DISCUSSION

In this experiment, two types of standardization were carried out. Standardization

sodium hydroxide solution (pure NaOH) and diluted standardization of NaOH. The difference
between both of this standardization is another 200 ml of distilled water was added with 50
ml of pure NaOH for diluted standardization of NaOH in 250 ml of volumetric flask. All trials
used same weight of solid KHP which were 0.8 g. The Erlenmeyer flasks were used in this
experiment as the container of dissolved KHP. The burette was used in this experiment as to
deliver NaOH solution to react with KHP. The universal indicator used in this experiment was
phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein added in the Erlenmeyer flask containing dissolved KHP
for all trials.

Erlenmeyer flasks were used in this experiment because the mixture would not drip
out from this flask. Each Erlenmeyer flasks should be shaken gently to ensure that reaction
between distilled water with solid KHP and reaction between dissolved KHP and NaOH
solution take place well. The usage of beaker would make the mixture splash out if the
mixture was shaken and it would affect the measurements. Phenolphthalein used in this
experiment as universal indicator. The colour of phenolphthalein would remain unchanged
when it reacted with acid. When the phenolphthalein reacts with base for example, NaOH
solution it would change from colourless to pinkish-violet colour. In this experiment, the
colour of dissolved KHP added with phenolphthalein change from colourless to light pinkish-
violet after end point were reached. End point indicates the end of the reaction. The end point
of reaction shows the volume of NaOH needed to neutralize all dissolved KHP in each
Erlenmeyer flasks. The concentration of NaOH after completed all titration were obtained.

Based on the result of this experiment, all mass of solid KHP were weighed to 0.8 g
by using top loading balance. For standardization NaOH solution, the initial reading for
experiment was 0, 13.4 (taken from previous final reading of burette from trial 1) and 30 (due
to error occurred).Volumes of NaOH were obtained by subtracted final reading of burette with
initial reading of burette. Molarity of NaOH was calculated by the product of concentration
and volume of NaOH for each trial. Molarity is ratio number of moles solutes dissolved in 1L
of solvent. The number of mole of NaOH used is 0.00392M. Molarity of NaOH is calculated
by using the formula of number of moles per volume in litre. Average molarity and standard
deviation for each trial were calculated. For diluted standardization NaOH, 50 ml of pure
NaOH was mixed with 200 ml of distilled water in 250 ml of volumetric flask. This is due to
purpose of diluted 5 times of NaOH for diluted standardization of NaOH. Other procedures
were repeated procedures from standardization of NaOH solution. All initial readings were
started from 0 and all volumes were calculated by appropriate formula. Number of moles of
NaOH is given 0.00392. Molarity calculated by number of mole per volume in litre. Average
molarity and standard deviation was also calculated.

There were errors occurred in this experiments. The improper

technique using burette during transferred NaOH into Erlenmeyer flask containing dissolved
solid KHP was applied. Proper technique should be consulted to avoid error in the next
experiment. Parallax error also occurred when eyes not perpendicular to the scale of
measuring instruments. The eyes must be perpendicular to the scale of instruments so
accurate value of measurement will be obtained.

CONCLUSION

From this experiment, the objectives to standardize a sodium

hydroxide solution with potassium hydrogen phthalate by titration and to calculate the
concentration of standard solution are achieved. The usage of burette is been taught. The
burette is used to titrate the solution to get the end point. The end point show that the colour
changes from colourless to pinkish violet. This process is called neutralization. Sometimes
error occurred during doing the experiment. One of it is parallax error. To avoid this parallax
error, the eyes must be perpendicular to the scale reading of the measuring instrument,
which is burette for this experiment. Random error also occurred when the proper technique
in using the instrument is not understood properly. So, read the lab manual thoroughly to
prevent this error from occurring in the next experiment.

REFERENCES

http://web.clark.edu/nfattaleh/classes/135/Sp05/Labs/NaOHStdSp05.pdf - 08th Sept

2012
http://.molarity-answers.com/Q/What_is molarity- 08th Sept 2012
https://mymission.lamission.edu/userdata%5Cpaziras%5CChem102%5CExp_11.pdf-
08th Sept 2012
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090308033108AAI2OnU- 08th Sept
2012
1. Definition of following terms are :

(i) Titration is the process, operation, or method of determine the concentration of a

substance in solution by add a standard reagent until a changing of colour as indicator the
reaction is complete.
(ii) Titrant is a solution of known concentration which is titrate to determine
the unknown concentration of another solution.
2.

2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

MaVa / MbVb = a / b

1.420M (Va ) / 4.5M (25/1000) = 2 / 1

1.420M (Va ) = 2 ( 4.5M (25/1000) )

Va = 2 ( 4.5M (25/1000) )

1.420

Va = 0.1585 ml

Va = 158.5 L
3. The flowchart of procedure for diluted standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (diluted
5 times):
33Easscaahmmflppalleseksswoofaf0s0.8a.8dggewsdeorbliydp2KlaHdcrPeodwpsienrotof pwehaeecinghohnlepudhmtbbyaelreidn caosniincdailcflaatosrka.n5d0 m l of dist led
5500 mm ll ooff pNuarOeHsoindimumeahsuydrirnogxicdyelinsodleurtiwonas(NtraaOnHsf)ewr adstaod ed
DuTwhiasetntgmlreiwtdxoapwusraleotebdreiwtnwageosbandal5n0hedcmoi.nlntiocfaplhuflerae2sN5k0.aOmHl owfitvhodluismtelterdicwflaatsekrcinonsitdaeintheg 25500mml l of
TaEinhlatceoflhamsflikeaxstgukwrrawedwusaasthieatrdrakcetneysdlifgnewrinetdthrl.yid.nitluotehdeNbauOreHtseoluunttioiln.t End point of
T2Nh5ae0OHamvlseoorlfaugvtieoolnumuonelattrilicryeflaacnshdke.dtatnhedamrdarke.viat on of al
vreoalucmh ettreicmflaarskkowfa'0s haken gently.
etraiaclhs twriearl wcearlcuelaatcehde.d.
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Mass of KHP (g) 0.8 0.8 0.8
 Final burette
66.0 68.7 69.9
reading, NaOH (ml)
Initial burette
0 0 0
reading, NaOH (ml)
Volume of NaOH (M) 66.0 68.7 69.9
Molarity of NaOH
0.059 0.057 0.056
(M)
Average molarity of
0.057
NaOH (M)
Standard deviation 0.00158

a) Volume of NaOH (M):

[ Volume = Final burette reading-Initial burette reading ]
Trial 1
= 66.0-0
= 66.0 ml
Trial 2
= 68.7-0
= 68.7 ml
Trial 3
= 69.9-0
=69.9 ml
b) Molarity of NaOH
[ Molarity = No of mole / Volume ]
Trial 1
= 0.00392 / 0.066
= 0.059 M
Trial 2
= 0.00392 / 0.0687
= 0.057 M
Trial 3
= 0.00392 / 0.0699
= 0.056 M
 c) Average molarity of NaOH
=0.059 M + 0.057 M + 0.056 M
3
= 0.057 M
d) Standard deviation
x ix


2
=
1
N 1

= 1
2
[(0.0590.057)2+(0.0570.057)2 +( 0.0560.057)2 ]
= 0.00158

Sample Of Calculations:

i. Standardization of NaOH Solution

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Volume of NaOH(M) = 13.4 0 = 28.1-13.4 = 43.4 30.0

[Final burette = 13.4 M = 14.7 M = 13.4 M
reading-Initial burette
reading]
Molarity of NaOH (M) = 0.00392 / 0.0134 = 0.00392 / 0.0147 = 0.00392 / 0.0134
[Mol x Volume] = 0.293 = 0.267 = 0.293

Average molarity of = 0.293 M + 0.267 M + 0.293 M

NaOH (M) 3
= 0.284 M
Standard Deviation x ix


2
=
1
N 1

1
2
[(0.2930.284)2 +(0.2670.284)2 +(0.2930.284)2]

= 0.015
 ii. Diluted Standardization of NaOH Solution

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Volume of NaOH(M) = 66.0 0 = 68.7 - 0 = 69.9 0

[Final burette = 66.0 M = 68.7 M = 69.9 M
reading-Initial burette
reading]
Molarity of NaOH (M) = 0.00392 / 0.066 = 0.00392 / 0.0687 = 0.00392 / 0.0699
[Mol x Volume] = 0.059 = 0.057 = 0.056

Average molarity of = 0.059 M + 0.057 M + 0.056 M

NaOH (M) 3
= 0.057 M
Standard Deviation x ix


2
=
1
N 1

1
2
[(0.0590.057)2+(0.0570.057)2 +(0.0560.057)2 ]

= 0.00158