6/24/2016 Mnemonics

GITMnemonics
Duodenum:lengthsofparts"Counting1to4butstaggered":
1stpart:2inches
2ndpart:3inches
3rdpart:4inches
4thpart:1inch


Murphy'spointorgan[forIrish]"MurphywasanIrishman(andMurphyisaclassicIrishsurname),and
Ireland=green":
Greenorganinbodyisgallbladder,soMurphy'spointisthegallbladder.


Meckel'sdiverticulumdetails2incheslong.
2feetfromendofileum.
2timesmorecommoninmen.
2%occurrenceinpopulation.
2typesoftissuesmaybepresent.
Note:"di"means"two",sodiverticulumisthethingwithallthetwos.


Liverinferiormarkingsshowingright/leftlobevs.vasculardivisionsThere'saHepatic"H"oninferiorof
liver.OneverticalstickoftheHisthedividinglineforanatomicalright/leftlobeandtheotherverticalstickisthe
dividerforvascularhalves.Stickthatdividestheliverintovascularhalvesistheonewithvenacavaimpression
(sincevenacavacarriesblood,it'sfortunatethatit'sthedividerforbloodhalves).

Bowelcomponents"DowJonesIndustrialAverageClosingStockReport":
Fromproximaltodistal:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
Colon
Sigmoid
Rectum
Alternatively:toincludethececum,"DowJonesIndustrialClimbingAverageClosingStockReport".


Bowelcomponents"DublinSistersCeramicRedColoredJewelryApparentlyIllegal":
24lettersofeachcomponent:
Duodenum
Sigmoid
Cecum
Rectum
Colon
Jejunum
Appendix
Ileum


Ulcerativecolitis:definitionofasevereattackASTATE:

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Anemialessthan10g/dl
Stoolfrequencygreaterthan6stools/daywithblood
Temperaturegreaterthan37.5
Albuminlessthan30g/L
Tachycardiagreaterthan90bpm
ESRgreaterthan30mm/hr


Vomiting:extraGIdifferentialVOMITING:
Vestibulardisturbance/Vagal(reflexpain)
Opiates
Migrane/Metabolic(DKA,gastroparesis,hypercalcemia)
Infections
Toxicity(cytotoxic,digitalistoxicity)
IncreasedICP,Ingestedalcohol
Neurogenic,psychogenic
Gestation


Pancreatitis(acute):causesIGETSMASHED:
Idiopathitic
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune(PAN)
Scorpionstings
Hyperlipidemia/Hypercalcemia
ERCP
Drugs(includingazathioprineanddiuretics)
Note:'GetSmashed'isslanginsomecountriesfordrinking,andethanolisanimportantpancreatitiscause.
Note:Shortestanswerisgallstonesforwomen,andethanolformen.Andscorpianstingsforpeoplefrom
Trinidad.


HereditaryNonpolyposisColorectalCancer(HNPCC)causeisDNAmismatchrepairDNAmismatch
causesabubbleinthestrandwherethetwonucleotidesdon'tmatch.
Thislooksliketheensuingpolypsthatariseinthecolon.
Seediagram.



IBD:extraintestinalmanifestationsAPIESAC:
Aphthousulcers
Pyodermagangrenosum
Iritis
Erythemanodosum
Sclerosingcholangitis
Arthritis
Clubbingoffingertips

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Digestivedisorders:pHlevelWithvomitingboththepHandfoodcomeup.
WithdiarrheaboththepHandfoodgodown.


H.Pyloritreatmentregimen(roughguidelines)"PleaseMakeTummyBetter":
Protonpumpinhibitor
Metronidazole
Tetracycline
Bismuth
Alternatively:TOMB:
Tetracycline
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
Bismuth


Bilirubin:commoncausesforincreasedlevels"HOTLiver":
Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liverdisease


Ulcerativecolitis:complications"PASTColitis":
Pyodermagangrenosum
Ankylosingspondylitis
Sclerosingpericholangitis
Toxicmegacolon
Coloncarcinoma



Charcot'striad(gallstones)"Charcot'sTriadis3C's":
Colorchange(jaundice)
Colic(biliary)pain,akaRUQpain
Chillsandfever


CholangitisfeaturesCHOLANGITITS:
Charcot'striad/Conjugatedbilirubinincrease
Hepaticabscesses/Hepatic(intra/extra)bileducts/HLAB8,DR3
Obstruction
Leukocytosis
Alkalinephosphataseincrease
Neoplasms
Gallstones
Inflammatoryboweldisease(ulcerativecolitis)
Transaminaseincrease
Infection
Sclerosing

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Charcot'striad(gallstones)"ChargeaFEE":
Charcot'striadis:
Fever
Epigastric&RUQpain
Emesis&nausea

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Pancreatitis:criteriaPANCREAS:
PaO2below8
Age>55
Neutrophils:WCC>15
Calciumbelow2
Renal:Urea>16
Enzymes:LDH>600AST>200
Albuminbelow32
Sugar:Glucose>10(unlessdiabeticpatient)



Pancreatitis:Ransoncriteriaforpancreatitis:atadmission"GALAW"(GAisabbreviationfortheU.S.state
ofGeorgia):
Glucose>200
AST>250
LDH>350
Age>55y.o.
WBC>16000



Pancreatitis:Ransoncriteriaforpancreatitis:initial48hours"C&HOBBS"(CalvinandHobbes):
Calcium<8
Hctdrop>10%
Oxygen<60mm
BUN>5
Basedeficit>4
Sequestrationoffluid>6L


Pancreatitis:RansoncriteriaforpancreatitisatadmissionLEGAL:
Leukocytes>16.000
EnzymeAST>250
Glucose>200
Age>55
LDH>350


GITsymptomsBADANALS#!T:
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Bleeding
Abdominalpain
Dysphagia
Abdominalbloating
Nausea&vomiting
Anorexia/Appetitechanges
Lethargy
S#!ts(diarrhea)
Heartburn
Increasedbilirubin(jaundice)
Temperature(fever)


Crohn'sdisease:morphology,symptomsCHRISTMAS:
Cobblestones
Hightemperature
Reducedlumen
Intestinalfistulae
Skiplesions
Transmural(alllayers,mayulcerate)
Malabsorption
Abdominalpain
Submucosalfibrosis


Dysphagia:differentialDISPHAGIA:
Diseaseofmouthandtonsils/Diffuseoesophagealspasm/Diabetesmellitus
Intrinsiclesion
Scleroderma
Pharyngealdisorders/PalsybulbarMND
Achalasia
Heart:eftatriumenlargement
Goitre/myestheniaGravis/mediastinalGlands
Infections
Americantrypanosomiasis(chagasdisease)


Drymouth:differential"DRI":
2ofeach:
Drugs/Dehydration
Renalfailure/Radiotherapy
Immunological(Sjogren's)/Intenseemotions


Cirrhosis:causesofhepaticcirrhosisHEPATIC:
Hemochromatosis(primary)
Enzymedeficiency(alpha1antitrypsin)
Posthepatic(infection+druginduced)
Alcoholic
Tyrosinosis
Indianchildhood(galactosemia)
Cardiac/Cholestatic(biliary)/Cancer/Copper(Wilson's)
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Hepaticencephalopathy:precipitatingfactorsHEPATICS:
HemorrhageinGIT/Hyperkalemia
Excessproteinindiet
Paracentesis
Acidosis/Anemia
Trauma
Infection
Colonsurgery
Sedatives

r
Whipple'sdisease:clinicalmanifestationsSHELDA:
Serositis
Hyperpigmentationofskin
Eatingless(weightloss)
Lymphadenopathy
Diarrhea
Arthritis

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PedroTulioUniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,Brazil
Celiacsprueglutensensitiveenteropathy:glutencontaininggrainsBROW:
Barley
Rye
Oats
Wheat
Flattenedintestinalvilliofceliacspruearesmooth,likeaneyebrow.



Liverfailure(chronic):signsfoundonthearmsCLAPS:
Clubbing
Leukonychia
Asterixis
Palmarerythema
Scratchmarks


Constipation:causesDOPED:
Drugs(egopiates)
Obstruction(egIBD,cancer)
Pain
Endocrine(eghypothyroid)
Depression


Splenomegaly:causesCHINA:
Congestion/Cellularinfiltration
Haematological(eghaemolyticanaemia,Sicklecell)
Infection/Infarction(egmalaria,GF,CMV)
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Neoplasia(egCML,lymphoma,othermyeloproliferative)
Autoimmune


Dysphagia:causesMOON:
Mouthlesions
Obstruction
Oesophagealstricture
Neurological(egstroke,GuillainBarre,achalasia)


Cirrhosis:differential:commonandrarerCommoncausesareABC:
Alcohol
B(Hepatitis)
C(Hepatitis)
RarerarealsoABC:
Autoimmune
Biliarycirrhosis
Copper(Wilson's)


Hepaticencephalopathy:precipitatingfactorsABCDEFI:
Alcoholwithdrawal
Bleeding(GI)
Constipation
Drugs:withdrawanysedatives/narcotics
Electrolyteimbalances
Fluiddepletion:stopdiuretics
Infections:treatvigorously


CVSmneumonics
MneumonicsofCVSAnatomy:

Femoraltriangle:arrangementofcontentsNAVEL:
Fromlateralhiptowardsmedialnavel:
Nerve(directlybehindsheath)
Artery(withinsheath)
Vein(withinsheath)
Emptyspace(betweenveinandlymph)
Lymphatics(withdeepinguinalnode)
Nerve/Artery/VeinareallcalledFemoral.


Femoraltriangle:arrangementofnerve,artery,veinVAN:
Frommedialtolateral:
Vein
Artery
Nerve
Nerve/Artery/VeinareallcalledFemoral.


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Aorticarch:majorbranchorder"KnowyourABC'S":
Aorticarchgivesriseto:
Brachiocephalictrunk
leftCommonCarotid
leftSubclavian
Bewarethoughtrickquestionof'Whatisfirstbranchofaorta?'Technically,it'sthecoronaryarteries.


Lunglobenumbers:rightvs.leftTricuspidheartvalveandtrilobedlungbothontherightside.
Bicuspidandbilobedlungbothontheleftside.


UlnarnervetoulnararteryandradialnervetoradialarteryrelationsThink"peripheralnerves":
Theulnarnerveis"ulnar"totheulnarartery.
Radialnerveis"radial"totheradialartery.

r

Femalepelvicorgans'bloodsupply"3organs,eachget2bloodsupplies":
Uterus:uterine,vaginal.
Rectum:middlerectal,inferiorrectal[inferiorrectalistheendofpudendal].
Bladder:superiorvesical,inferiorvesical.


Liver:sidewithligamentumvenosum/caudatelobevs.sidewithquadratelobe/ligamentum
teres"VCgoeswithVC":
TheVenosumandCaudateisonsamesideasVenaCava[posterior].Therefore,quadrateandteresmustbeon
anteriorbydefault.

Saphenousveins:pathofgreatvs.smallatmalleolus"MAGdelainehasvaricoseveins"[Thesaphenous
veinsareimportantforvaricoseveins]:
Medialmaleolus,Anteriortomaleolus,andGreatsaphenousgotogether.
Thentheoppositesofthesegotogether:Smallsaphenousisposteriortothelateralmaleolus.


Thoraciccage:relationstotheimportantvenousstructuresBehindthesternoclavicularjoints:the
brachiocephalicveinsbegin.
Behindthe1stcostalcartilageontherightthesuperiorvenacavabegins.
Behindthe2ndcostalcartilageontherighttheazygosveinends.
Behindthe3rdcostalcartilageontherightthesuperiorvenacavaends.

Externalcarotidarterybranches"SisterLucy'sPowderedFaceOftenAttractsSillyMedicos":
Beforeenteringtheparotidgland:
Superiorthyroid
Lingual
Posteriorauricular
Facial
Occipital
Ascendingpharyngeal
Endsas:
Superficialtemporaland
Maxillarybifurcatingintheintheparotidgland
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Externalcarotidarterybranches"SomeAngryLadyFiguredOutPMS":
Superiorthyroid
Ascendingpharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posteriorauricular
Maxillary
Superificialtemporal


Descendingabdominalaorta:seven
divisions"SometimesIntestinesGetReallyStretchedCausingLeakage":
Suprarenals[paired]
Inferiormesenteric
Gonadal[paired]
Renals[paired]
Superiormesenteric
Celiac
Lumbar[paired]


Internaljugularvein:tributaries"MedicalSchoolsLetConfidentPeopleIn":
Frominferiortosuperior:
Middlethyroid
Superiorthyroid
Lingual
Commonfacial
Pharyngeal
Inferiorpetrosalsinus


Portalsystemicanastomoses:main2placesthatretroperitonealsconnectinto
systemicRetroPeritonealshookupwithRenalandParavertebralveins.

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Brachialartery:recurrentandcollateralbranches"IAmPrettySexy"
InferiorulnarcollateralarterygoeswithAnteriorulnarrecurrentartery.
PosteriorulnarrecurrentarterygoeswithSuperiorulnarcollateralartery.
Alternatively:"IAmPrettySmart".


Thoracoacromialarterybranches"CAliforniaPoliceDepartment":
Clavicular
Acromial
Pectoral
Deltoid


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Axillaryarterybranches"SendTheLordtoSayAPrayer":
Fromproximaltodistal:
Superiorthoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateralthoracic
Subscapular
Anteriorcircumflexhumeral
Posteriorcircumflexhumeral


Carotidsheathcontents"ISee10CC'sintheIV":
ISee(I.C.)=InternalCarotidartery
10=CN10(Vagusnerve)
CC=CommonCarotidartery
IV=InternalJugularVein


Internaliliacartery:posteriorbranchPILS:
Posteriorbranch
Iliolumbar
Lateralsacral
Superiorgluteal

ExternalcarotidarterybranchesStApLEOPIS:
Superiorthyroid
Ascendingpharyngeal
Lingual
Externalmaxillary(facial)
Occipital
Posteriorauricular
Internalmaxillary
Superficialtemporal


Axillaryarterybranches"SuzyThompkinsLovesSex,Alcohol,andPot":
Fromproximaltodistal:
Superiorthoracic
Thoracacromial
Lateralthoracic
Subscapular
Anteriorcircumflexhumeral
Posteriorcircumflexhumeral


Maxillaryarterybranches"DAMIAM
PissDrunkButStupidDrunkIPrefer,MustPhoneAlcoholicsAnonymous":
Deepauricular
Anteriortympanic
Middlemeningeal
Inferioralveolar
Accessorymeningeal
Masseteric
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Pterygoid
Deeptemporal
Buccal
Sphenopalatine
Descendingpalatine
Infraorbital
Posteriorsuperioralveolar
Middlesuperioralveolar
Pharyngeal
Anteriorsuperioralveolar
Arteryofthepterygoidcanal


Femoralhernia:epidemiologyFEMoralherniasaremorecommoninFEMales.


Externalcarotidarterybranches"SoLongForActingOldParentingMeansStability":
Superiorthyroid
Lingual
Facial
Ascendingpharyngeal
Occiptal
Posteriorauricular
Maxillary
Superficialtemporal


Inferiorvenacavatributaries"ILikeToRiseSoHigh":
Illiacs
Lumbar
Testicular
Renal
Suprarenal
Hepaticvein.
ThinkoftheIVCwantingtorisehighuptotheheart.


CavernoussinuscontentsOTOMCAT:
OTOMarelateralwallcomponents,inorderfromsuperiortoinferior.
CAarethecomponentswithinthesinus,frommedialtolateral.CAendsatthelevelofTfromOTOM.
Seediagram.
Occulomotornerve(III)
Trochlearnerve(IV)
Ophthalmicnerve(V1)
Maxillarynerve(V2)
Carotidartery
Abducentnerve(VI)
T:Whenwritten,connectstotheTofOTOM.

Femoraltriangle:contentsNAVY:
Inorderfromlateraltomedial:
Nerve
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Artery
Vein
Yofthegroin
Alternatively:Y=Yfronts[maleunderwear].


Internaliliacartery:anteriorbranchesWhatBilladmittedtoHilary:
"IMilkedOurInsatiableIntern'sUddersUndertheDesk":
Inferiorgluteal
Middlerectal
Obturator
Inferiorvesicalartery
Internalpudendalartery
Umbilical
U/D=Uterineartery(female)/Deferentialartery(male)


ThoracoacromialarterybranchesABCD:
Acromial
Breast(pectoral)
Clavicular
Deltoid

Axillaryarterybranches"ScrewTheLawyerSaveAPatient":
Superiorthoracic
Thoracoacromiol
Lateralthoracic
Subscapular
Anteriorcircumflexhumeral
Posteriorcircumflexhumeral

Externalcarotidarterybranches"SallyAteLotsOfFreshProduceMarchThroughSeptember":
Superiorthyroid
Ascendinglaryngeal
Lingual
Occipital(ObeforeFisanextremelycommonvariation)
Facial
Posteriorauricular
Maxillary
Transversefacial
Superficialtemporal


Atrioventricularvalves"LABRAT":
LeftAtrium:Bicuspid
RightAtrium:Tricuspid

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AmirA.GhaferiJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicine
Externalcarotidarterybranches"SheLayFlaccidAsOlaf'sPenisSlippedIn":
Fromcaudaltocephalad:
Superiorthyroid
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Lingual
Facial
Ascendingpharyngeal
Occipital
Posteriorauricular
Superficialtemporal
(Internal)maxillary


Brachialarteryismedialtobicepstendon"BAMBI":
BrachialArteryisMedialtoBicepsInelbow.


Externalcarotidarterybranches"SuzyAlwaysLaysFlatOnPillowsMakingSexTerrific":
Superiorthyroid
Ascendingpharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posteriorauricular
Maxillary
SuperificialTemporal

Coelictrunk:branchesLeftHandSide(LHS):
Leftgastricartery
Hepaticartery
Splenicartery


Heartvalvesequence"TryPullingMyAorta":
Tricuspid
Pulmonary
Mitral
Aorta


Femoralarterydeepbranches"PutMyLegDownPlease":
Profundusfemoris(deepfemoralartery)
Medialcircumflexfemoralartery
Lateralcircumflexfemoralartery
Descendinggeniculararteries
Perforatingarteries


Subclavianarterybranches"VeryTiredIndividualsSipStrongCoffeeServedDaily":
Vertebralartery
Thyrocervicaltrunk
Inferiorthyroid
Superficialcervical
Suprascapular
Costocervical
Superiorintercostal
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Deepcervical

Cardiacvalves:orderincircuit"TRIberoreyouBI":
TricuspidvalveislocatedinleftheartandBicuspidvalveislocatedinrightheart.Bloodflowsthrough
thetricuspidbeforebicuspid.

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ChrisGilbrethClevelandChiropracticCollege,KansasCity
Heartvalves:orderincircuit"FirstlearnaTricycle,thenlearnaBicycle":
FlowthroughTricuspidfirst,thenBicuspid.


Externaljugularvein:tributariesPAST:
Posteriorexternaljugularvein
Anteriorjugularvein
Suprascapularvein
Transversecervicalvein


BranchesofInternalIliacArtery"ILoveGoingPlacesInMyVeryOwnUnderwear":
Ileolumbar
Lateralsacral
Gluteal(superiorandinferior)
Pudendal(internal)
Inferiorvesicle(uterineinfemales)
Middlerectal
Vaginal
Obturator
Umbilical


Thoracoacromialtrunk:branches"CadaversAreDeadPeople":
Clavicular
Acromial
Deltoid
Pectoral


Posteriormediastinum:contentsDATES:
Descendingaorta
Azygosandhemiazygousveins
Thoracicduct
Esophagus
Sympathetictrunk/ganglia


Rheumaticfever:Jones5majorcriteriaSPACE:
Subcutaneousnodules
Pancarditis
Arthritis
Chorea
ErythemaMarginatum
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CVSinMedicine:

Shock:signsandsymptomsTVSPARCCUBE:
Thirst
Vomiting
Sweating
Pulseweak
Anxious
Respirationsshallow/rapid
Cool
Cyanotic
Unconscious
BPlow
Eyesblank


AcuteLVFmanagementLMNOP:
Lasex(frusemide)
Morphine(diamorphine)
Nitrates
Oxygen(sitpatientup)
Pulmonaryventilation(ifdoingbadly)


Subarachnoidhemorrhage(SAH)causesBATS:
Berryaneurysm
Arteriovenousmalformation/Adultpolycystickidneydisease
Trauma(egbeingstruckwithbaseballbat)
Stroke


Ventricularfibrillation:treatment"Shock,Shock,Shock,EverybodyShock,LittleShock,BigShock,Momma
Shock,PoppaShock":
Shock=Defibrillate
Everybody=Epinephine
Little=Lidocaine
Big=Bretylium
Momma=MgSO4
Poppa=Pocainamide


Chestpaintreatment,fornurses"MOVEyourpatient!":
Monitor:putpatientoncardiacmonitor
Oxygen:putpatientonO2
Venous:gainlargeborevenousaccess
EKG:12leadEKG


EndotrachialtubedeliverabledrugsONAVEL:
Oxygen
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Naloxone
Atropine
Ventolin(albuterol)
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
Ifyoucan'tgetIVaccessestablished,andhavenecessitytoadministerresuscitativemeds,rememberyou
havetheairwayandcangivetheabovedrugs.
Drugdeliveryisenhancedifdilutedwith10ccNSandrapidintroducedforaeresolization.
Alternatively,bareboneversionisALE,asabove.


Syncopecauses,bysystemHEADHEARTVESSELS:
CNScausesincludeHEAD:
Hypoxia/Hypoglycemia
Epilepsy
Anxiety
Dysfunctionalbrainstem(basivertebralTIA)
CardiaccausesareHEART:
Heartattack
Embolism(PE)
Aorticobstruction(IHSS,ASormyxoma)
Rhythmdisturbance,ventricular
Tachycardia
VascularcausesareVESSELS:
Vasovagal
Ectopic(remindsoneofhypovolemia)
Situational
Subclaviansteal
ENT(glossopharyngealneuralgia)
Lowsystemicvascularresistance(Addison's,diabeticvascularneuropathy)
Sensitivecarotidsinus


Atrialfibrillation:causesofnewonsetTHEATRIALFIBS:
Thyroid
Hypothermia
Embolism(P.E.)
Alcohol
Trauma(cardiaccontusion)
Recentsurgery(postCABG)
Ischemia
Atrialenlargement
Loneoridiopathic
Fever,anemia,highoutputstates
Infarct
Badvalves(mitralstenosis)
Stimulants(cocaine,theo,amphet,caffeine)


Malaria:complicationsoffalciparummalariaCHAPLIN:
Cerebralmalaria/Coma
Hypoglycemia
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Anaemia
Pulmonaryedema
Lacticacidosis
Infections
Necroisofrenaltubules(ATN)


MI:immediatetreatmentDOGASH:
Diamorphine
Oxygen
GTNspray
Asprin300mg
Streptokinase
Heparin


PainhistorychecklistOLDERSAAB:
Onset
Location
Description(whatdoesitfeellike)
Exacerbatingfactors
Radiation
Severity
Associatedsymptoms
Alleviatingfactors
Before(everexperiencethisbefore)


PulselessElectricalActivity(PEA):checklistPEA:
Pulsescheck
Epinepherine
Atropine


PEA/Asystole(ACLS):etiologyITCHPAD:
Infarction
Tensionpneumothorax
Cardiactamponade
Hypovolemia/Hypothermia/Hypo,Hyperkalemia/Hypomagnesmia/Hypoxemia
Pulmonaryembolism
Acidosis
Drugoverdose


Vfib/pulselessvtach(newACLSasof2001)"EVALMyPumper":
Epinephrine
Vasopressin
Amiodarone(classIIbbetterforheartfailure)
Lidocaine(indeterminatebetterforyoung,healthyorpersistent)
MgSO4(IIbforhypomagnesemicstateortorsades)
Procainamide(IIbforintermittent/recurrentVF/VT)

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Asystole:treatment"Havesomeasystole"TEA":
Transcutaneouspacing
Epi
Atropine

.
JVP:raisedJVPdifferentialPQRST(EKGwaves):
Pericardialeffusion
Quantityoffluidraised(fluidoverload)
Rightheartfailure
Superiorvenacavalobstruction
Tricuspidstenosis/Tricuspidregurgitation/Tamponade(cardiac)


JVP:raisedJVP:extracardiaccausesFATPEA:
Fever
Anaemia
Thyrotoxicosis
Pregnancy
Exercise
AVfistula
Theseareinadditiontoallthecardiacones(pericardialeffusion,RHF,tricuspidstenosis,SVCobstruction,etc).


Shock:generalfeaturesCHORDITEM:
Cold,clammyskin
Hypotension
Oliguria
Rapid,shallowbreathing
Drowsiness,confusion
Irritability
Tachycardia
Elevatedorreducedcentralvenouspressure
Multiorgandamage


Myocardialinfarction:someemergencytreatmentdrugsABCD:
Aspirin
Betablockers
Clotbusters(thromboytics)
Dynamite(nitrates)

Intrinsicvs.extrinsicpathwaytests"PeTPiTTbull":
PeT:PTisforextrinsicpathway.
PiTTbull:PTTisforintrinsicpathway.

Heartvalves:closuresequence"ManyThingsArePossible":
Mitral,Tricuspid,Aortic,Pulmonic


Fluidcompartments:volumes12345:
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12litersofinterstitialfluid
3litersplasmavolumeand30litersinsidecells
45literstotalbodywater


Heartvalves:placementofvalvesonstandardheartanteriorview"TrybeforeyouBuy":Whenreadacross
thepage,thetricuspidvalvecomesbeforethebicuspidvalve.Also,thelunarvalvesarenearthetop(inthe
sky),likethemoon.


Haemachromatosiscomplications"HaemoChromatosisCanCauseDepositsAnywhere":
Hypogonadism
Cancer(hepatocellular)
Cirrhosis
Cardiomyopathy
Diabetesmellitus
Arthropathy


Neurologymneumonics
AbsentanklejerksbutextensorplantarsSexcanmaketheF*inganklesDorsiflex
Subacutecombineddegenerationofthecord
ConusMedullaris
MotorNeuronedisease
Tabesdorsalis
FredreichsAtaxia
Diabeticneuropathy

AlteredMentalStateAEIOUTIPS
Alcohol(drugs),Endocrine,Insulin,Opiates,Ureamia
Toxins/trauma/tumour,Infections,Psychosis/Porphyria,SOL/stroke/seizure/shock

CerebellarsignsVANISHDDT
Vertigo,Ataxia,Nystagmus,Intentiontremor,Slurredspeech,Hypotonia
Dysdiadocokinesia,Dysmetria,Titubation
orPINARDS
Pastpointing,Intentiontremor,Nystagmus,Ataxia,Rebound,Dysdiad,SlurredSpeech
ConfusionDIMFACES
Drugs/Dehydration,Infection,Metabolic/MI,
Fracture/Failure,Alcohol/Anaemia,CVA,Electrolytedisturbances,S.O.L.

DystrophiaMyotonicaBIGCHIPS
Balding(frontal),Intellectualimpairment,Glucoseintolerance
Cataracts/Cardiomyopathy,Handshake/Hyporeflexia,IgG,Ptosis,Smallgonads

MononeuritisMultiplexDRAWCLAPS
DM,RA,AIDS,Wegeners
Carcinomatosis/ChurgStrass,Leprosy,Amyloid,PAN,SLE

MultiplesclerosisCURSEDHIV
Cerebellarsigns,UMNL,Retrobulbarneuritis,Spasticparaparesis,Euphoria
Dementia/Depression/Diplopia
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Horners,Incontinence,Vertigo/Vomiting

MusclessuppliedbyMedianNerveLOAF
Lumbricales,Opppollicus,Abdpollicus,Flexpollicusbrevis

NeuropathicUlcersTADS
TabesDorsalis,Alcohol,DM,Syringomyelia

ParkinsonsPARKINSONS
Pillrolling,akinesia,rigidity,kyphosis,instability,necktitubation,shufflinggait,
occulogyriccrisis,nosetap(glabellar),smallwriting

PeripheralneuropathyDANGTHEPAPIST
DM,Alcohol,Nutrition(B1,B2,B12),GuillianBarre
Trauma,Hereditary,Environmental(lead,drugs)
Paraneoplastic,Amyloid,Porphyria,Inflammatory,Syphilis,Tumoursofnerves(HMSN)

PolyneuropathyVITAMINS
Vitdef/vasculitides,infection(TB,leprosy,syphillis,polio)
Toxins(amiodarone,antiseptics,INH,lead,metronidazole,phenytoin,vincristine)
Amyloid,Metabolic(alcohol,DM,thyroid,porphyria,liver&renalfailure),
Idiopathic/Inherited,Neoplasm,Systemic(SLE,PAN,multiplemyeloma)

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