EC - 304 Electrical Network Theory

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

North-Eastern Hill University
September 12 - 23, 2016 Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

1. Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 1 using

(a) Mesh analysis,
(b) Loop analysis.
7

+
60 V 12 6 ix

Fig. 1: Circuit for Q.2

Soln .:
(a) Mesh analysis:

+
60 V 12 6 ix
i1 i2

Applying KVL in mesh 1,

60 + 7i1 + 12(i1 i2 ) = 0
19i1 12i2 = 60 (1)
and similarly from mesh 2,

12(i2 i1 ) + 6i2 = 0
2i1 + 3i2 = 0 b
Multiplying the above equation by 19 and then divided by 2, we have

19i1 + 28.5i2 = 0 (2)

Adding equations (1) and (2), 16.5i2 = 60 i2 = 3.6364 A .

(b) Loop analysis:

7

+
60 V 12 6 ix
i2 i1

Applying KVL in loop 1,

60 + 7(i1 + i2 ) + 12i1 = 0
19i1 + 7i2 = 60 (1)
and similarly from loop 2,

60 + 7(i1 + i2 ) + 6i2 = 0
7i1 + 13i2 = 60 (2)
Multiplying equation (2) by 19 and then divided by 7,
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz19i1 + 35.2857i2 = 162.8571
Subtracting equation (1) from the above equation, 28.2857i2 = 102.8571 i2 = 3.6364 A .

Note: Practice helps analysis perfect!

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

2. Use mesh analysis to find vx in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.

0.15vx

+
1
4
2
1 3V

+
2
4
3 +
2 vx

as
Fig. 2: Circuit for Q. 2

Soln .: Mesh Analysis:

The circuit is re-drawn by assigning meshes and their currents as
0.15vx

+
1
4
2
i1 3 V i2
1

+

i3 i4 2
4
3 +
2 vx

Now applying KVL in each mesh, we get

Mesh 1:
3 + (i1 i3 ) + i1 + 4(i1 i2 ) = 0
6i1 4i2 i3 = 3 (2.1)
Mesh 2:
4(i2 i1 ) 0.15vx + 2i2 + 2(i2 i3 ) = 0
4i1 + 8i2 2i4 0.15(4i4 ) = 0[ vx = 4i4 ]
4i1 + 8i2 2.6i4 = 0 (2.2)
Mesh 3:
(i3 i1 ) + 3 + 3(i3 i4 ) + 2i3 = 0
i1 + 6i3 3i4 = 3 (2.3)
Mesh 4:
2(i4 i2 ) + 4i4 + 3(i4 i3 ) = 0
2i2 3i3 + 9i4 = 0 (2.4)
(2.5)

Writing equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) in matrix form, we have

6 4 1 0 i1 3
4 8 0 2.6 i2 0
=
1 0 6 3 i3 3
0 2 3 9 i4 0

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 2 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

Using Cramers rule,

 
 6 4 1 3 

 4 8 0 0 

 1 0 6 3 

 0 2 3 0  96
i4 =  = = 0.0849 A.
 6 4 1 0  1130.8
 4 8 0 2.6 

 1 0 6 3 

 0 2 3 9 

Therefore, vx = 4i4 = 0.3396 V .

3. Use mesh analysis to find ix in the circuit shown in Fig. 3. [NEHU 2012]

30 V 4ix

+

+
8 ix 2A 20 V

Fig. 3: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.

Soln .: Meshes have been defined. Because of 2 A source, we can not apply mesh analysis directly into
the meshes. Therefore, a supermesh is formed on the outer path of the circuit as shown in Fig. 3a.
Applying KVL in the supermesh, we have 4ix
30 V
8i1 30 + 4ix + 20 + 6i2 = 0

+

8i1 30 4i1 + 20 + 6i2 = 0 ix = i1

+
2i1 + 3i2 = 5 (3.1) 8 ix I 2A
I2 20 V
1

From the current source, we have 6

2 = i2 i1
i1 i2 = 2 Fig. 3a: A circuit where ix is to be calculated.
Multiplying on both sides of the above equation by 3, we have

3i1 3i2 = 6 (3.2)

Adding Eqns. (3.1) and (3.2) and solving, we get

i1 = 0.2 A
ix = 0.2 A

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 3 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

4. Use mesh analysis to find three mesh currents in the circuit shown in Fig. 4a.

7 i2 1
7 i2 1

+ i1
1V 3 + i1
2A 1V 3
2A
2
i3 2
i3
3
3

Fig. 4a: A simple circuit where mesh currents are

Fig. 4b: A supermesh of the circuit of Fig. 4a.
to be calculated.

Soln .: We see that the 2A independent current source is in the common boundary of two meshes,
which leads us to create a supermesh whose interior is that of meshes 1 and 3. Applying KVL about
the supermesh,

1 + 7(i1 i2 ) + 3(i3 i2 ) + 2i3 = 0

7i1 10i2 + 5i3 = 1 (4.1)

Writing KVL for mesh 2,

7i1 + 11i2 3i3 = 0 (4.2)

Above equations (4.1) and (4.2) are not sufficient to find three unknowns. We need to find one more
equation. The way out is to write independent current source in terms i1 and i3 as

2 = i3 i1
i1 + i3 = 2 (4.3)

Writing equations (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3) in matrix form, we have

7 10 5 i1 1
7 11 3 i2 = 0
1 0 1 i3 2

Using Cramers rule,

 
 1 10 5 

 0
 11 3 
 2 0 1  39
i1 =  = = 1.2188 A. (4.4)
 7 10 5  32

 7 11 3 

 1 0 1 

Similarly,
 
 7 1 5 

 7 0 3 
 
 1 2 1  18
i2 =  = = 0.5625 A. (4.5)
 7 10 5  32

 7 11 3 
 1 0 1 

And thus, i1 = 1.2188 A , i2 = 562.5 mA and i3 = 781.2 mA .

Links and Loop Analysis

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 4 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

5. Find three mesh currents in the circuit of Fig. 5a using loop analysis.

7 i2 1
i2
ic
+ i1
1V 3
2A
i1
2
i3
i3
3
ia
ib

Fig. 5a: A simple circuit where mesh currents are Fig. 5b: A chosen tree of the circuit of Fig. 5a.
to be calculated.

Soln .: Tree is constructed by keeping all voltage sources and all control-voltage branches in it while
current sources and control-current branches in cotree as shown in Fig. 5b. Then loops have been
drawn for each link keeping their direction as that of current source or control-current branch.
Traversed of the loop defined by 2 A is not required. Applying KVL around the loop of ic , we have

7(2 + ic ) + 1(ic + ib ) + 3ic = 0 ia = 2 A

ib + 11ic = 14 (5.1)

For loop [outer loop] associated with the link current ib , apply KVL

1 + 1(ic + ib ) + 2ib = 0
3ib + ic = 1 (5.2)

From equations (5.1) and (5.2), we have

43
ic = = 1.34375 A (5.3)
32
and

2.34375
ib = i3 = = 0.78125 A (5.4)
3

Hence

i1 = i3 2 = 1.21875 A ia = i3 i1 (5.5)

Also

i2 = ic + i3 = 1.34375 + 0.78125 = 0.5625 A ic = i2 i3 (5.6)

6. Find ix using mesh analysis in the circuit of Fig. 6.

5 8
Answer:

ix = 7.2 A ix
+
and 25 V + 10ix 9A 12

F inished!

Fig. 6: Circuit for Q.6

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 5 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

Soln .: Meshes have been defined in the circuit as shown in Fig. 6a. However, KVL can not be applied
in meshes 2 and 3 because of 9 A source. Thus, a supermesh is formed combining meshes 2 and 3.
Applying KVL in the supermesh:

10ix + 8i2 + 12i3 = 0 5 8

8i2 + 2i3 = 0 (6.1)
ix
But +
25 V + i1 10ix i2 9 A i3 12
i3 i2 = 9 (6.2)

From Eqs. (6.1) and (6.2),

Fig. 6a: Circuit for Q.6
98 72
i3 = = = 7.2 A (6.3)
2+8 10

7. Find ix using mesh analysis in the circuit of Fig. 7.

8
Answer:

ix = 7.2 A ix
+
and 10ix 9A 12

vy = 52 V

Fig. 7: Circuit for Q.7

8. Find ix using loop analysis in the circuit of Fig. 8.

5 8
Answer:

ix = 7.2 A ix
+
See Prob.# 13 for another method! 25 V + 10ix 9A 12

F inished!

Fig. 8: Circuit for Q.8

Soln .: Loops have been defined in the circuit as shown in Fig. 8a. However, KVL can not be applied
for middle loop because of 9 A source.
Applying KVL in outermost loop:

25 + 5(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + 8(i2 + i3 ) + 12i3 = 0

5 8
5i1 + 13i2 + 25i3 = 25
5i1 + 13 (9) + 25i3 = 25 i2 = 9 A ix
+
5i1 + 25i3 = 142

(8.1) 25 V + i1 10ix i2 9A i3 12

Applying KVL in leftmost loop of i1 :

25 + 5(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + 10ix = 0 Fig. 8a: Circuit for Q.8

25 + 5i1 45 + 5i3 + 10i3 = 0 ix = i3
5i1 + 15i3 = 70 (8.2)

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 6 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

Subtracting Eqs. (8.2) from (8.1), we have

10i3 = 142 70 = 72
i3 = ix = 7.2 A (8.3)

Links and Loop Analysis

9. Find ix using loop analysis in the circuit of Fig. 9.
5 8
Answer:

ix = 7.2 A ix
+
and 25 V + 10ix 9A 12

F inished!

Fig. 9: Circuit for Q.9

Soln .: Loops have been defined in the circuit as shown in Fig. 9a. However, KVL can not be applied
for middle loop because of 9 A source.
Applying KVL in outermost loop:

25 + 5(i1 9 + i3 ) + 8(9 + i3 ) + 12i3 = 0

25 + 5i1 45 + 25i3 72 = 0 ix
5i1 + 25i3 = 142 (9.1) i1 i2 i3

Applying KVL in leftmost loop of i1 :

25 + 5(i1 9 + i3 ) + 10ix = 0 Fig. 9a: Circuit for Q.9.

25 + 5i1 45 + 5i3 + 10i3 = 0 ix = i3
5i1 + 15i3 = 70 (9.2)
Subtracting Eqs. (9.2) from (9.1), we have

10i3 = 142 70 = 72
i3 = ix = 7.2 A (9.3)

10. Through the application of the supermesh technique, obtain a numerical value for the mesh current i3
in the circuit of Fig. 10 and calculate the power dissipated by the 1 resistor.

10 5

3V +
i1
1
Welcome to jungle
5A 4
i3

17

Fig. 10: A simple circuit where mesh current i3 is to be cal-

culated.

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 7 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

Soln .: We define a clockwise mesh current i2 in the top right mesh as shown in Fig. 10a. We also
see that KVL is not possible to apply in meshes of 1 and 3 as 5A current source is in the boundary
between them. Thus, we form a supermesh by combining meshes 1 and 3 to simplify our analysis.
Now we apply KVL around supermesh,

3 + 10(i1 i2 ) + 1(i3 i2 ) + 4i3 + 17i3 = 0

10i1 11i2 + 22i3 = 3
10 5
i1 1.1i2 + 2.2i3 = 0.3 (10.1) i2

Applying KVL around mesh 2, 3V +
i1
1
10(i2 i1 ) + 5i2 + 1(i2 i3) = 0 5A 4
i3
10i1 + 16i2 i3 = 0
i1 + 1.6i2 0.1i3 = 0 (10.2)
17
And from 5A current source branch
Fig. 10a: A simple circuit where mesh current
5 = i3 i1 i3 is to be calculated.

i1 i3 = 5 (10.3)
Multiply Eq. (10.1) by 1.6 and Eq. (10.2) by 1.1, and then we add them,

0.5i1 + 3.41i3 = 0.48

i1 + 6.82i3 = 0.96 (10.4)

From Eqs. (10.3) and (10.4),

5.96
i3 = = 0.7621 A (10.5)
7.82

and thus i1 = 4.2379 A and i2 = 2.6010 A.

Now, we find the power generated by 1 resistor as

2
P1 = (i2 i3 ) (1) = 11.3109 W (10.6)

Links and Loop Analysis

11. Draw a suitable tree and obtain a numerical value for the mesh current i3 in the circuit of Fig. 11a using
loop analysis.

10 5
i2
ic i2
3V +
i1
1
i1
5A 4
i3
i3
ia
ib
17

Fig. 11a: A simple circuit where mesh current i3 Fig. 11b: A chosen tree of the circuit of Fig. 11a.
is to be calculated.

Soln .: Tree is constructed by keeping all voltage sources and all control-voltage branches in it while
current sources and control-current branches in cotree. Then loops have been drawn for each link
keeping their direction as that of current source or control-current branch.

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 8 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

KVL of the loop defined by 5 A is not required. Applying KVL around the loop of ic , we have

10(5 + ic ) + 5(ic + ib ) + 1ic = 0 ia = 5 A

5ib + 16ic = 50
0.3125ib + ic = 3.125 (11.1)

In the outer loop associated with the link current ib , we apply KVL

3 + 5(ic + ib ) + 21ib = 0
26ib + 5ic = 3
5.2ib + ic = 0.6 (11.2)

Subtracting Eq. (11.1) from Eq. (11.2) and simplying the result, we have

3.725
ib = i3 = = 0.7621 A
4.8875

Thus, from Eq. (11.2), we have ic = 0.65.20.7621 = 3.3629 A. We also know ia = 5 A. Therefore,

i1 = ib ia = 0.7621 5 = 4.2379 A (11.3)

and

i2 = ib + ic = 0.7621 3.3629 = 2.6008 A (11.4)

Links and Loop Analysis

12. Determine mesh currents of the circuit in Fig. 12a using loop analysis.

ib
10 5
i2 10 5
i2

3V +
i1 3V +
1 i1
1
5A 4
i3 ia 5 A i3 4
ic

17
17
Fig. 12a: A simple circuit where mesh current i3
is to be calculated. Fig. 12b: The circuit of Fig. 12a is redrawn by defining loops.

Soln .: Three loops have been defined in the circuit as shown in Fig. 12b. Application of KVL in the
loop defined by ia is not required for the fact that ia = 5 A.
Now, we apply KVL around the loop of ic

3 + 10(5 + ic ) + 1ic + 4(ic + ib ) + 17(ic + ib ) = 0 ia = 5 A

21ib + 32ic = 53 (12.1)

Applying KVL in the loop of ib

3 + 5ib + 21(ib + ic ) = 0
26ib + 21ic = 3 (12.2)

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 9 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

Simplifying Eqs. (12.1) and (12.2), we have

 
 53 32 
 
 3 21 
ib = i2 =   = 2.6010 A .
 21 32 

 26 21 

and
 

 21 53 

 26 3 
ic =   = 3.3632 A.
 21 32 

 26 21 

Hence,

i3 = ib + ic = 2.6010 + 3.3632 = 0.7622 A

While for i1 , we have

i1 = ia + ib + ic = 5 2.6010 + 3.3632 = 4.2378 A

OR from current source

i1 = i3 5 = 0.7622 5 = 4.2378 A

13. Find ix using loop analysis in the circuit of Fig. 13.

5 8
Answer:

ix = 7.2 A ix
+
See Problems # 6, 8 and 9 also! 25 V + 10ix 9A 12

F inished!

Fig. 13: Circuit for Q.13

Soln .: Loops have been defined in the circuit as shown in Fig. 13a. However, KVL can not be applied
for middle loop because of 9 A source.
Applying KVL in leftmost loop of i1 :

25 + 5(i1 + i2 ) + 10ix = 0
5i1 + 5 (9) + 10ix = 25 i2 = 9 A 5 8
5i1 + 10i3 = 70 ix = i3 (13.1)
ix
+
Applying KVL in rightmost loop of i3 :

25 V + i1 10ix i2 9 A i3 12

10ix + 8(i2 + i3 ) + 12i3 = 0

10i3 + 8 (9) + 8i3 + 12i3 = 0
Fig. 13a: Circuit for Q.13
10i3 = 72
72
i3 = ix = = 7.2 A (13.2)
10

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 10 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

14. In the following circuit of Fig. 14, find i1 if i2 = 1.8 A.

5 8
Answer:

i1 = 9.4 A ix
+
and 25 V + i1 10ix i2 9A i3 12

ix = 7.2 A

Fig. 14: Circuit for Q.14

Soln .: We know from the current source

i3 i2 = 9
i3 = 9 + i2 = 9 1.8 = 7.2
ix = 7.2 A

Now from leftmost mesh, we have

25 + 5i1 + 10ix = 0
5i1 = 25 10 7.2
47
i1 = = 9.4 A
5

15. In the following circuit of Fig. 15, find ic if loop current ia = 7.6 A and the mesh current
i1 = 9.4 A.
5 8
Answer:

ic = 7.2 A ix
+
and thus 25 V + i1 ia 10ix ib 9A ic 12

ix = 7.2 A

Fig. 15: Circuit for Q.15

Soln .: We know

i1 = ia + ib + ic

Thus

9.4 = 7.6 9 + ic
ic = 7.6 + 9 9.4
ic = i3 = 7.2 A

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 11 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh
ix
16. For the circuit of Fig. 16a, use nodal, mesh and loop
analysis to find ix .
7

60 V + 12 6 12

Fig. 16a: Circuit for Q.16

Soln .: I. Using nodal analysis:

The given circuit is redrawn by identifying nodes as
shown in Fig. 16(a). Applying KCL at node 1,
v1 60 v1 v1 v1
+ + + =0
7 12 6 12
v1 60 v1 v1 ix
+ + =0
7 6 6 v1
v1 60 v1
+ =0 7
7 3
60 V 12 6 12
3v1 180 + 7v1 = 0 +

Hence, v1 = 18V. Therefore, ix is given by

60 v1 Fig. 16(a): redrawn circuit for Q.16
ix =
7
60 18
=
7
ix = 6A
II. Using mesh analysis:
The given circuit is redrawn by identifying mesh as
shown in Fig. 16(b). Applying KVL in, ix

Mesh 1: 60 + 7i1 + 12(i1 i2 ) = 0

7
19i1 12i2 = 60
60 V + 12 6 12
Mesh 2: 12(i2 i1 ) + 6(i2 i3 ) = 0 i1 i2 i3
12i1 + 18i2 6i3 = 0
Mesh 3: 6(i3 i2 ) + 12i3 ) = 0 Fig. 16(b): redrawn circuit for Q.16
6i2 + 18i3 = 0
Since ix = i1 and solving above equations for ix by using Cramers rule
 
 60 12 0 

 0
 18 6 
 0 6 18  17280
ix =  = = 6A
 19 12 0 
 2880
 12 18 6 

 0 6 18 

Therefore, ix = 6A. .

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 12 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016

EC - 304 ENT Mesh/Loop Analysis Dr. Lairenlakpam Joyprakash Singh

III. Using loop analysis: The given circuit is redrawn by identifying loops as shown in Fig. 16(c).
Applying KVL in each loop,
ix
Loop 1: 60 + 7(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + 12i1 = 0
19i1 + 7i2 + 7i3 = 60 7

Loop 2: 60 + 7(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + 6i2 = 0 60 V + i1 12 6 i3 12
i2
7i1 + 13i2 + 7i3 = 60
Loop 3: 60 + 7(i1 + i2 + i3 ) + 12i3 = 0
7i1 + 7i2 + 19i3 = 60 Fig. 16(c): redrawn circuit for Q.16
Solving for i1 , i2 , and i3 by using Cramers rule, we have
 
 60 7 7 

 60 13 7 

 60 7 19  4320
i1 =  = = 1.5A
 19 7 7  2880
 7 13 7 

 7 7 19 

and  

 19 60 7 


 7 60 7 

 7 60 19  8640
i2 =
 = = 3A
 19 7 7 
 2880

 7 13 7 

 7 7 19 
and also  
 19 7 60 
 
 7 13 60 
 
 7 7 60  4320
i3 =  = = 1.5A
 19 7 7 
 2880
 7 13 7 
 
 7 7 19 
Therefore,
ix = i1 + i2 + i3 = 1.5 + 3 + 1.5 = 6A.

ECE, NEHU, Shillong Page 13 of 13 September 12 - 23, 2016