11/17/08

Wireless Telephony Application (WTA)

Collection of telephony specific extensions
Extension of basic WAE application model
content push
server can push content to the client
client may now be able to handle unknown events
handling of network events
table indicating how to react on certain events from the network
access to telephony functions (WTAI)
any application on the client may access telephony functions
Example
calling a number (WML)
wtai://wp/mc;07216086415
calling a number (WMLScript)
WTAPublic.makeCall("07216086415");

WTA logical architecture

other telephone networks
WTA server
client
WML
scripts mobile WTA
WTA & WML network user agent
server
WML
decks
WAP gateway repository
WTA
services
encoders
& device
network operator decoders specific
trusted domain other functions
servers

third party
firewall
servers

Voice box example

WTA-User-Agent WTA-Gateway WTA-Server Mobile network Voice box server
Indicate new voice message

Generate new deck

Service Indication Push URL
Display deck;
user selects
WSP Get HTTP Get

Respond with content

Binary WML WML

Display deck;
user selects
WSP Get HTTP Get
Respond with card
WML for call
Binary WML
Play requested voice message
Wait for call
Call setup
Setup call
Setup call
Accept call
Accept call Accept call
Voice connection

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WTAI - example with WML only

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="card_one" title="Tele voting">
<do type="accept">
<go href="#card_two"/>
</do>
<p> Please choose your candidate! </p>
</card>
<card id="card_two" title="Your selection">
<do type="accept">
<go href="wtai://wp/mc;$dialno"/>
</do>
<p> Your selection:
<select name="dialno">
<option value="01376685">Mickey</option>
<option value="01376686">Donald</option>
<option value="01376687">Pluto</option>
</select>
</p>
</card>
</wml>

WTAI - example with WML and WMLScript I

function voteCall(Nr) {
var j = WTACallControl.setup(Nr,1);
if (j>=0) {
WMLBrowser.setVar("Message", "Called");
WMLBrowser.setVar("No", Nr);
}
else {
WMLBrowser.setVar("Message", "Error!");
WMLBrowser.setVar("No", j);
}
WMLBrowser.go("showResult");
}

WTAI - example with WML and WMLScript II

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card id="card_one" title="Tele voting">
<do type="accept"> <go href="#card_two"/> </do>
<p> Please choose your candidate! </p>
</card>
<card id="card_two" title="Your selection">
<do type="accept">
<go href="/myscripts#voteCall($dialno)"/> </do>
<p> Your selection:
<select name="dialno">
<option value="01376685">Mickey</option>
<option value="01376686">Donald</option>
<option value="01376687">Pluto</option>
</select> </p>
</card>
<card id="showResult" title="Result">
<p> Status: $Message $No </p>
</card>
</wml>

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WAP push architecture with proxy gateway

Push Access Protocol
Content transmission between server and PPG
First version uses HTTP
Push OTA (Over The Air) Protocol
Simple, optimized
Mapped onto WSP

Push Proxy Push

Push OTA Gateway Access
Client Push Initiator
Protocol Protocol

User Agents Server

Coding,
application
checking

Push/Pull services in WAP I

Service Indication
Service announcement using a pushed short message
Service usage via a pull
Service identification via a URI

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE si PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SI 1.0//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/si.dtd">
<si>
<indication href="http://www.piiiizza4u.de/offer/salad.wml"
created="2002-10-30T17:45:32Z"
si-expires="2000-10-30T17:50:31Z">
Salad special: The 5 minute offer
</indication>
</si>

Push/Pull services in WAP II

Service Loading
short message pushed to a client containing a URI
User agent decides whether to use the URI via a pull
Transparent for users, always looks like a push

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE sl PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD SL 1.0//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/sl.dtd">
<sl
href="http://www.piiiizza4u.de/offer/salad.wml">
</sl>

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Examples for WAP protocol stacks (WAP 1.x)

WAP standardization
WAE user agent

outside WAP
WAE

transaction based
WSP application

datagram based
WTP WTP application

WTLS WTLS WTLS

UDP WDP UDP WDP UDP WDP

IP non IP IP non IP IP non IP

(GPRS, ...) (SMS, ...) (GPRS, ...) (SMS, ...) (GPRS, ...) (SMS, ...)

1. 2. 3.

typical WAP application

pure data application with/
with complete protocol
without additional security
stack

i-mode first of all a business model!

Access to Internet services in Japan provided by NTT DoCoMo
Services
Email, short messages, web, picture exchange, horoscope, ...
Big success more than 50 million users
Many use i-mode as PC replacement
For many this is the first Internet contact
Very simple to use, convenient
Technology
9.6 kbit/s (enhancements with 28.8 kbit/s), packet oriented (PDC-P)
Compact HTML plus proprietary tags, special transport layer (Stop/go, ARQ, push,
connection oriented)

mobile terminal mobile network gateway content provider

cHTML + tags cHTML + tags
HTTP(S) HTTP(S)
TL TL TCP TCP TCP TCP
IP IP IP IP
PDC-P PDC-P L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1

Email example: i-mode push with SMS

Popular misconception:
application WAP was a failure, i-mode is different
WSP
and a success wrong from a
technology point of view, right from a
WTP business point of view
WDP

SMS i-mode as a business model:

- content providers get >80%
Operator sends an SMS containing a of the revenue.
push message if a new email has - independent of technology
arrived. If the user wants to read the (GSM/GPRS in Europe,
email, an HTTP get follows with the PDC-P in Japan but also
email as response. UMTS!)

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i-mode technical requirements

Functions Descriptions Status Requirement
WEB Access Portal Site / Internet Access M i-mode HTML (cHTML+tags)
E-mail Internet e-mail and inter-terminal email M HTTP 1.1
Security End-End security O SSL (Version 2, 3), TLS 1
Java Java application made available O Compatible i-mode JAVA
Ringing tone download Ringing melody download M SMF based
Image download Stand-by screen download M GIF (O: JPEG)
Voice call notification during i- Voice termination notified and responded during i-mode M 3GPP standard system
mode session communications
Content charge billing Per content charge billed to user M Specifications depend on each
operators billing system
Third party payment collection Content charge collection on behalf of Content Provider M Specifications depend on each
operators billing system
Reverse billing Packet usage charges can be billed to third party O Specifications depend on each
operators billing system
Subscriber ID transmission Hashed subscriber ID from the operators portal to the CP M The ID generation algorithm
transmission on each content access should be determined by each
operator and has to be secret
Number of characters per e- Number of characters (byte) per e-mail M To be defined by operators (e.g.
mail 500 byte, 1K byte, 10K byte)
Character code set supported Character code set supported by browser and used to develop content M To be defined by operators
User Agent Browser specifications to be notified M HTTP 1.1
i-mode button Dedicated button O Hard or soft key

WAP 2.0 (July 2001)

New for developers
XHTML
TCP with Wireless Profile
HTTP

New applications
Color graphics
Animation
Large file download
Location based services
Synchronization with PIMs
Pop-up/context sensitive menus

Goal: integration of WWW, Internet, WAP, i-mode

WAP 2.0 architecture

Service Security Multimedia Messaging Content
Application
framework

discovery services (Email) formats

External Crypto WAE/WTA User Agent

Push
services EFI libraries (WML, XHTMLMP)

Authenti-
Provisioning
Session

cation Capability Negotiation

Push Cookies
Navigation OTA Synchronisation
Identification
Discovery
Protocol framework
Transfer

Service Hypermedia transfer Strea-

PKI MMS
Lookup (WTP+WSP, HTTP) ming
Transport

Secure Connections
Datagrams
transport (TCP with
(WDP, UDP)
wireless profile)

Secure IPv4 CSD USSD GPRS ...

Bearer

bearer
IPv6 SMS FLEX MPAK ...

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WAP 2.0 example protocol stacks

WAP device WAP gateway Web server
WAE WAE
WSP WSP WAP device WAP proxy Web server
HTTP HTTP
WTP WTP WAE WAE
WTLS WTLS TLS TLS HTTP HTTP HTTP HTTP
WDP WDP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP
bearer bearer IP IP IP IP IP IP

WAP 1.x Server/Gateway/Client WAP HTTP Proxy with profiled TCP and HTTP

WAP device WAP proxy Web server

WAE WAE WAP device Web server
HTTP HTTP WAE WAE
TLS TLS HTTP IP router HTTP
TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP TCP
IP IP IP IP IP IP IP IP

WAP Proxy with TLS tunneling WAP direct access

WAP Killer Apps?

Location-based services
Real-time traffic reporting, Event/restaurant recommendation
Enterprise solutions
Email access, Database access, global intranet access
Information updates pushed to WAP devices
Financial services
Banking, Bill-paying, Stock trading, Funds transfers
Travel services
Schedules and rescheduling, Reservations
Gaming and Entertainment
Online, real-time, multi-player games
Downloadable horoscopes, cartoons, quotes, advice
M-Commerce
Shopping on the go
Instant comparison shopping
Location-based special offers and sales

M-Commerce
The Problem
San Francisco buses have difficulty keeping up with the posted
schedule, especially during rush hours
The scheduled times become meaningless
The Solution
San Francisco implemented a system called NextBus (nextbus.com)
The system tracks public transportation buses in real time
NextBus calculates the estimated arrival time of the bus to each bus
stop on the route
Arrival times are displayed in real time on:
Internet-enabled wireless device
The Internet and on a public screen at each bus stop
GPS satellites let the NextBus information center know where a bus is
located making it possible to calculate arrival times

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Nextbus

Nextbus
The Results
Worries about missing the bus are diminished
A bus company can also use the system to improve scheduling,
arrange for extra buses when needed, and make its operations more
efficient
What we can learn
location-based e-commerce, a major part of mobile commerce
EC services are provided to customers wherever they are
located
exemplifies pervasive computingservices are seamlessly
blended into the environment without the user being aware of
the technology behind the scenes

M-Commerce
Mobile commerce (m-commerce, m-business): Any e-
commerce done in a wireless environment, especially
via the Internet
Mobile devices create an opportunity to deliver new services to
existing customers
Examples
Mobile financial applications
Mobile advertising
Mobile inventory management
Proactive service management
Product locating and shopping
Mobile auction
Mobile entertainment services
Mobile office
Mobile distance education
Mobile music (on demand)

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M-Commerce
Specific attributes of m-commerce
Mobility
Broad reach
Benefits of value-added attributes
Ubiquity
Convenience
Instant connectivity
Personalization
Localization of products and services

M-Commerce
Drivers of m-commerce
Widespread availability of devices
No need for a PC
The handset culture
Vendors push
Improvement of bandwidth
Whats needed?
Cellular (mobile) phones, PDAs, pagers, etc.
Wireless network
A Web server with wireless support and a WAP gateway
Application or database server (e-commerce)
GPS
WAP

L-Commerce
Location-based commerce (L-commerce): M-commerce
transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations,
at specific times
L-commerce offers:
Safety
Convenience
Productivity
L-commerce basic services revolve around five key
areas:
1. Location
2. Navigation
3. Tracking
4. Mapping
5. Timing

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L-Commerce

L-Commerce

L-Commerce
Examples
Automatic crash notification (ACN): Device that automatically
sends the police the location of a vehicle that has been
involved in a crash
Telematics: The integration of computers and wireless
communications to improve information flow using the
principles of telemetry
Barriers to l-commerce
Accuracy
The cost-benefit justification
The bandwidth of GSM networks
Invasion of privacy