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..
 21

1,2= 2 1
x2-x1=9-6=3 E 2,3= x3-x2=15-9=6

4= 12.

3,4= x4-x3=12-15 = -3m

..
 22

III. .

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1m
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 23

U (m/s) - t(s)
12

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..
 24

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 25

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..
 26

2
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 27

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8

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..
 28

U (m/s) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8
t (s) 0 1 2 3 4

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..
 29

=2m/s2

.
.

[X] (m) 0 18.75 50 93.75 150
t (s) 0 2.5 5 7.5 10

.
:
()= uot + a t2 => () = 5 . 5 + .2.52 => ()= 25+25=50m

..
 30

A3
2010-11

1.

:

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.

1:

8
11 .
11.00
.

: 1 sec

2.

.

..
 31

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

: = = -3 -2 = - 5 m (
).

: 1m

3.

(
).

U = /t

3 :

t1 = 2s
U1 = /t = (5-1)/2 = 2 m/s

t2 = 4s U2 = X/t = (5-1)/4 = 1m/s

: 1 m/s

..
 32

4.


( )

= U/t

4 :

20 m/s
. t = 10s
40 m/s.
= U/t = (40-20)/10 = 20/10 = 2 m/s2

: 1 m/s2

1.

: = U . t

U = F (t) ( )

..
 33

,t ,
,t
.

1. (E...).
1 = 20 m 10 sec
2 = 62 m.

= U. t

= 2 1 42 = U . 10

= 42 m U = 42/10

U = 4,2 m/s

..
 34

1. D=840 m
. 16 m/s
40 m/s .

= UA . t XB = UB .t

X = 16. t 840 X = 40. t

840 16 t = 40 t

840 = 40t + 16 t

840 = 56 t

t = 840/56 t =15 sec

840 m

A C B

X 840-x

..
 35

.

.

U = . t

U - U = . t

U= U + t

= U . t + 1/2 . . t.2

..
 36

=f (t) U= f (t)

..
 37

X = f (t)

= U t + . . t2

..
 38

= ( + ) . U/2

E = (U + U ) . t/2

E= U.t + U .t /2

E = (U + . t ) . t/2 + U .t/2

E = U .t /2+ . t . t /2+ U .t/2

E = 2 U . t /2+ . t . t/2

E = U . t + . . t 2

B)

, .
, ,
.
.

U = U - t

..
 39

= U t t2

..
 40

1) Uo = 25 m/s.

t = 5 sec X = 225 m,

U = Uo + t (1)
= Uot + at2 (2)

(2) 225 = 25.5 + a.52

225 = 125 + a.25/2

1.225 = 2.125 + 2 a.25/2

450 - 250 = 25

25.a/25 = 200/25

= 8 m/s2

..
 41

(1) U = 25 + 8.5

U= 25 + 40

U = 65 m/s

2) Uo = 28 m/s.
d = 58 m.
= 7 m/s2 ,
;

U = Uo at (1)

= Uot at2 (2)

(1)

= 28 7.t

7t/7 = 28/7

t = 4 sec

= 28.4 .7.42

= 112-56

= 56m

=d, .

..
 42

1. E... U = 20 m/s.
) m t= 12 sec
) U-t X-t

2. U-t
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20

10

5 10 20
t

..
 43

..
 44

2010-2011

2

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 45

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 46

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 47

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 48

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 49

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1.

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 50

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iii.

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:
+N-w=0, N=w .
iv.
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2.

i. .

ii.
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m/s2.

..
 51

iii.

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iv.
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 52

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a


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 53

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 54

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t

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p
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t

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 55

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 56

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 57

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 58

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Ardley, Neil, , : , c1994
Laffetry, Peter, , [] : -
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Moore, Pete, O ,
: , c2003

..
 59

:
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2010-11

..
 60

1. -
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 61

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 62

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 64

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 65

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2010-11

..
 66

:
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 67

1 ( )


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 68

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..
 69

2010-11

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 70

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f = , . S.I.
t
s-1 Hz.

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f = , =1 t=T. f =
t T

..
 71

()

s
= , s
t
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t=T . S=2R,
s 2R
= = .
t T
S.I. 1m/s.


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t
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..
 72

(t=T),
=2 rad.

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=
t
2
t=T =
T
=2

2R
=
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=R
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=
T

I.
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..
 73

= = =
t

A = R R
=
= R RB

II. .
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=
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 74

1. . ,
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2. , ,
http://users.sch.gr/kassetas/education.htm
3. , ,
2010 http://www.youschool.gr
4. , , , ,
1988

..
 75

..
 76
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 79

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 80

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 81

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 83

5.

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F1 = F2
u1


u2


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t t

:



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p1 = p2



p1 + p2 = 0

. :

=p



p
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..
 84

3.

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2010-11

..
 85

1)

100km/h.

, 100km/h. ,

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. (m)
(u) . , ,
.

. P = mu

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S.I 1kgm/s

H ,

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..
 86

()

) m1=10kg u=2m/s.
m2=40kg u=0,5m/s.
.

P1 = m1u1=20kgm/s

P2 = m2u2=20kgm/s

1. BASKET U=10km/h m=1,5kg

2. U=150km/h m=2000kg

3. U=350km/h m=15000kg

4.AKONTIO U=80km/h m=0,5kg

.
km/h m/s.

10km/h = 2,77m/s

150km/h = 41,6m/s

350km/h = 97,2m/s

80km/h = 22,2m/s

1. P = mu = 4,155kgm/s

2. P = mu = 83200kgm/s

3. P = mu = 1458000kgm/s

4. P = mu = 11,1kgm/s

..
 87

2)
u
F.
.

a = u/t u= u u

F = ma

m(u u ) mu mu P P
F= = =
t t t

F
(P P) (t ),
.

- ()

)

.
,
, u .

F = mu/t = P/t

) m = 1000kg
u= 50 km/h 0,3sec u= 8 km/h.
F .

..
 88

.
.
( 8 km/h) (50 km/h).
km/h m/s.

U = -50 km/h = 50000 = -13,88 m/s

3600

U = +8 km/h = 8000 = +2,22 m/s

3600

F = P = P P = m(U U) =1000[2,22 (-13,88) ] = 1000(16,1)

t t t 0,3 0,3

= 16100 / 0,3 = 53666 N

..
 89

3)

(..)

. '

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. ( =
.)

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F1 = -F2 m1U1/t = - m2U2/t

P1 = -P2 ,
.

P1 + P2 =0 ,

, .

P1 P1 = - (P2 - P2)

P1 P1 = -P2 + P2

P1 + P2 = P1 + P2

P() = P()

..
 90

1)

2)
(
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, )

..
 91

.....
.

file:///C:/Users/AA/Desktop/ergasia%20fusikh/%20%20%20%2
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file:///C:/Users/AA/Desktop/ergasia%20fusikh/%20%20%20
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..
 92

:
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2010-11

..
 93

:
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 94

:

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V1>V2

..
 95

:

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p=mv 1kgm/s.

:
=v/t F=m.
2
F=mv/t. mv=p. F=p/t F=(p-p)/t.

, .
,
.
.. 10m/s 1kg.
p=mv p=10kgm/s.
2sec F=5N. F=(p-p)/t 5=(p-10)/2
10=p-10 p=20kgm/s. p=mv 20=1v v=20m/s.

..
 96

():
F1=-F2
m1v1/t=-m2v2/t.

m1v1=-m2v2 p1=-p2 p1-p1=-(p2-p2)
P1-p1=-p2+p2 p1+p2=p1+p2 p()=p().
.
.. m1=1kg v1=10m/s
m2=2kg.
v2=5m/s.
p1=m1v1 p2=m2v2
p1=1.10 p2=2.5
p1=10kgm/s p2=10kgm/s

:
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..
 97

.
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..
 98

..
 99

2010-11

..
 100

:

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(S.I.)
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W=F x .
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..
 101

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F=mg .


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..
 102

:

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K=1/2mu2

: 1kg 4m/s
8J

(....)

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= =WF

.
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..
 103

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 104

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.

..
 105

..
 106

2011-12

..
 107

Boyle, Charles Gay-Lussac

,
.

, -

(Robert Boyle),
1662.

, .

P1
, V1 T

P2 V2 ,

: P.V=. :

,
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..
 108

. :

mol
(S.I)

Charles, .

P
T,
(V=.).

P nR
= = .
T V

(
V=.)
:

Charles, ,
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..
 109

, .
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Gay-Lussac

Gay-Lussac
, .

V T,
P . :

V nR
= =
T P

(P=.)
:

1. www.scribd.com
2. www.booster.gr
3. www.pe04.net

..
 110

2011-12

..
 1.1 111

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..
 1.2 112

Boyles-

p ,
T ,
V.
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3
..
 113

..
 114

Charles
( )
p



p/T= V=

..
 115

..
 116

Kelvin (K)


-
()=273+
-273

..
 117

Gay Lussac
( )



P=p+w/A
V
, p .
V/T= p=

..
 118

..
 119

p*V=nRT
R
R=8,314 J/mol*K

.

..
 120

m

=m/V

..
 121

m=nMr



p= RT
Mr

..
 122

p=F/A

..
 123

.
p=p
.
p=p+w/A
.
p=p-w/A

p=p

..
 124

V=30 m3
p=1atm
=27C.

p=0,5atm =-23 C.
.
,
pV/pV=T/T
V=PVT/PT
T=273+27=300K T=273 -23 =250K, V=30 m3
V=50 m3

..
 125

,


.

..
 126

1) .
2) .
3) .
4)
.
5)
.

..
 127

p


1 mN 2
P = u
3 V

- 1
P = u2
3

3
E = kT
2

..
 128

3
= 2 =
m

..
 129

..
 130

3. 2011-2012

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

..
 131

.
F

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:

W = F (1)

P = F/A ( )

F :

F = PA (2)

(1) (2) :

W = PA

..
 132

W = PV ( V )

, ,
.
,

.

V1 V2= V1+V
.

T P1 P2,
, :

= P V = W

( )
.

..
 133

V,
P-V.

,
(T1 T2 1>2) .
,
,
1
2 (1<<2).
.

(
) .

Q
( S.I) o 1 Joule.
: 1cal = 4,186 J

.
,
,
,
.

.
,

..
 134

.
100 0.
.
.

.
100 0 .

.
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.

.
,
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..
 135

1/2mu2 = 3/2 kT

N ,
:

U = N 1/2mu2 = N 3/2 kT (1)

n = N/NA ( n mol )

N = nNA (2)

(1) (2) :

U = n NA 3/2 KT

NAk = R

U = 3/2 nRT

..
 136

.
-
,
.
.

,

,
.

. ,
Q W.


U
. :

..
 137

Q = U + W

) : Q > 0

: Q < 0

B) : U > 0

: U < 0

) W > 0

W < 0

) :

.
= U = 3/2 n R (T ) = 0

..
 138

: Q = W

W = nRTln(V/V)

) :

W = p V, V = V, W = 0

: Q = U

..
 139

) :

Q = U + W

Q = 3/2 n R T + p V

Q = 3/2 n R T + p (V V)

Q = 3/2 n R T + pV pV

..
 140

Q = 3/2 n R T + n R T n R T

Q = 3/2 n R T + n R (T T)

Q = 3/2 n R T + n R T

Q = 5/2 n R T

) :

: Q = 0,

.

Q = U + W

0 = U + W

W = - U

P V = ( )

..
 141

:
p V p V
W=
1

) :

(.. )

U = 0,
.

Q=W

..
 142

, blogs.sch.gr , physics.ntua.gr ,physics.about.com ,

physicsplanet , freescienceonline.blogspot.com ,
physics.harvard , physics4u.gr , delta-delta-m.blogspot.com ,
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, .

..
 143

..
 144

Coulomb

:
2010-11

..
 145

Charles Augustin de Coulomb

(1736-1806)

..
 146

q1 q2
F1 F2
+ +
r

F1 F2
+ -
r

..
 147

q1 q2

( r2 )

..
 148

..
 149

Coulomb

kq1q2
Fe = 2
r
..
 150

q1
F21 F12 q2
r

F21 =k|q1q2| F12 =k|q1q2|

r2 r2

F21 = -F12 (3 .Newton)

..
 151

O
()

.

k (S.I):
k = 9x 109 Nm2/C2

..
 152

Coulomb
;

..
 153

..
 154

..
 155

..
 156

Coulomb

..
 157

: Coulomb
-
.

FC
+p :
FN
|qe|=qp=1,6x10-19C
r=5,3x10-11m
k = 9x 109 Nm2/C2

: F=8,2.10-8N
..
 158

Coulomb

..
 159

Coulomb

..
 160

Coulomb

..
 161

Coulomb

..
 162

Coulomb

..
 163

Coulomb

..
 164

Coulomb

DNA

..
 165

A +2 C B
+6 C. ;

FBA

A
+2 C

B A: FAB=-3FBA
+6 C
B: FAB=-FBA
FAB : 3FAB=-FBA
: FAB=12FBA
..
 166

: 13-16
: 3, 6, 7, 8 44
: 2, 3, 5 52

..
 167

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYSTGX-F1GM
http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~romangoc/EM1-2-coulomb-law.html
http://www.insula.com.au/physics/1250/L1.html
http://ffden-
2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/don_bahls/coulombs_law.html
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF
%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%
85%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80

..
 168

..
 169

3 2011-12

1.
2.
3.

1.

.


.
:

.
:
.


.
.

.

..
 170

2. :
)
)
)
)

)
.

.
:

Q = + Q = Q

) :

.

:

V = VA VB = VAB

.
.

..
 171

?


.

?

V
.


() + Q

Q.




.
:

V = VA VB = VAB = V

)
C

.
:

C = Q/ V

..
 172

,
SI
1Farad=1coulomb/1Volt 1F=1C/1V
1 Farad
1Volt
1 C.
1 Farad


1mF = 10-3 F , 1F= 10-6 F
, 1nF = 10-9 F,..


V
.
:

Q= C . V

Q V .

.


.

?

..
 173

.
:

C = S/l

:
:

.
S =
l = ()

=8,85 . 10-12 C2 /N m2

.




.



.

:
)
) .

..
 174

)



.


.

U = QV

C= Q/V
:

U = CV 2
U = Q2 /C
3.
(...)
. ...

.

(1) = V/d ...

..
 175

(1):
...
W F d :
W = F . d = E . q . d

W>0
:
E. q.d= VAB . q => E = VAB.q/q.d
q>0 VAB>0 (W>0)
VAB=V, V = ,

= VAB. q/q.d => E= V/d

E= V/d

V= ,
.
: VAB = - V VAB = V

. :

(
) V=Q/C = .
. :

( ).

Q = C . V = .

..
 176

1. ,
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%BA%
CE%BD%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82
2. ,
3. , ,
,

..
 177

..
 178

: Kirchhoff

2011-12

..
 179

1. GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
2. ,

3. Kirchhoff
4. Kirchhoff

..
 180

1. GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF

(Gustav Robert Kirchhoff)

12 1824
17 1887.


,

. 1842
(Albertus Universitt von Knigsberg),
1847.

, , ,
. 1845
,

.
1854 (Robert Bunsen)
,
,
.


(1859). 1860

.

..
 181

2.
,,

:

-
:
( )
,
q

S.I.
U = W :

:
() ()

q () (),
.

:


( ).
.

..
 182

, .


.

.

. ,

.
.

,
.

.

3. KIRCHHOFF

2C 3C
. ,

, 5C ( ,
5C).

..
 183

,
.

3 .

. , .

.

1 Kirchhoff :

, '
, ,
' .

(I) = (I)

:
t
q. q1 q2
.
:
q = q 1+ q 2
=q/t =1+2

=2,43, 1 =0,90 2 = 1,53

: =1+2
2,43=0,90+1,53
2,43=2,43

..
 184

4. KIRCHHOFF

:

( )
. 2

.
.
( ) ,


.

2 Kirchhoff :

:

.
(V)=0

( )

..
 185

V+V +V =0

V+V=-V

V+V= -(-V)

V+V=V

V V

V=12V. V1 V=9V, V2
V=3V: V=V1+V2

V-V1-V2=0

, V

V=V =V.

..
 186

..
 187

2

1
..
 188

;

;

.


.
1 Tesla

..
 189

;


.


(
).

..
 190

, 1820,

.
.

,
.

..
 191

:

,
r B

:

:

o

..
 192

:
I:
r:


r
,
.


2 .
 1 3
2 4
.
 1 2
3 4

.


.

..
 193

4

: !

.1 .2

..
 194

.3 .4

r
I,

.

..
 195

,


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. (. . 5 6)

5 6

, ,

..
 196

4
.
7
.

..
 197

()

.

. ,
.

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,
:




.



. ( 8,10,11)

..
 198


:







:

N o
l
N/l n
.

..
 199

..
 200

10 11

4

,


.

..
 201

1. ,
r=5 cm
1=2 2=
1,5 , .
r1= 2 cm



1)


2)

3)

B2
B1

B2

r1 r-r1

--r1- B1

I1 --------r------- I2

1= 21/r1 B2= 22/(r-r1) =|1 2|

B1= 1O-7 2 2/2 10-2 B2= 10-7 3/ 3 10-2 = 10-5

..
 202

B1= 2 1O-5 T 2= 10-5 ( 1)

2. ,
1= 100 2= 50
r=2 m.

.
.

=  1-2=0  1=2  21/(r+x)= 2I2/x  x=2

m

..
 203

B2

r x

B1

, x= -2r
2
x r

=2 m

..
 204

http://www.seilias.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view
&id=116&Itemid=32

,

http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%C
E%AF%CE%BF:Magnet0873.png

http://www.google.gr/imgres?q=%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B
D%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF+%CF%80%CE%B5%C
E%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF&um=1&hl=el&sa=N&biw=1309&bih=704&
tbm=isch&tbnid=zPPTPdVOtup9aM:&imgrefurl

http://anamorfosi.teiser.gr/ekp_yliko/e-
notes/Data/phys2/Physics_II_book.htm&docid=rccukf8jYvYfgM&i
mgurl

http://anamorfosi.teiser.gr/ekp_yliko/e-
notes/Data/phys2/Physics_II_book.files/image019.gif&w=254&h=
210&ei=dkKhT9efN4z14QS2hqX2CA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1&sig
=114072363074126577232&page=1&tbnh=163&tbnw=203&start
=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:71&tx=100&ty=59

http://www.google.gr/imgres?q=%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B
D%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF+%CF%80%CE%B5%C
E%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF&um=1&hl=el&sa=N&biw=1309&bih=704&
tbm=isch&tbnid=WtbCHXjU65oKhM:&imgrefurl

http://ph102.edu.physics.uoc.gr/web3/index.php%3Foption%3Dc
om_content%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D7%253Aanswers2%2
6layout%3Dblog%26Itemid%3D18%26limitstart%3D20&docid=jm
hmP7JBtyfsMM&imgurl

http://ph102.edu.physics.uoc.gr/web3/images/stories/permanent
.jpg&w=398&h=307&ei=dkKhT9efN4z14QS2hqX2CA&zoom=1&iac
t=rc&dur=1&sig=114072363074126577232&page=1&tbnh=158&t

..
 205

bnw=236&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:0,i:93&tx=165&ty
=76

http://www.google.gr/imgres?q=%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B
D%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF+%CF%80%CE%B5%C
E%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%B3
%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B1%CE
%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85&um=1&hl=el&biw=1309&
bih=704&tbm=isch&tbnid=7CqHfcwB_2dZMM:&imgrefurl

http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DS
GL-B128/110/865,3220/&docid=XIKZwxiSEvXOJM&imgurl

http://digitalschool.minedu.gov.gr/modules/ebook/show.php/DS
GL-
B128/110/865,3220/images/img3_3_41.jpg&w=372&h=200&ei=w
EKhT-
OPOoLl4QS_yKz5CA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=2&sig=114072363074
126577232&page=3&tbnh=112&tbnw=208&start=36&ndsp=24&v
ed=1t:429,r:6,s:36,i:161&tx=91&ty=75

..
 206

2011-12

..
 207

FARADAY
:


.

:
.

.
,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
, .

,
.
.

.

..
 208

:
.
,
, .


.
.
, ,
. ,


.

, ,

.
,
. Faraday,
,

.
.
,

.

.

..
 209

LENZ
: ( )


.

,
.

. Lenz
.

:
, .
,

. ,

.

,
,
, . ,

.

,
. ,


, ,

.

. ,

.

..
 210

,

.

( ),
.
( ),

,

.
:
..,
,


,
.
,

..
 211

,
, .
( )

.
,

.

( dc,

)
. , ,
,
,
.

.
.

.

.
,
,
, ,
, .

..
 212

..
 213

3
2011-12

..
 214

, .

. .
.

,
.

.()

(,r=0), , ,
(. ).

,
.


, .


.


.

..
 215

Lenz

,
Lenz ( )
. ,

.

. = -
/t = - /t
:

= -L*I/t

L
. (-)
Lenz,
,
:

..
 216

I/t
.

I
U UL
:

U=1/2*L*

..
 217

Faraday,
(.
), .
()
()

.
.

:
(),
(),
.

Faraday
(=-2*2/t) :

=-*I1/t

. Henry (1H=1V*s/A),
,
,

..
 218

1/s.

,
,
(I/t) .

:
Ruhmkorff

.
,
.

. Ruhmkorff.

..
 219

..