Equivalence

Every translation requires equivalence because if the text translated is not equal to the target language it
will be considered invalid. Equivalence is the center theory of translation.

Dynamic Equivalence
In translating, the translator must consider the the form of words and its meaning. A translator can not
just merely translate word for word or it will lose its meaning. The translator will then modify the
words to suit the meaning of the text and this process is what we called dynamic equivalence.

Formal Equivalence
Formal equivalence is a translation approach which goal is to retain the language forms of the original
text as much as possible in translating not taking into account whether it is the natural way of
expressing its original meaning. The only negative effect of this approach is that the text being
translated can lose its original meaning. It is the same as word-for-word translation but its technical
term is formal equivalence. It is hard to understand a text translated into a word for word translation but
they are also useful in understanding how te meaning was expressed in the original text.

Back Translation
Back translation is translating a translated text into its original language. It is done by a translator only
uses the translated text and not rely on anything else he know about the subject.

Round-Trip Translation
In the process of round-trip translation, a text is being translated into another language and the
translation will result into at least once more without reference to the original text, until it goes back to
its original language.

Translation in Sung text

In translating a sung text is where you will translate it from a vocal music to another language for the
purpose of singing. In this kind of translation, it will include repetition of words, phrases, punctuations,
rest points, the vowel qualities on high notes and rhythmic features. It’s either it is meant to be sung or
just be read according to either an audience or the singer.

Competent Translator
A competent translator should be familiar with the subject matter of the text, has a good knowledge of
the language both written and spoken from which he is translating, an excellent command of the
language, has a profound etymological and idiomatic understanding on both languages and knows
when to use metaphrasing and paraphrasing.

Misconceptions about Translation

It doesn’t mean that you can speak a foreign language fluently you are already a good translator
because speaking a language is different from writing it. The translating machine is not also a reliable
tool because it translates only word for word.

Interpretation
Interpretation is the facilitating of communication from a language into it's equivalent meaning
into its equivalent form. To avoid confusion the message thus rendered into speech, sign language,
writing, non-manual signals, or other language form.
Computer Aided Translation
The translator will spend less time in translating when using a machine rater than a pen-and-paper
approach. This is useful when you need a repetitive translation to save time and reduce the weight of
work. One good example here is the spell-checker, though not 100% accurate it makes the translator's
work easier.

Language Interpretation
Language interpretation is about a spoken word, unlike language translation which refers to the written
word. When interpreting orally, interpreters generally don't talk about a literal word-for-word
conversation, but seek to achieve meaning-for meaning to be clear. As a result, when interpreting a
phrase in a certain language, the amount of words may vary to the target language.

Literal Interpretation
When we say literal the word being interpreted is only based on the word itself. It has a so called “first-
thought” meaning which means that the first thing that comes you to your ind is the literal meaning of a
particular word. It is like a physical meaning which means it doesn't have a figure or shape.

Legal Interpretation
Legal interpretation is done by someone who is knowledgeable in law. He can be an appointee by the
court. This type of interpretation is needed during official negotiations, notarial acts and the likes.

Technical Interpretation
Technical translation is a type of translation involving the translation of documents by technical writers
which deals with either technical subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of
scientific and technological information. The translator is required a high level of subject knowledge
and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing rules.

Transcription
It is a representation in writing of the actual pronunciation of a speech sound, word, or piece of
continuous text, using not a conventional orthography but a symbol or set of symbols specially
designated as standing for corresponding phonetic values.

Transliteration
It is the spelling of a word in one language with the alphabet of another language.

Language Barrier
It is a barrier to communication resulting from speaking different languages.