘Aruba Netherlands Antilles Reforances 1. Fees Prot 2010 Age s344): 734-8 3: vo Suva ng 31011 063003, A ISIS Ea ait Set ep 2ney-296406 4 pred Sprott ergy rene: 26061950.222¢ New Caledonia “Three cases of fatal Vibrio winificus septicemia associated with ingestion of raw oysters were reported in 2008. * Prevalence survey: (% of stool specimens from patients with acute dierrhea (Vibrio and Aeromonas spe Jes, 1990 to 1991)? {© 2016 GIDEON Informatics, Ine, www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. nan demgen ralaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.