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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
A desalination system removes the salt from underground water, transforming it into potable water
through one of many purification processes. Distilling, or boiling the dirty or salty water to produce
clean vapor that is then condensed back to water, is perhaps the simplest technique. The process
requires boiling salt water at temperatures over 100 C, a temperature at which bacteria is killed.
The major objective of this Solar-Powered Water Purification System is to produce clean and
drinkable water using a simplified system that powered solely by the sun. To become a marketable,
worldwide product, the system must be portable and durable enough to transport through all
terrains and conditions over long periods of time. In addition, it should be inexpensive and user-
friendly.
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITRATURE REVIEW
Solar powered water purification system utilizes the power of concentrated sunlight through its
parabolic trough. The intense heat created by this set-up immediately vaporizes the salty water,
removing dissolved solids and the Salt. The vapor is then condensed; and the resulting water is
deemed safe to drink. Direct Solar purification system of our project is able to produce 10000 liters
(37900 gallons) of clean water per day using only solar power.
a helical coil condenser located inside the salt-water storage tank. Heat will leave the condensing
vapor to preheat the salt water in the salt-water storage tank. The condensed vapor liquefies and is
collected in a clean water storage tank. The distillation process for the Solar-Powered Water
Purification System happens in the boiler.
The salt water vaporizes when the water within the boiler is boiled from the heat provided by the
hot loop. The hot loop uses a HTF that collects heat from the solar parabolic troughs. That HTF
runs through a HEX in the boiler and transfers the heat to the salt water. This causes the water to
boil and separates water vapor from undrinkable debris and contaminants. All the contaminants
and other waste in the salt water are killed at atmospheric pressure because of the boiling process.
After the vapor leaves the boiler, it is then condensed into purified drinking water.
The flow of fluids throughout the system is made possible through the use of system pumps. A
vapor pump is used to pull the water vapor from the boiler through the condenser. A HTF pump is
used to circulate the HTF through the solar thermal collection loop (trough) and the salty water is
pulled by the submerged centrifugal pump from the ground to the salt water tank. The three pumps
are powered through the use of a PV panel. The power requirement for the pumps will be seen in
chapter five.
Solar collector,
HEX,
Salt-water storage tank,
Clean water storage tank,
Boiler,
Condenser,
System pumps,
PV panel,
Motor,
Trough/PV panel frame,
Piping system,
Cables and switches, and
Troughs
2.2.1. Boiler
The distillation process for the Solar-Powered Water Purification System happens in the boiler.
The salt water vaporizes when the water within the boiler is boiled from the heat provided by the
hot loop. The hot loop uses a HTF that collects heat from the solar parabolic troughs. That HTF
runs through a HEX in the boiler and transfers the heat to the salt water. This causes the water to
boil and separates water vapor from undrinkable debris and contaminants.
All the contaminants and other waste in the salt water are killed at atmospheric pressure because
of the boiling process. After the vapor leaves the boiler, it is then condensed into purified drinking
water.
2.2.2. Solar Collectors
The solar collectors (solar parabolic troughs) function as the systems solar thermal energy
harnessing source. The largest advantage of a solar parabolic trough over other methods is its
ability to concentrate the energy from the sun to yield higher energy collection efficiency for a low
cost. A major material of the solar parabolic trough is the reflective surface.
2.2.3. Drive System
A drive system was employed to facilitate the movement of the two solar collectors and PV panel.
This single axis rotation is necessary in order to accurately track the suns movement across the
horizon throughout the day. A motor is employed to power the rotation of the solar collectors. The
motors direction of movement was controlled by light sensor.
2.2.4. Heat Exchangers
Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF)
The HTF absorbs heat as it flows through the troughs and transfers this heat to HEX located in the
boiler. A single-phase flow was desired to avoid pressure changes that would quickly lead to leaks
within the piping, as well as reduced heat transfer capabilities of the fluid. Salt water boils at
approximately 100C, so the HTF must be in a liquid phase above that temperature to transfer heat
in the HEX. Three main fluids were considered: water, glycol, and an oil-based fluid. Water is
considered an ideal HTF because of its low maintenance, cost, and environmental impact.
However, it boils at 100C and, therefore, a single-phase flow would not be maintained. Glycol is
a water-sugar mixture that can reach higher boiling temperatures at certain concentrations and it
boils 102-1880c. It also has a low environmental impact because it is biodegradable. However, it
requires extensive maintenance, as sugar levels must be regularly monitored.
Ultimately, an oil-based fluid called Duratherm-450 was selected. It has a boiling point of 232C
and requires low maintenance due to additives, including antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, de-
foaming agents, seal and gasket extenders, suspension agents, and metal deactivators. Although it
has a moderate environmental impact, and must be disposed of with other waste oils, it is not
considered toxic and does not cause skin irritation when accidental contact occurs.
Boiler Heat Exchanger (HEX)
A HEX was located within the boiler, and allowed for transfer of energy from the HTF to the salt
water for boiling. To maximize the surface area for heat transfer, and guided by the boiler
dimensions, the HEX was designed to be a helical shape. Therefore, the major design variables to
select were the tube diameter, number of coils, and HTF flow rate.
2.2.5. Condenser
The condenser was located within the salt-water storage tank and allowed heat transfer from the
vapor to the salt water. In doing so, the vapor would change to distilled water while the salt water
would be preheated.
2.2.6. Control System Logic
The system controls the following elements: HTF Pump, Vapor Pump, and Solenoid Valve. The
control algorithm works in the following manner:
1. The system starts by reading the ambient light level as an analog value. If the ambient light
reading is less than 500 decibel (db), all components are off. If the ambient light reading is greater
than 500 db, the HTF pump is turned on
2. The boiler temperature is read by the thermocouple and the vapor pump remains off until the
boiler temperature is greater than 100C.
3. If the state of both float switches are read as low, the solenoid valve opens until the state of
both float switches are read as high.
Start
Start
Yes
Yes
open
Yes No..
off closed
Vapor pump on
CHAPTER THREE
3. METHEDDOLOGY
The methodology that follows in our project is:
CHAPTER FOUR
system and number of bends, the static pressure of the system was calculated to be 20 -80 KPa.
From the solar panel capacity of 300- 800 W of DC power this constraint was further justified
because an AC/DC converter would decrease efficiency while increasing costs, and DC power
would allow for easier adjustments to the flow rate during testing. Based on these design
considerations, an N991-32 Series Gear Pump was selected. This pump has Viton seals, which are
compatible with the HTF. This pump also has a temperature rating of 150C, and was placed at
the inlet to the solar collectors. Thus, the pump was exposed to the HTF at its coolest point,
minimizing the possibility of overheating.
Vapor Pump
The vapor pump drove the vapor out of the boiler and into the condenser. The main criteria for
selection of this pump included its capacity, ability to run wet and dry, and a maximum power
consumption of 50- 100 W. The goal of the system was to provide 9.81*10-6 m3/s of vapor, and
therefore the pump was required to pull at least that amount of vapor. In addition, because control
of the vapor pump may require it to run when no vapor is present, the pump was required to be
able to run dry without failing. Finally, due to the solar panel capacity, the 300- 800 W power
constraint was included. Based on these design considerations, a Greylor RF-100 pump is selected.
The pump had a temperature rating of 120C, and was placed at the highest point between the top
of the boiler and the inlet to the condenser. This allowed for optimal performance of the pump, as
recommended by the manufacturer.
( Text book of system design of solar power water pumps, by Justin Bonnel, in 1987 )
Piping
Piping within the system was conducted using standard 150mm copper piping, and 50mm for PVC
pipes and soldered together using a lead-free solder material. The design of the piping was
conducted in a logical fashion, and many break points along the length of the piping were created
to allow for quick removal and replacement of damaged or faulty piping/fittings. This modular
design was specifically intended to expedite the maintenance process. A number of valves were
also included which allow for the bypassing of the solenoid valve into the boiler for testing
purposes or for manual operation of the in-flow to the boiler. A drain valve was implemented at
the exit of the solar trough line to allow for the quick removal of heat transfer fluid when
IOT/UOG/MECHANICAL ENNGINEERING Page 13
DESIGN OF SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
maintenance and replacement is required. A number of nylon fittings were attached to the boiler
to separate dissimilar metals from each other, reducing the risk of galvanic corrosion to these
otherwise vulnerable areas.
Electrical Subsystem
The purpose of the electrical and control system is to power and control the actions of the system
components. This includes the HTF pump, vapor pump, solenoid valve. A microcontroller will
be used to obtain ambient light readings, boiler water level, and boiler temperature. These
measurements are used to optimize system performance by providing data that will be useful to
evaluate system ramp up time and overall power consumption.
Sensors
To sense the ambient light levels as an analog value, photo resistors are used as the top resistor
in a voltage divider circuit. A photo resistor is a resistor that exhibits photoconductivity, where its
resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. In this application, three cadmium sulfide
photo resistors are connected in parallel as the top half of the voltage divider circuit, while a 12-
k resistor is placed on the bottom half. The photo resistors are angled so that the ambient light
levels can be read consistently throughout the day with varying sun position. The light sensor is
placed in the same housing as the single axis.
Float Switch
Two vertically mounted, high-temperature, float switches are used to determine the water level in
the enclosed boiler. The float switches will be used to enable cyclic loading of underground water
into the boiler to optimize the distillation process. Each float switch will be wired in series. The
states of the float switches will be read by the microcontroller using a digital input pin to control
the operation of the solenoid valve.
Thermocouple
A thermocouple is used to measure the boiler temperature. Thermocouples use the thermoelectric
effect to measure temperatures. Two dissimilar metals with known thermal expansion coefficients
are soldered together at one end. Two wires extend from this point; and, together, they produce a
voltage difference across them that is directly related to the temperature at the soldered end, known
as the See beck voltage. Thermocouples can respond to changes in temperature very rapidly, but
they are also sensitive to electromagnetic noise. This high sensitivity can compromise the quality
of the readings if it is not taken into account. Therefore, it is important that the thermocouple wires
are isolated from the pumps, and motors throughout the system.
Power Switching
To enable full control over the electrical components in the system, power switching is necessary.
Switching transistors are used to control the components. Electromechanical switches are
controlled using NPN switching transistors that control the vapor pump, solenoid valve, and the
HTF pump.
Material for the Body of the trough
Aluminum was selected over steel because of its lightness, lower cost, ease of fabrication and
energy effectiveness in use of material. Its light weight reduces the overall weight of the trough.
Material for the Reflecting Surface
To reduce the overall weight of the solar water heater, a light glass mirror of 2mm thickness, of
high surface quality and good specular reflectance was selected. A glass mirror was selected over
polished aluminum surface because its reflectivity of 95% is better than that of aluminum (85%).
Also, glass surface is easier to clean than aluminum surface.
Material for the Absorber
Aluminum was selected over copper and steel because of its lower cost, light weight, ease of
fabrication and energy effectiveness in use of material. Its light weight reduces the overall weight
of the solar water heater.
Material for the Absorber Surface Coating
Black paint was selected for the absorber coating. It is selected over other coatings because of its
higher absorptivity at angles other than normal incidence, adherence and durability when exposed
to weathering, sunlight and high stagnation temperatures, cost effectiveness and protection to the
absorber material.
Heat Transfer Fluid
Duratherm- 450 was selected as the heat transfer fluid for the solar heater because of its stability
at high temperatures, low material maintenance and transport costs, safe to use, and is the most
commonly fluid used for domestic heating applications.
Material for the Vertical Support of the trough
A rectangular, hollow, steel bar was selected for the support of the trough. This is because of its
strength, rigidity, resistance to deflection by commonly encountered winds, and its ability to
withstand transverse and cross-sectional loads of the entire heating portion of the trough.
Material for the Base of the trough
A combination of angle and flat, steel bars were chosen for the base which supports the whole
solar water heater structure. Flat and angle bars were chosen to provide solid and rigid support for
the rectangular, vertical axis steel bar which supports the parabolic trough.
CHAPTER FIVE
C = Aa/Ar..[1]
The aperture area is directly proportional to the concentration ratio. This means that the higher the
concentration ratio the higher the temperatures that can be reached. This is because the number of
images, formed by the reflection of sunlight, seen by the receiver pipe will increase. However, the
objective of this system is to heat water to vaporization, and not to produce high quality steam;
therefore a medium concentration ratio is used.
For the trough analysis first a basic shape was introduced as follows:
The internal volume of the cylinder is the same as the volume of water, Vw, to be heated.
2
Therefore Vw = h
4
For simple solution of the equation and optimum design of the absorber the height h is made to
be the same as the diameter of the absorber.
15m3 = d3 /4 so, dabs = 2.67m = habs
Dabs = dabs + 2t = 2.67 + 2 (0.002) = 2.674m
The effective surface area of the absorber is given as:
A abs = 2 /4 + D2 h = 3.14*2.674 2 /4 +3.14*2.674 *2.67 = 28m2
Concentration ratio = Aa/Aabs
To reduce the frequency of tracking the sun C is set at 10 (Magal,1993).
Aa = C*28 = 280m2
The aperture diameter, Da is given by
2
= 280
4
Da = 18.88m
The half-acceptance angle, is given by (Garg and Prakash, 2000):
1/
= sin-1 = Sin-11/10 = 18.430
The focal length, f, of the dish is obtained from (Stine and Harrigan, 1985):
f = Da(1+cos71.570) /(4sin71.57)
f = 6.52m
The height, h, of the trough is given by:
h = Da2 /16f =18.82/16*6.52
h = 3.38m
The estimated useful energy for one cycle of the designed trough is given by:
Ultimately we have selected an oil based fluid called Duratherm-450 for our project due to the
following reasons.
It has a boiling point of 232C and requires low maintenance due to additives, including
antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, de-foaming agents, seal and gasket extenders,
suspension agents, and metal deactivators.
It does not cause skin irritation when accidental contact occurs
Duratherm- 450 is specifically engineered for applications requiring process heating and
cooling efficiently between -1OC-232.20C.
A colorless, clear and bright fluid
It is economically and thermally stable
It is an efficient oxidative, long lasting and environmentally friendly heat transfer fluid.
i.e. nontoxic, non-hazardous and possesses no ill effect to worker safety and does not require
special handing.
After its longer service life it can be disposed of with other waste oils.
It has superior resistance for slugging than other fluids.
Heat
Pumps
transf
Parabolic er
troughs fluid
Pipes
Valve
Water
Condenser
vapor
Controller
Pure
Salt water
water
tank
tanker
Ground level
Underground
water tanker
7m
Submerg
ed pump
From standard table of PVC pipes, diameter of pipe should be between 3/4 -2 1/4 or (19-57mm).
A pipe with larger diameter is highly expensive. So we have selected a pipe diameter of 2
For the selection of solar pump we use the following standard flow rate versus power charts taken
from metrological data provided by NASA of LORENTZ solar pump systems, (Appendix A:
graph).
From the above analysis and graphs a solar pump of 400W is required for salty water pumping
purpose.
HL = (fL/D+K)V2/2g(1)
Where, f = friction factor.
K = loss factor (resistance coefficient)
D = diameter of piping material.
V = desirable velocity in piping systems = 2.5m/s
Tee in line to branch 0.77 1.17 1.47 2.21 2.98 3.68 6.00
flow
Q = 9.8*10-4m3/s
Pump power requirement, P = ghQ
P = 9.81*900*11*9.8*10-4
P = 95 W
Since all the pumps are driven by solar power. So, by adding the above power requirements;
Ptot = (274.68+95+400) W
Ptot = 769.68W; take P = 770 Wh
After calculating the power requirement of each pump we must to calculate the time of operation
for each pump as follows.
Since we know that Q = AV, Where, A = area and
V = the flow velocity
A = 3.14 *0.052 /4
A = 1.96*10-3m2 . Now, the time of operation
Q = AV = A then rearranging this T =
Since solar panels are not 100% efficient as a result we have to estimate system losses. To account
this system loss pv panels should be over sized by at least 25% of the total daily demand of energy.
So actual daily demand of energy that a solar pv system can produce = 1787.5wh*1.25
= 2234.375wh
For our analysis of PV system take the following parameters
Location of site (Mekelle) = 13.3 N 39.29 E ,elevation = 2212m
PV module of mono-crystalline silicon = 300wp
Operating factor of PV modules 0.6 to 0.9
Battery efficiency = depth o discharge = 80%
Efficiency of panel = 90%
Inverter efficiency (distribution loss) = 98%
Nominal battery voltage = 48V
Battery capacity = 150 Ah
Peak hours of the location = 8 hr (sun light available in a day)
During actual operation times we cannot get the exact amount of energy from a PV module.
As a result lets take the operating factor = 0.8
So we will be setting up the panels at 30 0 N E angle so that our fixed arrays can give us maximum
possible output.
Approximation of the Required Space
The PV module we have selected has a dimension of 1580 x 808mm.
So the total Space required for the Panel in Y-axis is (699.75 +233.25) mm = 933mm and as the
Length (X-axis) of the Panel is 1580mm, it will need 1580mm x 933mm Space for each panel to
set up, which will be 1474140mm2.
So the total space required for 2 modules to setup is around 2948280 mm2 = 2.95m2.
D2 = 15.5*4/(4*3.14)
D2 = 4.936mtake D = 2.5m
Design load (pressure) = Actual load x factor of safety which is given as 1.6
Design load (pressure) is therefore 39.2 x 1.6 = 62.72 kN/m2
Since the tank is cylindrical, the predominant stress on the walls is tensional. Maximum tensional
stress at the bottom of the tank is given by; t = pr/2t.
Where, t = tensional stress,
p = design pressure,
r = radius of tank and
t = thickness of tank =
t = 62.72 x 1.8 / 2 x 0.2 = 112.9 kN/m2 = 0.1129 N/mm2.
Characteristic tensional strength of concrete is 2 N/mm2
Design strength = Characteristic strength divided by material factor of safety.
For concrete, is given as 1.5
Therefore, design strength = 2 / 1.5 = 1.33 N/ mm2 = 1.33 N/ mm2 is greater than the tensional
stress and therefore adequate.
Then heat transfer coefficient inside the coiled tube based on inside diameter, hic
hic = hi [1+3.5(D/Dh) ]
Then the heat transfer coefficient inside the coil based on outside diameter, hio
hio = hic (D/do)
The overall heat transfer coefficient, U
1/U =1/ho+1/hio+t/kc+Rt+Ra
Where- t = the thickness of the coil wall
Kc = the thermal conductivity of the coil
Ra = sell side fouling factor
Rt = tube side fouling factor
The general equation for heat transfer across a surface is:
Q = UA Tm
Where: Q = heat transferred per unit time, W,(heat load)
U = the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2C,
A = heat-transfer area, m2,
Tm = the mean temperature difference, the temperature driving force, C.
Tm = FtTlm
Where: Tlm true temperature difference, the mean temperature difference for use in the design
equation.
Ft = the temperature correction factor.
The correction factor is a function of the shell and tube fluid temperatures, and the number of tube
and shell passes. It is normally correlated as a function of two dimensionless temperature ratios:
R = T1-T2 /(t2-t1)
Where; R is equal to the shell-side fluid flow-rate times the fluid mean specific heat; divided by
the tube-side fluid flow-rate times the tube-side fluid specific heat.
S = t2- t1/(T1-T2)
Where: S = a measure of the temperature efficiency of the exchanger.
For a 1 shell: 2 tube pass exchanger, the correction factor is given by:
And
The prime objective in the design of an exchanger is to determine the surface area required for the
specified duty (rate of heat transfer) using the temperature differences available. The overall
coefficient is the reciprocal of the overall resistance to heat transfer, which is the sum of several
individual resistances. For heat exchange across a typical heat exchanger tube the relationship
between the overall coefficient and the individual coefficients, which are the reciprocals of the
individual resistances, is given by:
Where: Uo = the overall coefficient based on the outside area of the tube, W/m2C,
ho = outside fluid film coefficient, W/m2C,
hi = inside fluid film coefficient, W/m2C,
hod = outside dirt coefficient (fouling factor), W/m2C,
hid = inside dirt coefficient, W/m2C,
kw = thermal conductivity of the tube wall material, W/mC,
dt = tube inside diameter, m,
do = tube outside diameter, m.
The magnitude of the individual coefficients will depend on the nature of the heat transfer process
(conduction, convection, condensation, boiling or radiation), on the physical properties of the
fluids, on the fluid flow-rates, and on the physical arrangement of the heat-transfer surface.
5.18. Parameters of helical coils
Dimensions
Tube diameters in the range | in. (16 mm) to 2 in. (50 mm) are used. The smaller diameters | to 1
in. (16 to 25 mm) are preferred for most duties, as they will give more compact, and therefore
cheaper, exchangers. Larger tubes are easier to clean by mechanical methods and would be selected
for heavily fouling fluids.
The tube thickness (gauge) is selected to withstand the internal pressure and give an adequate
corrosion allowance.
The British standard BS 3274 covers exchangers from 6 in. (150 mm) to 42 in. (1067 mm)
diameter; and the TEMA standards, exchangers up to 60 in, (1520 mm). Up to about 24 in. (610
mm) shells are normally constructed from standard, close tolerance, pipe; above 24 in. (610 mm)
they are rolled from plate.
Table 8. Standard dimensions for steel tube.
According to the above table and standards we specify the following dimensions.
DO =1000mm
Thickness of boiler (heat exchanger cylinder) =4mm
B =340mm
C = 460mm
LC =1500mm
Dh = 400mm
do = 30mm
p = 0.5do = 15mm
D = 25mm
Where; DO = Outer diameter of the cylindrical heat exchanger(boiler)
LC = length of heat exchanger cylinder
B = outside diameter of inner cylinder
C = inside diameter of outer cylinder
D = inside diameter of coil
Dh = mean diameter of the helix
do = outside diameter of coil
P = pitch
Specifications of Duratherm -450
o Inlet temperature = 2320c
o Required outlet temperature = 1000c
where ,Npr = prandtl number, the Prandtl number can range from 0.3 for cooling to 0.4 for heating.
Then take 0.4.
ho = heat transfer coefficient outside the coil
ho = 0.6 *0.128*31250.5*0.40.31 =38.24 J /hrm2 k
hio = hic*(D /do)
Where, hio = heat transfer coefficient inside the coil based on outside diameter of the coil
hic = heat transfer coefficient inside coiled tube based on inside diameter the fluid velocity
is V = q/Af
Where Af = cross section area of coil = D2 /4 = 3.14 *0.0252 /4 = 4.909*10^-4 m2
q = the volumetric flow rate of the fluid = M /density = 2160 /717.95 = 3.01m3/hr
Then, V = 3.01/4.909*10^-4 = 6131.6m/hr = 2m/s
The Reynolds number (tube side), Re = D *V *density /viscosity = 0.025*6131*717.95 /1.55
Re = 70995.9
From standard chart jH vs Re, for a Reynolds number of the above value we get culburn factor for
heat transfer jH, = 220
hi = heat transfer coefficient inside a straight tube based on inside diameter
Then hi = jH (K /D)(Npr)1/3 = 220(0.128 /0.025 ) (0.4)1/3 = 150.2w /h m2 k
Now, hic = hi [1+3.5(D /DH)] = 150.2 [1+3.5(0.025 /0.4) ] = 183 .1W/h m2 k
Thus, hio = hic * (D /do) = 183.1 *(0.025 /0.03) = 152.6 w/h m2 k
Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient U,
The coil wall thickness, t is = (do D ) /2 = ( 0.03-0.025) /2 = 0.0025m
Then, 1/U = 1/ho+1 / hio+ t/ kc+ Rt +Ra
Where, Rt and Ra are the fouling factors depend on the nature of the liquid.
In this case Rt and Ra are 0.00082 h m2 0c /kcal = 0.0007m2k/w
The thermal conductivity of stain less steel is 14kcal /h m 0c = 16.28w/m k ,then
substituting the values
1 /U = 1 /38.24 + 1/152.6 + 0.0025/16.28 + (0.0007) *2 = 0.0342W/h m2 k
U = 29.33 W/ h m2 k
And we have to determine the required area, A, from the previous formula;
The log mean temperature difference , TLM = (T1 t2) ( T2 t1) / ln [ (T1 t2) /(T2 t1)]
TLm = 33.23oC
And mean temperature difference, Tm = Ft*TLm
Where Ft = temperature correction factor; take Ft = 0.99 for vertical coil tubes.
So, Tm = 0.99*33.23 = 32.9oC
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be subjected
in operation.For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the
pressure at which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal
working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. When deciding the
design pressure, PD:
10
pD po po where, po is the operating pressure of pure water tanker and pipes
100
PD = 50N/mm2 +50*0.1
PD = 55 N/mm 2
Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design
stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress
is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
Then T 0 15O C
From typical design stress table find the stress for low alloy steel:-
Design stress: - D 240 N/mm 2
For carbon and low alloy steel corrosion allowance is 2mm should be used
Then, L = D
(Do2 Di2 )L
V= , But Di =Do-2t
4
Di =990mm
All water tanker must be closed at the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical tankers are closed by
head various shapes. This are:-
Assume:
o Thickness, T = 3mm
o Considering corrosion allowance = 2mm
So, thickness of head = 5mm
Do2 h
Now volume of head, Vh =
6
3.1412
Vh = 6
0.05 = 0.026m3
Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the design is safe.
a) Tangential stress
55
(495)2 500 2
2
= [1 + ( ) ] =233.06N/mm2
(500)2 (495)2 495
b) Radial stress
55495^2 5002
= [1 ] = - 49.5N/mm2 compressive
5002 495^2 4952
c. Longitudinal stress
55N
4952 mm
mm2
= = 67.72N/mm2
10002 mm 9902 mm
5.22. Design of support for the Boiler
Thus, WF = 15m3*1000kg/m3*9.81m/s2
WF = 147150N
To find the total weight of the system will be:
W = Wc +WF = 2.372+147150
W =147152.372N
We choose round bar as support that is skirt support is preferable to vertical position. The three
skirt support is welded at 1200 with the cylindrical part of the cylinder
Wtotal
Therefore weight each support carries 3 of load.
Wtotal 147.152KN
Let Weach P 3
=
3
=49.05KN
The length of weld part (x) is subject to pure shear and the bar weld at two parts.
y
allo n factor of safty
Where 3n
n 2.3
y 550Mpa
allo
3 n 3 2.3
138.06Mpa
Take S 10mm
49.051000N
Now, X = 20.70710mm138.06Mpa = 25mm
X = 10.2mm+25mm = 35.2mm
2 EI
Pe Where pe bulcking load eulerian load
N2
E elastic mod ules of carbon steel
N length from the ground
I 2nd moment of inertia
Pe = n*p
Pe = 2.3*49.05*1000N = 112815N
Take N = 2mm
pe N 2 D4
I But I
2 E 64
E = 70Mpa
6411281542
D4 = 64PeN2/3.143*E = = 10.74mm
3.143 70
Take D = 12mm
Boile
Pipe
r
s
Pure water
Salt water tanker tanker
& condenser Support
Plate
Support
Fig. 13: Assembly of salt water tanker, condenser, boiler and pure water tanker.
Water distillation requires a large quantity of energy to take place. This energy can be supplied
from a variety of sources, such as electricity and fossil fuels. However, burning fossil fuels result
in large quantities of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. To minimize the environmental
impact of the water distillation system, solar energy, a renewable clean source of energy, was used.
Solar parabolic troughs are used to collect heat from the sun by reflecting its rays onto a central
focal length, and transferring its heat to a non-toxic HTF. PV panels are used to produce the
electricity necessary for operation of the systems electrical components. The total power
consumption of the system is 770 W when all of the components are in use. The vapor pump,
submerged pump, and HTF pump consume 95W, 400W and 274.68W, respectively. By
implementing a control system, these electrical components can be turned on and off as needed to
minimize the power consumption and size of the PV panel. A 300-W mono crystalline PV panel
is used to power the entire system, making it completely off-grid. In addition to having no carbon
dioxide emissions, the Solar-Powered Water Purification System produces very little noise.
CHAPTER SIX
6. COST ANALYSIS
6.1. Cost of PVC piping material for underground water
Diameter, D = 50mm
Density of PVC = 1400kg/m3
Area, A = 3.14*D2/4 = 3.14*0.052/4 = 1.96*10-3m2
V = A*L = 1.96 *10-3 *20mm = 0.0392m3
Mass, m = density *Volume = 1400*0.0392 = 54.88kg
Unit cost of PVC pipe = 10ETB/kg
Now cost = mass*unit cost /kg
Cost = 54.88 * 10 = 548.8 ETB
Dpipe = 150 mm
Area, A = 3.14*0.152/4 = 0.0176m2
Length of pipe Lp 3.5m
V = A*L = 0.0176*3.5 = 0.062M3
Mass , m = 1400*0.062 = 86.6kg
Now cost = mass*unit cost /kg
Cost = 86.6 *10 = 866ETB
Break-even analysis is a tool to determine the level of production/ sales at which the
business will cover both fixed and variable costs
It indicates the minimum amount of revenue that a business must earn in order to cover the
total cost incurred so that it does not incur any loss.
The break-even analysis is a useful tool in that it provides answers to the following questions:
1. Does it make sense at all to engage in a business? Is the expected profit stable and big
enough to allow for unforeseen risks, and for drawings for you as owner?
2. At what level of production will the business be able to cover all its costs? What is the
minimum price required for the product to be viable at different levels of production?
3. What happens if financial assumptions of costs or prices are changing? What are the
best, worst and probable scenarios of the project?
Volume of Production
At BEP = = 329 125units
OR () = 329 125 ETB
The result can also be calculated based on the equation that at break even sales revenue
and all costs (fixed and variable) are the same, i.e.
Capacity Utilization = *100 = = 9.017 %
329 625
PROFIT Total cost
(ETB)
BE POINT
329 125
FIXED COST
LOSS
11==+
10000 L 20000 LITERS 329 125 Liters 658 250 Liters Output sales (units)
IOT/UOG/MECHANICAL ENNGINEERING Page 63
DESIGN OF SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER SEVEN
CHAPTER EIGHT
Conclusion
The Solar-Powered Water Purification System is designed with the parameters of being
sustainable, portable, cost effective, easy to use, and scalable. These parameters were achieved by
using solar troughs, which are cost effective, scalable, and can reach boiling temperatures for the
distillation process, which is a sustainable and cost effective way to produce clean water. A control
system was also used and powered by a PV panel to make the system easy to use.
Recommendation
Finally, when we compare the efficiency of solar powered water purification system with other
systems for drinking purpose, it is better due to its cost saving ability, environmental friendly,
longer life span, renewable resource utilization and for perfect water purification of drinking
purpose of any areas having salty water problems our project is a vital solution and we suggest
those areas to apply our project.
PART DRAWINGS
REFERENCES
IOT/UOG/MECHANICAL ENNGINEERING Page 80
DESIGN OF SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
1. Allen Barnett et al, Milestone toward 50% efficient solar cell modules, presented in 22rd
European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy, 2007
2. Bruce Anderson , the solar home book-heating, cooling and designing with the sun.
3. Dunn, PD, Heffers Renewable Energy Sources, Conversion and Application, Peter
Peregrinus Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, 1986.
4. Jemes M.Gere, strength of materials
5. Jan. F.Kreider and Frank kreith , solar heating and cooling second edition.
6. W. H. Bross, Advances in Solar Technology Volume 1, Pergamon Press publishing, 1987.
7. www. Heat transfer-fluid.com
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Flow rate Vs head chart for the selection of pump power.
22m
Appendix B:
Properties of duratherm-450
Table 1. Property Vs Temperature Chart
IOT/UOG/MECHANICAL ENNGINEERING Page 82
DESIGN OF SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM